3/6/2017. Prelude to War. America Enters World War II. The Road to War Establishing Alliances Establishing Priorities Where to Strike

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1 Prelude to War America Enters World War II 1 The Road to War Establishing Alliances Establishing Priorities Where to Strike 2 Pro Nazi German American Groups The German American Bund Recruit sympathetic Americans and those of German descent Push for American support of Nazi Germany Isolationist Don t interfere with Germany / Europe Anti Jewish 25,000 50,000 active members Outlawed after Pearl Harbor 3 1

2 Other Extremist (1930 s) Groups in the United States Silver Legion Silver Shirts Modeled on the S.A. 5,000 15,000 West Coast dissovled in late 1941 Communist Party USA 25,000 30,000 Labor Union Movements Tied to the American Left Declined in the Post WWII era 4 Selective Service Act of 1940 Peacetime draft begins General George Marshall Chief of Staff of the War Department (Army) 1939 US Military = 450,000 (Army / Navy / National Guard) 1945 US Military = 16 million (Includes Women) 5 6 2

3 Charles Lindbergh, Jr. (1927 Solo Flight Across the Atlantic Spirit of St. Louis ) Traveled / Lived in Europe Observed firsthand German aviation progress Isolationist Spoke out against war with Germany Anti-communist Later provided intelligence to the USAAF on Luftwaffe 7 Reaction by President Roosevelt (FDR) / turned down for military service Assists the USAAF / USMC technical advisor on aviation Actually flew 14 combat missions in 1943 / against F.D.R s instructions! (Shot down a Japanese plane!) 8 Cash and Carry 1940 Arsenal of Democracy As a neutral the United States sells products to any country who can pay Equipment purchased by both France and England France surrenders, England continues to buy American Aircraft are major purchase items 9 3

4 Lend / Lease 50 - WWI era destroyers = basing rights in English territory for a 99 year lease Destroyers for Atlantic convoy escorts 10 Distribution of Lend Lease Supplies 11 The Liberty Ships 2,710 Liberty Ships built by 18 American shipyards for cargo purposes (42 days each) Approximately 300 were sunk in the war 12 4

5 Convoy system utilized to prevent / minimize attacks from German U Boats Make use of SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging Total of $50.1 billion worth of goods sent to all Allies $31.4 billon to England $11.3 billion to Russia 13 Early September 1945 USSR 16,500 Aircraft of all types 9,000 tanks or self-propelled guns 362,000 trucks 47,000 jeeps 131,633 submachine guns 3,000 rocket launchers 14,000,000 pairs of boots 532,000 tons of U.S. sugar 485,000 tons of canned meat (i.e., Spam) 14 Rationing in UK ends in 1954! 15 5

6 The Persian Gulf Command Established to facilitate the flow of Lend Lease goods into the Soviet Union 16 United States & England Statement of Joint Policy between the United States and England. Upholds the rights of all peoples to choose their own governments August 1941 Atlantic Charter 17 United States & England US will provide assistance to any country to resist Fascist aggression Unusual because England at war / US was neutral! August 1941 Atlantic Charter 18 6

7 America in Combat Prior to the Declared Hostilities! Atlantic Charter commits US warships involved in patrolling Atlantic / serving as convoy escorts Sept USS Greer engages German U-boat 1 st American ship to attack the Germans! 31 Oct USS Ruben James torpedoed by the U-552 and sunk with loss of 115 of the 159 sailors on the ship 19 Note Possession 20 September 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy (Axis) Allied nations at war have concerns about the Axis United States embargos all trade with Japan 21 7

8 War Arrives in America 7 December 1941 A Day that will Live in Infamy 22 War Arrives in America 7 December 1941 A Day that will Live in Infamy Damaged / Destroyed 4 Battleships 3 Cruisers 3 Destroyers No Carriers Hit! 2,402 Killed 1,282 Wounded December 1941 Germany / Italy Declare War Against United States Rome Berlin Japan = Axis Powers 24 8

9 Internment of Enemy Aliens Fear of Sabotage Fear of Espionage Fear of Disloyalty Japanese = 110,000 Germans = 15,000 18,000 Italians = 5,000 6,000 Evacuation our of major cities on both the east and west coasts Internment Camps in American West / Rocky Mountain / Southwest States Internment also included nationals not residing in the US = seamen at ports Some are later repatriated to their countries via neutral nations Crystal City, Texas 25 Arcadia Conference December 1941 January 1942 Washington, DC Statement of Joint Policy as Allies Churchill / Roosevelt (No Stalin!) Europe First Strategy Approved Had to Keep England in the War! Pacific War Would get Second Priority Not an Immediate Threat to the Survival of Either the United States or Great Britain Combine all Assets / Resources Under a Single Command 26 Japanese War Objectives 27 9

