INTEGRA TED RURAL WA TEA SL/PPL Y AND SAN/TA TION PROJECT, KARNA TAKA, INDIA

Transcription

1 NTEGRA TED RURAL WA TEA L/PPL Y AND AN/TA TON PROJECT, KARNA TAKA, NDA (Nerlnds ssisted) REPORT ON A P/LOT TUDY N COMMUNTV-BAED ENVRONMENTAL AN/ TA TON AND ANGANWAD BULDNG CONTRUCTON N VLLAGE JALBER, JEERGAL AND VARCHA GAL, MUDHOL TAL U/~BJAPUR DTRCT by G. uvrchl EPTEMBER 199 PROJECT UPPORT UNT BANGALORE 822-~9_13127

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3 NTEGRATED RUW WATER UPPLY AND ANTATON PROJECT, KARNATA?G4, NDA REPORT ON A PLOT TUDY N COMMUN1Y-BAED ENVRONMENTAL ANTA11ON AND ANGANWAD BUWNG CONTRUCTON N ViLLAGE JALBER, JEERGAL AND VARCHAGAL, MUDHOL TALU<, BJAPUR DTRCT by G. uvrchl NK?3 EPTEMBER 199 PROJECT UPPORT UNT BANGALORE

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5 TABLE OF CONTENT Pge Nr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ECTON 1 NTRODUCTON Bckground to nitition of Pilot tudy Thrust of Pilot tudy Criteri for election of Pilot tudy Villges Need for n Assessment 3 1. Report Objectives nd Methodology Orgniztion of Report 4 ECTON 2 CHARACTERTC OF THE TUDY VLLAGE 2.1 Loctions nd Popultions ocil Occuption tructure Wter upply 6 2. Angnwdi Fcilities Existing nstitutions 7 ECTON 3 ORGANZATONAL ET-UP OF THE PLOT TUDY 8 ECTON 4 TRATEGE AND METHOD ADOPTED Orienttion nd Trining Contcts with Off icils Building Rpport with Villgers Mpping Exercises Prioritistion of Needs Action Plns Estblishment of Villge Committees 12 ECTON PERFORMANCE AND MPACT OF THE PLOT TUDY 13.1 Wterpoint mprovements 13.2 Construction of Drins 14.3 Lne Pving 14.4 Plnting of plings 1. okpits nd Ltrines 1.6 Angnwdi Buildings 16.7 Extent of Community nvolvement 16.8 Resons for Dely in Works Fctions Occuption Pttern Absence of Hle Members in Household crcity of Wter Or Fctors 19.9 Mintennce of nstlltions mpct of Pilot tudy on Helth 23 ECTON 6 CONCLUON AND RECOMMENDATON Conclusions Recommendtions 27

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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report on pilot study in community bsed environmentl snittlon in three villges of Bijpur District hs cquired present shpe with ssistnce extended by different people t vrious stges of field work nd report writing. express my grteful thnks to ll of m: Renuk, hivpp,. Mnohr, Mdhuri nd pilot villge workers of three villges for ir ssistnce, insightful discussions nd hospitlity during field work, to villgers of Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl for ir coopertion while collecting relevnt informtion, to Jn, hinl Devi nd Poornim Vysulu for ir comments on erlier drfts of report, nd to MlthL for meticulously typing it. G. uvrchl

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9 ECTON 1 NTRODUCTON t becomes incresingly evident tht sustinble development necessittes decentrlised plnning nd people s prticiption. The concepts reto re gining currency s filures of conventionl development strtegies fr outnumber successes. The notion of people s/community prticiption is, however, not new nd in fct ws very much in vogue in erly dys of independent ndi. ncresed intervention by government deprtments in development ctivities, in guise of welfrism, hs led to erosion of se trditionl prctices. The term prticiption, of lte, hs become buzz word in development jrgon nd s Okley notes in terms of thinking nd prctice bout development we re currently in ge of prticiption s. While emphsising prticiption, one need not limit term to plnning nd my extend it to implementtion nd mintennce. This emphsis on prticiption in wy hs resulted in wide use nd refinement of methods like Prticiptory Rurl Apprisl (PRA). Much in ccordnce with current recognitions, severl developmentl projects re now being implemented by using PRA nd similr methods. The Nerlnds ssisted ntegrted Rurl Wter upply nd nittion Project in Krntk is one such project tht emphsises prticiption in its strtegies. 1.1 Bckground to nitition of Pilot tudy The Nerlnds ssisted ntegrted Rurl Wter upply nd nittion Project covering some 200 wter problem villges in Bijpur nd Dhrwd districts of Norrn Krntk ws due to strt erly Given wide re of coverge nd strtegies intended, project considered it essentil to test in dvnce methodology for eliciting community prticiption on pilot bsis. While doing so, emphsis ws lid on both plnning nd implementtion concerning environmentl snittion spects only. ~ Plnning for Better Villge, ETC Foundtion,

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11 The pilot exercise ws initilly plnned for five months from December 1992 to April 1993, but subsequently extended for nor eight months till December n October 1993, it ws decided to lso include Angnwdi buildings in exercise under furr extension. 1.2 Thrust of Pilot tudy Though objective of min project focuses on ntegrted Rurl Wter upply nd nittion, wter supply ws not emphsised for pilot study purposes. This ws precisely becuse of short durtion initilly envisged for pilot study s such. Four months would not relly be sufficient for both plnning nd implementing wter supply systems. The environmentl nittion nd hygiene/behviour spects trgeted under pilot study essentilly concern community wterpoints, wstewter disposl nd dringe. Given time vilble, chosen technologies needed to hve potentil for esy nd quick implementtion. The technologies selected for environmentl snittion include wterpoint improvements, sokpits for household wstewter disposl, combined lne pving/dringe nd direct/double pit ltrines. n ddition, pilot study lso intended to bring chnges in defection nd hndwshing prctices nd to improve generl qulity of villge environment. 1.3 Criteri for election of Pilot tudy Villges Three villges locted in Bijpur district were selected for purpose of pilot study. While doing so, keeping in view focus of study, ttempts were mde to void villges in rocky terrin nd with cute (sesonl) scrcity of wter. The specific criteri used for selecting villges were s follows: popultion rnging between 00 2,000 - villge communities showing interest presence of villge helth workers Angnwdi fcility or resonble lterntive vilble - hving single-villge wter supply scheme - limited politicl interference - vilbility of locl construction mteril The study villges were selected fter collecting relevnt informtion pertining to forementioned criteri through prticiptory mpping exercises nd discussions with people of s mny s 21 villges in Bijpur district. The selected villges re locted in Mudhol Tluk nd re Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl. 2

