Skeleton Notes: Chapter 14, Sections 3, 4, & 5 Life on the Home Front & Pushing the Axis Back - Chapter

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1 Women in the Defense Plants Life on the Home Front & Pushing the Axis Back - Chapter ʘ Propaganda posters featuring Rosie the encouraged women to take jobs in factories. ʘ More than 2.5 million worked in factories during WWII forever changing the face of the workforce. African Americans Demand War Work ʘ Many African-Americans were discriminated against when it came to employment. ʘ Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission. Japanese Internment ʘ It outlawed in defense industries. ʘ Americans feared that Japanese living in the US would commit sabotage or spy for Japan. ʘ Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 which instructed the military to create zones of exclusion for Japanese Americans. ʘ Japanese Americans were rounded up by the military and shipped off to centers in remote areas. ʘ Many lost their homes and businesses as a result. ʘ In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the government was because it was a dangerous time. Daily Life in Wartime ʘ Many items were during the war. ʘ There was a limit on how much people could purchase. ʘ Families were given ration stamps for purchasing certain items: ʘ blue and red stamps for food, other stamps for fuel ʘ Just as in WW I, the government turned to citizens to help fund the war. Pushing Back the Axis ʘ Americans purchased $150 billion in. At the Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to bomb Germany into surrendering. They would target Germany s military, industry, and economic centers.

2 As a result of the bombing of factories, Germany was unable to build enough aircraft to maintain superiority. In what became known as the Conference, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin coordinated Allied plans. Stalin agreed to invade Germany when the Brits and Americans invaded France. He also agreed to Germany after the war and help the US fight Japan. Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of France. To fool the Germans, the Allies created a fake army near. The Allied invasion of France is known as D-Day. In the largest amphibious assault in history, 7,000 ships caring 100,000 soldiers landed on the beaches of, France. At the same time, 23,000 paratroopers landed behind enemy lines The strategy for defeating the Japanese in the Pacific involved island hopping until was brought within range of heavy bombers. It was a costly strategy as the islands were heavily defended. On Tarawa, only 1 in 3 Marines made it ashore. Gen. kept his promise to return to the Philippines. The US landed 160,000 troops in the islands. 80,000 Japanese died in the Battle for the Philippines. Fewer than 1,000 surrendered. 100,000 Filipino civilians died. The Japanese sent what remained of her navy to prevent the attack leading to the largest naval battle in history the Battle of Leyte Gulf. It was the first time the Japanese resorted to attacks. Japan s navy looses 4 carriers and 14,000 sailors and pilots.

3 I. The Third Reich Collapses THE WAR ENDS Chapter 14, Section 5 A. President Roosevelt and other Allied leaders became aware of Nazi atrocities 1. Promised to punish the Nazis after the war. 2. Roosevelt felt destroying the Nazi regime would put an end to the concentration camps. B. The Battle of the Bulge 1. On December 16, 1944, Hitler attempted one last to cut off Allied supplies coming through the port of Antwerp, Belgium. 2. As Germans raced west, the American lines outward, resulting in the battle s name. 3. The United States won the battle on January 8, Germans withdrew with little left to stop the Allies from entering Germany. E. Adolph Hitler, realizing the end was near, himself. F. Hitler s successor, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz tried to surrender to the Americans and the British while still fighting the Soviets II. Japan is Defeated 1. but he was forced to unconditionally surrender on May 7, The next day was proclaimed, for Victory in Europe. A. President Roosevelt died a month before the defeat of Germany. 1. Vice President Harry S. became president. 2. Truman needed to make many difficult decisions regarding the war as the battle with Japan intensified. B. On November 24, 1944, American bombs fell on Tokyo, but missed their targets 1. American planners decided to invade because it was closer to Japan and would make bombings more effective. 2. On February 19, 1945, 60,000 American Marines landed on Iwo Jima, and 6,800 US soldiers were killed before the island was captured. C. General Curtis LeMay, commander of the B-29s based in the Marianas, decided to bomb key cities with, a kind of jellied gasoline. 1. These bombs exploded and started fires

4 2. The Tokyo fire bombing killed over 80,000 people and destroyed more than 250,000 buildings 3. Japan s six most important industrial cities were firebombed. 4. This was a very controversial decision. D. Invasion of Okinawa, 1. Japan refused to surrender. 2. American military planners chose as the place to build up forces for an invasion of Japan. 3. The Battle for Okinawa took place April 1- June 22, 1945, 4. Okinawa was captured with more than 12,000 American dead F. Code name for the project to build the Atomic Bomb was The Project 1. On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico. G. The Decision to Drop the Bomb 1. President Truman felt it was his duty to use every weapon available to save American lives. 2. The Allies threatened Japan with utter destruction, but received no response. 3. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on, one of Japan s important industrial cities. 4. Tens of thousands of people died instantly, and thousands more died later from burns and sickness 5. On August 9, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. 6. That same day, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on, killing between 35,000 and 74,000 people. 7. On, for Victory in Japan August 15, 1945 Japan surrendered. 8. The war ended. B. The International Military Tribunal (IMT) 1. Allies Created the IMT in August 1945 to punish German and Japanese leaders for their war crimes. 2. The IMT tried German leaders suspected of committing war crimes at the Trials.

5 3. In Tokyo the IMT for the Far East tried leaders of wartime Japan suspected of committing war crimes. 4. The Japanese emperor was not indicted. III. Building a New World A. The United Nations 1. To prevent another war, President Roosevelt wanted a new international political organization. 2. In 1944 delegates from 39 counties met to discuss the new organization that was to be called the United Nations ( )