10 Allied Forces Disposition 28 War in the Pacific vs. War in Europe Pacific Theater Short Campaigns (Weeks / Not Months) Little Use of Heavy Equipment / Heavy Tanks More Brutal Island Hopping South Pacific Campaign Navy / Marines (Nimitz) Southwest Pacific Campaign Army with Navy and Army Air Forces (MacArthur) Greater Distances Pacific Ocean! 29 War in the Pacific vs. War in Europe Pacific Theater Lower Casualties in Total Highly Mobile Seasonal Weather (Monsoons) Tropical Diseases Primarily an American Operation with British and Commonwealth Forces Dutch / French / Chinese 30 10

11 War in the Pacific vs. War in Europe European Theater Longer Campaigns Heavy Equipment / Greater use of Tanks / Heavy Artillery Some Civility Geneva Convention Higher Casualties Army with Army Air Force Small amount of Naval Support 31 War in the Pacific vs. War in Europe European Theater Greater Numbers of Troops Involved Harsh Winter Weather More Destructive Longer Time in Combat for Soldiers Fought in Urban Areas American, British Commonwealth & Others 32 World War II in the Pacific 33 11

12 South Pacific Theater (Nimitz) Vs. Southwest Pacific Theater (MacArthur) 34 Face of Naval Warfare Will Change Battleships are no Longer the Center of the Task Force The Aircraft Carrier will be the Focus of the War at Sea Naval Surface Battles will be Fought Without the Major Combatants ever Making sight of the Other Submarines Play a Critical role in the War War in the Atlantic = German U-Boats vs. Allied Convoys bound for Europe War in the Pacific = American Submarines vs. Japanese Supply Ships

13 Doolittle Raid 18 April 1942 America Strikes Back Public Morale Very Low After Pearl Harbor Need to Demonstrate America Is in the War How to Strike Back? Lt.Col Jimmy Doolittle Break Japan s Aura of Invincibility -- Bomb Japan USS Hornet 16 B-25 Mitchell Bombers Small Bomb Load Four 500 lbs. Bombs Miscellaneous Targets over Japan Doolittle Raid 18 April 1942 America Strikes Back 38 Japanese Intentions Disrupt L.O.C. / Resupply Invade Australia 39 13

14 40 Battle of the Coral Sea 6 8 May 1942 Japanese Tactical Victory American Strategic Victory Japanese Expansion Halted USS Lexington Sunk 1 st Battle at sea when opposing ships never caught sight of each other. Battle strictly fought with aircraft Bottom Line Result = Draw! USS Yorktown Damaged 41 Principal Combatants at Midway Yamamoto Dauntless Dive Bombers Nagumo Fletcher / Spruance Akagi 42 14

15 4 7 June 1942 Shifts the Balance of Power in the Pacific End of the Japanese Expansion Guadalcanal 45 15

16 The First American Ground Campaign of World War II -- Guadalcanal 46 (The First Offensive of the War) U.S. Marine Corps (August)/ U.S. Army (November) U.S. Navy supply and support (sporadic) Very bloody and brutal campaign (August 1942 February 1943) New type of warfare for the Americans 47 The First American Ground Campaign of World War II -- Guadalcanal 48 16

17 The First American Ground Campaign of World War II -- Guadalcanal Japanese attempt to regain Henderson Field w/heavy losses 24 Oct Sgt John Basilone / Medal of Honor Killed on 1 st day at Iwo Jima Feb Buried at Arlington 49 Guadalcanal (The First Offensive of the War) Early February 1943 Japanese evacuate via Cape Esperance unusual for the rest of the war the Japanese will fight to the death! Japanese have a great deal more experience however suffer from the same tropical diseases and problems as the U.S. 1,500 US dead / 24,000 Japanese dead This battle is significant because it demonstrates the need for a strong logistical supply chain to keep forces in combat operations. 50 After Guadalcanal the war will focus on the two theaters South Pacific under Nimitz (Navy / Marines) Southwest Pacific under Mac Arthur (Army / Marines / USAAF Naval Support) Both will converge in the Philippines in Fall of

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