Unit 8: The Civil War (Part II)

Transcription

1 Unit 8: The Civil War (Part II) Online Resources QUIZLET: CLASS WEBSITE: 1 C i v i l W a r

2 States of the Union, Confederacy. And Border States States Seceding from the Union Free States Remaining in the Union Border States Remaining in the Union 1. Alabama 2. Arkansas 3. Florida 4. Georgia 5. Louisiana 6. Mississippi 7. North Carolina 8. South Carolina 9. Tennessee 10. Texas 11. Virginia 1. California 2. Connecticut 3. Illinois 4. Indiana 5. Iowa 6. Kansas 7. Maine 8. Massachusetts 9. Michigan 10. Minnesota 11. New Hampshire 12. New Jersey 13. New York 14. Ohio 15. Oregon 16. Pennsylvania 17. Rhode Island 18. Vermont 19. West Virginia (western counties of Virginia that refused to secede from the Union) 20. Wisconsin 1. Delaware 2. Kentucky 3. Maryland 4. Missouri We re not leaving! 2 C i v i l W a r

3 Map Legend Union Border Confederate Union, Border, and Confederate States of the Civil War Map Directions: Complete the map below by coloring the states of the Civil War. One color for Union, one color for Confederacy, and one color for Border States. Make a legend. 3 C i v i l W a r

4 The Civil War Fort Sumter The States that seceded, or left the Union, formed their own country. It was called the Confederate States of America, or The Confederacy. Jefferson Davis, who had represented Mississippi in the United States Senate, was elected president of the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy took control of all federal properties in the South. Federal properties were areas that belonged to the United States before the southern states seceded. Federal properties included forts, armories (weapon storage), and post offices. Fort Sumter, located on an island in South Carolina, still had Union (United States) soldiers stationed there. In April 1861, Confederate troops attacked the fort to force the Union troops to leave. The Southern troops attacked the fort from all sides with cannons. After over thirty hours of bombing, the Union troops surrendered. No one died in this battle and the Union troops were allowed to leave and return to the North. This event, on April , was the start of the Civil War. Jefferson Davis Mississippi Senator Supported states rights Elected as President of the Confederate States of America Chose Robert E Lee to lead Southern Army Captured and imprisoned at Fort Monroe Preparing for War After the Confederate, attack on Ft. Sumter President Lincoln was ready to go to war. He believed that the United States was one nation and not a collection of independent states. He was determined to save the Union by force if necessary. Lincoln quickly asked 75,000 men to volunteer to join the army. Robert E. Lee, an army general from Virginia had a different view of the Union. Like Lincoln, Lee was against secession, but he did not believe that the military should be used to force the United States to stay together. Abraham Lincoln asked General Robert E. Lee to lead the Union forces. However, when Virginia seceded, Lee resigned from the United States Army. He refused to fight against his home state. Lee become the leader of the Confederate force The Army of Northern Virginia. By the end of the war, Robert E. Lee was the commander of the entire Confederate army. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson From Virginia Stood against Union forces Earned the nickname Stonewall at the Battle of Manassas First Battle of Manassas (also known as First Battle of Bull Run) The first major battle of the Civil War took place almost three months after the attack on Fort Sumter near the town of Manassas, Virginia. This battle is known as the first Battle of Manassas. It is also called the First Battle of Bull Run after a nearby stream. On the day of the battle, hundreds of reporters, politicians, and sightseers showed up. They were sure that they would be witnessing the one and only battle of the war as Union troops crushed the rebels and marched On to Richmond! After hours of fighting, they were proven wrong. The poorly trained Union troops were defeated and fled back to Washington, D.C. Their plan, to quickly capture the Confederate capital city was gone. Southern General Thomas Jackson earned his nickname at this battle. As the Union advanced on Southern troops, he stood with his soldiers, like a stonewall! He became known as General Stonewall Jackson. 4 C i v i l W a r

