1. Large population 2. 90% of nation s manufacturing 3. Country s iron, coal, copper, gold 4. Controlled the seas 5. 21,000 miles of RR track

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2 I. Preparing for War A. Northern Strengths 1. Large population 2. 90% of nation s manufacturing 3. Country s iron, coal, copper, gold 4. Controlled the seas 5. 21,000 miles of RR track B. Northern Weaknesses 1. Military leadership a) 1/3 of officers resigned and returned to South

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4 I. Preparing for War C. Southern Strengths 1. Size 2. Defending own territory 3. Military leadership D. Southern Weaknesses 1. Economy could not support long war 2. Control of Mississippi could split in 2 3. Lacked major RR 4. Wealth in land and slaves, not money

5 South North Population Farm Acreage Manufacturing Workers Bank Capital Icons Courtesy of Iconify.it

6 I. Preparing for War E. Lincoln vs. Davis 1. Abraham Lincoln a) Born in Kentucky b) Poor family, little schooling c) Lawyer before politics d) Believed in the preservation of the Union 2. Jefferson Davis a) Born in Kentucky b) Attended military Westpoint c) Fought in Mexican War d) Secretary of War under President Pierce e) US Senator f) Believe in state s rights

7 Fort Sumter April 14, 1861 The Confederate States wanted to force the US Army to leave Fort Sumter. There was 40 hours of continuous shelling before the fort fell to the South. By this time, 1/5 of the fort was on fire. The Southern commander, General Beauregard gave permission for all the Union troops to leave safely and the Southern troops took over the fort. Casualties: None

8 II. Bull Run: A Great Awakening A. Union s War Strategy 1. Surround South by land and sea to cut off trade 2. Divide into sections so they could not help each other 3. Capture Richmond, VA (Confederate capital) B. Battle of Bull Run The battle was fought at Manassas Junction near Bull Run Creek. Many congressmen and their wives watched from behind battle lines. The Union guns shot first attacking General Beauregard s troops. Confederate reinforcements arrived by train wearing blue uniforms. After confusion set in the North was defeated and retreated to the capital 30 miles away. President Lincoln asked for more volunteers. Casualties: USA 2,920; CSA 1,750

9 II. Bull Run: A Great Awakening D. Women Support the War 1. Jobs a) Ran farms and businesses b) Worked in factories 2. Military a) messengers, guides, scouts, smugglers, soldiers, spies 3. Volunteers a) Dorothea Dix 1 appointed director of Union army s nursing service 2 strict rules (over 30, plain appearance, strong) b) Clara Barton 1 followed Union armies into battle 2 founder of Red Cross

10 Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 After Grant had captured several forts in Tennessee, his army moved south toward Mississippi. The Confederate Army led by General Johnston, met Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee. Grant had not expected the attack which started while the Yankee soldiers were cooking their breakfast. At first Grant seemed to be losing. Then more Northern troops arrived and Grant defeated the Southerners. Johnston was wounded in the leg and bled to death before medical help arrived. Casualties: USA 13,047; CSA 10,699

11 III. Antietam: Bloody Affair A. Union Blockade Anaconda Plan 1. Union navy blocked Southern ships, shut ports 2. Confederacy asked Britain for helped a) British refused B. Dividing the Confederacy 1. Union forces gain control of Mississippi a) Admiral Farragut led 46 ships north to New Orleans (which surrendered) b) General Grant moved South along Mississippi C. Attacking Richmond 1. General McClellan sent 100,000 men to capture Richmond 2. South succeeded in protecting again

12 III. Antietam: Bloody Affair D. Battle of Antietam: September 17, Confederate General Lee sent troops into slave state Maryland in hopes of persuading them to join Confederacy 2. Lee s forces pounded by McClellan s near Antietam Creek a) Lee pulled back to Virginia b) 2,100 Union soldiers killed, 10,300 wounded c) 2,770 Confederates killed, 11,000 wounded In one day, more Americans were killed than in the War of 1812, and the Mexican War combined. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of the war E. New Realities of War 1. Improved weapons made killing at a distance easier (rifles, cannons) 2. No understanding of the causes of infection (high hospital death rate) 3. Unsanitary army camp conditions

