IRISH PRIDE Page 1 HCHS

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1 SPI 8.5 & 8.7 SPI 8.5 & Interpret a timeline of major events from World War II. 8.7 Recognize World War II alliances. Target Tell about the major events of World War II. Target Tell who was on each side during World War II. Pick Sides The Allied Powers during World War II United Kingdom, France, USSR, and the USA, plus many smaller countries. The Axis Powers during World War II Germany, Italy, and Japan. Pearl Harbor American intelligence, decoded Japanese communications that made it clear that Japan was preparing to go to war against the United States. November 27, American commanders at the Pearl Harbor received a war warning from Washington, but it did not mention Hawaii as a possible target. December 7, 1941 The U.S. military s inability to correctly interpret the information they were receiving left Pearl Harbor an open target. The result was devastating. Japan s surprise attack on December 7, 1941, sank or damaged eight battleships, three cruisers, four destroyers, and six other vessels. The attack also destroyed 188 airplanes and killed 2,403 Americans. Another 1,178 were injured. United States Enters World War II After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor the United States entered World War II. FDR in a speech said, Yesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of Japan No matter how long it may take us the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Roosevelt Bans Discrimination FDR issued Executive Order 8802, on June 25, The order declared, there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government. Fair Employment Practices Commission The president created the Fair Employment Practices Commission the first civil rights agency the federal government had established since the Reconstruction Era. Women s Army Auxiliary Corps Established Congress first allowed in the military in May 1942, when it established the Women s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). WAAC appointed Oveta Culp Hobby as its first director. WAC The WAAC was an auxiliary corps and not part of the regular army. IRISH PRIDE Page 1

2 A little over a year later, the army replaced the WAAC with the Women s Army Corps (WAC). Japanese American Relocation When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, army Americans living on the West Coast turned their anger against Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans. FDR Ordered On February 19, 1942, FDR signed an order allowing the War Department to declare any part of the United States a military zone and to remove people from that zone. West Coast Secretary of War Henry Stinson declared most of the West Coast a military zone and ordered all people of Japanese ancestry to evacuate to 10 internment camps further inland. Philippines A few hours after bombing Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked American airfields in the Philippines. Two days later, they landed troops. The American forces defending the Philippines were badly outnumbered. General MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur and his troops retreated to the Bataan Peninsula. The troops ate horses and mules. The lack of food and supplies, along with diseases such as malaria, scurvy, and dysentery, took their toll. Get Out FDR ordered the general to evacuate to Australia. MacArthur promised, I shall return. On April 9, 1942, American troops surrendered. Bataan Death March Nearly 78,000 prisoners of war were forced to march 65 miles to a Japanese prison camp. Almost ten thousand troops died on this march, which was later called the Bataan Death March. Midway The American code-breaking team learned of a plan to attack Midway. Admiral Nimitz had been waiting for the opportunity to ambush the Japanese fleet. He ordered carriers to take up positions near Midway. Japanese Attack The Japanese launched their aircraft against Midway on June 4, The Americans were ready. The Japanese ran into antiaircraft fire and 38 planes were shot down. Hornet, Yorktown, and Enterprise Aircraft from the American carriers Hornet, Yorktown, and Enterprise launched a counterattack. The American planes caught the Japanese carriers with fuel, bombs, and aircraft exposed on their flight decks. Bad for Japan Within minutes, three Japanese carriers were burning wrecks. A fourth was sunk a few hours later. IRISH PRIDE Page 2

3 Admiral Yamamoto ordered his remaining ships to retreat. Turning Point The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war. The Japanese navy lost four carriers the heart of its fleet. Just six months after Pearl Harbor, the United States had stopped the Japanese advance. Maps IN Motion Midway Detroit Race Riots The worst racial violence of the war erupted in Detroit on Sunday, June 20, Nearly 300,000 people were at Belle Isle, a park on the Detroit River. Gangs of white and African American teenage girls began fighting. These fights triggered others, and a full-scale riot erupted across the city. By the time the violence ended, 25 African Americans and 9 whites had been killed. Zoot suit riots in L.A. In Southern California (SoCal), racial tensions were very high. In Los Angeles, racism against Mexican Americans and the fear of juvenile crime became linked to the zoot suit. A zoot suit had very baggy, pleated pants and an overstuffed, knee-length jacket with wide lapels. Accessories included a wide-brimmed hat and a long key chain. The zoot suit angered many Americans. In order to save fabric for the war, most men wore a victory suit. A victory suit was a suit with no vest, no cuffs, a short jacket, and narrow lapels. Still Zooting To many, the zoot suit was unpatriotic. In California, Mexican American teenagers adopted the zoot suit. In June 1943, after hearing rumors that zoot-suiters had attacked several sailors, some 2,500 soldiers and sailors stormed into Mexican American neighborhoods in Los Angeles. They attacked Mexican American teenagers, cut their hair, and tore off their zoot suits. The police did not intervene, and the violence continued for several days. The city of Los Angeles responded by banning the zoot suit. Germans Defeated at Stalingrad In the spring of 1942, Adolf Hitler was very confident that he would win the war. Hitler was convinced that only by destroying the Soviet economy could he defeat the Soviet Union. In May in 1942, he ordered his army to capture strategic oil fields, factories, and farmlands. The city of Stalingrad was a major railroad junction. If the German army captured Stalingrad, they would cut off the Soviets from the resources they needed to stay in the war. Stalin ordered his troops to hold the city at all costs. Retreat was forbidden. Still Stalingrad IRISH PRIDE Page 3