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13 ~ 1.4 Need for n Assessment. ince exercise ws initited s n experiment nd s sme methodology is to be replicted in ll or villges of min project, it ws considered essentil to ssess performnce of pilot exercise. t is with this intention tht Project upport Unit ppointed n externl consultnt to crry out n ssessment. 1. Report Objectives nd Methodology Obi ectives The present report ims to ssess performnce of pilot study in three villges of Bijpur district. The objectives set re to identify chievements of study s well s constrints tht hindered plnning, implementtion nd mintennce of environmentl snittion fcilities nd Angnwdi buildings in Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl villges. Methodology n order to relise set objectives, orgniztionl pttern of pilot exercise, methods dopted nd subsequently spects of physicl implementtion nd mintennce s well s extent of community involvement were exmined. Relevnt informtion ws collected from concerned documents nd progress reports prepred by Project upport Unit. To supplement observtions extrcted from m nd to get cler ide bout mnner in which community involvement nd prticiption took plce, visits were mde to ll three pilot study villges. The villges were visited three times: in eptember 1993 fter completion of works like wterpoint improvements nd lne pving; in October 1994 fter completion of construction of Angnwdi buildings in Jliber nd Vrchgl; in June 199 to see how snittion instlltions re being mintined by people. The first visit lsted for six dys with two dys in ech villge. The second nd third visitg were shorter nd took only two dys. Three to six hours of time were spent in ech villge. During visits, detils bout generl chrcteristics of villges, extent of physicl implementtion nd extent of community involvement, composition of villge committees nd bckground informtion on committee members were collected. n ddition, villge committee meetings were ttended nd discussions held with pilot field officers, pilot villge workers Angnwdi techers, villge helth workers, trditionl birth ttendnts, voluntry villge workers, women, members of villge committees, etc regrding chievements reched nd constrints fced in plnning, implementtion nd 3

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15 mintennce of snittion works. 1.6 Orgniztion of Report The informtion thus gred from reports nd in field through interviews nd discussions hs been nlyzed nd is presented in following sequence. Chrcteristics of pilot study villges re described in ection 2. The orgriistionl set up nd strtegies/methods dopted for plnning nd implementing pilot exercise re discussed in ections 3 nd 4 respectively. The performnce nd impct of study is discussed in ection. ection 6 completes report with conclusions nd recommendtions... 4

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17 ECTON 2 CHARACTERTC OF THE TUDY VLLAGE 2.1 Loctions nd Popultions The pilot study villges Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl re locted in Mudhol Tluk of Bijpur district. To give brief ccount of villges, Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl re locted t distnce of nine, eight nd twenty seven kms respectively from tluk hedqurters ludhol. The numbers of households re 120, 230 nd 19. The popultions of Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl ccording to 1991 census re 873, 1360 nd n villges Jeergl nd Vrchgl percoltion cpcity of soils is low due to prevlence of blck cotton soil nd rock, respectively. 2.2 ocil tructure n terms of socil structure, ll three villges re heterogenous. Jliber comprises people from Teli, Reddy, Ydv, Kurub, Wshermn, Brber nd cheduled Cstes (Hrijn) communities. The people of Jeergl belong to groups like Reddy, Lingyt, Uppr, Muslim nd cheduled Cstes. Vrchgl comprises people from Lingyt, Reddy, Mson, Muslim, Vlmiki nd cheduled Cstes communities. Among vrious socil groups in Vrchgl, re is some sort of unity nd trditionl ledership still ppers to hve hold over villge ffirs. This, however, is not cse in Jliber nd Jeergl. n both, nture of reltionship between Hrijns nd or groups nd mong or groups does not pper to be very cordil. n or words, both Jliber nd Jeergl re fction ridden nd only vrition is number of fctions. n Jliber re re two; in Jeergl number is four. Like in ny or ndin villge, cheduled Cste people in pilot villges reside seprtely from or groups. The colony/voni in which 1-lrijns live is referred to s Hrijn Ken. imilrly, or vonis/streets re nmed fter cste group residing in or long it. Aprt from Hrijn Ken nd min villge, Jeergl nd Vrchgl hve Jnth Colonies constructed by Government of Krntk. The numbers of vonis/streets in Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl re eight, nine nd eleven respectively. This ws well docuiiented during one of instnces wherein villge experienced serious shortge of wter for week. The wter supply ws ffected s one of households owning 200 cres took dvntge of lek in min supply pipeline nd diverted wter to its griculturl fields locted close by. The villge development coninittee under chirmnship of Ptel resolved issue by ssigning wter distribution nd control to wtermn/puitp opertor. The people of Jnth Colony who work s wge lbourers on 200 cre lndholding supported - villge development coninittee by remining neutrl.

