Table of Contents. Preface... xiii. Introduction... 1 Purpose and Scope... 1 Book Organization... 2 Terminology... 3 Key Information...

Transcription

1 Table of Contents Preface... xiii Introduction... 1 Purpose and Scope... 1 Book Organization... 2 Terminology... 3 Key Information Introduction to Hazardous Materials... 6 Case History... 9 First Responder Roles Awareness-Level Personnel Operations-Level Responders...14 Hazardous Materials Hazards Thermal Hazards...16 Low Temperatures Elevated Temperatures...17 Radiological Hazards...18 Types of Ionizing Radiation Radiation Health Hazards Asphyxiation Hazards Chemical Hazards Toxic Chemicals/Poisons Corrosives Irritants Convulsants Carcinogens Sensitizers/Allergens Biological/Etiological Hazards Mechanical Hazards...31 Routes of Entry Hazardous Materials Regulations and Definitions U.S. Regulations/Definitions Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency Department of Labor Nuclear Regulatory Commission Other Agencies Canadian Regulations/Definitions Transport Canada Environment Canada Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Mexican Regulations/Definitions...47 Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes iv Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social.. 50 Hazardous Materials Incident Statistics Summary Review Questions Hazardous Materials Identification Case History Clue 1. Occupancy Types, Locations, and Pre-incident Surveys Pre-incident Surveys Occupancies Locations Terrorist Targets Clue 2. Container Shapes Bulk-Capacity Fixed-Facility Containers Nonpressure/Atmospheric Storage Tanks. 74 Pressure Storage Tanks Bulk Transportation Containers Railroad Cars Cargo Tanks Intermodal Containers Vessel Cargo Carriers Unit Loading Devices Intermediate Bulk Containers Ton Containers Nonbulk Packaging Containers for Radioactive Materials Clue 3. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods UN Hazard Classes Four-Digit Identification Numbers U.S. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings DOT Placards DOT Labels DOT Markings Canadian Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings Mexican Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings Other North American Highway Vehicle Identification Markings North American Railroad Tank Car Markings...130

2 Reporting Marks Capacity Stencil Specification Marking International Intermodal Container/Tank Markings Clue 4. Other Markings and Colors NFPA 704 System U.S. Hazard Communications Labels and Markings Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Mexican Hazard Communication System Manufacturers Labels and Signal Words CAS Numbers Other Symbols and Signs ISO Safety Symbols Globally Harmonized System Symbols Military Markings Pipeline Identification Pesticide Labels Color Codes Clue 5. Written Resources Shipping Papers Safety Data Sheets Emergency Response Guidebook Inventory Records and Facility Documents Clue 6. Senses Clue 7. Monitoring and Detection Devices Identification of Terrorist Attacks and Illicit Laboratories Chemical Attack Indicators Biological Attack Indicators Radiological Attack Indicators Nuclear Attack Indicators Explosive/Incendiary Attack Indicators Illicit Laboratory Indicators Secondary Attacks and Booby Traps Summary Review Questions Awareness-Level Actions at Hazardous Materials Incidents Case History Predetermined Procedures and Emergency Response Plans Notification Requirements Using the Emergency Response Guidebook ERG ID Number Index (Yellow Pages) ERG Material Name Index (Blue Pages) ERG Initial Action Guides (Orange Pages) Potential Hazards Section Public Safety Section Emergency Response Section ERG Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (Green Pages) Emergency Response Centers Isolation and Denial of Entry Terrorist Incidents Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Chemical Properties and Hazardous Materials Behavior Case History States of Matter Flammability Flashpoint Autoignition Temperature Flammable, Explosive, or Combustible Range Vapor Pressure Boiling Point Melting Point/Freezing Point/Sublimation Vapor Density Solubility/Miscibility Specific Gravity Persistence Reactivity Hazardous Materials Properties Summary General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model Stress Breach Release Dispersion Patterns/Engulfment Exposure/Contact Harm Summary Review Questions Incident Management Case History Incident Priorities Incident Management Systems U.S. NIMS and the National Response Framework IMS Operational Functions Command Operations Section Planning Section v

3 Logistics Section Finance/Administration Section Staging Area Resources Incident Command Establishment and Transfer Unified Command IMS Haz Mat Positions Communications Summary Review Questions Strategic Goals and Tactical Objectives Case History Problem-Solving Process Analyzing the Incident Scene Analysis: Size-up and Hazard and Risk Assessment Incident Levels Planning the Appropriate Response Determining Modes of Operation Developing Incident Action Plans (IAPs) Implementing the Incident Action Plan Evaluating Progress Isolation and Scene Control Hazard-Control Zones Hot Zone Warm Zone Cold Zone Staging Notification Protection Protection of Responders Accountability Systems Buddy Systems and Backup Personnel Time, Distance, and Shielding Evacuation/Escape Procedures Protection of the Public Evacuation Sheltering in Place Protecting/Defending in Place Rescue Protection of the Environment and Property Protecting the Environment Protecting Property Recovery and Termination Recovery On-scene Recovery On-scene Debriefing Operational Recovery Termination Critiques After-Action Analysis Summary Review Questions Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Case History What is Terrorism? Terrorism and Emergency Response Terrorist Tactics and Types of Attacks Explosive Attacks Anatomy of an Explosion Classification of Explosives Commercial/Military Explosives Homemade/Improvised Explosive Materials Peroxide-Based Explosives Potassium Chlorate Urea Nitrate Improvised Explosive Devices Types of IEDs Identification of IEDs Person-Borne Improvised Devices Vehicle Bombs (VBIEDs) Response to Explosive/IED Events Chemical Attacks Nerve Agents Blister Agents Blood Agents Choking Agents Chlorine Phosgene Riot Control Agents Toxic Industrial Materials Operations at Chemical Attack Incidents Biological Attacks Biological Agent Categories Disease Transmission Operations at Biological Attack Incidents Radiological and Nuclear Attacks Radiological Devices Radiation-Emitting Devices Radiological-Dispersal Devices Radiological-Dispersal Weapons Nuclear Devices and Weapons Suitcase Bombs Sabotage of Nuclear Facilities vi

