D-Day 6 June Mark D. Harris Colonel, US Army 06 June 2014
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1 D-Day 6 June 1944 Mark D. Harris Colonel, US Army 06 June 2014
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3 Axis Advance Fall of Poland (Sep 1939) Fall of Denmark and Norway (Apr 1940) Fall of the Netherlands, Belgium and France (May to Jun 1940) Battle of Britain (Aug to Oct 1940) Fall of Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete (May 1941) Operation Barbarossa and initial defeats of the USSR (1941) US enters war against Axis (Dec 1941) Further Axis advances (1942) Rommel s advances in Libya and Egypt ( )
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5 Axis Retreat Stalingrad (Nov 1942 Feb 1943) 200,000 German and Rumanian in Von Paulus 6 th Army surrounded and captured El Alamein (Nov 1942) Afrika Korps invasion of Egypt stopped Tunisia (May 1943) 230,000 German and Italian troops captured by Allies Sicily (Jul-Aug 1943) and Italy (Sep 1943) invaded by Allies. Italy surrenders (Sep 1943) USSR regains most of its territory from Axis (Kursk, Leningrad, Ukraine)
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7 Situation Spring 1944 Allied friction over perceived disparity in war effort Stalin has over 2 million soldiers in combat against Germany. US and Britain have about 200,000 soldiers in combat against Axis. Allied strategic bombing damaging Germany but German war production still increasing. US heavily committed against Japanese Empire, but Europe first priority (70-30 rule) 1.5 million US, British, Canadian, and other soldiers in England preparing to invade Northern France
8 Situation Analysis Mission - Enemy - Troops - Terrain - Time - Civilian -
9 Allied DOTMLPF What would you do? Doctrine Organization Training Material Leadership Personnel Facilities
10 Allied DOTMLPF What did they do? Doctrine Used Air, Naval, and Marine doctrine on these operations were mature. Organization Order of battle planned for overwhelming superiority, detailed planning Training - Marines trained soldiers on amphibious operations. Rehearsals of invasion in Southern England Material - Order of battle planned for overwhelming superiority, innovative vehicles to overcome beach obstacles Leadership Eisenhower and Montgomery vs. Von Rundstedt and Rommel Personnel overwhelming superiority Facilities Mulberry harbors to offload material since no harbors were available at Normandy.
11 Deception Operation Fortitude convince Germans that Normandy was a diversion and a bigger invasion by the First US Army Group under Patton would later land at Pas de Calais. Operation Graffham convince Germans that the Allies would invade Norway Operation Ironside convince Germans that the Allies would invade Bordeaux in southern France Operation Zeppelin - convince Germans that the Allies would invade the Balkans
12 Opposing Forces Allied Land - 1.3M soldiers Naval 1200 warships, 4100 transports, and 1700 other vessels Air 9500 aircraft, absolute air superiority of fighters and bombers German Land - 380K soldiers Navy four torpedo boats Air 815 aircraft, was barely able to generate 100 sorties to oppose the D-Day landings Defenses weak, fortification began in earnest in Jan 1944
13 Detail-focused Planning
14 Coordination Between nations US, Britain, Canada, Free Forces from many nations Between forces Army and Navy Between force types national forces and partisan (Free French) Over large distances Between agencies War Dept, Navy Dept, and civilian agencies in participating countries
15 Weather Needed a full moon Allow preliminary night airborne landings to secure bridges and other key positions Allow seaborne transport drivers to see objectives and obstacles Needed clear skies to allow air operations Tides High less distance to travel over beach under fire Low more able to see underwater defenses
16 Innovation Mulberry Harbors Hobart s Funnies tanks modified to sweep away beach obstacles
17 Axis DOTMLPF What would you do? Doctrine Organization Training Material Leadership Personnel Facilities
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19 Principles Illustrated Unity of Command Eisenhower led from the top. Detailed planning No detail ignored and as little as possible left to chance Redundant systems The key defensive works at Point Du Hoc were subject to naval bombardment, air bombardment, and finally ground assault.
20 Conclusion Overwhelming Allied victory a sledgehammer breaking an egg Allies had overwhelming force and left as little as possible to chance. Germans were exhausted from five years of war, and they waited too long to begin preparing defenses for the Atlantic Wall. Germany surrendered in May 1945 Final thoughts How do these lessons apply in our context
21 How do these lessons apply in our context?
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