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19 n ll pilot villges, lnes in centre re nrrow while peripherl ones re comprtively brod. The houses re congested nd hve no proper ventiltion fcilities; re is no spce between rods nd houses (except in Jnth Colonies of Jeergl nd Vrchgl nd Hrijn Ken of Jliber) nd cttle nd people live under sme roof. Compost pits re situted in front or djcent to houses in Jliber nd Vrchgl, while y re locted outside villge in Jeergl. 2.3 Occuption The primry occuption of inhbitnts of three villges is griculture eir in form of cultivtion or wge lbour. Most Hrijns own mrginl holdings or re lndless nd work s wge lbourers. n Jliber nd Jeergl, Ghtprbh River constitutes mjor source of irrigtion, while in Vrchgl griculture is rin fed or depends on groundwter. The crops sown re sugrcne, jowr, cotton, whet, mize, oilseeds nd pulses. While sugrcne is mostly sown in res with n ssured source of irrigtion, jowr nd or crops re cultivted where griculture is rin fed or depends on groundwter. The nture of work with regrd to sugrcne crop involves hectic ctivities throughout yer keeping both cultivtor nd wge lbourers busy, except in months of My nd eptember. Whtever occuptionl pttern nd kind of crops grown, people of three villges work six dys in week. The dy of weekly mrket fir is rest dy which is Fridy in Jliber nd Jeergl nd Tuesdy in Vrchgl. Mny point out tht lbourers would not be vilble even t wge rte of Rs 100/ per dy on dys of weekly mrket firs. 2.4 Wter upply As regrds wter supply, Jliber nd Vrchgl hve single-villge wter supply schemes. Both villges hve cisterns with tps nd hndpumps. The number of cisterns is four nd three in Jliber nd Vrchgl, respectively. n ddition, re re two hndpumps in ech of two villges. There re no serious problems concerning quntity nd qulity of wter s such in se two villges. However, this is not cse in Jeergl, where cisterns connected to source locted bout 10 km from villge exist. Neverless wter supply in terms of both quntity nd qulity is one of serious problems fced by people of Jeergl. The problem is result of lck of mintennce nd frequent brekdowns of min supply pipeline to villge. Very often nd for long periods, people of Jeergl solely depend on river Ghtprbh. The wter problem, n, ssumes serious proportions during summer when river flls totlly dry. 6

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21 2. A.ngnwdi Fcilities All three villges hve n Angnwdi fcility. The Angnwdi school however is run in ll three cses in eir primry school building, temple or smj mndir, becuse re re no specil buildings. The Angnwdi techer of Jeergl resides in villge, while those of Jliber nd Vrchgl live elsewhere nd commute on dily bsis. 2.6 Existing nstitutions There pper to be informl orgnistions like youth clubs, bhjn mndls or pryer groups nd mhil mndls in ll three villges. n ddition, Jeergl lso hs diry co opertive society. The mhil mndl in Jliber ws formed by Mhil mkhy nd in Jeergl nd Vrchgl by Deprtment of Youth ervices, Government of Krntk. The mhil mndl of Jliber is essentilly Hrijn women ssocition nd hs ctively prticipted in construction of mhil mndl building by contributing lbour nd mteril. 0 7

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23 ECTON 3 ORGANATONAL ET-UP OF THE PLOT TUDY The orgnistionl pttern used to pln nd implement pilot study comprised pilot coordintor, three (socil) pilot field officers, one (technicl) pilot field officers (PFOs) nd three pilot villge workers (PVW). The sme is presented in digrmmtic form. Pilot Coordintor (bsed t Bnglore) PFO PF0 PFO PFO (Technicl) (ocil) (ocil) (ocil) (bsed t tluk hed qurters Mudhol) (bsed t villge level) The pilot coordintor bsed t Bnglore ws community development expert entrusted with coordintion of ctivit&es of PFOs. The PFOs bsed t tluk hedqurters were inititors nd ctivtors of ctul process of plnning nd implementtion in ech of pilot villges. The PFO (socil) visited ir respective villges lmost every dy, becuse ir re of opertion ws confined to single villge. During ir visits y dvised nd ssisted villgers in plnning nd implementing both household nd community oriented snittion works. n ddition, y pprised communities from time to time bout progre9s of physicl implementtion, mounts snctioned nd mounts ctully expended. The PFO (technicl) lso visited villges frequently rid, mong m visits were plnned ccording to need. He provided requisite technicl ssistnce to PFOs (socil) but lso prepred estimtes which included detils bout project nd community contributions to ctul construction work for ech villge seprtely. Though totl number of PFO intended for project ws four, re were Only three PFO t time of field work for prepring this report, becuse PFO (socil) in chrge of Jeergl hd resigned nd PFO W (technicl) ws given dditionl chrge of Jeergl. 8

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25 The PVWs bsed t villge level ssisted PFOs nd intercted with villgers in plnning nd executing works. n or words, pilot villge worker in wy cted s link between villgers nd PFOs. The PVW ws to be chosen by PFO from mong women residing in villge, with minimum 7th clss eduction nd willingness to involve herself in project work. This, however, proved not to be esy s women re generlly reluctnt to involve mselves in this kind of ctivities. However, with gret difficulty, women PVWs could be ppointed in Vrchgl nd Jliber. n Jeergl, mle PVW ws ssigned job. ubsequently, lso in Jliber femle PVW hd to be replced by mle s she resigned from job. n ddition to bove stff, project lso intended to involve Angnwdi techers, trditionl birth ttendnts nd villge helth guides who work under Deprtments of Women nd Child Development nd Helth nd Fmily Welfre respectively. This involvement ws essentilly sought so s to ssist PVW while disseminting informtion regrding helth, hygiene nd snittion. They were pproched directly in seeking ir involvement. The Angnwdi techers of Jliber nd Vrchgl could not be involved s y resided elsewhere. Only Angnwdi techer of Jeergl took prt in pilot exercise s she resided in villge itself. Also, trditionl birth ttendnts nd villge helth guides could not be involved properly. While trditionl birth ttendnts were illiterte women, villge helth guides were mle in ll three villges but quite inctive since severl yers. However,ifl Jliber, ssistnce ws extended by Angnwdi helper, while in Vrchgl womn belonging to Muslim community becme involved in exercise. Besides, two youth club members of Vrchgl with engineering nd 0 commerce bckground were involved quite ctively. Thus, totl number of persons involved in pilot exercise comprised pilot coordintor, four PFOs, three PVW, one Angnwdi techer, one Angnwdi helper, one Muslim womn nd two youth club members. Both PFOs nd PVWs were guided by ir respective supervisors, while y pprised m bout ctivities tken up in villges. With help of se pprisls nd by mking visits to field, pilot coordintor reported on progress nd supervised nd coordinted ctivities. 9

