World War II Ends Ch 24-5

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1 World War II Ends Ch 24-5 The Main Idea While the Allies completed the defeat of the Axis Powers on the battlefield, Allied leaders were making plans for the postwar world. Content Statement Summarize how atomic weapons have changed the nature of war, altered the balance of power and began the nuclear age.

2 Chapter 24-5 vocabulary Yalta Conference (1945): meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to reach an agreement on what to do with Germany after WWII. Occupy: to take control of a place by placing troops in it. V-E Day: May 8, 1945; the date when the Allies celebrated victory in Europe in WWII. Harry S. Truman: 33 rd president of the United States; he became president upon the death of FDR. He led the U.S. through the end of WWII and beginning of Cold War. Enola Gay: the nickname of the American plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Japanese city of Hiroshima in WWII. V-J Day: August 15, 1945; date when the Allies declared victory over Japan in WWII. United Nations: an international organization that encourages cooperation among nations. Potsdam Conference (1945): meeting among leaders of the Allies near the end of WWII that discussed the spread of communism

3 1. Winning the War in Europe After the Battle of the Bulge, Germany had few soldiers left to defend the homeland. Germany faced 4 million Allied troops on its western border and millions more Soviet troops to the east. The Big Three Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin met in Yalta to make plans for the end of the war and the peace that was to follow. Allied forces made their way across the Rhine River, which was a key barrier to the center of Germany. Roosevelt decided to leave Berlin to the Soviets. In April of 1945 Hitler realized that the war was lost and committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.

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5 2. The Yalta Conference Allied leaders Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin the so-called Big Three met in the resort town of Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the end of the war and the peace that was to follow. A key goal was to determine what to do with Germany. The leaders agreed to divide the country into four sectors. The Americans, Soviets, British, and French would each occupy one of these sectors. Russia had biggest section, most of Eastern half of Germany. America, Britain, and France took West Berlin was also divided into four sectors. Another agreement had to do with the fate of Poland and other Eastern European countries now occupied by the Soviets. Stalin agreed to hold elections in these countries after the war. Stalin doesn t keep promise. Leads to Cold War Stalin also said that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan three months after Germany was defeated.

6 Yalta Conference Map

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8 3. Crossing the Rhine Hitler ordered his troops to make a stand at the Rhine River. Despite the fact that the Germans blew up many of the bridges across the Rhine to slow the Allies, they managed to cross at Remagen. The decision to defend the river turned out to be one of Hitler s military mistakes. Allies capture quarter million German soldiers as a result. 4.The Berlin Question Some Allied leaders wanted to capture Berlin before the Soviets did. Very close after crossing the Rhine. Eisenhower decided not to try to get to Berlin before the Soviets. He believed the battle for Berlin would be bloody. Allied leaders had already agreed on how to divide Berlin. Still had to defeat Japan. Wanted to preserve forces. April 12, 1945 receive news FDR had died

9 5. Hitler s Death On April 30, 1945, Hitler realized that all hope for a German victory was lost. He committed suicide in his Berlin bunker. Berlin surrendered on May 2, Karl Dönitz, who had taken over as Germany s leader, agreed to a surrender on May 7, which would take place the following day. In the United States, May 8 was proclaimed V-E Day Victory in Europe Day.

10 6. Winning the War in the Pacific The cost of capturing Okinawa were high. High rates of battle-related psychological casualties Japanese soldiers fought even after defeat was imminent Thousands suffered from battle fatigue and other disorders. Many dreaded the possibility of invading the major islands of Japan. General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz developed plans for a massive invasion of Japan. A new bombing tactic was used on Japanese cities, one designed to produce tremendous firestorms in the bombed area. Killed 84,000 in first raid. Some Japanese leaders began to see the need for peace and began to contact the Soviet Union. President Harry S Truman decided to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. Japan surrendered on August 15, COULD THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB BEEN AVOIDED? WHY OR WHY NOT? Kamikaze Battle of Okinawa, Iwo Jima Estimates of 1 Million Allied casualties to take Japan. -Russia s help/victory in Japan seen as imminent/killed civilians/ Some Japanese officials had negotiated with Russia in a hope for peace.

11 7. The Atomic Bomb Harry S Truman became president when Roosevelt died. He had to decide whether the United States should use the Manhattan Project s atomic bomb. After consulting with his advisors, Truman decided to drop the bomb on a Japanese city. There would be no warning. On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped its atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. 80,000 died immediately; 35,000 injured; 2/3rds of their buildings destroyed. 270,000 buildings destroyed. Despite the horror caused by the bomb, the Japanese did not surrender. On August 9, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. 40,000 died. Even this did not bring an end to the war. Finally, on August 15 known from then on as V-J Day the Japanese emperor Hirohito announced the end of the war. He favored surrender, but some military generals tried to overthrow the emperor to continue the war. First time many Japanese citizens heard his voice.

