Ways of War. American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century. R Routledge. Matthew S. Muehlbauer and David J.

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg Ways of War American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century Matthew S. Muehlbauer and David J. Ulbrich R Routledge Taylor &. Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON

2 Contents List of Figures List of Maps Acknowledgements xiv xvii xx Introduction 1 What is War? 1 Combat Actions 2 Types of War 2 Military Service 4 Levels of Warfare 4 War and Society 5 Ways of War 6 Short Bibliography 6 1 Early Colonization and Conflict, Native American Societies and Warfare 9 Western Europe and the Military Revolution 11 Technological Developments in Early Modern Europe 12 Tactics, Operations, and Logistics in the Military Revolution 14 The Military Revolution in America 16 Overview: Early Modern England, Its Wars, and Military Service 17 Early Virginia and the First Anglo-Powhatan War, The Second and Third Anglo-Powhatan Wars, and

3 Bacon's Rebellion, Early New England 25 The Pequot War, A Tense Period of Peace 30 King Philip's War, King Philip's War: Assessment 35 Conclusion 36 Short Bibliography 36 2 Wars Imperial and Regional, The Glorious Revolution of Overview of Imperial Wars in North America 40 King William's War, : The Campaigns of King William's War: Later Campaigns 44 Queen Anne's War, : New England and Frontier Warfare 45 Queen Anne's War: Campaigns against New France, Queen Anne's War: The American Southeast, The Tuscarora and Yamasee Wars, and A Quarter Century of "Peace" 51 The War of Jenkins' Ear, 1739^8 52 Louisbourg, The Remainder of King George's War, The French and Indian War, : Introduction and the Global Context 56 War Begins in America 57 The Battle of the Monongahela and Early British Campaigns, Tensions Civilian-Military, Imperial-Colonial, French Campaigns and Cultural Strains, The Tide Turns: British Campaigns in North America, The Plains of Abraham and Last British Campaigns in America, The War Beyond North America and the Peace of Paris 68 Conclusion 69 Short Bibliography 69 3 The American Revolution, War Erupts: Lexington and Concord, British vs. Americans: A Comparison 72 v i

4 Breed's Hill, 1775 ' 74 George Washington and the Continental Army 76 The Strategic Situation in The New York-New Jersey Campaign, Trenton and Princeton, Who Fought? 84 More British Strategic Breakdown 87 Howe's Pennsylvania Campaign, The Saratoga Campaign, Native Americans in the War 92 France's Entry into the War 95 Valley Forge and the Northern Field Armies to The Naval War 97 The British Southern Campaigns 98 Carolina in Flames 100 Nathanael Greene Goes South 101 Yorktown: The Final Campaign, Conclusion 106 Short Bibliography Challenges in the Early Republic, Challenges at the End of the Revolutionary War 109 The Nationalists 111 The U.S. Constitution and Its Military Provisions 113 War in the Northwest Territory, The Legion of the United States 116 The Whiskey Rebellion, The Early Impact of the French Revolution 119 The Quasi-War with France, The New Army and Federalists' Fall from Power 122 Jefferson and the Army 123 The Tripolitan War, The War of 1812, : Prelude 125 The War of 1812: U.S. Plans and Problems 127 The War of 1812: The Northern Campaigns 129 Naval Conflict in the War of vi i

5 The Chesapeake in the War of The First Creek War, New Orleans, Conclusion 140 Short Bibliography Expansion, Army Reforms after the War of Military Education 144 Life in the Antebellum Army 145 Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal 149 Black Hawk's War, The Second Seminole War, Evolving Military Attitudes 155 The Second Creek War, Forced Removal Short of War: The Trail of Tears, Overview of the Antebellum U.S. Navy 157 Manifest Destiny, Texas and Mexico 158 The Mexican War, : First Battles 159 The Mexican War: Initial U.S. Plans and Operations 160 The Mexican War: The Far West 162 Monterrey, U.S. Strategic Reassessment and a Mexican Offensive 164 The Vera Cruz Campaign, The Capture of Mexico City 167 Occupation and Negotiation 169 Conclusion 170 Short Bibliography The American Civil War: Confederate Defiance, Changing Weapons Technology 173 Tactics 176 Officers and Expertise 177 Union vs. Confederacy: Resource Comparison 178 Union vs. Confederacy: Military Capabilities 179 Union vs. Confederacy: Political Leadership 180

6 Strategy 182 First Bull Run, Raising Armies 188 The Western Theater in Early The Peninsula Campaign, Jackson in the Valley, Lee and the Seven Days 196 Second Bull Run, Antietam, Confederate Western Campaigns of Late Emancipation 203 Diplomacy 206 Union Operations to Conclusion The American Civil War: Union Triumph, The Naval War 211 The Soldiers' Experience: Camp Life 213 Combat and Its Consequences 214 Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Chickamauga and Chattanooga, A New Union Strategy 229 The Overland Campaign, Additional 1864 Operations in the Eastern Theater 234 The Atlanta Campaign, The March to the Sea, Women and the War 244 The Final Campaigns, Conclusion 248 Short Bibliography Transitions: Force in Domestic, Frontier, and Imperial Contexts, Army Duties during Reconstruction 251 The Politicization of Violence 254 Southern Insurgencies and Redemption 255

