Chapter 11. Civil War

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Civil War

2 Section 1: The Civil War Begins

3 Fort Sumter Confederacy had seized all but two federal arsenals within their borders by March Fort Sumter (Union) off coast of Charleston, S.C. requested resupply Lincoln s decision to send non-military supplies triggers a Southern attack on the fort

4 Fort Sumter On April 12, 1861 Southerners fire on Fort Sumter Union command under Robert Anderson was forced to surrender Battle marks the beginning of the Civil War

5 Fort Sumter today and scenes from the attack and Confederate occupation

6 By The President of the United States. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas the laws of the United States have been for some time past and now are opposed and the execution thereof obstructed in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshals by law: Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, in virtue of the power in me vested by the Constitution and the laws, have thought fit to call forth, and hereby do call forth, the militia of the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000, in order to suppress said combinations and to cause the laws to be duly executed.

7 Second Round of Secession Starting with Virginia, 4 more Southern states seceded after Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteer soldiers to put down the rebellion of the breakaway states. Anti-slavery counties of Virginia seceded from the state to form West Virginia Border states of MD, DE, KY, and MO remain in the Union

8

9

10 North vs. South: Forming the Armies

11 North vs. South: Forming the Armies

12 North vs. South Northern Advantages Population Strong political leadership Food Production Industry Transportation

13 North vs. South Northern Advantages

14 North vs. South: Southern Advantages King Cotton Superior military leadership and strong tradition of service Fighting a defensive war Focus on states rights proves to be a political obstacle

15 North vs. South: Total Resources

16 North vs. South: War Strategies North The Anaconda Naval blockade Control Mississippi River Capture Richmond South Fight an aggressive defensive war

17 July 1861 First Battle of Bull Run Union army under Irvin McDowell Confederate army under Thomas Stonewall Jackson Route Union forces Confederates fail to pursue Confederate morale spikes Lincoln s Response Calls for 1 million more men

18 George McClellan & Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln put George McClellan in charge of the Army of the Potomac (east) Ulysses S. Grant was put in charge of the forces in the West Grant s initials U.S. became synonymous with the phrase unconditional surrender

19 The War in the West Forts Henry and Donelson February 1862 Grant Tennessee Captures strategic forts on Tennessee (Henry) and Cumberland (Donelson)

20 The War in the West Shiloh April 1862 Grant Tennessee Confederates launch a devastating surprise attack Grant calls for re-supply and counterattacks following day Confederates retreat 25,000 casualties

21 The War in the West New Orleans April 1862 Farragut Louisiana Wins control over Confederacy s largest city Follows up with victories at Baton Rouge and Natchez Union closes in on goal of winning control of the Mississippi

22 Innovations in Technology New instruments of war revolutionize fighting Rifle Accuracy Faster loading Minié ball Soft lead bullet = more deadly Hand grenades & land mines Trench warfare An 1863 Model Springfield rifle musket A British 1853 Enfield rifle musket

23 Innovations in Technology Monitor v. Merrimack March 1862 Ironclads battle off coast of Virginia Marked end of era in wooden fighting ships

24 The War in The East War grinds to a halt All quiet on the Potomac McClellan excels at training troops but lacks the courage to move them On to Richmond Lee takes command Replaces wounded Gen. Joseph Johnston at head of Confederate army

25 Seven Days Battles June-July 1862 McClellan vs. Lee Virginia Confederates suffer higher casualties, but force Union into retreat The War in The East

26 The War in The East Antietam September 1862 Lee vs. McClellan Maryland Bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history Confederate army retreats Lost ¼ of their men McClellan lost opportunity to destroy them and his job

27 Battles in the East 1862

28 Section 2: The Politics of War

29 Southern Appeals for Foreign Aid Fall of King Cotton Pre-Civil War stockpiles New sources Growing importance of Northern wheat and corn imports Trent Affair Confederate diplomats arrested by U.S. ship Captain Wilkes in fall 1861 Lincoln releases two prisoners in to avoid threat of war with Britain

30 Emancipation Lincoln decides to end slavery Finds constitutional authority Uses powers as commander in chief to order army to emancipate slaves Would discourage Britain from aiding the Confederacy

31 Emancipation Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Military action freeing those slaves living in states under Confederate control

32 Impact of Emancipation

33 Changed purpose of war Political moral Made war a fight to the death Free blacks began to enlist in Union army in large numbers 180,000 volunteered Democrats worry it will prolong war Emancipation

34 Dealing with Dissent Lincoln takes a hard line Suspends writ of habeas corpus in Maryland, and later in other states Arrested Copperheads Seized telegraph offices Ignored Supreme Court ruling that he had gone beyond his powers Sets precedent for expansion of presidential powers during wartime

35 The Draft Confederate Conscription Caused by high casualty and desertion rates Passed in 1862 White men White men % of eligible men serve Substitution and exemption Rich hire replacements Planters w/20 + slaves = exempt

36 The Draft Union Conscription Caused by high casualty and desertion rates Passed in 1863 White men ,000 drafted 8% of the 2 million who served Substitution and exemption Could hire substitute $300 commutation fee

37 The Draft Draft Riots July Poor Irish workers resent fighting war to free slaves Rampaging mops attacked draft offices, Republican news offices, abolitionist homes, well-dressed men, and African Americans Over 100 dead Federal troops end riots

38 Section 3: Life During Wartime

39 African American Soldiers 1862 Congress passed law allowing African Americans in the military 1% of population, but 10% of army Discrimination $, recognition, assignment Fort Pillow massacre

