Canada, the Global War on Terror and the Mission in Afghanistan A Chronology Drawn from the Globe and Mail

Transcription

1 Canada, the Global War on Terror and the Mission in Afghanistan A Chronology Drawn from the Globe and Mail Jordan Axani Royal Military College of Canada DRDC CORA CR August 2010 Defence R&D Canada Centre for Operational Research and Analysis Strategic Analysis Section

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3 Canada, the "Global War on Terror" and the Mission in Afghanistan A Chronology Drawn from the Globe and Mail Jordan Axani Royal Military College of Canada Prepared By: Jordan Axani Royal Military College of Canada P.O. Box Stn Forces Kingston, ON K7B 7B4 Royal Military College of Canada Contract Project Manager: Dr. Michael Hennessy, (613) ext 6845 CSA: Neil Chuka, Defence Scientist, (613) The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada. Defence R&D Canada CORA Contract Report DRDC CORA CR August 2010

4 Principal Author Original signed by Jordan Axani Jordan Axani Contractor Approved by Original signed by Stephane Lefebvre Stephane Lefebvre DRDC CORA Section Head Strategic Analysis Approved for release by Original signed by Dean Haslip, PhD Dean Haslip, PhD DRDC CORA Acting Chief Scientist This work was conducted in support of the Influence Activities Capability Assessement Applied Research Project being led by Mr. Neil Chuka, strategic analyst, DRDC CORA. Defence R&D Canada Centre for Operational Research and Analysis (CORA) Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2010 Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2010

5 Abstract.. This report is a chronology of Canada s involvement in the Global War on Terror and in Afghanistan, with a focus on the military aspect. Developed through the use of articles published in the Globe and Mail newspaper that had either relevant titles or content from September 2001 to 31 March 2010, it intends to create a timeline of Canadian political and military activities during this period based on the reporting of a major Canadian media source. This work was done in support of the DRDC CORA Applied Research Project entitled Influence Activities Capability Assessment. This work was conducted simultaneous to the development of two other chronologies: one identical to this study but which employs articles from the National Post newspaper, and the second providing a timeline of Canadian military activities related to the Global War on Terror and the engagement in Afghanistan developed using unclassified source material. The Globe and Mail and the National Post were chosen as the information sources for the two media chronologies because, in general, the two publications tend to possess different editorial stances. The Globe tends to adopt a centrist-left political viewpoint while the Post tends towards a centrist-right stance. This is of course a generalization that does not always hold true but, for the purposes of this project it is sufficiently accurate. The use of these different media sources allows comparison of how a given incident or story was reported. The overall goal is the creation of a set of research tools with which military activities (including those of Canada s adversary s) can be cross-referenced with reporting in the Canadian national media. Résumé... Ce rapport contractuel est une chronologie de l engagement du Canada en Afghanistan et dans la lutte contre le terrorisme, avec une attention particulière portée à l aspect militaire. Il a été élaboré en se basant sur des articles publiés dans le Globe and Mail entre septembre 2001 et le 31 mars 2010 qui avaient soit un titre, soit un contenu pertinent; il a pour but d établir une chronologie des activités politiques et militaires du Canada pendant cette période en se basant sur les informations relayées par une source média canadienne de premier plan. Ce travail a été fait pour étayer le projet de recherche appliquée du CARO RDDC intitulé «Évaluation de la capacité en matière d activités d influence». Ce travail a été mené parallèlement à l élaboration de deux autres chronologies : l une, identique à cette étude, mais se servant d articles provenant du National Post, et l autre fournissant une chronologie des activités militaires canadiennes en lien avec la lutte mondiale contre le terrorisme et l engagement en Afghanistan, élaborée en se basant sur des sources non classifiées. Le Globe and Mail et le National Post ont été choisis comme sources d informations pour les deux chronologies basées sur les médias, car les deux publications ont tendance, d une façon générale, à avoir des positions éditoriales différentes. Le Globe a tendance à adopter des points de vue politiques de centre gauche, tandis que le Post se situe plutôt au centre droit. Il s agit bien entendu d une généralisation qui ne s avère pas toujours vraie, mais qui est suffisamment juste pour les besoins de ce projet. L utilisation de ces différentes sources média nous permet de comparer la manière dont un incident donné ou une histoire va être rapporté. Le but général est de créer un ensemble d outils de recherche grâce auquel les activités militaires (y compris celles des ennemis du Canada) peuvent être recoupées avec les comptes rendus qui en sont faits dans les médias nationaux canadiens. DRDC CORA CR i