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27 ECTON 4 TRATEGE AND METHOD ADOPTED n order to relise objective of eliciting community prticiption nd involvement, pilot study dopted three bsic strtegies. The first one concerned trining nd orienttion of pilot stff, wheres second nd third pertined to contcting Tluk level officils nd building rpport with villgers initilly nd estblishing villge committees subsequently. 4.1 Orienttion nd Trining Trining nd orienttion courses were conducted for PFOs t Bnglore nd for PVWs t Mudhol. They were orgnised by involving resoi~rcepersons from Ntionl nstitute of Public Coopertion nd Child Development, Kempe Gowd Medicl College nd nittion Cell of Public Helth Engineering Deprtment s well s Project upport Unit stff. The courses were essentilly conducted to disseminte informtion concerning PRA techniques, linkges between snittion nd helth, community involvement, strtegies of ntegrted Child Development ervices, snittion technologies, ntionl policies on snittion nd possibilities for chnge, etc. By nd lrge, methods used during trining nd orienttion courses were tlks, discussions nd visul ids in form of chrts. 4.2 Contcts with Officils Furr, s more concrete step for relising objectives of study, PFO intercted with Block/Tluk level officils. The contcts were essentilly mde to introduce nd relise objectives of pilot study. The officils contcted were Block Development Officer, Child Development Progrmme Officer, Assistnt Director Helth nd Fmily Welfre nd subdivisionl engineers. 4.3 Building Rpport with Villgers The interctions with villgers were initilly imed t generl orienttion nd fmilirity with chrcteristics nd environments of to build rpport with inhbitnts. villges nd While doing so, methods like villge rounds, informl tlks nd discussions with members of forml nd informl orgniztions existing in villges, Angnwdi nd primry school techers, youth leders, villge elders, women nd ex members of Mndl Prichyts nd Zill Pnishds were used. 10

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29 t ws through se interctions tht pilot study ws introduced; vrious relted issues like selection of PVWs, dily routines nd problems of villgers, previling snittion prctices, vilbility of construction mteril nd willingness of people to contribute lbour, mteril nd/or csh were openly discussed. 4.4 Mpping Exercises n order to give concrete shpe to se interctions, mpping exercises were conducted by involving on n verge 2 villgers. While doing so, points like cste bckground, numbers of streets/vonis, temples, schools, of houses with bckyrd nd with ltrine fcilities, plces for Angnwdi centres, 4 overhed tnks nd loctions for public stndposts were considered. 4. Prioritistion of Needs With help of informtion generted through mpping exercises, furr discussions were held t community plces like temples/smj mndirs regrding problems of villgers nd prioritistion of ir needs. n ll three villges, wterpoint improvements, dringe nd lne pving were given highest priority. As furr step to identifiction of problems nd prioritistion of needs, survey ws conducted to scertin vil bility of construction mteril nd willingness of villgers to contribute lbour, mteril nd/or csh nd estimtion of pertining costs. n ddition, ttempts were lso mde to chnge prctices of villgers regrding defection nd disposl of household wstewter. While doing so, focus of ttention ws directed towrds women nd children. To disseminte relevnt informtion, methods like holding discussions, using flip chrts nd conducting exercises in speking for school children nd streetplys were dopted. 4.6 Action Plns ubsequently, drft ction plns were prepred for three villges by respective PFO. Action plnning becme n ongoing process, repeted s nd when n ide ws mooted to undertke n ctivity. The ction plns list nd prioritise ctivities to be undertken under pilot study - indicte dtes of strting nd completion for ech of ctivities estimte involved costs for mteril, lbour, tools nd trnsporttion, etc 11 del with ctul performnce in terms of lbour contribution, provision

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31 of mteril nd supervision - determine how nd by whom vrious ctivities will be mnged 4.7 Estblishment of Villge Committees While identifying problems nd prioritising needs of villgers nd conducting mpping exercises, pilot stff lso rised issue of formtion of villge committees. n fct, it ws with villge committees, tht priority rnking nd ction plnning for ech of three villges were finlized. The ide of estblishing villge committees, however, did not evoke uniform response. Certin sections from bckwrd groups, especilly women nd Hrijns, remined silent or resisted ide. The issue, however, could be resolved by proposing modifiction, viz, wherever re is resistnce, two committees sub committee for prticulr group nd committee for entire villge were estblished. Thus, villge Jliber got two committees - sub committee for Hrijn Ken nd committee t villge level. The sme, however, ws not necessry for or two villges. The size of villge committees vried from villge to villge, viz. 22, 1 nd 33 in Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl respectively. The selection of members of villge committees ws done minly through nomintion. A mjority of committee members in three villges cme from forwrd cste groups, ws lnd owner nd involved in cultivtion. The proportion of forwrd cste members in totl membership of villge committees in Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl ws 7%, 8% nd 7% respectively. As regrds presence of women, representtion ws chieved in ll three villges. The only vrition ws in terms of number; in Jliber nd Jeergl re were one nd two women members, wheres in Vrchgl 13 of members of committee were women. 12

