Economic reasons. Political reasons. Markets Investment. Competition with Europe. Monroe Doctrine? Japan. Africa, China, Latin America
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1 1865 to 1898
2 Economic reasons Markets Investment Political reasons Competition with Europe Africa, China, Latin America Monroe Doctrine? Japan
3 Social reasons Racism Religion Psychological Frontier was gone (Turner thesis) Manifest Destiny (part two)
4 Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Seapower upon History (1890) World powers have controlled seas Foreign markets for goods Naval power Inter-oceanic canal
5 Harrison and Cleveland increased naval size Venezuela crisis Cleveland invoked Monroe Doctrine America: protector of Western Hemisphere America becoming recognized as world power
6 Refueling station Islands split with Germany
7 Natural resources Sugarcane Refueling station Pearl Harbor Others interested Britain Japan France U.S. treaties with Kingdom of Hawaii 1875 no tariff on sugar imports 1887 naval rights to Pearl Harbor
8 Constitutional monarchy under King Kalakaua dies in 1891; replaced by sister Queen Liliuokalani McKinley Tariff (1890) tariffs on sugar Ruined Hawaiian economy Queen Lil takes power (hurts Americans)
9 KING KALAKAUA QUEEN LILIUOKALANI
10 1893 Marines landed to protect American interests Queen overthrown & arrested Provisional government set up Sanford Dole president
11 Dole (and Harrison) want annexation Cleveland refuses Overthrow was illegal
12 Republic of Hawaii established Sanford Dole president McKinley supports annexation 1898: Republic of Hawaii dissolved Territory of Hawaii annexed Dole territorial governor
13
14 1898
15 Spanish possession American interest Cubans had revolted 1896: new governor Valeriano Wyler (brutal)
16 concentration camps About 200,000 Cubans died Looked to U.S. for help Cuban immigrants New York City Florida
17 Competing newspapers New York Journal (William Randolph Hearst) New York World (Joseph Pulitzer) Use headlines to inflame public
18 WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST JOSEPH PULITZER
19 Inflammatory headlines (true or not) = yellow journalism Jingoism Aggressive foreign policy due to extreme patriotism We are right no matter what Hearst and Pulitzer sent reporters/artists to Cuba Artist Frederick Remington to Hearst, There is no war. Request to be recalled." Hearst s reply, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war."
20 Cleveland No war but protect American interests sugarcane protect future canal Cleveland s message to Spain Get Cuba under control or we may have to!
21 McKinley: doesn t want war Protect American interests Less tolerant of Spanish Push for war from Press Jingoistic Republicans (Theodore Roosevelt, etc.)
22 Recalled Governor Weyler Cuba: eventual self-rule, not independence Spanish loyalists didn t want Cubans in charge Cuban rebels demanded full independence
23 DeLome letter (February 9, 1898) McKinley weak Spanish not taking Americans seriously Published in Journal U.S.S. Maine American battleship anchored in Havana harbor Explodes night of February 15 th 262 died 52 injured Only 89 survived
24 Explosion blamed on Spanish mines Battle cry: Remember the Maine! 1977: coal dust ignited; setoff gunpowder
25 March 27 U.S. ultimatum Six month armistice Eliminate concentration camps Mediate with rebels (U.S. mediator) Cuban independence April 9 Spanish reaction Agreed to armistice and camps Refused mediation and independence April 11 McKinley asked Congress to authorize sending troops
26 April 19 Congress passed joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence Teller Amendment (U.S. won t take Cuba) Demanded Spanish withdrawal Authorized President to use military force April 20 McKinley signed resolution April 21 Spain broke off diplomatic relations U.S. navy blockaded Cuba April 23 Spain declared war on U.S. April 25 Congress declared war on Spain
27 How would south react? Many volunteered Helped heal Former Confederate Joe Wheeler as a commander Boys we ve got those damn Yankees on the run! First time U.S. troops fight overseas
28 Base: Tampa, Florida Army NOT prepared 28,000 regular troops (mostly Indian fighters) No tropical uniforms; heavy wool McKinley: 125,000 volunteers; 200,000 showed Theodore Roosevelt and Roughriders Lack of weapons, food, sanitation, uniforms No plans to get troops to Cuba Navy Much better prepared than army New battleships play a key role
29 April 23 Commodore George Dewey ordered to Philippines May 1 American fleet destroys Spanish fleet (Manila Bay) One sailor died June 20 Captain Henry Glass takes Guam July Congress annexes Hawaii August 13 Manila falls