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7 Executive summary Canada, the "Global War on Terror" and the Mission in Afghanistan: A Chronology Drawn from the Globe and Mail Jordan Axani; DRDC CORA CR ; Defence R&D Canada CORA; August Introduction: This report is a chronology of Canada s involvement in the Global War on Terror and in Afghanistan, with a focus on the military aspect. Developed through the use of articles published in the Globe and Mail newspaper that had either relevant titles or content from September 2001 to 31 March 2010, it intends to create a timeline of Canadian political and military activities during this period based on the reporting of a major Canadian media source. This work was done in support of the DRDC CORA Applied Research Project entitled Influence Activities Capability Assessment. Competing narratives have played a large role in both the War on Terror and the conflict in Afghanistan as the various parties, including Canada, have sought to influence perceptions, thought, and behaviour. The media is one means by which a desired story is disseminated through reporting on both the words and deeds of the various actors involved in the conflicts. This is not to suggest that the Canadian government or any of its agencies have purposefully attempted to mislead the public through the Canadian media. However, it is undeniable that our adversaries have attempted as much by disseminating misleading or incomplete information, timing the release of information to coincide with specific actions, and other such activities. The Canadian government, its agencies, and her allies do, however, release information to the media for dissemination to a wider audience. Results: This work was conducted simultaneous to the development of two other chronologies: one identical to this study but which employs articles from the National Post newspaper, and the second providing a timeline of Canadian military activities related to the Global War on Terror and the engagement in Afghanistan developed using unclassified source material. The Globe and Mail and the National Post were chosen as the information sources for the two media chronologies because, in general, the two publications tend to possess different editorial stances. The Globe tends to adopt a centrist-left political viewpoint while Post tends towards a centristright stance. This is of course a generalization that does not always hold true but, for the purposes of this project it is sufficiently accurate. Significance: The use of these different media sources allows comparison of how a given incident or story was reported. The overall goal is the creation of a set of research tools with which military activities (including those of Canada s adversary s) can be cross-referenced with reporting in the Canadian national media. Future plans: This chronology to be used to assist in the analysis required for the DRDC CORA Influence Activities Capability Assessment applied research project. DRDC CORA CR iii

8 Sommaire... Canada, the "Global War on Terror" and the Mission in Afghanistan: A Chronology Drawn from the Globe and Mail Jordan Axani; DRDC CORA CR ; R & D pour la défense Canada CORA; Août Introduction: Ce rapport est une chronologie de l engagement du Canada en Afghanistan et dans la lutte contre le terrorisme, avec une attention particulière portée à l aspect militaire. Il a été élaboré en se basant sur des articles publiés dans le Globe and Mail entre septembre 2001 et le 31 mars 2010 qui avaient soit un titre, soit un contenu pertinent; il a pour but d établir une chronologie des activités politiques et militaires du Canada pendant cette période en se basant sur les informations relayées par une source média canadienne de premier plan. Ce travail a été fait pour étayer le projet de recherche appliquée du CARO RDDC intitulé «Évaluation de la capacité en matière d activités d influence». Les récits antagonistes ont joué un rôle important, à la fois dans la lutte contre le terrorisme et le conflit en Afghanistan, alors que les différents acteurs, y compris le Canada, ont cherché à influencer les perceptions, les façons de penser et les comportements. Les médias sont un des moyens par lesquels on peut propager l histoire que l on veut en rapportant les paroles et les agissements des différents intervenants dans le conflit. Cela ne veut pas dire que le gouvernement canadien ou une de ses agences aient délibérément essayé d induire le public en erreur par le biais des médias canadiens. Il est cependant indéniable que nos adversaires ont essayé de le faire en propageant des informations trompeuses ou incomplètes, faisant en sorte que ces informations soient rendues publiques de manière à coïncider avec des actions particulières et d autres activités de ce genre. Toutefois, le gouvernement canadien, ses agences et ses alliés transmettent bien l information aux médias pour qu ils les diffusent à un public plus large. Résultats: Ce travail a été mené de manière simultanée avec l élaboration de deux autres chronologies : l une, identique à cette étude, mais se servant d articles provenant du National Post, et l autre, fournissant une chronologie des activités militaires canadiennes en lien avec la lutte mondiale contre le terrorisme et l engagement en Afghanistan, élaborée en se basant sur des sources non classifiées. Le Globe and Mail et le National Post ont été choisis comme sources d informations pour les deux chronologies basées sur les médias, car les deux publications ont tendance, d une façon générale, à avoir des positions éditoriales différentes. Le Globe a tendance à adopter des points de vue politiques de centre gauche, tandis que le Post se situe plutôt au centre droit. Il s agit bien entendu d une généralisation qui ne s avère pas toujours vraie, mais qui est suffisamment juste pour les besoins de ce projet. Importance: L utilisation de ces différentes sources médiatiques nous permet de comparer la manière dont un incident donné ou une histoire va être rapporté. Le but général est de créer un ensemble d outils de recherche grâce auquel les activités militaires (y compris celles des ennemis du Canada) peuvent être recoupées avec les comptes rendus qui en sont faits dans les médias nationaux canadiens. iv DRDC CORA CR

