History. A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies ne 67, Number I *'Wmter Special Issue: Fries Rebellion Guest Co-editor.

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1 I History A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies ne 67, Number I *'Wmter Special Issue: Fries Rebellion Guest Co-editor. Simon Newman

2 Publication of Pennsylvania History is made possible by deeply appreciated grants from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, the McNeil Center for Early American Studies, and the Pennsylvania State University: Department of History and Max Kade Institute for German- American Research. Thanks to Prof. Richard L. Garner of the Penn State History Department we may now be reached by We also thank Prof. Emeritus Gerald G. Eggert for keeping our membership lists in order. Officers of the Pennsylvania Historical Association President, Leslie Patrick, Bucknell University Vice-President, Randall Miller, St. Joseph's University Immediate Past President, Susan Klepp, Rider University Business Secretary, John B. Frantz, The Pennsylvania State University Treasurer, Robert Blackson, Kutztown University Secretary, Charles Cashdollar, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Editor, William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania Historical Association meets in Wilkes-Barre on October 20-21, Please send abstracts for papers, complete panels, or other ideas to enliven the program to Elizabeth Ricketts, History Department, Indiana' University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, Please include a brief curriculum vitae for all participants.

3 Pennsylvania A Journal of Mid-Atdantic Studies Quarterly Journal of the Pennsylvania Historical Association Editor William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University Associate Editors John B. Frantz, The Pennsylvania State University John C. McWilliams, The Pennsylvania State University Book Review Editor Paul Douglas Newman, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Editorial Board Harold Aurand, Penn State/Hazleton Michael J. Birkner, Gettysburg College Wayne Bodle, Indiana University of Pennsylvania William A. Blair, The Pennsylvania State University Gary S. Cross, The Pennsylvania State University Bruce Dierenfeld, Canisius College Richard S. Dunn, University of Pennsylvania Gerald G. Eggert, The Pennsylvania State University Paul A. Gilje, University of Oklahoma Joseph Gowaskie, Rider University Maurine Greenwald, University of Pittsburgh Sally Griffith, Haverford, Pennsylvania Bernard L. Herman, University of Delaware Graham R Hodges, Colgate University Warren R Hofstra, Shenandoah University Owen S. Ireland, SUNY Brockport Roger Lane, Haverford College Kenneth T. Jackson, Columbia University J. Philip Jenkins, The Pennsylvania State University Gregory T. Knoff, Keene State University William E. Leuchtenburg, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Sally A. McMurry, The Pennsylvania State University David Montgomery, Yale University John M. Murrin, Princeton University Stanley Nadel, Southwest Oklahoma State University A.G. Roeber, The Pennsylvania State University Anne Carver Rose, The Pennsylvania State University Steve Rosswurm, Lake Forest College William G. Shade, Lehigh University Thomas P. Slaughter, Rutgers University Eric Ledell Smith, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Jean R. Soderlund, Lehigh University Marc R. Stein, York University Joel A. Tarr, Carnegie Mellon University Joe W. Trotter, Carnegie Mellon University Russell F. Weigley, Temple University Thomas Winpenny, Elizabethtown College Alfred E Young, The Newberry Library, Chicago Michael Zuckerman, University of Pennsylvania Cover: Former cover design of Pennsylvania History

4 2 Pennsylvania History Manuscripts and Reviews The editor invites the submission of articles dealing with the social, intellectual, economic, political and cultural history of Pennsylvania and the Middle Atlantic region. Articles may reflect investigation of new areas of research or may reflect on past scholarship. Material that is primarily of an antiquarian or genealogical nature will not be considered. Pennsylvania History publishes documents previously unpublished and of interest to students of the Middle Atlantic region. The journal also reviews books dealing primarily with Pennsylvania history or which shed significant light on aspects of the state's past. Manuscripts must be submitted in three copies and should conform with the Chicago Manual of Style. Notes should -be double-spaced and placed at the end of the manuscript. We encourage submission of manuscripts on discs. Please do not mail your discs until we have accepted your article and indicated corrections to be made. Articles and documents should be sent to the editor: Dr. William Pencak, Department of History, Penn State, University Park, PA., News of meetings, projects, exhibits, manuscript collections and related matters should be sent to William Pencak at the address listed above. Send books for review and names of individuals who wish to review for the journal to Paul Douglas Newman, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, PA., Important Notices If you receive a copy of Pennsylvania History that has been damaged in any way or if pages are missing, please notify Plank's Suburban Press at 2321 Market Street, Camp Hill, PA or call collect (717) Another copy of the magazine will be sent out to you in the next mail. Please notify our business office, Prof John Frantz-Penn State University, 108 Weaver Building, University Park, PA , when you change your address to ensure you continue to receive the journal. Pennsylvania History (ISSN ) is publishedwinter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn with one supplemental issue to appear annually. $25.00 yearly subscription for individuals, $15.00 for students, and $30.00 for institutions. It is published by The Pennsylvania Historical Association, Prof. John Frantz,-Penn State Univ., 108 Weaver Building, University Park, PA, Periodical Rate Postage Paid at State College and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER. Send address changes to Pennsylvania History, Prof. John Frantz, Penn State Univ., 108 Weaver Building, University Park, PA., The Journal is printed by Plank's Suburban Press, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania.

5 Pennsylvania History A Joumnal of Mid-Atlantic Studies Volume 67, Number 1 * Winter 2000 Special Issue: Fries' Rebellion Guest Co-Editor, Simon Newman, Univ. of Glasgow Articles 5 The World Turned Upside Down: Revolutionary Politics, Fries' and Gabriel's Rebellions, and the Fears of the Federalists by Simon Newman 21 "No wonder the times were troublesome": The Origins of Fries' Rebellion by Tenry Bouton 43 Guarding the Republican Interest: The Western Pennsylvania Democratic Societies and the Excise Tax byjeffreya. Davis 63 The Federalists' Cold War: The Fries' Rebellion, National Security, and the State, by Paul Douglas Newman 105 Popular Nullification, Fries' Rebellion, and the Waning of Radical Republicanism, by Robert H. Churchill The editor regrets that he forgot to credit the front cover portrait (not photo) of Rebecca Lukens and back cover illustration to Bethlehem-Lukens Plate, Coatesville, Pennsylvania, in our Summer 1999 (vol. 66) issue.

6 4 Pennsylvania History 141 Fries in the Federalist Imagination: A Crisis of Republican Society by Whitman D. Ridgway 161 The Invention of American Democracy: The Pennsylvania Federalists and the New Republic by Owen S. Ireland Book Review 172 Adams, eds. The Direct Tax of 1798 (rev. Churchill) Index to Volume 66 (1999) will appear in the Summer 2000 issue.

Thanks to Prof. Richard L. Garner of the Penn State History Department we may now be reached on

Thanks to Prof. Richard L. Garner of the Penn State History Department we may now be reached on r0! I, tw Ift 3 -. 4 I Publication of Pennsylvania History is made possible by a deeply appreciated grant from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Raymond Holland provided additional funding