30 Cuba American troops land in June Initial Spanish victories Santiago key July 1 American troops take key fortifications (San Juan Hill, Kettle Hill) July 3 American navy destroys Spanish navy in Santiago harbor August 7 Army leaves Cuba; occupation force left behind
31 Puerto Rico May 10 American ships shell San Juan June 25 San Juan harbor blockaded; American troops land Series of battles: June to August August 12 Spain sued for peace
32
33 John Hay: A splendid little war New possessions The Philippines Puerto Rico Guam American casualties Battlefield deaths = 332 Battlefield wounded = 1,641 Death from disease (yellow fever and malaria) = 2,957
34 Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898 Ratified by Senate (one vote) February 10, 1899 Provisions $20 million to Spain for Philippines Cuban independence (Platt Amendment) Cuba couldn t sign treaties endangering it U.S. has right to intervene if necessary Guantanamo Bay naval base End of Spanish Empire
35
36
37
38 Anti-imperialist sentiment Hypocrisy Constitutionality Citizenship Mugwumps (Anti-Imperialist League) Labor (competition) Jane Addams (maternal instincts) William Jennings Bryan (morally wrong)
39 Not independent; from one imperial power to another Led by Emilio Aguinaldo led guerilla forces against Spanish (pro-american) Began revolution against Americans February 4, 1899
40 Atrocities on both sides American Concentration camps scorched earth Water torture Filipino Torture of Americans Mutilation Burying captives alive
41 Aguinaldo captured April 1, 1901; swore loyalty oath to U.S. General Miguel Malvar took over; defeated April, 1902 William H. Taft governor; set up legal system, legislative body Guerilla fighting until : eventual independence 3,216 Americans killed Over 200,000 Filipinos killed? Cost about $600 million Worth it?
42 Theodore Roosevelt (new President) believed in military strength U.S. and Europe policemen controlling backwards peoples Established strong ties with Britain
43 Speak softly and carry a big stick Back up policy with force if necessary Believed in Mayhan s ideas Built naval strength 1907 Great White Fleet goodwill tour
44 Panama Canal Needed during war USS Oregon Obstacles Purchase assets from French attempt Negotiate with Colombia
45 Colombia refused Philippe Bunau-Varilla Negotiating French sale Panamanian independence movement
46 Roosevelt sent warships Three days later, (Nov. 7, 1903) U.S. recognized Panamanian independence Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty; U.S. paid $10 million
47
48 Successful because Eliminated malaria and yellow fever (mosquito) Cleared swamps Engineering wonder 48 miles long Completed August, 1914
49 Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine U.S. policeman of Latin America U.S. interventions Cuba , Nicaragua , Mexico Haiti Dominican Republic
50 Taft s Foreign Policy Focus on U.S. investment Protect American interests Use money to influence positive outcomes Sugar cane & fruit companies Banana Republic
51 Wilson s Foreign Policy Promote American democratic principles Unfair to economically exploit Sent troops to restore order
52 1910 Revolution Dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown Francisco Madero pushing democratic reforms 1913 Madero murdered; replaced by Victoriano Huerta
53 Wilson refused to recognize Huerta 1914 American sailors detained in Veracruz Wilson sends Marines; U.S. occupies Veracruz until Huerta is removed
54 1915 Emiliano Zapata (south) and Pancho Villa (north) share power U.S. supports Alvaro Obregon Villa raids across border into U.S. Columbus, NM kills 16 Americans
55 General John Pershing sent to Mexico to find Villa One year & 500 miles later, Pershing can t find Villa Because of European war Wilson withdraws troops
56 Trade opportunities in China Britain, Germany, France, Japan, and Russia carved out spheres of influence Trade controlled by Europeans U.S. fears being shut out
57
58 1899 U.S. Sec. of State John Hay issued Open Door Notes All countries have access to China 1900 Boxer Rebellion Chinese revolted U.S. sent troops; aided Europeans Open Door Policy Respect Chinese territory Equal access of trade European nations didn t agree but don t fight it U.S. took as acceptance
59 Japan Quickly becoming military power Defeated China ( ) and Russia ( ) Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize 1907 Gentlemen s Agreement Japanese highly insulted Led to competition and mistrust Any other powers in Pacific?
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61
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