9 Perspectives: Cette chronologie contribuera à l analyse nécessaire au projet de recherche appliquée du CARO RDDC intitulé «Évaluation de la capacité en matière d activités d influence». DRDC CORA CR v

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11 Table of contents Abstract..... i Résumé i Executive summary... iii Sommaire iv Table of contents... vii Acknowledgements... xi 1 Introduction Methodology September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August DRDC CORA CR vii

12 4.9 September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August viii DRDC CORA CR

13 7.9 September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August DRDC CORA CR ix

14 10.9 September October November December January February March Distribution list x DRDC CORA CR

15 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Nancy Axani for her assistance in developing this chronology. DRDC CORA CR xi

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17 1 Introduction This report is a chronology of Canada s involvement in the Global War on Terror and activities in Afghanistan, with a particular focus on the military aspects of both. Developed through the use of articles published in the Globe and Mail newspaper that had either relevant titles or content from September 2001 to 31 March 2010, it intends to create a timeline of Canadian political and military activities during this period based on the reporting of a major Canadian media source. This work was done in support of the DRDC CORA Applied Research Project entitled Influence Activities Capability Assessment. Competing narratives have played a large role in both the War on Terror and the conflict in Afghanistan as the various parties, including Canada, have sought to influence perceptions, thought, and behaviour. The media is one means by which a desired story is disseminated through reporting on both the words and deeds of the various actors involved in the conflicts. This is not to suggest that the Canadian government or any of its agencies have purposefully attempted to mislead the public through the Canadian media. However, it is undeniable that our adversaries have attempted as much by disseminating misleading or incomplete information, timing the release of information to coincide with specific actions, and other such activities. The Canadian government, its agencies, and her allies do, however, release information to the media for dissemination to a wider audience. This work was conducted simultaneous to the development of two other chronologies: one identical to this study but which employs articles from the National Post newspaper, and the second providing a timeline of Canadian military activities related to the Global War on Terror and the engagement in Afghanistan developed using unclassified source material. The Globe and Mail and the National Post were chosen as the information sources for the two media chronologies because, in general, the two publications tend to possess different editorial stances. The Globe tends to adopt a centrist-left political viewpoint while the Post tends towards a centrist-right stance. This is of course a generalization that does not always hold true but, for the purposes of this project it is sufficiently accurate. The use of these different media sources allows comparison of how a given incident or story was reported. The overall goal is the creation of a set of research tools with which military activities (including those of Canada s adversary s) can be cross-referenced with reporting in the Canadian national media. The remainder of this paper is organized annually, meaning, section two will cover the year 2001, section three 2002, and so on. Months are sub-sections of the annual sections. Because there is no analysis involved, no conclusion is provided. The end date of the chronology is March 2010 and is related solely to the fact that this work was funded during the federal 2009/2010 fiscal year. 1.1 Methodology A consistent seven-step methodology was used to produce this chronology: 1. Database searches using keywords: Canada Newsstand was used to access the articles electronically through the ProQuest distribution system that is available through most Canadian universities. ProQuest allows for a high degree of keyword customization and it DRDC CORA CR