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33 ECTON Given bsic focus, PERFORMANCE AND MPACT OF ThE PLOT TUDY performnce nd impct of study my be ssessed by considering its chievements in terms of physicl implementtion, extent of community involvement nd chnges perceived in helth sttus of people. While doing so, n ttempt will lso be mde to identify constrints tht hindered processes of plnning, implementtion nd mintennce. n ll three villges, physicl implementtion of works ws initited s per priority rnking of needs of villgers. The rnking of needs ws such tht wterpoint improvements, construction of drins nd lne pving were given highest priority. The requisite finnces for physicl implementtion of works were provided by Project upport Unit directly through PFOs. The physicl implementtion of works undertken in pilot villges includes: Villge No. of Points Wter- mproved No. of Drins Constructed Lnes Pved No. of Ltrines Completed Jliber 6 (6) 4 (8) 6 Jeergl 3 7 (9) 6 vrchgl Note: The figures in brckets () indicte totl 8 numbers (11) of wterpoints, nd lnes present in pilot villges.1 Wterpoint mprovements The wterpoint improvements in villges of Jliber nd Vrchgl included repir of tps, construction of pltforms, provision of cttle troughs, cttle wshing pltforms nd cloth wshing slbs. n Jeergl, wterpoirit improvement ws essentilly confined to pltform construction; or works were not undertken s villgers depend on river Ghtprbh rr thn existing mini wter schemes for ir wter needs. As lredy pointed out, villges Jliber nd Vrchgl hve four nd three wter cisterns respectively nd two hndpumps ech. n Jliber, wterpoint improvements were undertken t ll cisterns nd ner both hndpumps. Groundlevel pltforms were constructed t ll wterpoints except t tjttur rod cistern. The pltform of ltter cistern is rised one nerly 2 feet bove ground. Two wshing slbs ech were instlled t cisterns ner Hnijn Ken entrnce nd in centre of villge (Kelgin voni). The wshing slbs ner Hrijn Ken entrnce nd in centre of villge 13

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35 re quite close to cisterns (bout four feet distnce), while those long Uttun rod re slightly wy ( bout 1 feet distnce) from cistern. One cttle trough ech ws constructed t wterpoints long Uttur Rod nd in centre of villge. n Vrchgl, wterpoint improvements were lso undertken t ll cisterns nd hndpumps. Groundlevel pltforms were constructed t ll points, except t villge entrnce cistern nd hndpump. Four cloth wshing slbs nd cttle trough were constructed t ll three cisterns..2 Construction of Drins imultneously with wterpoint iinprovemen~progrmme, construction of drins ws undertken in ll three villges. The construction of drins with or without lining took plce t wterpoints nd for some households so s to collect rin wter nd (household) wstewter. The drins thus constructed were ultimtely connected to sokpit or provided with n outlet onto nerby griculturl fields or into river Ghtprbh. n Jliber, construction of drins ws completed ner cistern nd hndpump locted t villge entrnce. The drin ner Uttur rod wter point is n open ditch nd empties onto griculturl fields. The drin ner cistern locted in centre of villge is prtilly covered one with length of more thn 300 metres rid two clening openings nd lso collects household wstewter. This is becuse of filure of sokpits due to low percoltion cpcity of soil in re. The flow is let of f into river Ghtprbh through 300 metre open ditch long pth leding to river. n Jeergl, drins were constructed ner both wter cisterns. n ddition, drin ws lso constructed in Hrijn Ken to collect household wstewter. imilrly in Vrchgl, dringe construction ws completed for ll wter cisterns. n ddition, drin ws constructed t villge entrnce to collect rin wter..3 Lne Pving Lne pving ws lso undertken in ll three villges. n Jliber, out of eight vonis/etreets, prsi/lrie pving ws done long four. While Hrijn Ken lne ws pved under nor progrmme, ors were executed under pilot study. The lne pving ws done in such wy tht edges of lnes re higher thn ir centrl portions ( V shpe pving ). This is 14 especilly so long two lnes. n ddition, in Hnijn Ken, prsi hs

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37 ,1 been lid round temple. n Jeergl, out of nine streets, lne pving ws done for 7. ix streets were pved under pilot study while in lne leding to river Ghtprbh, pving ws done prtly by government. A similr sitution previls in Vrchgl. Out of 11 lnes, prsi construction hs tken plce in eight under study, while one lne ws prtly pved by - government..4 Plnting of plings n ddition to wterpoint improvements, drins nd lne pving, socil forestry ws lso ttempted in ll three villges. n Vrchgl, splings were plnted on both sides of prsi in Jnth Colony nd ner wterpoints t villge entrnce. The totl number of splings plnted in Vrchgl ws pproximtely 12. n Jliber nd Jeergl, however, spling plnting ws yet to gin momentum t time of first visit. But lso subsequently, spling plnting did not receive good response in Jliber nd Jeergl due to indifference of villgers nd wter scrcity respectively.. okpits nd Ltrines imultneously with community oriented snittion, construction of household snitry instlltions took plce. Among m, only sokpits nd ltrines were considered in ll three villges. For nerly 90% of households in Jliber nd Vrchgl, sokpits becme mens for disposl of wstewter. Wherever re were problems of digging pits nd of percoltion, provisions were mde to let wstewter directly into drin vi cement/plstic pipe. n Jeergl, sitution is quite different however. At time of first visit to Jeergl, only 10% of households used sokpits for disposing of wstewter. With regrd to construction of ltrines, sitution in ll three villges ppers to be similr. The number of households tht completed construction of ltrine re six, six nd five respectively in Jliber, Jeergl nd Vrchgl. On whole, with regrd to construction of ltrines in Jliber nd Vrchgl nd both ltrines nd sokpits in Jeergl, response of villgers ws not encourging. But given nture of re, where digging is often problem, ge old prctices of open defection nd durtion of study s such do not constitute pproprite pre conditions to expect rpid progress. 1

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39 .6 Angnwdi Buildings Besides forementioned environmentl snittion works, Angnwdi buildings were constructed in ll three pilot villges. n Jeergl nd Vrchgl, buildings were constructed on government lnd, while in Jliber on privte lnd. While pilot study provlded Rs 80,000 for construction purposes, or. blnce mounts were contributed by villgers in one form or.7 Extent of Community nvolvement At outset, given extent of physicl implementtion in pilot villges, performnce of study my be judged quite stisfctory. However, in view of its emphsis environmentl snittion works through community involvement it is essentil to exmine extent of community involvement in pilot ctivities. This my be done by considering time of initition, time tken for completion nd ctul involvement of villgers. As lredy noted, pilot study strted in December n ll three villges, mpping exercises, prioritithtion of needs nd formtion of villge committees were completed by second week of Jnury However, except in Vrchgl, lmost ll mjor community oriented construction works were initited in months of Mrch/April 1993 only, by which time study should hve been completed ctully. For instnce, in Jliber, construction of pltforms for villge entrnce hndpump, Uttur rod cistern, villge entrnce cistern nd cistern locted in centre of villge strted in months of April, My, June nd July respectively. imilrly, digging nd construction of drins for cisterns locted long Uttur rod nd in centre of villge strted in first week of eptember only. Furr, re is yet nor cistern locted opposite to srnj mndir which hs not witnessed construction of eir pltform or drin. These ctivities were undertken subsequently t lter dte. A similr sitution previls in Jeergl too. The only difference is tht involvement of community ws somewht better in lne pving thn for or works. This my be becuse of serious problems posed by blck soil during riny seson nd strong involvement of limited number of people. Aprt from lte strting dtes, construction nd completion of certin works took more time thn originlly nticipted too. With regrd to Angnwdi buildings, construction works strted in October 1993 in Vrchgl nd in December 1993 in Jeergl nd Jliber. Though snctioning cme through in eptember lredy, ctul construction work 16