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18 A-Bomb in Hiroshima

19 A-bomb in Hiroshima

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21 1.FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HARRY TRUMAN, DID THE U.S. NEED TO DROP THE ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN? WHY OR WHY NOT? Yes/No chart YES: Kamikaze Battle of Okinawa, Iwo Jima Estimates of 1 Million Allied casualties to take Japan. NO: Victory in Japan seen as imminent -Russia s help: Enters war August 6, Day of Hiroshima Killed civilians Some Japanese officials had negotiated with Russia in a hope for peace. 2.After seeing the aftermath of the bomb, is your opinion the same? Perspective from today.

22 Was Atomic Bombing necessary?: What alternatives did we have? Full scale invasion? Estimated 1 million Allied casualties? Conventional bombing Wait for help from Russia Naval Blockade Battle of Atlantic German U-Boats Why did Japanese bomb us at Pearl Harbor oil embargo

23 Was Atomic Bombing necessary?: According to United States Strategic Bombing Survey 1946 By the summer of 1944, it had become evident to the Japanese air commanders that there was no way in which they could equal the United States air arms at any point. Their losses were catastrophic, while the results which they were achieving were negligible Kamikaze fighters ineffective. By Oct 1944 to end of Okinawa 2,550 kamikaze missions only 475 effective. 18.6%. After the liberation of the Philippines and the capture of Okinawa, oil imports into Japan were completely cut off; fuel oil stocks had been exhausted, and the few remaining Japanese warships, being without fuel, were decommissioned or were covered with camouflage and used only as antiaircraft platforms. JAPANESE NAVY DECIMATED Japan entered the war with some 6,000,000 tons of merchant shipping of over 500 tons gross weight. During the war an additional 4,100,000 tons were constructed, captured or requisitioned Eight million nine hundred thousand tons of this shipping were sunk or so seriously damaged as to be out of action at the end of the war. It is the opinion of the Survey that by August 1945, even without direct air attack on her cities and industries, the over-all level of Japanese war production would have declined below the peak levels of 1944 by 40 to 50 percent solely as a result of the interdiction of overseas imports. U.S. naval supremacy and embargo. Japanese quality of life diminished. Undernourishment causes rise in tuberculosis. By 1944, the average per capita caloric intake had declined to approximately 1,900 calories. By the summer of 1945 it was about 1,680 calories per Sixty-four percent of the population stated that they had reached a point prior to surrender where they felt personally unable to go on with the war.

24 Was Atomic Bombing necessary?: According to United States Strategic Bombing Survey 1946 Roughly one-quarter of all people in cities fled or were evacuated, and these evacuees, who themselves were of singularly low morale, helped spread discouragement and disaffection for the war throughout the islands. This mass migration from the cities included an estimated 8,500,000 persons. Early in May 1945, the Supreme War Direction Council began active discussion of ways and means to end the war, and talks were initiated with Soviet Russia seeking her intercession as mediator. On 20 June the Emperor, on his own initiative, called the six members of the Supreme War Direction Council to a conference and said it was necessary to have a plan to close the war at once, as well as a plan to defend the home islands. General Takashima: Surrender unavoidable Although the Supreme War Direction Council, in its deliberations on the Potsdam Declaration, was agreed on the advisability of ending the war, three of its members, the Prime Minister, the Foreign Minister and the Navy Minister, were prepared to accept unconditional surrender, while the other three, the Army Minister, and the Chiefs of Staff of both services, favored continued resistance unless certain mitigating conditions were obtained. Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts, and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945, and in all probability prior to 1 November 1945, Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated Manhattan Project cost U.S. $2 billion dollars (roughly $26 billion 2014 equivalent)

25 Was Atomic Bombing necessary?: According to United States Strategic Bombing Survey 1946 Summary: Japan was out of oil Japan was out of raw materials Japan s war production would be cut by 40-50% in 1945 Japan was out of food Japanese officials were already in negotiations with Russia to mediate agreement to end the war U.S. government admits war would have ended by December 1945 even without full scale invasion.

26 Challenges after the War 8.United Nations Representatives from 50 countries met to form a new organization, the United Nations. The UN was meant to encourage cooperation among nations and to prevent wars. Much like League of Nations post WWI. U.S. never joined League. 9. Potsdam Conference Allied leaders met in the German city of Potsdam to discuss the spread of communism and Soviet influence in the postwar world. Truman hoped to get Stalin to live up to his promises from Yalta. Stalin did not do this. Leads to Cold War 10.Rebuilding MacArthur led efforts to help Japan rebuild its government and economy. Seven Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes. Rebuilding Europe caused tensions between the U.S and the Soviet Union.

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