Mobilization at Home. Economic Conversion. A Nation at War. Pearl Harbor ended any debate over intervention.

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1 A Nation at War Mobilization at Home Pearl Harbor ended any debate over intervention. Economic Conversion Due to FDR s foresight, the economy had already begun to gear up for war production through the lend-lease plan. the War Production Board allowed for a centralized control of the nation s conversion from industrial to war production. Office of War Information Responsible for anti-axis and pro-allied propaganda Started Voice of America (messages sent overseas)

2 Financing the War Mobilization at Home Instead of raising taxes to finance the war, Congress forced FDR to sell bonds to raise funds. the economy had gone from one in which people could not find jobs to one in which there were not enough workers

3 War-effort advertisement The Office of War Information created the ad s slogan in 1943.

4 Economic Controls Congress authorized the Office of Price Administration in 1942 to set limits on prices to prevent inflation and price gouging. Businesses and workers did not like these limits, but when a group went on strike, the government took control of the company Domestic Conservatism Mobilization at Home the 1942 election pushed Congress control to Republicans. Now Congress would abolish most of the New Deal programs.

5 Social Effects of the War Mobilization in the West and South The expansion of the defense industry after 1940 opened up new incentives for workers to move west. Populations skyrocket Changing Roles for Women With millions of men enlisting in the military, women found themselves open to opportunities that previously had been closed. Women became toolmakers, lumberjacks, blacksmiths, and so on.

6 Social Effects of the War Women s Army Corps (WACS) allowed women to join military after basic training most took clerical jobs

7 Social Effects of the War African Americans in the Second World War During this time fought for civil rights and were emboldened by the job opportunities the war created in the North. During the war, millions left the South for these jobs. African Americans in Uniform Although they were enlisted, black soldiers were kept in segregated facilities from their white counterparts. Separate accommodations were kept for training them as well, such as the flight school at Tuskegee, Alabama. Although racial violence did erupt during this time, it did not reach the extent of the incidents that occurred during World War I. Tuskegee Airmen

8 Tuskegee Airmen, 1942 One of the last segregated military training schools, the flight school at Tuskegee trained African American men for air combat during the Second World War.

9 The Double V Campaign Social Effects of the War The Double V campaign was an attempt by civil rights leaders to promote democracy at home as well as abroad. Mexicans and Mexican Americans In order to meet the wartime demands for their crops, southern farmers begin to recruit Hispanic workers from Mexico at harvest time. Their growth in Los Angeles promoted a week-long riot known as the Zoot suit riot, after the popular suits of the time.

10 Native Americans Social Effects of the War Almost 1/3 of all eligible Native Americans served in the armed forces. Due to their distinct native languages, they were integrated from the start into every military branch to serve as code talkers Marine Navajo code talkers The Japanese were never able to break the Native Americans codes used by signalmen, such as those shown here during the Battle of Bougainville in Windtalkers:

11 Social Effects of the War Japanese Americans opposition to the war was almost nonexistent so civil liberty abuses were more likely to occur Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced from their homes/businesses and forced to relocate to internment camps with FDR s Executive Order 9066 Supreme Court case Korematsu v. U.S. constitutional liberties may be limited in wartime

12 Allied Drive toward Berlin War Aims and Strategy When the US entered World War II, top priority was given to attacking Hitler and aiding the Allies in Europe. Then Allies would turn their full attention to Japan. The North Africa Campaign The first American forces would battle in North Africa, where over 200k Germans and Italians would surrender in May In Casablanca, Winston Churchill and FDR would agree that only the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers would end the war.

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14 The Battle of the Atlantic The Allied Drive toward Berlin Thanks to radar and breaking of Germany s submarine communication code, none of the troopships crossing Atlantic were lost. Sicily and Italy From Africa, the Allies next advanced to the island of Sicily and then invaded Italy. Mussolini would be removed from power and Rome was captured on June 4, 1944.