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41 ws delyed in Jliber due to dispute over lndownership rights. While Angnwdi buildings in Jliber nd Vrchgl were inugurted in June 1994, construction work ws still in progress in Jeergl t time of second visit by December. (October The 1994) work to got delyed pilot villges for wnt of nd wter only scheduled for concreting to be nd completed curing purposes. As fr s community involvement is concerned, households of Teli, Reddy, Ydv nd Kurub in Jliber contributed money rnging between Rs 100/- to Rs.2,000/, provided trctor four times for trnsporttion of construction mteril nd donted lnd for construction of Angnwdi building. At sme time, Hrijns being solely dependent on dily wge lbour prticipted in construction by contributing lbour to limited extent. n Jeergl, Reddy nd Lingyt households provided trctor seven times for trnsporttion of mteril, while Hrijn households prticipted in construction by ctively contributing lbour. The Muslim, Uppr nd Crpenter households, however, kept wy from work. n Vrchgl, ll villgers prticipted in construction work, directly or indirectly. While people of m~invillge provided spce for storing construction mteril nd trnsport, people of Jnth Colony contributed hrd lbour. Whtever my be difficulties fced in involving villgers during initil dys of pilot study, Angnwdi building construction definitely instilled confidence bout project in minds of people. o much so tht women in Jeergl, t very first sight of consultnt nd or project stff during third visit, begn to enquire bout min wter supply project nd to discuss mnner in which pved lnes nd drins re being mintined, impct of pilot study on helth nd pollution of river Ghtprbh..8 Resons for Dely in Works Though extent of community involvement incresed with time, it ppers essentil to nlyze fctors tht constrined work in initil dys study. On furr probing, it is relised tht constrining fctors re severl nd to some extent rooted in very nture of environment of villges..8.1 Fctions As lredy noted before, villges Jliber nd Jeergl re fction ridden. Only degree of complexity differs. The complexity is somewht less in Jliber where re re only two fctions, wheres people of Jeergl re divided into four fctions with ech group identifying itself with different 17

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43 politicl prty. The problem in initil dys of study in both tht ny ction initited/proposed by one villges group, ws so intense irrespective of its importnce group(s). Elborting furr, one of members of villge committee in Jeergl nd noted necessity, invribly met with opposition from tht even ttendnce to committee meetings depended or on rrivl of first person nd fction to which he belongs nd venue of meeting. For instnce, if member of one fction rrived first, members of or fctions styed wy from meeting. imilrly, if venue of meeting is temple in Klmeswr voni, people from Jmdr von used to bsent mselves from meeting. As result of this, twice. The villge committee in Jliber needed to be formed sitution in both villges, however, improved through persusive efforts of PFO to mke fction members relise mselves ill effects of groupism on overll villge development. This exercise took nerly three months..8.2 Occuptionl Pttern Furr, prime occuption of villgers is griculture, eir in form of cultivtion or of wge lbour. ugrcne being mjor crop nd kind of hectic work tht is involved, mny cultivtors considered it difficult to sty wy from fields. imilrly, being completely dependent on dily wges erned, my not be it possible for wge lbourer to contribute lbour by foregoing one dys work. This ws min fctor, tht resulted in incomplete work concerning lne pving in Jnth Colony of Jeergl..8.3 Absence of Mle Members in Household n ddition, kind of work involved in lne pving or construction is such tht men cn prticipte with much more ese thn women. contribution my be difficult for those households where vilble. n fct, in Mirjuri voni of Jliber, As such, re lbour re no men lne pving ws not done in front of one prticulr house s re were no men..8.4 crcity of Wter The cute scrcity of wter for domestic purposes in Jeergl is lso one of fctors tht seems to hve ffected extent of community involvement in study. re n wy, it sounds quite odd to tlk bout snittion when is scrcity of wter. Discussing 18 this point, n elderly women from

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45 Klmewr voni questioned rtionle behind providing ssistnce for constructing ltrines when re is no good wter vilble even for drinking nd cooking purposes..8. Or Fctors The notion work in of providing both wstewter touches open drins lso seems to hve ffected pce of Jeergl nd Jliber. in Hrijn Ken some of houses. One drin, of Jeergl, While which collects household is locted such tht it lmost construction work ws going on, objections were rised by some of owners of se houses on grounds of seepge. As result, work took 20 dys more thn originlly nticipted. For similr resons, i.e. seepge, prtilly covered drin in Jliber fctor, involved. Given seepge problem, direction of drin ws plnned such tht flow would ultimtely enter river Ghtprbh viz, lndownership rights, pce of construction of lso got ffected. Here, yet nor nor in ddition to issue of seepge ws through n open ditch long pth leding to river. The loction of proposed open ditch ws such tht it would fcilitte collection of wstewter from cistern opposite griculturl nd mj Mndir s fields rised objections well. The lndowner ginst open ditch of djcent nd even pltform construction for cistern on grounds of lndownership rights of course seepge. This, however, ws sorted out by exmining ownership rights by Revenue Deprtment t block level. Yet nor fctor tht ppers to hve contributed to dely in initition of work in Jliber ws wrong informtion regrding works proposed under pilot study by Angnwdi helper. This resulted in misunderstnding such tht only fter construction of pltform in front of temple in Hrijn Ken Whtever problems of work gined momentum both in Jliber nd Jeergl subsequently. The PFOs of se villges mnged to overcome most of constrints with one or two confronted in initil dys of study, pce exceptions nd fcilitted people wnted to be involved. involvement of communities in works. The initition nd completion of Arignwdi buildings re indictors of sme. The sitution in Vrchgl, contrrily, works pilot proposed under ws totlly different. study with exception Most of of ltrine construction were initited before originl study period ws over. ws no serious problem s such for undertking ny work contribution of lbour except tht one prticulr household 19 or There for in Jnth