18 was found that the following coding worked best to retrieve comprehensive but focused results. The search terms employed were: a. Afghanistan OR Iraq OR Taliban OR terror* OR [last name of Minister of National Defence] OR [last name of Chief of Defence Staff] AND (Canad* OR federal OR Ottawa) b. * was used to allow for any number of suffixes on the end of the term. For instance, terror* would yield results for terror, terrorist, and terrorism. 2. Measurement of relevance: To get rid of any articles that were irrelevant, two key questions were asked to narrow the search further. First, was the article of clear relevance to Canada and/or a relevant situation concerning an ally of Canada? And second, was it relevant to the war in Afghanistan and/or the broader Global War on Terror? And third, was the event significant enough to include in this chronology? 3. Type of article: Most articles that were opinion pieces were immediately eliminated if neutral material was available. Articles that used speculative foresight were also removed as much as possible (ie: event x is expected to happen next week). The ideal article simply reported the facts surrounding an event after it had already happened. 4. Long cases: Certain cases - especially those of Mahar Arar, Omar Khadr, and Afghan detainees - spanned much of the chronology and were only included when substantive events actually happened, rather than when the events were simply being commentated on by a journalist or analyst external of the actual ordeal. 5. Summarizing: More often than not, text was extracted from the article being examined and edited together to give a rudimentary understanding of the event. This allowed for the process be expedited while delivering detailed, complete entries. 6. Indexing: Most articles in the chronology are linked to other articles. This was done in a way that would connect ideas and happenings rather than provide a blanket list of articles for each broad subject encountered. Most articles are linked to others in the same year but there are some that span throughout much longer periods. One can literally index endlessly as there are abstract connections between many of the events in one way or another. A balance between clear organization and the avoidance of blanket indexing was the goal. No year was given in the date when the reference was for the same year as the indexed event. 7. Deceptive headlines: Articles with deceptive headlines where the content of the article was not reflected in the title - are marked with *Deceptive headline below the indexing line. 2 DRDC CORA CR

19 September 2001 Wednesday, 12 September A day of infamy (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) President George W. Bush last night vowed swift and severe retribution against those who carried out the worst terrorist attack in history, one that summoned the ghosts of Pearl Harbor and shattered every American's belief that the age of war was behind them. Vowing a war against terrorism, Mr. Bush returned to a stunned Washington last night to assure Americans that after a day of engineered catastrophe, in which thousands died, the world s strongest military power was ready to strike back at an enemy even one he could not identify. In a historic attack on U.S. soil, four commercial aircraft were hijacked yesterday morning and pointed at civilian targets. Two collided into the twin towers of New York City s World Trade Center, causing the 110-storey buildings to collapse. U.S. officials quickly pointed to fugitive terrorist leader Osama bin Laden as the mastermind of the attacks. He is believed to be hiding in Afghanistan and has been blamed for 1998 attacks on U.S. embassies in Africa. See entries on 13, 27 September and almost all forthcoming entries Canada goes on alert (Jeff Sallot, pg.a6) The federal government went on a security alert and shut down all airports except for diverted aircraft in response to the terrorist attacks in the United States yesterday, but a shaken Prime Minister Jean Chrétien said these are precautions and there is no specific threat to Canada. RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli said the Mounties are co-operating with U.S. authorities. He said his force is investigating whether Canada was a staging area for the attacks, but added that there is no evidence yet of any Canadian connection. Mr. Chrétien, who said he was horrified by the attacks in New York and Washington, offered whatever Canadian emergency assistance might be needed. See entries on 13, 14 September Thursday, 13 September U.S. expects its friends to back: efforts to launch war on terrorism (John Ibbitson, pg.a6) U.S. President George W. Bush s declaration that the United States is at war has placed Canada on the front lines of a conflict without borders. The Americans are showing unprecedented solidarity and making unprecedented demands of their friends as they prepare to avenge the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The U.S. Senate voted 100 to 0 yesterday in declaring its unqualified support for Mr. Bush as he plans a response to the attacks. The House of Representatives was equally supportive. There were even discussions as to whether Congress should formally declare that the nation is at war. And the American government also asked for, and received, the invocation of Article Five of the North Atlantic Charter, which commits Canada and all NATO members to declaring that an attack on the United States is an attack on them. DRDC CORA CR