4 The Germans were not equipped to fight in the bitter cold, but Soviet troops had quilted undersuits, felt boots, fur hats, and white camouflaged oversuits. On November 23, Soviet reinforcements arrived and surrounded Stalingrad, trapping almost 250,000 German troops. When the battle ended in February 1943, some 91,000 Germans had surrendered. Both sides lost nearly half a million soldiers each. The Battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point in the war. The battle put the Germans on the defensive for the remainder of the war. Allied Forces Land in Italy General Dwight D. Eisenhower commanded the Italian invasion, with General Patton and the British General Bernard Montgomery. The invasion began before dawn on July 19, Eight days after the troops came ashore, American tanks smashed through enemy lines and captured the western half of the island. By August 18, the Germans evacuated the island. The attack on Sicily created a crisis within the Italian government. The king of Italy arrested Mussolini, and the new Italian government began negotiating a surrender to the Allies. Maps in motion War In Europe Supreme Court rules in Korematsu v. United States that Japanese relocation is constitutional President Roosevelt used an executive order to give the military the power to exclude people of Japanese descent from areas that were deemed important to U. S. national defense and security. In 1942, Mr. Korematsu refused to leave. Korematsu was found guilty of violating the Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34. Korematsu petitioned the Supreme Court. The majority of the Supreme Court found that, although exclusion orders based on race are constitutionally suspect, the government is justified in time of emergency and peril to suspend citizens civil rights. A request for a rehearing of the case in 1945 was denied. Eisenhower leads D-Day invasion President Roosevelt selected General Eisenhower to be the commander of Operation Overlord. The Germans believed the Allies would land in Pas-de-Calais the area of France closest to Britain. The Allies place dummy equipment along the coast as decoys. The real target was to be further south, at five beaches covering a 60-mile spread along the Normandy coast. By the spring of 1944, more than 1.5 million American soldiers, 12, 000 airplanes, and 5 million tons of equipment had been sent to England. Invasion The invasion had to begin at night to hide the ships crossing the English Channel. The ships had to arrive at low tide so that they could see the beach obstacles. IRISH PRIDE Page 4

5 The low tide had to come at dawn so that gunners could see their target. Paratrropers, who wold be dropped behind enemy lines before the main landing on the beaches, needed a moonlit night to see where to land. Weather had to be good. D-Day The first opportunity was from June 5 to 7, Eisenhower s planning staff referred to the day any operation began by the letter D. The date for the invasion, therefore, came to be known as D-Day. Shortly after midnight on June 6, 1944, Eisenhower gave the final order to go. Nearly 7,000 ships carrying more than 100,000 soldiers headed for Normandy s coast. 23,000 paratroopers were dropped inland. Allied fighter-bombers raced up and down the coast. Omaha - Utah Thousands of shells rained down on the beaches code-named Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, and Juno. The American landing at Utah Beach went well. The German defenses were weak, and in less than three hours the troops had captured the beach. Omaha Beach was a different story. Under intense German fire, the American assault almost disintegrated. General Omar Bradley, commander of the American forces landing at Omaha and Utah, began making plans to evacuate. Victory The American troops began to knock out the German defenses. More landing craft arrived. Nearly 2,500 Americans were either killed or wounded on Omaha, but by the end of the day, nearly 35,000 American troops had landed at Omaha and another 23,000 had landed at Utah. The invasion the largest amphibious operation in history had succeeded. Mac Arthur Returns The United States assembled an enormous invasion force. In October 1944, more than 700 ships carrying more than 160,000 troops sailed for Leyte Gulf in the Philippines. The troops began to land on Leyte, an island on the eastern side of the Philippines. MacArthur headed to the beach. He got on a radio and said to the people of the Philippines, I have returned. The Japanese sent four aircraft carriers toward the Philippines form the north and secretly dispatched another fleet to the west. Battle of Leyte Gulf Most of the American carriers left Leyte Gulf and headed north to stop them. The Japanese warships to the west raced through the Philippine Islands into Leyte Gulf and ambushed the remaining American ships. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history. IRISH PRIDE Page 5

6 It was the first time the Japanese used Kamikaze attacks. Kamikaze pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves but also inflicting severed damage. The Japanese commander, believing more American ships were on the way, ordered a retreat. We Win The campaign was long and grueling. More than 80,000 Japanese were killed. Less than 1,000 surrendered. MacArthur s troops did not capture Manila until March They were still fighting in August 1945 when word came that Japan had surrendered. Iwo Jima Iwo Jima was perfectly located, roughly halfway between the Marianas and Japan, but at its southern tip was a dormant volcano. The terrain was rugged. Volcanic ash covered the ground. The Japanese had built a vast network of concrete bunkers connected by miles of tunnels. On February 19, 1945, 60,000 Marines landed on Iwo Jima. We Win Japanese artillery began to pound the invaders. The marines used flamethrowers and explosives to attack the Japanese bunkers. More than 6,800 marines were killed capturing the island. Picture Page 520 Maps In Motion Island Hopping FDR/Truman President Roosevelt did not live to see the defeat of Germany. On April 12, 1945, while vacationing in Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a stroke. His vice-president, Harry S. Truman, became president. Although Germany surrendered a few weeks later, the war with Japan continued, and Truman was forced to make some of the most difficult decisions of the war during his first six months in office. The bomb The Allies threatened Japan with prompt and utter destruction if the Japanese did not surrender. The Japanese did not reply. Truman then ordered the military to drop the bomb. On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, Little Boy, on Hiroshima. The bomb destroyed about 63% of the city. Between 80,000 and 120,000 people died instantly, and thousands more died later from burns and radiation sickness. Again IRISH PRIDE Page 6

7 Three days later the United States dropped another atomic bomb, Fat Man, on the city of Nagasaki, killing between 35,000 and 74,000 people. On August 15, 1945 V-J Day Japan surrendered. The long war was over. IRISH PRIDE Page 7