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47 Colony ws so sokpit even. The resons presence ptic for this tht it my of trditionl be did not entertin severl. The ide of very bsence of digging fctions, ledership with hold over villge ffirs, systemtic plnning nd execution of works by villge committee nd presence of n ctive PVW nd well educted voluntry villge workers seem to hve contributed to timely initition nd completion of works under study in Vnchgl. As mentioned lredy, pilot work ws initited nd orgnised in Vrchgl with priority rnking of needs s its bsis. Reportedly, ny work in order to initite villge committee used to meet on undy or Mondy evening., During se weekly meetings committee used to discuss work to be undertken nd progress of ongoing work nd to prepre list of people who should contribute lbour. Most of ctul construction work ws done on Tuesdy morning from 8 to 12 m. However, with regrd to Angnwdi. building, weekdys. The issue of lbour contribution did not pose ny problem s such. lbour contribution ws orgnized for few hours even on or The villgers out of sheer respect for trditionl leder ptel, who is lso chirmn of villge committee, left ny sort of work even hlf wy through if he clled for m to do community work. implementtion, On dys of ctul pilot villge worker with help of voluntry villge workers used to prepre list of persons to contribute lbour. who filed to turn u~ for work on Tuesdy morning ws Any person generlly rebuked publicly by villge workers or or villgers. Furr, loosing one dys did not pose ny problem to execution of pilot study work s Tuesdy ws weekly mrket dy /rest dy nd s lbour contribution ws elicited on rottion bsis involving one person from ech household..9 wges or prior griculturl commitments or works Mintennce of nstlltions Except Angnwdi building in Jeergl nd two plstic pipes connected to household sokpits in Vrchgl, for one wter tp nd two drins in Jliber, one drin nd ll or instlltions were found in good condition without ny problem during third visit. While tp broke down in course of drwing wter, resons for blocking of drins in Jliber re prtly rooted in wy in which y were plnned nd constructed. The prtilly covered drin ws plnned such tht it ~id only two chnnels over length of more thn 300 meters mking clening opertions difficult. Furr, bottom portion of drin running djcent to griculturl fields ws not lined mking removl of 20

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49 gilt blocked concrete pipe through which wstewter is ultimtely let into difficult. Besides, silt long with wstewter reportedly river Ghtprbh. The Uttur rod drin is constructed with uneven slope. As result, flow is obstructed resulting in formtion of puddles. The cuses of blocking of drin ner Hrijn Ken entrnce in Jeergl nd of dmge to plstic pipe connections to sokpits in Vrchgl re trctors. ince lne in which drin is locted is not pved, soil is often pushed into drin due to pssing of trctors. This cn be sorted out by undertking lne pving. imilrly, in Vrchgl, plstic pipes my be replced by steel or iron pipes so tht no dmge occurs due to movements of vehicles. Roof lekge ws observed in Angnwdi building in Jeergl. This is minly becuse of uneven surfcing of roof of building. teps, however, hve been initited to rectify sme. Thus, while instlltions re mostly in good condition yer fter ir completion, requisite clenliness is not mintined lwys, impiring gol of snittion. t my be noted here tht environmentl snittion is linked to wter supply so s to provide relief to people from diseses like mlri, typhoid nd worm infesttion nd thus to improve generl helth sttus. The Angnwdi buildings in ll three villges re generl exceptions where y re clened by Angnwdi helper dily. n Jliber, slush nd stgnnt wter ws found ner ll hndpumps nd cisterns except for tjttur rod cistern. The position of groundlevel pltform round cistern coupled with prctice of wshing clos nd vessels on pltform corners nd under tps contributes to formtion of puddles which become breeding grounds for mosquitoes. slbs re used by people, vessels in running wter under tps. Nowhere, wshing since y find it esier to wsh clos nd A more on less similr sitution is observed regrding pved lnes nd drins. Two lnes re pved in V shpe sloping towrds ir centres, but lnes re not properly sloped longitudinlly such tht wter flows wy. As result, slush ccumultes in centres. Furr, sides of lnes s re re no gps between wlls of houses nd lnes. However, silt settles on out of four drins, two ner villge entrnce hndpump nd cistern looked clened t time of lst visit. Reportedly, Grm Pnchyt worker visits villge once in week nd clens m. however, The silt, is deposited on sides of drins. n Jeergl, where only lne pving nd construction of drins ws undertken, sitution is much better. nspite of hevy rins during inspection 21