20 See entry on 12 September Chrétien hedges on troops to assist retaliatory strike (Daniel Leblanc, pg.a14) Canada treats a terrorist attack against any one of its NATO allies as an attack against itself, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien said yesterday, but he refused to commit Canadian troops to retaliatory strikes against foreign targets. Mr. Chrétien said he and his government officials have been in contact with other members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Group of Eight industrialized countries to discuss a collective response to the attacks. The major issue is simply that it is unclear who the enemy is at this time, Chrétien concedes. Who is the exact enemy? I will not speculate at this time. I'm sure that the Western world has to react and that the Western world will react. See entry on 14 September Canadian connection suspected in hijackings (Jeff Sallot, Andrew Mitcovica, Tu Thanh Ha, pg.a1) Canadian and U.S. authorities are working closely on investigative leads suggesting that some of the suicide hijackers who struck New York and Washington used Canada as a staging area, officials in both countries said on 12 September. Vince Cannistraro, a former senior U.S. intelligence official, said as many as five suspects in the attacks are believed to have entered the U.S. via Canada. See entry on 12, 14 September Friday, 14 September No evidence of Canada link (Daniel Leblanc, Andrew Mitrovica, Ingrid Peritz, pg.a7) The terrorists involved in this week's attacks in New York and Washington did not travel through, or plan any part of their strikes in, Canada, according to the latest information available to police. There had been speculation that some of the terrorists had crossed into the United States from Quebec or Nova Scotia shortly before they hijacked a plane in Boston. But Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli insisted yesterday that all leads so far have been verified and that no Canadian link has emerged. See entry on 12, 13 September Canada backs 'proportionate' attack (Jeff Sallot, pg.a3) Canada would support U.S. retaliation against the terrorists who attacked New York and Washington, even if some innocent people got hurt, says Foreign Affairs Minister John Manley. Mr. Manley, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and other senior ministers repeatedly emphasized Canadian solidarity with the United States, noting that Canada is a close military ally as well as the Americans most important trading partner. The Canadian Forces remained on a higher state of alert, but so far military movements have been minimal. See entry on 13 September *Deceptive headline 4 DRDC CORA CR

21 Bush zeroes in on target (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) U.S. officials named Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden, who lives in Afghanistan, as suspect No. 1 in Tuesday s devastating attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and laid out specific demands for neighbouring Pakistan to show it is willing to co-operate with an increasingly likely U.S. assault. The White House won further public support from key military allies, including Canada, Britain and France. It also finalized a deal with Congress for $40-billion (U.S.) to pay for rescue and recovery efforts, as well as new and unspecified national-security measures. See entries on 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October Saturday, 15 September The world mourns (John Ibbitson, pg.a1) On Parliament Hill, more than 100,000 commemorated the bonds between the world's two closest allies, led by Governor-General Adrienne Clarkson and Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. We reel before the blunt and terrible reality of the evil we have just witnessed, the Prime Minister said. We cannot stop the tears of grief. But to Americans everywhere, from Canadians everywhere, he urged, Do not despair. You are not alone. We are with you. The whole world is with you. See entry on 12 September Tuesday, 18 September A House divided and that s good (Edward Greenspon, pg.a1) In emergency debate, the House of Commons gave voice or voices to the different impulses beating within the heart of the nation after last week's devastation in the United States. It is becoming clearer as the days go by that Canadians are united in their revulsion at the terrorists and their empathy for the victims but not on the best way forward. Each of the parties had their say in Canada s course of action in this emergency debate. See entries on 13, 14, 18, 19 September, 2 October We'll back U.S. fight, PM vows (Shawn McCarthy, pg.a7) Prime Minister Jean Chrétien has declared that Canada is at war against terrorism, a conflict that his cabinet ministers conceded may cost Canadian lives. In the House of Commons on 17 September, Mr. Chrétien pledged to join the United States and other allies in the fight against the terrorist organization responsible for the horrific attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. The antiterrorist campaign could include possible military action. MPs their determination to bring to justice the people involved in the assaults and to defend civilization from any future attacks. U.S. officials have said the prime suspect is a terrorist organization headed by Osama bin Laden. See entries on 13, 14 September DRDC CORA CR