13 Antietam September, 1862 Lee and McClellan fought to a tactical draw in the bloodiest single day of the war. Afterwards, Lee retreated to VA. STRATEGIC VICTORY for the Union CASUALTIES USA CSA KILLED 2,108 1,546 WOUNDED 9,540 7,752 CAPT/MISS 753 1,018 TOTAL 12,401 10,316

14 Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 Lincoln replaced General McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. Burnside s men were slaughtered. Casualties: USA 13,353; CSA 4,576

15 Chancellorsville April 30 May 6, 1863 Robert E Lee was at his most brilliant, outmaneuvering Union leader Joseph Hooker. Lee took a great risk and divided his army against the much larger Union force. By doing so, he deceived the Union Army and forced it back. This is considered Lee s greatest victory. However, it also cost him his great general, Stonewall Jackson, who was mortally wounded by his own men when returning to camp. Casualties: USA 14,000; CSA 10,000

16 IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point A. Emancipation Proclamation 1. Declared slaves in all Confederate states to be free 2. South ignored document B. Draft 1. Both sides ran out of volunteers 2. Southern Draft law said that all white men could be called for 3 years of military service 3. North passed similar law for men a) Drafted man could avoid the army by paying a substitute to take his place

17 Conscription aka, The Draft Confederate (1862) Draftees could hire substitutes Planters* exempt *20 or more slaves Union (1863) Draftees could hire substitutes $300 to exempt Rich man s war, poor man s fight. -- Anti-draft slogan

18 IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point C. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) 1. Union army of 90,000 led by General Meade occupied 4 miles on Cemetery Ridge a) 17,500 wounded or killed 2. Confederate army of 75,000 were a mile west at Seminary Ridge a) Spent 3 days looking for weak spots in Union line b) Pickett s charge 15,000 men charged across to Union side only to be struck down c) 23,000 wounded or killed (1/3 of army) d) South would play defensive role for rest of war

19 Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 After three days of fighting, Lee failed to defeat the Union Army. LEE S FIRST TACTICAL DEFEAT CASUALTIES UNION CONFEDERATE KILLED 3,155 4,708 WOUNDED 14,531 12,693 CAPT/MISS 5,369 5,830 TOTAL 23,055 23,231

20 IV. Gettysburg: Turning Point D. Draft Riots 1. Northerners resented being forced to fight to end slavery 2. July 1863, NYC a) Angry whites burned draft offices and battled police for 4 days b) 100 black New Yorkers died c) Order restored by troops from Gettysburg

21 The Gettysburg Address in Pictures Photo by Tim Evanson

22 FOUR SCORE and seven years ago... Photo by Chicago Man

23 our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that

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25 Now we are engaged in a great civil war, Photo by SPakhrin

26 testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. Photo by SPakhrin

27 We are met on a great battlefield of that war. Photo by Zboula

28 Photo by John_from_CT We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.

29 Photo by ronzzo1 It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

30 But in a larger sense, Photo by ninniane we cannot dedicate

31 we cannot consecrate Photo by miss_leslie

32 we cannot hallow this ground. Photo by bowenmurphy

33 The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.

34 The world will little note nor long remember what we say here,

35 but it can never forget what they did here. Photo by Ron Cogswell

36 It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

37 It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us Photo by TJJohn12

38 That from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion... Photo by brittreints

39 that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. Photo by Chicago Man

