The United States Enters the War Ch 23-3
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1 The United States Enters the War Ch 23-3 The Main Idea Isolationist feeling in the United States was strong in the 1930s, but Axis aggression eventually destroyed it and pushed the United States into war. Content Statement/Learning Goal Analyze the reasons for American isolationist sentiment in interwar period. Identify and explain changes American society experienced with the mobilization of its economic and military resources during WWII.
2 Chapter 23-3 vocabulary Pacifist: a person who does not believe in the use of military force. Neutrality Act (1935): a United States act aimed at helping prevent the nation from being drawn into a war. Neutral: not aiding either side in a war Quarantine Speech (1937): FDR s speech following the Japanese attack on China in which he called on America to take clear sides in the current world conflicts. Compared aggressive nations to spread of disease. Cash-and-Carry (1939): law aimed at aiding the Allies during WWII, allowed countries at war to purchase American goods as long as they paid cash and picked up their orders in American ports. ALL AID SHORT OF WAR!!! $7 billion to start war up to $15 billion by end of war. Wendell Willkie: FDR s opponent in 1940 presidential election. Lend-Lease Act (1940): program that gave the government power to make weapons available to Great Britain without regard for its ability to pay. Atlantic Charter: a statement of American and British goals for the defeat of the Nazis and their vision for the post war world.
3 1.United States Isolationism in the 1930s The desire to avoid involvement in foreign wars was known as isolationism. Isolationists were not necessarily pacifists. Most isolationists simply wanted to preserve America s freedom to choose the time and place for action. Many Americans questioned what the Allies costly victory in World War I had actually achieved. Anti-League of Nation feelings soared as people believed that the League might drag the United States into future wars. Blamed defense contractors for getting U.S. into WWI. MERCHANTS OF DEATH. Roosevelt was not an isolationist; however, he was focused on solving problems at home by implementing his New Deal programs. Congress did pass isolationist measures such as the Neutrality Act in 1935.
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5 2.Isolationism versus Intervention Isolationism The Neutrality Act prohibited the sale of arms or making loans to warring countries. Roosevelt needed the support of isolationists in Congress. They wanted to remain neutral. The United States did not intervene in the Spanish Civil War or the Japanese invasion of China. Intervention When Italy invaded Ethiopia, Roosevelt stopped arms sales to both countries which hurt only Italy. Roosevelt did not want to remain neutral he was worried about the aggressive actions of totalitarian leaders. Roosevelt began to speak out against neutrality with his Quarantine Speech.
6 3.Preparing for War Roosevelt asked Congress for money to build new naval vessels. Congress approved despite isolationist complaints. Congress changed the neutrality laws to a new policy called cash-and-carry (1939). Countries at war could buy American goods if they paid cash and picked up their goods at American ports. Roosevelt urged a policy of all aid short of war. He traded 50 aging warships for eight British military bases. Isolationists opposed the deal, but were too weak to stop it.
7 4.The Election of 1940 Election of 1940: Roosevelt defeated business leader Wendell Willkie for an unprecedented third term as president. He felt world events required experience in the White House. 3 rd term in office. First president to ever serve more than two terms!! Roosevelt wanted to make the United States an arsenal of democracy. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act 1940, which allowed the nation to send weapons to Great Britain. Gave $15 billion in aid before end of WWII. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met secretly in August They agreed to the Atlantic Charter. This document proclaimed the shared goals of the United States and Britain in opposing Hitler and his Allies. Despite German U-boat attacks on U.S. ships trying to deliver goods under the Lend-Lease Act, isolationists continued to oppose entry into the war. Unrestricted submarine warfare was a cause of WWI. Now there is not enough support for declaration of war.
8 Election 1940
9 5. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor Causes Conflict between Japan and the United States over French Indochina. Worried about conflict w/hawaii Japan s alliance with Germany and Italy. Japan s prime minister, Hideki Tojo, was hostile towards the United States. American officials believed that Japan might attack American bases in the Philippines or British territory in Southeast Asia. United States had cut off strategic oil supplies *APPEASEMENT: Japan thought they could get away with it.
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11 6.The Attack on Pearl Harbor Defenses U.S military planners believed an attack on Pearl Harbor was possible. Forces at the base were unprepared to defend it. No single commander was in charge. Routine defensive steps were not in place. The Attack On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked. Aircraft carriers approached the island of Oahu. War planes loaded with bombs and torpedoes left the carriers and destroyed American ships and planes. The attack lasted 2 hours. Japan s Goal: weaken our ability to fight in Pacific. The Aftermath All 8 battleships were damaged; 4 were sunk. Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed. Some 2,400 Americans were dead. Japan lost only a handful of submarines and fewer than 30 planes. Japan doesn t hit aircraft carriers (out on maneuvers) or fuel farms No third wave: We begin battles in Pacific within 6 months. If 3 rd wave carried out what damage could have happened?
12 7. American Reaction Americans reacted to the news of the Pearl Harbor attack with anger and fear. Californians reported seeing submarines off the Pacific coast. Some Americans feared that Japanese Americans would assist an invasion of the mainland. The United States declared war on Japan. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.
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