5 War Plans After this surprising defeat, Lincoln quickly called for better-trained soldiers and a new plan of attack. The plan called for the movement of Union troops on land and in the water. Union commanders knew they could use the topography, or geography of the land to help them defeat the Confederacy. On land, the Union hoped to divide the Confederacy into weaker sections by taking control of the Mississippi River. If the Union army took control of this major river, it would separate Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana from the rest of the Southern states and would weaken the Confederacy. The Union navy would be used to blockade the southern ports of Savannah, Georgia; Charleston, South Carolina; and New Orleans, Louisiana along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coastlines. The purpose of the blockade would be to stop supplies from reaching the South. Without supplies, the Confederacy would become weak and then collapse. Finally, they planned to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond. The entire idea was called the Anaconda Plan. It would suffocate the south much like an anaconda wraps around and suffocates its prey. The Confederacy planned to protect its lands from Union attack. It also planned to make the war last a long time, hoping that Northerners would get tired of fighting. It also hoped Great Britain and France would provide supplies to the Confederacy, since those countries bought cotton from the South. The Southern war plan included the capture of the Union capital, Washington, D.C. Early Battles The locations of many Civil War battles were influenced by the struggle to capture each other s capital cities. Most of the war s early battles took place in the South. More than 100 battles were fought in Virginia alone, more than any other state. The Confederacy won many of these early battles and were on their way to winning the war between 1861 and Confederate troops often had the advantage of defending their own lands where they knew the topography, or look of the land, and had easier access to needed supplies. Frederick Douglass It was not until 1861 when the Civil War broke out that the opportunity to end slavery was in sight. Douglass played a critical role in the formation of Civil War black soldiers. He convinced President Abraham Lincoln that blacks should be allowed to fight for their freedom, and fight in defense of their country. 5 C i v i l W a r

6 The Emancipation Proclamation Late in the year 1862, President Lincoln decided to issue an order to emancipate, or free, some enslaved African Americans. When Lincoln became president, he opposed the spread of slavery to new lands. He was not against slavery staying in the South. He went to war to keep the nation united as one United States. However, as the fighting continued and with the Union losing, Lincoln came to feel that the war should also be used to end slavery. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This document stated that all enslaved people in areas still fighting against the Union would be then, henceforward, and forever free. The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made freeing enslaved people the new focus of the war. This idea excited and rejuvenated the people and soldiers of the North. President Abraham Lincoln President of the United States Opposed the spread of slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Determined to Keep US together, by force if necessary Believed the United States was one nation Wrote the Gettysburg Address - to preserve a government of the people, by the people, and for the people Ulysses S. Grant Leader of the Union Army Won the battle of Vicksburg to divide the South Accepted Robert E Lee s surrender at end of war Battle of Vicksburg The spirit of the Union forces was lifted again when Ulysses S. Grant was named the General of all Union forces. One of his most important battles began in May of 1863 at Vicksburg Mississippi. Vicksburg was the Confederate headquarters on the Mississippi River. General Grant laid siege to the city of Vicksburg. A siege is a long-lasting attack. For eight weeks, Union cannons pounded the city, and the Union army cut off Confederate supply line. The Confederate soldiers and townspeople of Vicksburg soon ran out of food, but they refused to surrender. Some Confederates and townspeople ate mules, horsed, and dogs to survive. They tore down houses for firewood and dug caves in the hillsides for shelter from the constant Union bombing. Two months after the siege began on July 4, 1863, the Confederate soldiers in Vicksburg surrendered. Vicksburg was an important victory for the Union. By taking Vicksburg from the Confederates, the Union forces gained control of the Mississippi River. This cut the Confederacy into two parts. The Western states of Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas could no longer communicate with the other southern states. Battle of Chancellorsville Shortly before Grant s army attacked Vicksburg, General Robert E. Lee s army battles Union troops at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Even though the Confederate army was half the size of the Union army, Lee and his men defeated the Union forces. This victory was costly though. The Confederacy lost one of its best generals. In the confusion of the battle, General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by one of his own soldiers and later died. The victory at Chancellorsville gave the Confederacy the confidence to try again to invade the North. In June of 1863, General Lee s army marched north. They met the Union army in Gettysburg. A small town in southern Pennsylvania. 6 C i v i l W a r