7 The West 259 The Army on the Frontier 261 The Last Indian Wars: The Pacific Northwest 264 The Last Indian Wars: The Southwest 265 The Last Indian Wars: The Plains to The Great Sioux War and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Evolving U.S. Military Institutions 271 The Spanish-American War, Santiago de Cuba, The Philippine-American War, Conclusion 281 Short Bibliography Early Twentieth-Century Reforms and the Great War, Elihu Root's Reforms and the Creation of a Modern Army 283 Expansion of the U.S. Navy and Transformation of the Marine Corps 285 Interventions in Latin America 287 The Great War in Europe, American "Neutrality" and the Decision for War, The Great War over Here: American Mobilization 296 The Great War over There: Combat in France, Cantigny: America's First Test in Combat 306 The Battles of Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood 307 The Second Battle of the Marne 308 The St. Mihiel Salient, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and the Armistice, September-November Conclusion 310 Short Bibliography Transformations in the Interwar Years, Allied Occupation of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles, The American Military in the Postwar Era of Normalcy 317 Groping for Strategies: Planning for Future Wars 321 Grasping for New Technologies: Proponents and Detractors 324 Economic Depression and Emerging Global Threats, Ongoing Development of Tanks and Strategic Bombers 331 x

8 Amphibious Doctrine, Landing Craft, and the U.S. Marine Corps 334 Wars in East Asia and Europe, The Last Six Months before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Conclusion 345 Short Bibliography Mobilizing for the Second World War, The "Day of Infamy" 347 Japan's Tide of Victories until May Initial American Reactions in Washington and in the Pacific 352 Stopping Japan's Advance in the Southwest Pacific: Battle of the Coral Sea, May Stopping Japan's Advance in the Central Pacific: The Battle of Midway, June Going on the Offensive: America's Campaign for Guadalcanal, American Home Front: Building the "Arsenal of Democracy" 360 Women and Minorities in Uniform 361 Building the American War Machine and Controlling Wartime Beliefs 366 Winning the Battle of the Atlantic 369 Faltering Steps and Stumbling Victories in North Africa, Defeat at Kasserine Pass and Victory at El Guettar 372 The Anglo-American Invasion and Capture of Sicily, Invading Italy and the Slow Advance toward Rome, Bloody Battles of the Italian Campaign 376 Conclusion Winning the Second World War, American Offensives against Japan, Testing Amphibious Capabilities in the Central Pacific, The Southwest Pacific Campaign: From New Guinea to the Philippines, 1943^ American Logistics: Key to Victory in the Second World War 389 Strategic Bombing: From Theory to Reality to Victory, D-Day: The Planning and Execution of Operation OVERLORD, June 6, Hell in the Hedgerows and Breakout of the Bocage 396 Broad Fronts, Spearheads, and a Bridge Too Far 397 Hell in the Htirtgen Forest and the Lorraine 400

9 From the Battle of the Bulge to V-E Day, December 1944 to May Ominous Signs in the Pacific in 1945: Kamikazes, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa 405 A Brave New Way of Warfare? The Atomic Bombs and V-J Day 410 Conclusion 411 Short Bibliography American National Security in the Early Cold War, Peace in the Postwar World? 415 The Start of the Cold War and the Advent of the Truman Doctrine 416 Social Changes in the U.S. Armed Forces, Postwar Demobilization, Military Unification, and Technological Transformation 421 The Korean War: Invasion and Reaction, June-August The Inchon Landing and the Drive to the Yalu, September-November The Surprise Chinese Offensive, November-December From War of Movement to War of Stalemate, January 1951-July The Election of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Armistice in Korea 433 Eisenhower's "New Look" and Asymmetric Containment Strategy 434 Transformations in the U.S. Military in an Era of Reduced Budgets 436 Challenges to Eisenhower's Strategy of Containment, Eisenhower's Second Term: Setbacks and Losses, Conclusion 445 Short Bibliography Confrontations in the Cold War, John F. Kennedy's "Flexible Response" and Symmetric Containment 447 The Bay of Pigs Fiasco and Another Berlin Crisis, Kennedy versus Khrushchev in the Cuban Missile Crisis, October Growing Commitment in Vietnam: Advice, Training, and Support, South Vietnam's Failed Programs, Battlefield Defeats, and a Coup D'etat, New President but Same Strategy: Lyndon Baines Johnson in Vietnam, Escalation in Vietnam: Air War, Ground War, and the Draft, Testing "Air Mobility" and "Search and Destroy" at la Drang, November Looking for the "Light at the End of the Tunnel,"

10 1968: The Tet Offensive 470 Tet's Damaging Effects on American Public Opinion 473 A New President and a New Strategy: Nixon and "Vietnamization" 474 Winless Fighting and Endless Negotiations, Conclusion 479 Short Bibliography From Cold War to Pax Americana to Uncertainty, The Nixon-Ford Doctrine: Continued Detente and Deterrence 483 Recovering from Vietnam in 1973: From Conscription to the All-Volunteer Force 485 Looking toward the Next War: Doctrinal Reforms and Weapons Modernization 486 President Jimmy Carter and the Departure from Containment, Ronald Reagan and America's Resurgent Military Power, The Reagan Doctrine in Action 492 George H. W. Bush's Challenges: Ending One War and Fighting Another War, Pax Americana and Bill Clinton's New Interventionism, A New President Faces the 9/11 Attacks and an Era of Uncertainty 502 Immediate American Retaliation: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, The Bush Doctrine and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM in OIF: Nation-Building, the Insurgency, and the Surge, Barack Obama and Continuity and Change in the U.S. Military, Conclusion 517 Short Bibliography 517 Index 519