22 Wednesday, 19 September Clerics talk tough on bin Laden (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) The Taliban, the controlling group in Afghanistan, which referred a final decision to the council of clerics, appeared yesterday to maintain its position that it would surrender Mr. bin Laden only if the United States presented evidence of his involvement in last week s terrorist attacks on New York and Washington and gave an assurance that he would be tried in a Muslim country. 14, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October U.S. plan to 'drain the swamp': lacks credible military targets (Paul Koring, pg.a4) Winning the war against terrorists means the United States must drain the swamp they live in, U.S. Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said on 18 September. But there are lots of ways of draining those swamps, and senior U.S. officials say different methods threats, sanctions, abductions, covert military action and, possibly, full-blown war will be applied to different swamps. This is a very new type of conflict; as a result, we're moving in a measured manner, Mr. Rumsfeld said. If a military operation is undertaken against Afghanistan, it may initially take the form of small, covert abductions or assassinations. There are not great things of value that are easy to deal with, Mr. Rumsfeld said. Afghanistan lacks the buildings, military installations and other infrastructure that is usually targeted by cruise missiles and bombs. See entries on 14, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October PM plans trip to U.S. to discuss united force (Shawn McCarthy, pg.a7) Prime Minister Jean Chrétien will travel next week to the U.S. capital for a war council with U.S. President George W. Bush and said he will advise the U.S. to take a restrained approach in its response to last week s terrorist attacks on New York and Washington. See entries on 13, 14, 18, 19 September Thursday, 20 September U.S. military launches Infinite Justice mission (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) The United States began a large military buildup in the Persian Gulf on 19 September code named Operation Infinite Justice as the threat of retaliation against countries accused of harbouring terrorists continues to grow. The Pentagon ordered more than 100 warplanes to the region, suggesting that more will soon follow as it begins its open-ended campaign to root out terrorist groups in what could prove to be dozens of countries. The F-15 and F-16 fighter jets are believed to be on their way to so-called forward bases in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Kuwait, from where they could strike either Iraq or Afghanistan. The two countries have been mentioned by U.S. officials as havens for anti-american terrorists. More aircraft, including B-1 bombers and surveillance planes, are likely to follow, reports say. An aircraft carrier and a dozen other warships and submarines also left Norfolk, Va., yesterday for what was previously scheduled as a mission in the Mediterranean. Officials would not say whether orders had changed. Military pressure is ratcheting up as Afghanistan s ruling Taliban regime continues to refuse U.S. and United Nations demands for the handover of suspected terrorist mastermind Osama bin Laden. 6 DRDC CORA CR

23 Taliban leaders said they are still awaiting proof that Mr. bin Laden or any other member of his al-qaeda network of militant groups was involved in last week's terrorist attacks. See entries on 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October Canada will make its own laws, PM vows (Shawn McCarthy, Campbell Clark, pg.a1) Prime Minister Jean Chrétien stressed sovereignty to his MPs yesterday in the face of increased pressure to establish a North American security perimeter. In a closed caucus meeting, Mr. Chrétien said the government may make changes to immigration and other policies but will not simply harmonize those policies with the Americans, as some Liberals have suggested. Opposition leaders slammed the government for being too soft. But the Prime Minister said it will maintain what he called a balanced approach as it tightens security. See entries on 18 September, 2 October Friday, 21 September Tide of hate crimes rising in Canada (Alanna Mitchell, pg.a5) Hate-motivated crimes have skyrocketed in Canada since the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington last week. This is happening in lock step with a wave of similar incidents in the United States and Britain. In Canada, many of the incidents are aimed at any dark-skinned person, regardless of religion or ethnic origin. Police have confirmed the trend. See entry on 4 May 2002 First hit likely all-u.s. effort (Jeff Sallot, pg.a6) The United States is almost certain to strike unilaterally when it first locates terrorist targets and will call on allies for military assistance only later in what may become a long campaign, Canadian defence officials said on 20 September. See entries on 14, 19, 20, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October Saturday, 22 September Canadians reject war if civilians put at risk (Shawn McCarthy, pg.a1) Nearly half of Canadians would oppose joining a U.S.-led international war on terrorism if it would expose civilians here to terrorist attacks, a new Globe and Mail-CTV-Ipsos Reid poll reveals. The survey, done this week, found that 73 per cent of Canadians favour joining the United States in its battle against terrorism. But support plunges with the prospect of civilian casualties here. In that case, 43 per cent of respondents say they would oppose joining a war on terrorism. Monday, 24 September Bin Laden gone? U.S. doubts it (John Ibbitson, pg.a1) DRDC CORA CR