40 That this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. Photo by thelearnedfoot_

41 V. Vicksburg: Besieged City A. Technological Firsts 1. To use RR to move troops and supplies 2. Telegraphs used to communicate between armies 3. Recorded in photographs 4. Combat between armor-plated battleships B. Warships 1. Merrimac a) Taken by Confederates from abandoned navel yard in Virginia b) Covered with iron plates and renamed Virginia 2. Monitor a) Union ship with flat deck and 2 guns on revolving turret C. Control of the Mississippi 1. Union controlled both ends of the Mississippi a) South could not move men and material along river b) North could not move men and material as long as South controlled Vicksburg

42 V. Vicksburg: Besieged City D. Vicksburg 1. Whoever controlled Vicksburg could control movement on the Mississippi 2. Union boats shelled city while armies bombarded from land for 6 weeks (May July 1863) a) Troops made it to city through trenches and tunnels b) City people dug caves into hillside for protection. Ate horses, mules, cornbread, dried peas c) Low on food and supplies, Confederacy surrendered and was divided Casualties: USA 10,142; CSA 9,091

43 Siege of Vicksburg May 18 July 4, 1863 Grant

44 VI. Fort Wagner: African Americans Join the War A. Recruitment Opens 1. Congress opened recruitment up to blacks (1862) a) 186,000 enlisted in Union army b) 30,000 joined Union navy B. Massachusetts 54 th Regiment led by Robert Gould Shaw 1. Paid less than white soldiers a) Protested by not accepting any pay b) Lincoln convinced Congress to grant black soldiers equal pay C. African Americans at War 1. Troops had to cross 200 yards of sandy beach to reach Fort Wagner a) 54 th regiment pulled back after losing ½ of men b) Earned widespread respect African American regiments fought 500 battles with little training, poor equipment and less pay

45 African-Americans in the Civil War ALL VOLUNTEER Only whites were drafted. SEGREGATED UNITS Led by white officers PAID LESS THAN WHITES This was corrected in 1864.

46 Massachusetts 54 th Regiment

47 VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End A. Northern Plan to End War 1. Grant to lead force against Lee & capture Richmond 2. Sherman to lead army into Georgia & take Atlanta B. On to Richmond 1. Grant invaded Virginia with 100,000+ men a) Lee s army had 60,000 b) Lost 18,000 men in 2 days c) Followed Lee to Cold Harbor and lost 7,000 men in 15 minutes d) Grant s losses equaled Lee s troops Grant replenished with fresh troops, Lee could not

48 VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings C. Total War an End 1. War on the enemy s will to fight and ability to support an army William T Sherman left Tennessee with 100,000 troops. He marched to Atlanta, Georgia and captured it after a 40 day siege. He then marched from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean. During this 300 mile march, Sherman s soldiers burned and destroyed everything in a width of 60 miles. Casualties: 12,140 in Atlanta

49 Sherman s March Gen. William T. Sherman (USA)

50 VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End E. Sherman s March Through Georgia 1. After burning Atlanta, headed to Savannah 2. Troops destroyed everything they found of value a) Fields, food supplies burned b) Houses robbed c) Roads lined with dead animals the troops could not eat or carry 3. From Georgia, went north and destroyed opposition in the Carolinas

51 VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings F. End at Appomattox an End 1. Grant s forces battled Lee s army for 9 months at Petersburg and then moved on to Richmond a) Quickly surrounded Lee s army (April 1, 1865) b) Lee decided to go see Grant 2. Lee arrived at the Appomattox Courthouse to surrender his army to General Grant (April 9, 1865) a) Confederate soldiers could go home if they promised to fight no longer b) Could take their own horses and mules with them c) Officers could keep their swords and weapons d) Food was ordered to be sent to Lee s men

52 VII. Appomattox: Total War Brings an End G. Aftermath 1. Billions spent 2. Every family had lost a member a) 620,000 Union & Confederate soldiers dead 3. South s environmental destruction a) 2/5 livestock destroyed 4. Technology of the Industrial Revolution a) Railroads b) Telegraphs c) Armored ships 5. Issues unresolved a) South s old way of life? b) State s rights? c) Status of African Americans?