7 Robert E. Lee Leader of the Army of Northern Virginia Offered command of the Union forces; Chose not to fight against Virginia Opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force Urged Southerners to accept defeat and reunite as Americans Battle of Gettysburg Union troops, using the topography to their advantage, claimed the high ground in Gettysburg allowing them to see Confederate troops and their movements. The battle lasted for three days. The fighting started on July 1, Lee and his men fought well. Union forces retreated through the town towards the south and dug in a defensive position on the hills surrounding the town of Gettysburg. Lee wanted his men to keep the pressure on Union troops and finish them off. However, his men relented and it provided Union army a chance to strengthen their defensive position. By the second day of the battle, both armies were at full strength. Union numbers had increased to 94,000 against 72,000 of Confederate army. Union lines resembled a fishhook in a defensive position. The second day marked very fierce fighting between the two sides. Both sides suffered many dead and wounded soldiers. Despite Lee and his men applying enormous pressure, Union defensive lines held their position on top of the hills. By the third day, General Lee wanted to finish off the Union forces. In a very bold move, he assigned General Pickett to launch a direct charge against the middle of Union defensive line. Pickett s force had strength of 12,500 men. Unfortunately, this charge did not succeed and most of Pickett s men were either killed or wounded. This became known as Picket s Charge. Lee retreated to Virginia. Although Union forces had survived the battle, they had also suffered a high number of dead and wounded. The Union leader decided against going after Lee s army. President Lincoln was disappointed as he felt that the Union could have ended the war by finishing off Army of Northern Virginia. The Final Days of War In 1864, President Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of all the Union forces. Grant planned to march to Richmond and capture the Confederate capital. He ordered Union General William Tecumseh Sherman to march from Chattanooga Tennessee to Atlanta Georgia. In September 1864, Sherman reached Atlanta. After destroying Atlanta, Sherman s army of 62,000 men set out for Savanah, Georgia. Their march has become known as Sherman s March to the Sea. The army destroyed everything, (homes, towns, railroads, businesses, crops) in a path 60 miles wide and 300 miles long. In the North, Grant s army was defeating Lee s smaller army. Lee was quickly running out of troops and supplies. In April 1865, Confederate troops left Richmond, Virginia. As they left, they set the city on fire. More than 900 buildings were destroyed, and hundreds more were badly damaged. Union soldiers soon took control of Richmond and chased Lee s army to the west. The Confederacy was collapsing. 7 C i v i l W a r

8 The War Ends Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse On April 9, 1865, Lee met Grant in the Virginia village of Appomattox Courthouse. Grant wrote out the terms of the surrender, and Lee signed them. After four years of bloodshed, the war was over. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated, or murdered. The Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate we can not consecrate we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 1. Why is Lincoln in Gettysburg? 2. According to the speech, why is Gettysburg, PA important? 3. What is the most important idea of the speech and how do you know? 4. How does this speech reflect the ideas of Northerners about the war? 8 C i v i l W a r

9 Civil War Events Map 9 C i v i l W a r

10 Civil War Timeline C i v i l W a r

11 Important People of the Civil War 11 C i v i l W a r

12 Americans at War Many Americans on both sides suffered hardships during the Civil War. Life on the battlefield and at home was extremely harsh. The war changed the lived of soldiers, women, and enslaved African Americans. The Effects of War The Civil War brought many challenges to soldiers and their families. One challenge was the decision over which side to support. In the Border and Southern states, family members and friends were sometimes divided. Some members of these families fought for the Confederacy, while other in the same families fought for the Union. Even President Lincoln s family was divided. His wife Mary Todd Lincoln was born in Kentucky. Four of her brothers fought for the South. On the Battlefield and at Home During the war, the South especially suffered because most of the battles were fought there. Many Southern cities such as Atlanta, Georgia and Richmond, Virginia were destroyed. The money that the Confederacy printed during the war became worthless. Prices of goods and food increased. Confederate troops and civilians often ran low on food and supplies. Many soldiers did not even have warm clothing. As the war went on, Southern troops became younger and younger. Thousands of boys went into battle. Fighting was fierce and bloody. Often combat was man-to-man using the bayonet like a sword and the rifle like a club. Many new weapons were used for the first time, such as machine guns and rifles that shot a pointed bullet. The pointed bullet made the rifle deadly accurate at longer distances. These new weapons helped make the Civil War one of the deadliest in United States history. Civil War Casualties The Civil War had the most casualties or losses of soldiers in battle, of any war in United States history. More than 600,000 Americans died during the war. In addition to the many deaths in battle, thousands died from diseases such as typhoid, pneumonia, and measles. Disease was a major killer. In fact, more Americans died of diseases that in battle during the Civil War. Women Help the War Effort In both the North and the South, only men were allowed to join the army. However, when the men left home to fight, women took over many of their jobs. Women worked in factories, in businesses, and on farms and plantations. They also sent food to the troops and collected supplies. Many women worked as nurses. Dorthea Dix and Clara Barton both worked as nurses for the Union army. Barton s kindness earned her the nickname, Angel of the Battlefield. Barton traveled from battle to battle to care for sick and wounded Union soldiers. After the war, Clara Barton wanted to continue to help those in need. In 1881, she founded the American Red Cross. Clara Barton Union nurse known for kindness Nicknamed Angel of the Battlefield Started the American Red Cross after the Civil War Sally Tompkins started a hospital in Virginia for Confederate soldiers. This hospital was in the house of Judge Robertson and became known as Roberson Hospital. During the war, about 1,300 soldiers were cared for at the hospital. Some women served as spies. Belle Boyd, from Virginia, spied for the Confederacy. A few women even dressed as men and fought in battle. 12 C i v i l W a r