15 The Allied Drive toward Berlin The Tehran Meeting At a meeting in Tehran, Iran, FDR, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin agreed that all three would continue to fight until Japan was defeated. The Strategic Bombing of Europe Bombing of Germany was a constant event. Americans bombed during the day when the missions had greater accuracy but were more dangerous. The British bombed at night when it was safer as a right earned since they had been involved from the start.

16 D-Day and After The Allied Drive toward Berlin Hitler had organized his forces on the areas most likely to be used for an invasion attempt from England. It was up to the Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower to defeat this Atlantic Wall in order to invade France. On June 6, 1944, D-Day began. Over 5,300 vessels carried 370,000 soldiers across the English Channel. After two weeks, 1 million troops had landed in France, and on August 25, Paris was liberated. Animation map: ns/wwtwo_map_d_day/index_embed.shtml

17 The landing at Normandy D-day, June 6, Before they could huddle under a seawall and begin to root out the region s Nazi defenders, soldiers on Omaha Beach had to cross a fifty-yard stretch that exposed them to bullets fired from machine guns housed in concrete bunkers.

18 Leapfrogging in Tokyo MacArthur commander of US Army in the Pacific Island Hopping Japan chose not to reinforce any island. This allowed the Allies to attack an island, allow the Japanese forces to stop sending supplies, and then move to the next one. The first island would be allowed to wither and die, while the Allies leaped to another one.

19 Battles in the Central Pacific Leapfrogging in Tokyo Admiral Chester Nimitz took the vital island of Saipan; it was close enough to Japan that B-29 bombers would be able to reach it without risking fuel shortages. Next was the Philippines. The army landed on October 20, Japan, realizing the importance of the raw materials there to its war effort, launched a three-pronged naval assault on the U.S. forces there. At the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the larges naval engagement in history, the Japanese lost most of their remaining naval forces and began to use kamikaze attacks

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21 A New Age Is Born Roosevelt's Fourth Term The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey. FDR easily won his party s nomination. He also won the presidency again. Converging Military Fronts At the Battle of the Bulge, December 16, 1944, German forces counterattacked in a last-chance strike to drive the Allies into the sea. Once defeated, the Germans had little resistance to offer the Allies as they poured into Germany.

22 A New Age Is Born Yalta (1945) and the Postwar World the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin) met again to discuss the shape of the postwar world. Also, they would address the need for the creation of a new world security organization, which would become the United Nations Yalta s Legacy many blame the Yalta Conference for recognizing Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, at the time Soviet forces already controlled those areas and only another war would have driven them out

23 The Collapse of Nazi Germany A New Age Is Born FDR did not live to see the end of World War II. He would die on April 12, Allied forces from the East would meet with Soviet forces from the west on April 25, and Mussolini would be killed on April 28. Hitler would commit suicide on April 31. On May 2, Berlin fell, & on May 7, the German army surrendered.

24 May 8, 1945 The celebration in New York City s Times Square on V-E day.

25 A Grinding War against Japan A New Age Is Born With the war in Europe over, battles in Japan took center stage. On February 19, 1945, Marines invaded Iwo Jima, whose only use was that of an emergency landing strip for crippled planes. After 20,000 casualties & 7,000 deaths, the US took it. The horrific loss of life in these battles led the government to look for ways other than manpower to end the war.

26 A New Age Is Born The Radiance: The Atomic Bomb From the start of the war, Hitler had been working on at atomic bomb. FDR had realized this and insisted that the US had to have it first. By August 1945, the bomb was ready, and Truman ordered it to be used on Japan if it did not surrender before August 3. August 6, the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, obliterating 80,000 lives Two days later, the Soviets would finally declare war on Japan. August 9: 2 nd atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, killing 36,000. Finally, Japan surrendered and the war was over.

27 The Final Ledger The most horrific war in human history had come to an end. Over 70 million fought in the war, of which 25 million died. Civilian deaths numbered greater than 24 million. American people realized that the isolationist ways could not be allowed again.