40 African Americans in Civil War Battles

41 African Americans behind Confederate lines Thousands seek freedom behind Union army lines Sabotage on plantations Marked decline of plantation system

42 Economic Impact of War - Confederacy Shortages of food and goods Lack of manpower in the fields Union occupation of food growing areas Loss of slave labor Inflation Rioting Rise in smuggling Cotton

43 Economic Impact of War - Union Overall industrial boom Army s demand for many goods fuels rise Rising business profits and corporate greed Farms profit Shortage of labor = Î in demand for labor-saving machines Strikes Stagnant wages Inflation Women More enter workforce, get govt. jobs Income tax 1863 Congress authorizes 1 st

44 Disease and Medicine Inadequate nutrition Poor food quality Inadequate hygiene Shortage of latrines Lice Illness Dysentery, diarrhea om/pictures/civil-warmedicine-37-piecesof-history/

45 Disease and Medicine U.S. Sanitary Commission Overall decline in mortality rates Nurses Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton Surgeon General required 1/3 be women in hospitals 3,000 served

46 The Angel of the Battlefield Started as a teacher and then went to work in the U.S. Patent office Gained permission to work on the battlefield on the frontlines in 1862 She worked to distribute stores, clean field hospitals, apply dressings, and serve food to wounded soldiers Became known as the Angel of the Battlefield for her work during the Civil War After the Civil War she founded the American Red Cross

47 Prisons Overcrowding Worsens with end of prisoner exchanges Poor sanitation Lack of fresh water and food Exposure Disease Andersonville Confederate camp - Georgia Union camps Provide more space Camp Douglas 10% death rate ~ 6000 dead

48 Prisons Number of Yankees in CSA prisons Number of Confederates in USA prisons 270, ,00 0 Excess number of Union prisoners 50,000 Yankee deaths in Confederate prisons Confederate deaths in Union prisons 22,570 26,436 Excess of Confederate deaths in Union prisons 3,866

49 Section 4: The North Takes Charge

50 Gettysburg - Prelude Chancellorsville Confederates defeat Union forces under Hooker in Tennessee in 1863 Key commander Stonewall Jackson hit by friendly fire and later dies Lee makes fateful decision to invade North Momentum from Chancellorsville Divert Union troops from Vicksburg Tip political balance to Democrats Concern over time

51 Gettysburg July Meade vs. Lee Pennsylvania Gettysburg Day 1 Confederate troops in search of food met by Union cavalry Union commander John Buford immediately orders his soldiers to take the high ground Reinforcements arrive and Confederates take town

52 Gettysburg Day 2 Confederates Attack 75,000 vs. 90,000 Lee orders Longstreet to take Cemetery Ridge Union General Chamberlain uses bayonet attack to hold Union lines on Little Round Top Many Confederates surrender

53 Gettysburg Day 3 Lee orders final attack Calls for artillery barrage on middle of Union lines Pushes Longstreet to continue push Pickett s charge Confederate bloodbath as troops move directly towards center of Union lines

54 Gettysburg The Battlefield

55 Gettysburg - Impact Casualties 23,000 Union 28,000 Confederacy ~30% Strategy Furthest northern advance for Confederacy halted Lee s greatest blunder of the war

56 Vicksburg May-July 1863 Grant Mississippi Siege begins end of May July 4 starving and beaten Confederates surrender Port Hudson, LA falls July 9 = Union has cut Confederacy in two. Vicksburg

57 Gettysburg Address November 1863 Dedication ceremony for cemetery in Gettysburg Lincoln s speech emphasizes that soldiers who gave their lives can not be allowed to have died in vain

58 Decline in Confederate Morale Food shortages continue Farmers resist orders to cut back on growing cash crops Desertions rise Some even join Union armies Political discord Calls for peace and resistance Aim for Cease-fire Hope to avoid surrender

59 Grant Wages Total War March 1864 Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union armies Sherman put in charge of Mississippi division Commanders agree waging total war = key to victory

60 Virginia Campaign Virginia May-July 1863 Grant vs. Lee Virginia Battle of the Wilderness May 5-7 Cold Harbor Single bloodiest hour of battle in the war Petersburg Under siege from June 1864-April 1865 Casualties North suffers 2x losses of South

61 Sherman s March to the Sea Georgia September-December 1864 William Tecumseh Sherman Captures Atlanta and then abandons supply lines marching SE Scorched earth tactics Reach Savannah by Christmas Followed by march through S.C.

62 Election of 1864 Lincoln faces opposition Copperheads George McClellan wins nomination Radical Republicans National Union Party Union victories and absentee ballots seal victory for Lincoln

63 Appomattox Virginia April 1865 Grant & Lee Petersburg overrun by Union forces Confederate abandon and set fire to Richmond April 9 Grant accepts Lee s surrender ending four bloody years of fighting

64 Section 5: The Legacy of War

65 Political & Economic Changes Ended threats of secession Increased power and reach of federal government National Bank Act 1863 Federally chartered banks Requirements for loans Inspection for banks Rise of mechanized, largescale commercial agriculture in North Widened economic gap between N & S

66 Costs of War Human ~360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldier died Combine ~500,000 wounded including many amputees Disrupted lives of 10% of population who served Economic ~$3.3 billion spent total Huge war debt

67 Casualties

68

69 The 13 th Amendment Passed House by narrow margin and then Senate in Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States. Ending Slavery

70 Lincoln s Assassination Washington D.C. April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Ford s Theater Entered President s box and shot him the back of the head Died the next morning 1 st assassination of an American President

71 Ford s Theater

72 The Execution