An Introduction to Strategic Studies

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1 A Strategy in the Contemporary World An Introduction to Strategic Studies John Baylis James Wirtz Eliot Cohen Colin S. Gray OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Detailed Contents Acknowledgements About the Contributors xi xi i Introduction 1 What is strategic studies? 3 What criticisms are made of strategic studies? 8 What is the relationship between strategic studies and security studies? 11 PART ONE Enduring issues of strategy 1 Strategic Theory and the History of War 17 Introduction: The organization of violence 18 The Art of War in the Age of Reason 20 Clausewitz and the modernization of war 26 Beyond the battlefield: Sea power 32 Imagining Armageddon: Air power 37 Total war, people's war, and the crisis of theory 40 2 Law, Politics, and the Use of Force 45 International law: Is it really law? 45 The efficacy of international law 47 International law and the use of force 52 Jusad bellum 55 Jus in bello 59 Conclusion 63 3 The Causes of War and the Conditions of Peace 66 Introduction 67 The study of war 68 Human nature explanations of war 75 Wars 'within' and 'beyond' states 82 Conclusion 84

3 Viii DETAILED CONTENTS PART TWO The evolution of joint warfare Land Warfare: Theory and Practice 91 Introduction 92 The First World War: The emergence of modern warfare 92 The Second World War: Responses to mechanization 97 The 1973 Arab-Israeli war: Releaming the importance of combined arms 101 The 1991 Gulf war: Revolution or continuity? 104 Conclusion 107 Sea Power: Theory and Practice 113 Introduction 114 Sea power in history 116 Sea power in theory 119 Contending views of modern naval strategy 125 Sea power, joint operations, and service roles 129 Sea power and globalization 130 Conclusion: Sea power beyond the sea 133 Air Power: Theory and Practice 137 Introduction 138 A new military capability 139 Between the wars 142 The Second World War: Air power affects every campaign 145 Air power during the Cold War 147 The air power decade, Conclusion 154 PART THREE Twentieth-century theories: an update Deterrence in the Post-Cold War World 161 The concept of deterrence 161 Deterrence theory and the Cold War 165 Deterrence can fail 170 The problem with Cold War deterrence 173 Individuality and decision making 175 Cold War deterrence assumptions in the post-cold War world 179 Arms Control and Disarmament 183 Introduction 183 Definitions and approaches 184 The lessons of the Cold War and the post-cold War eras 197

4 DETAILED CONTENTS ix Does arms control make a difference? 199 Conclusion Terrorism and Irregular Warfare 208 Introduction 208 The theory and practice of irregular warfare 212 Counterinsurgency and counterterrorism in theory and practice 220 The future of terrorism and irregular warfare 226 Conclusion 228 PART FOUR Contemporary issues of grand strategy 10 Technology and Warfare 235 Thinking about technology: Technophiles and technophobes 236 Some ways of thinking about military technology 236 Mapping military technology 240 The revolution in military affairs debate 242 Challenges of the new technology 248 The future of military technology Weapons of Mass Destruction 254 Introduction 255 The changing strategic context 256 Weapons of mass destruction for national security? 263 The operational role of weapons of mass destruction 269 The future of weapons of mass destruction 277 Conclusion Humanitarian Intervention and Peace Operations 286 Introduction 287 From peacekeeping to peace operations 288 Intervention failures 292 The politics of humanitarian intervention 296 The military character of peace operations 299 Conclusion: Problems and prospects A New Agenda for Security and Strategy? 309 Introduction 310 The need for a conceptual framework 311 Population: The demographics of global politics 313 Commons issues 315 Direct environmental damage 317 Disease 320

5 DETAILED CONTENTS Planetary defence 323 Conclusion Conclusion: The Future of Strategic Studies 328 The development of strategic studies 329 In and out of the Cold War 330 The academic and policy worlds 333 The study of strategy 335 Realism: Old and new 337 The study of armed force 339 Conclusion 340 Index 343

JEANNIE L. JOHNSON. 671 West Spring Hollow Circle Utah State University

JEANNIE L. JOHNSON. 671 West Spring Hollow Circle Utah State University JEANNIE L. JOHNSON 671 West Spring Hollow Circle Utah State University Nibley, UT 84321 Political Science Department Telephone: (435) 890-9501 Old Main Hill 0725 Jeannie.johnson@usu.edu Logan, UT 84322-0725