24 The United States and Afghanistan s ruling Taliban clashed yesterday over whether the Afghan regime has lost touch with militant Islamic leader Osama bin Laden, as U.S. officials vowed to uproot thousands of his supporters. Abdul Salam Zaeef, the Taliban ambassador to Pakistan, said his government has been searching for Mr. bin Laden since late last week to invite him to leave the country, but he has not been traced. Yesterday, though, Secretary of State Colin Powell emphasized that the U.S. government s first and perhaps only objective is the destruction of al-qaeda (The Base), Mr. bin Laden's loose network. See entries on 14, 19, 20, 21, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October Worldwide extremist network revealed (Jane Armstrong, pg.a6) U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell said the U.S. government will make public evidence showing that Saudi-born dissident Osama bin Laden and his al-qaeda network were behind the terrorist attacks. See entries on 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October *Deceptive headline Wednesday, 26 September Canada and U.S. tighten borders (John Ibbitson, Campbell Clark, pg.a1) U.S. Attorney-General John Ashcroft revealed yesterday that his country will toughen security along the Canadian border, saying it has been used by terrorists as a transit point. His remarks came even as Canadian Immigration Minister Elinor Caplan announced she had ordered tough new security screening for refugee claimants, which is already increasing backlogs at entry points. See entries on 13, 14 September Thursday, 27 September Death applications filed for 26 Canadians (Canadian Press, pg.a8) The state of New York received presumption-of-death applications on 26 September for at least 26 Canadians lost in the rubble of the World Trade Center. See entries on 12 September Saturday, 29 September Special forces are in, says U.S. (John Ibbitson, pg.a1) U.S. government officials confirmed yesterday that U.S. and British special forces are inside Afghanistan, perhaps preparing for future operations against Osama bin Laden's al-qaeda terrorist group or the Taliban regime. President George W. Bush, alluding to the importance of such missions, commented yesterday that it's difficult to fight a guerrilla war with conventional forces. He refused to provide any information about undercover operations that might be under way in Afghanistan, but added: Make no mistake about it, we're in hot pursuit. 8 DRDC CORA CR

25 See entries on 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October 2.2 October 2001 Monday, 1 October Taliban keeping bin Laden at 'secret' hideaway (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) As U.S. troops and assets continue to arrive in the Gulf region, it became clear that the Taliban was housing and protecting Osama bin Laden in a secret hideaway somewhere in Afghanistan; making the political regime just as much of a target as bin Laden himself. The Taliban s supreme leader, Mullah Mohammed Omar, warned in a public response that the US should leave Muslim and Arab countries alone or else Americans will never be safe. See entries on 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 8, 10 October Tuesday, 2 October U.S. to share bin Laden evidence (Tu Thanh Ha, Jill Mahoney, pg.a5) President Bush said that members of al-qaeda have been located in Afghanistan and will be brought to justice. The U.S. will share intelligence with allied nations, including Canada, proving that Osama bin Laden and al-qaeda planned and conducted the attacks on 11 September. British Prime Minister Tony Blair called the evidence powerful and incontrovertible. See entry on 5 October U.S., Britain appear ready to begin strike on Taliban (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) The U.S. and Britain prepared to launch a military attack against the Taliban. Tony Blair cited that they have given the Taliban enough time to turn over the terrorists but have failed to do so. He said that the U.S.-British effort will destroy Taliban equipment, cut their supply lines and target their troops. Related, Canada announced that it would lift all economic and political sanctions against Pakistan, citing the country s criticism of Taliban practices. See entries for 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10 October Ottawa setting up antiterror committee (Jeff Sallot, pg.a4) A cabinet-level committee to coordinate departmental counterterrorism initiatives met for the first time on 1 October. The committee includes Deputy Prime Minister Herb Gray, Transport Minister David Collenette, Defence Minister Art Eggleton, Immigration Minister Elinor Caplan, Finance Minister Paul Martin, Revenue Minister Martin Cauchon, Solicitor-General Lawrence MacAulay, Justice Minister Anne McLellan and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister Stéphane Dion. The committee will quickly implement a number of antiterrorism initiatives including the investigation of terrorists who disguise themselves as refuges as a response to a call from the United Nations Security Council. See entry on 18, 20 September DRDC CORA CR

