General Editor: Richard Clogg (1999 ), Fellow of St Antony s College, Oxford

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1 St Antony s Series General Editor: Richard Clogg (1999 ), Fellow of St Antony s College, Oxford Recent titles include: Craig Brandist and Galin Tihanov (editors) MATERIALIZING BAKHTIN Mark Brzezinski THE STRUGGLE FOR CONSTITUTIONALISM IN POLAND Reinhard Drifte JAPAN S QUEST FOR A PERMANENT SECURITY COUNCIL SEAT A Matter of Pride or Justice? Simon Duke THE ELUSIVE QUEST FOR EUROPEAN SECURITY Marta Dyczok THE GRAND ALLIANCE AND UKRAINIAN REFUGEES Ken Endo THE PRESIDENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION UNDER JACQUES DELORS Ricardo Ffrench-Davis REFORMING THE REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA Macroeconomics, Trade, Finance M. K. Flynn IDEOLOGY, MOBILIZATION AND THE NATION The Rise of Irish, Basque and Carlist Nationalist Movements in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Anthony Forster BRITAIN AND THE MAASTRICHT NEGOTIATIONS Azar Gat BRITISH ARMOUR THEORY AND THE RISE OF THE PANZER ARM Revising the Revisionists Fernando Guirao SPAIN AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF WESTERN EUROPE, Anthony Kirk-Greene BRITAIN S IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATORS, Bernardo Kosacoff CORPORATE STRATEGIES UNDER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN ARGENTINA Responses by Industrial Firms to a New Set of Uncertainties Huck-ju Kwon THE WELFARE STATE IN KOREA Cécile Laborde PLURALIST THOUGHT AND THE STATE IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE,

2 Julio Crespo MacLennan SPAIN AND THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, Jennifer G. Mathers THE RUSSIAN NUCLEAR SHIELD FROM STALIN TO YELTSIN Eiichi Motono CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN SINO-BRITISH BUSINESS, The Impact of the Pro-British Commercial Network in Shanghai C. S. Nicholls THE HISTORY OF ST ANTONY S COLLEGE, OXFORD, Shane O Rourke WARRIORS AND PEASANTS The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia Laila Parsons THE DRUZE BETWEEN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL, Karina Sonnenberg-Stern EMANCIPATION AND POVERTY The Ashkenazi Jews of Amsterdam, Miguel Székely THE ECONOMICS OF POVERTY AND WEALTH ACCUMULATION IN MEXICO Ray Takeyh THE ORIGINS OF THE EISENHOWER DOCTRINE The US, Britain and Nasser s Egypt, Suke Wolton LORD HAILEY, THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE POLITICS OF RACE AND EMPIRE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR The Loss of White Prestige St Antony s Series Series Standing Order ISBN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 The Russian Nuclear Shield from Stalin to Yeltsin Jennifer G. Mathers Lecturer Department of International Politics University of Wales Aberystwyth in association with ST ANTONY S COLLEGE, OXFORD

4 First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN S PRESS, LLC, Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mathers, Jennifer G., 1964 The Russian nuclear shield from Stalin to Yeltsin / Jennifer G. Mathers. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nuclear weapons Soviet Union. 2. Nuclear weapons Russia (Federation) 3. Soviet Union Military policy. 4. Russia (Federation) Military policy. 5. Deterrence (Strategy) History 20th century. I. Title. UA770.M '17'0947 dc Jennifer G. Mathers 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources

5 To John and Mathew

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7 Contents Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations viii ix Introduction 1 1 Massive Retaliation and Soviet Ballistic Missile Defence, We Can Hit a Fly in Outer Space, From Cuba to Détente, Missile Defence and Arms Control Diplomacy, Missile Defence and the Decline of Détente, The Second Cold War and the Threat of SDI, New Political Thinking and Ballistic Missile Defence, Missile Defences and Yeltsin s Russia 151 Conclusion: The Kremlin s Missile Defence Policy during the Cold War and Beyond 175 Notes and References 181 Bibliography 207 Index 222 vii

8 Acknowledgements Many people have contributed to this book through their advice, guidance, and support. This project began as an M.Phil. thesis, inspired by a remark made by Lynn Davis, then of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, in a seminar about SDI at All Souls College, Oxford. Professor Robert O Neill encouraged me to tackle Soviet missile defence policy and supervised the M.Phil. thesis. Dr Alex Pravda supervised the D.Phil. thesis and urged me to turn it into a book. Christoph Bluth and Bill Tompson were both generous with their time and advice about source materials. Many thanks are due to the staffs of the Bodleian Library, the British Library, the Library of Congress, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Russian State Library and the Conflict Studies Research Centre at Sandhurst. Dr Harry Shukman kindly introduced me to General Dimitrii Volkogonov who, together with his assistant Gennadi Chernobrovkin, helped me find people in Moscow who were also interested in missile defences. A grant from the Ilchester Fund and study leave from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth enabled me to do research in Russia. With great efficiency and good humour Paul Holtom tracked down some of the material cited in Chapter 8. My D.Phil. examiners, Dr Roy Allison and Dr James Sherr, provided helpful comments on the thesis and suggestions for turning it into a book. Colin McInnes read draft chapters and gave much good advice. I would like to thank Frank Cass and The Journal of Strategic Studies for permission to quote from my article, A Fly in Outer Space : Soviet Ballistic Missile Defence during the Khrushchev Period, vol. 21, no. 2, June 1998, pp , much of which is reproduced in Chapters 1, 2 and 3. My thanks go to all those named above, who have helped make this book better than it would otherwise have been. All the errors which no doubt remain are mine alone. J ENNIFER G. MATHERS viii

9 List of Abbreviations ABM ALCM CDSP CFE CIA CIS DOSAAF GPALS ICBM IMEMO INF IOC KGB LPAR MAD MBFR MEMO MFN MIRV MRV NATO NCA PRO PVO SAC SALT SAM SDI SLBM SRF SShA START TMD US USSR Anti-Ballistic Missile Air-Launched Cruise Missile Current Digest of the Soviet Press Conventional Forces in Europe Central Intelligence Agency Commonwealth of Independent States Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation and the Navy Global Protection Against Limited Strikes Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Institute of World Economy and International Relations Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Initial Operating Capability Committee of State Security Large Phased-Array Radar Mutual Assured Destruction Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnie Otnoshenie Most Favoured Nation Multiple Independently-Targeted Reentry Vehicle Multiple Reentry Vehicle North Atlantic Treaty Organisation National Command Authority Anti-missile Defence Air Defence Forces Strategic Air Command Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Surface-to-Air Missile Strategic Defense Initiative Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile Strategic Rocket Forces SShA: Ekonomika, Politika, Ideologiya Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Theatre Missile Defence United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ix