4 Operations at Radiological and Nuclear Attack Incidents Illegal Haz Mat Dumps Evidence Preservation Haz Mat During and After Disasters Summary Review Questions Personal Protective Equipment Case History Respiratory Protection Standards for Respiratory Protection at Haz Mat/WMD Incidents Self -Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Supplied-Air Respirators Air-Purifying Respirators Particulate-Removing Filters Vapor- and Gas-Removing Filters Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR) Combined Respirators Supplied-Air Hoods Escape Respirators Respiratory Equipment Limitations Technological Advances in Respiratory Protection Protective Clothing Standards for Protective Clothing and Equipment at Haz Mat/WMD Incidents Structural Firefighters Protective Clothing Next Generation Firefighters Protective Clothing High-Temperature Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing Vapor-Protective Clothing Operations Requiring Use of Chemical-Protective Clothing Written Management Program Permeation, Degradation, and Penetration Service Life Body Armor Bomb Disposal Suits PPE Ensembles, Classification, and Selection U.S. EPA Levels of Protection Level A Level B Level C Level D PPE Selection Factors Typical Ensembles of Response Personnel Fire Service Ensembles Law Enforcement Ensembles EMS Ensembles Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Safety, Climate Concerns, and Health Issues Heat Disorders Heat-Exposure Prevention Cold Disorders Medical Monitoring Safety and Emergency Procedures PPE Inspection, Storage, Testing, and Maintenance Summary Review Questions Skill Sheet Decontamination Case History Decontamination Methods Wet and Dry Physical and Chemical General Guidelines for Decon Operations Recipients of Decontamination Operations Triage Ambulatory Nonambulatory Deceased Emergency Decon Technical Decon Mass Decon Evaluating Effectiveness of Decon Operations Decon Implementation Site Selection Decon Corridor Layout Other Implementation Considerations Cold Weather Decon Evidence Collection and Decontamination.464 Termination Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets vii

5 10 Product Control Case History Spill Control Absorption Adsorption Blanketing/Covering Dam, Dike, Diversion, and Retention Vapor Suppression Vapor Dispersion Ventilation Dispersion Dilution Dissolution Neutralization Leak Control Fire Control Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Air Monitoring and Sampling Case History Concentrations and Exposure Limits Monitoring Basics Selection and Maintenance of Detection and Monitoring Devices Detecting Hazards Corrosives ph Paper and Meters Fluoride Test Paper Oxygen Flammables Toxics Chemical Specific Detectors Photoionization Detectors (PIDs) Colorimetric Indicator Tubes Flame Ionization Detectors Raman Spectrometers Oxidizers Radiation Gas-Filled Detectors Scintillation Detectors Monitoring and Personal Dosimetry Devices Reactives Other Technologies Used to Detect Hazardous Materials Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Victim Rescue and Recovery Case History Rescue Operations Determining Feasibility of Rescues Planning Rescues Conducting Rescues Line-of-Sight with Ambulatory Victims Line-of-Sight with Non-Ambulatory Victims Non-Line-of-Sight with Ambulatory Victims Non-Line-of-Sight with Non-Ambulatory Victims Conducting Triage Rescue Equipment Rescue Methods Incline Drag Blanket Drag Webbing Drag Cradle-in-Arms Lift/Carry Seat Lift/Carry Three-Person Lift/Carry Extremities Lift/Carry Chair Lift/Carry Moving a Victim onto a Long Backboard or Litter Recovery Operations Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Evidence Preservation and Sampling Case History Hazards at Crime Scenes Involving Haz Mat/WMDs Illicit Laboratories Release or Attack with a WMD Agent Environmental Crimes Suspicious Letters and Packages Investigative Authority Response Phases at Criminal Haz Mat/WMD Incidents The FBI Twelve-Step Process Making Preparations Approaching the Scene Securing and Protecting the Scene Performing a Preliminary Survey Evaluating Evidence Possibilities Preparing a Narrative Description viii

6 Photographing the Scene Preparing Diagrams and Sketches Conducting a Detailed Search Collecting Evidence Chain of Custody Site Characterization Sampling Plans Protecting Samples and Evidence Sampling Methods and Equipment Field Screening Samples Decontaminating Samples and Evidence Labeling and Packaging Performing the Final Survey Releasing the Crime Scene Summary Review Questions Skill Sheet Appendix F Typical Haz Mat Problems with Potential Mitigating Strategies and Tactics Appendix G Emergency Plans Appendix H U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives: List of Explosive Appendix I Materials Emergency Response Involving Ethanol and Gasoline Fuel Mixtures Glossary Index Illicit Laboratories Case History General Hazards at Illicit Laboratories Lab Operators Booby Traps Hazardous Materials Drug Labs Chemical Agent Labs Explosives Labs Biological Labs Operations at Illicit Labs Personal Protective Equipment Decontamination Remediation of Illicit Labs Summary Review Questions Skill Sheet Appendix A NFPA 472 Competencies with Chapter and Page References Appendix B OSHA Plan States Appendix C Sample Standard Operating Guideline Appendix D UN Class Placards and Labels Appendix E Hazardous Materials Incident Commander Checklist ix