13 Robert Smalls Former enslaved African American Became naval captain Served in US Congress after war African American Soldiers African Americans fought in both the Union and Confederate armies. The Union enlisted African American sailors and soldiers early in the war. The Confederacy often used enslaved African Americans as naval crewmembers and soldiers. African American soldiers in the Union army were not paid as much as white soldiers. They were also given poor equipment. They served in segregated units that were commanded by white officers. In a segregated group, people of one race or culture are kept separate from other people. Despite this discrimination, or unfair treatment, African American soldiers served heroically. They led raids behind enemy lines, served as scouts and spies, and fought in many battles. Among those who served was Robert Smalls, a freed slave from South Carolina who became a Union naval captain. After the war, Smalls served in the South Carolina legislature and the United States Congress. Civil War Letters Read each letter below. Try to determine which type of person wrote the letter (Union soldier, nurse, African American soldier etc.). From the letter, find two statements that support your answer. Dear Wife i have enlisted in the army i am now in the state of Massachusetts but before this letter reaches you i will be in North Carlinia and though great is the present national dificulties yet i look forward to a brighter day when i shall have the opertunity of seeing you in the full enjoyment of fredom i would like to no if you are still in slavery if you are it will not be long before we shall have crushed the system that now oppresses you for in the course of three months you shall have your liberty. great is the outpouring of the enslaved African Americans that is now rallying with the hearts of lions against that very curse that has seperated you an me yet we shall meet again and oh what a happy time that will be when this ungodly rebellion shall be put down and the curses of our land is trampled under our feet i am a soldier now and i shall use my utmost endeavor to strike at the rebellion and the heart of this system that so long has kept us in chains... remain your own afectionate husband until death Vocabulary: Enlisted sign up for military service Liberty freedom Opresses controls Ungodly - terrible Utmost Endeavor greatest effort What type of person wrote this letter? Write two statements from letter to support your answer. 13 C i v i l W a r

14 We have had another great Battle at this place resulting in a decisive victory for the Confederate Army. Fredericksburg was shelled on Thursday 11th Dec. On Friday there was little done, except a continual fire of artillery. On Saturday the battle started early in the morning on the right of our lines. Where Old Stone-fence commanded, 15 min. before 11 A.M. the Battle commenced near and around the city. The small arms made one continual roar without a moment's cessation from 15 before 11 until dark. Our position was splendid. It is said we were attacked by 40,000 Union troops at this point. Whilst our force which opposed them did not amount to one 4th of that number. Their loss is estimated at 20,000 in killed & wounded, whilst ours will not exceed of which was killed. The Union commander will be closely watched by Gen. Lee, who has the entire confidence of the Southern Army. Our army is in fine condition & went into the fight on Saturday with perfect cheerfulness. every man stood to his post & fought bravely. I narrowly escaped being killed by the explosion of a shell. Vocabulary: Artillery guns or canons Cessation break Decisive significant Splendid wonderful Whilst though What type of person wrote this letter? Write two statements from letter to support your answer. 14 C i v i l W a r

15 A Letter to Home Imagine that you are living during the Civil War Period. How do you feel about the War? Are you a Northern or a Southerner? What is your daily life like? Have you seen or been involved in the fighting? What are you hearing about who is winning or when the war might be over? 15 C i v i l W a r