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51 visit, pved lnes nd drins were ll quite clen without ny slush or silt. The silt removed from drins is regulrly deposited in compost pit outside villge. Furr, gilt ccumulting on sides of lnes from roofs nd mud wlls is clered by women on regulr bsis. n Vrchgl, slush formtion nd silt on edges of pved lnes ws observed. However, in Jnth Colony, both pved lnes re quite clen without ny slush, since y re wide nd sloping nd re is gp between lnes This ws especilly so in nrrow lnes of min villge. nd wlls of houses. Though pltforms round wterpoints re ll groundlevel ones, no slush ws found nywhere. n fct, to void slush formtion, round wterpointe in Vrchgl. snd hs been spred The cttle troughs nd cisterns clened by pump opertor twice per month nd yer, re respectively. The drins re ll clened every mondy by pnchyt worker nd silt is deposited in compost pit. The splings plnted in Jnth Colony re tken cre of by individul households, while those plnted ner wterpoints re nurtured by wter users. The pipes fixed for disposl of household wstewter into sokpits re in good condition (except for two of m). Thus, it becomes evident from foregoing tht, though snitry instlltions re lrgely good condition, clenliness is not lwys mintined by villgers. responsibility is clerly identified, e.g. respective to Angnwdi buildings nd drins. While sitution is quite worse in Jliber, it is However, re re no problems in this regrd wherever better in Vrchgl. Jeergl rnks best in this regrd. On deeper probing into issue, it ppers tht resons re severl nd rooted in ttitudes of villgers, wy committees function, sttus of project villge worker nd generl environment previling in villges. Jliber villgers generlly consider mintennce nd clenliness of snittion fcilities s responsibility of Grm Pnchyt nd project stff. This is especilly so where fcilities re used by entire villge popultion. Clenliness of lnes nd utilities used by public cnnot be mintined by n individul household even if it hppens to be in front of ir reiterted one womn. n fct s nor womn pointed out, house, lnes were pved in V shpe so s to void clening of rod used by public. Recting s chirmn of newly constituted committee. ome ors ttributed lck in more or less similr vein, group of men stted tht project could well provide mintennce expenses. This view ws shred even by of clenliness to divergence of views nd prevlence of fctions in villge. 22

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53 The rections of villgers of Jeergl nd Vrchgl, however, were quite different. The women of Jeergl sid tht y sweep lne in front of ir house every dy nd deposit silt nd or wste mteril in compost pits. The clening of drins is supervised by whichever villger is on spot. t is to void formtion of stgnnt wter nd slush tht women of Jeergl re seeking to hve instlltion of wterpoints under min project on circulr rod round villge rr thn in villge itself. n Vrchgl, Mgundpp clening of drins is supervised by youth club member in min villge. Chrid Bi, muslim womn women of Jnth Colony wterpoint ner Jnth Colony till recently. voluntry worker, s reported by used to clen cttle trough nd pltform t - Chnd bi used to get shre While Mgundpp is from slry of pilot villge worker Annpurn for doing so. Chnd Bi, however, hs stopped clening cttle trough, etc. s Annpurn is no longer pilot villge worker. lush formtion on Vrchgl to erosion of trditionl pved lnes is generlly ttributed prctices, by villgers like women of sweeping in front of ir houses in morning nd evening. While ptic ttitudes, lck of understnding bout linkges between hygiene, clenliness nd helth nd erosion of trditionl prctices hve resulted mintining pilot villge workers functioned during gp between pilot study nd in unhygienic clenliness conditions, lso include root cuses nor spect. for These problems re of commonly observed in ll three villges, viz, wy in which villge committees nd min project. During this period, committees in villges becme defunct, becuse of lck of clrity bout ir role in mintining clenliness nd Only 1 dys prior to third visit committees in ll three villges were re constituted. While villge workers of Jeergl nd Vrchgl were no regulr ctivities so s to meet nd discuss periodiclly. inctive, worker of Jliber lcked proper clrity bout both his role nd tht of committee. Occsionl sttements of worker regrding usge remrks from women often questioning his very legitimcy of plying role of recruited by nd ccountble to PFO. nd clenliness.10 pilot mpct of villge instlled fcilities worker. of Pilot This tudy my be reportedly met with becuse villge offending worker ws on Helth Notwithstnding problems in clenliness, construction of snittion fcilities under pilot study ppers to hve resulted in n improvement in generl helth sttus of villgers especilly women nd children. Villgers stte tht, fter study, incidence of diseses like mlri, typhoid nd worm infesttion generlly decresed. While wterpoint improvement 23.

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55 nd construction incidence problems better of of mlri, nd cn project nd in Jliber, fcilities of ltrines Among villges, noticeble two villges. fter wter properly.. in ttributed decrese of to relief sitution is from somewht n Jeergl, supply impct on helth is provided under min when villgers begin to mintin snittion resulted where no single cse of mlri ws reported in lst compred to or only become sokpits construction of worm infesttion. in Vrchgl, one yer, drins 24

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57 ECTON 6 CONCLUON AND RECOMMENDATON 6.1 Conclusions The pilot study ws initited in three villges in Bijpur District in order to test nd refine methodology for eliciting people s prticiption for purposes of min project concerning wter supply nd environmentl snittion in some 200 villges of Dhrwd nd Bijpur Districts. Though min project is to focus on both wter supply nd environmentl snittion, only ltter undertken experiment, this out study. The snittion works were on community nd household level. ince exercise ws n it ws considered intention to crry ws tken up under pilot both essentil to ssess its performnce. t is with tht Project upport Unit ppointed n externl consultnt n ssessment. The ssessment ws conducted by visiting pilot villges three times. The observtions mde during se visits t different stges of pilot study re summrized hereunder. n terms of ir socil structure, ll three pilot villges re heterogenous nd comprise people from different cstes nd communities. The lnes in centres of comprtively villges brod. re nrrow, while Except in Hrij-n Ken peripherl ones re of Jliber nd Jnth Colonies of Jeergl nd Vrchgl, re is no spce between lnes nd houses. The houses in villges re congested with poor ventiltion nd cttle nd people live under sme roof. As n initil step were estblished to pln nd implement pilot study, villge committees in ech villge. The ide of estblishing one committee t villge level, however, did not evoke uniform response from ll sections of villgers. This ws especilly were estblished, so in Jliber, where two seprte committees one for Hrijn Ken nd one for min villge. The mjority of committee members cme from forwrd cste groups, lndowners committees of ech involved in cultivtion. Women were represented villge. improvement highest priority., construction of drins nd lne pving were given Besides, s spling plnting construction of sokpits nd of ltrines s well were lso undertken s prt of pilot study. Across villges, s fr s performnce of pilot study in Physicl implementtion of works ws initited in ll three villges s per priority rnking. The rnking of needs by villgers ws such tht wterpoint nd were 2 in terms