BELLWORK 3/28. What does a stalemate mean? a contest, dispute, competition, etc., in which neither side can gain an advantage or win

Transcription

1 BELLWORK 3/28 What does a stalemate mean? a contest, dispute, competition, etc., in which neither side can gain an advantage or win

2 THE WAR BREAKS OUT EQ: How did World War I unfold? Date Title Page # 3/28 War Breaks Out 31

3 THE WAR BREAKS OUT

4 A) ASSASSINATION of the ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND 1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria visited Bosnian capital on June 28, assassins from the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist group, plot against him year-old Gavrilo Princip shot the Archduke and his wife, Sophie

5 PROCESS B) AUSTRIA-HUNGARY S ULTIMATUM 1. Germany gave blank check of military support to Austria-Hungary 2. Serbia refuses to let Austria-Hungary s officials run an investigation in Serbia 3. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, Russia supported Serbia and Germany supported Austria- Hungary 4. Within one week, almost all of Europe plunged into war: - Germany declares war on Russia and France - Britain declares war on Germany

6 PROCESS C) Schlieffen Plan, August German invasion of France through Belgium

7 PROCESS Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? - Resistance in Belgium - British Expeditionary Force (BEF) - Advanced too quickly for soldiers and supply lines - Eastern Front drew troops - First Battle of the Marne, 6-12 September Culmination of German Advance -led to trench warfare

8 PROCESS D) Trench Warfare - machine guns - rapid-firing artillery - Foxholes - Trenches - Muck - Rats - Poison gas The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, their eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful. Fatally injured victims sometimes took four or five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure

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12 TRENCH FOOT

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17 PROCESS Schneider Obusiers de 520. This French 520mm (20.5 in) howitzer was the biggest gun of the Great War. It could deliver a 3,100 lb shell (600 lbs of explosive) over 10 miles. The gun car was just under 100 feet long and weighed 290 tons.

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22 BELLWORK 3/30 What does a stalemate mean? a contest, dispute, competition, etc., in which neither side can gain an advantage or win

23 Date Title Page # 3/28 War Breaks Out (Continuing from Tues) 31

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25 PROCESS E) Total War Lack of clear and achievable war aims No sacrifice too great (as opposed to limited war) Whole societies mobilized (prepared) for war Industrialized countries could wage war, seemingly indefinitely Key: Armaments and uniform production Costly: e.g. Germany 1914: 36 million $/day (five times 1870) 1918: 146 million/day

26 Total War All countries involved in the war applied the full force of industrial mass-production to the manufacture of weapons and ammunition. Women on the home-front played a crucial role in this by working in munitions factories. This complete mobilization of a nation's resources, or "total war" meant that not only the armies, but also the economies of the warring nations were in competition.

27 F) War of Attrition Attrition: gradually wearing someone or something down. Outlast the enemy For a time, in , some hoped that the war could be won through an attrition of resources - the enemy's supply of artillery shells could be exhausted in futile exchanges. The war of attrition then focused on another resource: human lives. In the Battle of Verdun in particular, German Chief of Staff Erich Von Falkenhayn hoped to "bleed France white" through repeated attacks on this French city. In the end, the war ended through a combination of attrition of men and resources, advances on the battlefield, arrival of American troops in large numbers, and a breakdown of morale and productivity on the German home-front due to an effective naval blockade of her seaports.

28 G) Massive death Battle of Verdun - 337,000 German soldiers lost - 377,000 French soldiers lost - French won Battle of the Somme 420,000 British casualties 200,000 French casualties About 500,000 German casualties British and French gained 7 miles

29 G) Massive death over 30 million dead or wounded in battle World War 1 Casualties WW1 Casualties Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Casualties

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32 PROCESS H) America Enters Zimmerman Telegram Germany attempted to ally with Mexico against US Submarine warfare took lives of many Americans sinking of Lusitania Declared War 1917

33 PROCESS I) RUSSIAN withdrawal and REVOLUTION WWI Exposed Russia s economic weaknesses People revolted against the Czar, the army backed the people Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks formed a communist government and overthrew provisional government in 1917 (October Revolution) peace, bread, and land Signed harsh peace treaty with Germany (Brest-Litovsk) Allies upset, unsuccessfully helped opposition forces fight against communism

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