16 Study Guide for States Remaining in the Union and Seceding States Remaining in the Union: California (CA) Connecticut (CT) Illinois (IL) Indiana (IN) Iowa (IA) Kansas (KS) Maine (ME) Massachusetts (MA) Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN) New Hampshire (NH) New Jersey (NJ) New York (NY) Ohio (OH) Oregon (OR) Pennsylvania (PA) Rhode Island (RI) Vermont (VT) West Virginia (WV) Wisconsin (WI) Border States (slave states remaining in the Union): Maryland (MD) Delaware(DE) States that left the Union: Alabama (AL) North Carolina (NC) Arkansas (AR) South Carolina (SC) Florida (FL) Tennessee (TN) Georgia (GA) Texas (TX) Louisiana (LA) Virginia (VA) Mississippi (MS) Missouri (MO) Kentucky (KY) Study Strategy Print a blank (See teacher for location) map of the US with states labeled. Practice coloring the map. Union States one color, Confederate States a second color. Border States a third color. 16 C i v i l W a r

17 Study Guide for Civil War Test States Remaining in the Union Border (slave states) Remaining in the Union States Leaving (seceding) the Union Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Thomas Stonewall Jackson Frederick Douglass Major Battles and Events in Order Ft. Sumter Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) California; Connecticut; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kansas; Maine; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; Ohio; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island Vermont; West Virginia; Wisconsin Maryland; Delaware; Missouri; Kentucky Alabama; North Carolina; Arkansas; South Carolina; Florida; Tennessee; Georgia; Texas; Louisiana; Virginia; Mississippi Was president of the United States (Republican nominee who won election in 1860) Opposed the spread of slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Determined to preserve the Union, by force if necessary Believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states Wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Was president of the Confederate States of America Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia Was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war, but chose not to fight against Virginia Opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia Was an enslaved African American who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist 1. Ft. Sumter 2. Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) 3. Emancipation Proclamation 4. Battle of Vicksburg 5. Battle at Gettysburg 6. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse The firing on Fort Sumter, S.C., began the war. The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) was the first major battle. 17 C i v i l W a r

18 Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Gettysburg Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse How did location and topography influence the war? General Effects of the Civil War Effect of the War on African Americans The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made freeing the slaves the new focus of the war. Many freed African Americans joined the Union army. The Battle of Vicksburg divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River. The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee s invasion. Lee s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war. 1. The Union blockade of southern ports (e.g., Savannah, Charleston, New Orleans) 2. Control of the Mississippi River (e.g., Vicksburg) 3. Battle locations influenced by the struggle to capture capital cities (e.g., Richmond; Washington, D.C.) 4. Control of the high ground (e.g., Gettysburg) Family members were often pitted against one another, as were friends against friends. As the war went on, Southern troops became increasingly younger and more poorly equipped and clothed. Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (e.g., burning of Atlanta and Richmond). Disease was a major killer. Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross. Combat was brutal and often man-to-man. Women were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South. The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederate money worthless. African Americans fought in both the Confederate and Union armies. The Confederacy often used enslaved African Americans as naval crew members and soldiers. The Union moved to enlist African American sailors early in the war. African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers. African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. Robert Smalls, an African American sailor and later a Union naval captain, was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the war. 18 C i v i l W a r

19 Robert E. Lee Thomas Stonewall Jackson Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Abraham Lincoln Frederick Douglass Robert Smalls Clara Barton Richmond Why did the Confederacy have a difficult time winning the war? The capital of the Confederate states of America The Union s Navy ships created blockades on southern ports to stop supplies Study Strategy Fold the papers in half. Use the left side for questions. Turn the paper to the right side to check your answers. Give this paper to another person. That person can ask you question based on the left side and determine if you are correct by looking at the right. 19 C i v i l W a r

20 A Location of the Battle of Ft. Sumter, the first battle of the Civil War B Location of the Battle of Vicksburg which allowed Ulysses E. Grant to control the Mississippi River Study Strategy Make a map similar to below. Practice placing the events on the map until you can complete without looking. C C Location of the Battle of Manassas, the first major battle of the Civil War B A Note: According to VA SOL, West Virginia was NOT a border state, but a Union State Study Strategy Print a blank map (See teacher for location) of the US with states labeled. Practice coloring the map. Union States one color, Confederate States a second color. Border States a third color. 20 C i v i l W a r