26 Wednesday, 3 October Cellucci urges Canada to hike defence budget (Paul Knox, pg.a8) U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Paul Cellucci, asked Ottawa to spend more on defence to bolster its peacekeeping capabilities to aid the American transition from peacekeeping operations (i.e., in the Balkans) to offensive missions in the Middle East. He also called on Ottawa to work with the U.S. to prevent terrorists from operating in North America and emphasized tighter immigration controls. See entries on 4, 8, 9 October Canadian support praised by Ashcroft, MacAulay says (John Ibbitson, pg. A6.) Canadian Solicitor-General Lawrence MacAulay met U.S. Attorney-General John Ashcroft on 2 October to discuss border security and bilateral police cooperation. Neither would give specific details of the meeting aside from affirming that North American security will be a main issue of both governments in the future. Ashcroft and the FBI publicly praised the work of the RCMP and CSIS. See entry on 17 December, 19 July 2006 Thursday, 4 October Will Canada send soldiers to free U.S. peacekeepers? (Jeff Sallot, pg.a4) Minister of National Defence, Art Eggleton, said that Ottawa is considering Paul Cellucci s push for Canada to increase its peacekeeping capacity. Eggleton also signed an agreement that would allow up to 100 Canadian soldiers to particpate in any U.S.-led antiterrorist strike. See entries on 3, 8, 9 October U.S. sends military aid request to NATO (Paul Knox, pg. A4) U.S. officials formally requested material support of other NATO member countries to launch a military offensive in Afghanistan. The assets requested include spy planes, allies air space, bases and fuel pipelines. The U.S. gave no indication whether or not it would seek the help of NATO nations in planning the mission. See entry on 6 October Friday, 5 October The War on Terror (Editorial, pg.a7) On 4 October, the British government released a 70-point report that outlined how Osama bin Laden and al-qaeda were behind the 11 September attacks. It was replicated in The Globe and Mail. See entry on 2 October 10 DRDC CORA CR

27 How would Canada react to new regime? (John Stackhouse, pg.a4) Minister for International Cooperation, Maria Minna, said that Ottawa would cooperate with another government in Afghanistan when and if the Taliban was ousted and replaced with a responsible and moderate government that was focused on redevelopment of the Afghan state. See entry on 6 October Saturday, 6 October U.S., Blair tighten noose on isolated Taliban regime (John Stackhouse, pg. A1) American and British politicians and strategists completed their military and diplomatic preparations to launch a military offensive against the Taliban in Afghanistan. Significant emphasis was placed on building a regional consensus of what governance for post-taliban Afghanistan should look like. See entries for 2, 5 October *Deceptive headline Peace groups gather as NATO delegates converge on Ottawa (Jeff Sallot, pg.a5) NATO member states met in Ottawa on 6 October to discuss the appropriate response to the 11 September attacks. Members of Canadian peace groups, including the Council of Canadians and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers, also met to protest the pending invasion of Afghanistan. See entries on 4, 9 October Liberals to increase security spending (Shawn McCarthy, pg. A5) Liberal sources disclosed that the federal government will make a series of announcements in the next two weeks regarding increased funding for domestic security to the sum of $250 million. See entries on 13, 27 October Monday, 8 October We will not falter and we will not fail (Reuter News Agency, pg.a10) President George Bush made a statement on 7 October on U.S. television explaining that the U.S. would launch a military offensive against the Taliban in Afghanistan. See entries on 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 10 October We will act with reason and resolve (British Press Association, pg.a11) After President Bush s announcement, British Prime Minister Tony Blair spoke on national media on 7 October to confirm that British forces would be involved in the U.S.-led attacks on Taliban targets in Afghanistan See entries on 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29 September, 1, 2, 10 October DRDC CORA CR

28 We must remain strong and vigilant (Canadian Press, pg. A10) After President Bush s announcement on 7 October, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien made a national statement stating that Canadian military assets would join the American-led coalition to combat terrorism. It was revealed that on 5 October President Bush asked Canada to commit military assets to the fight against terrorism. Later that evening the Minister of National Defence was informed of the situation and was instructed to agree. On 6 October, Chrétien met with the U.S. Chief of the National Defence Staff. On the same day as his national speech, 7 October, Chrétien instructed the Chief of Defence Staff, General Raymond Henault, to prepare units for deployment. Chrétien also assured Canadians that the leaders of all the opposition parties have agreed to cooperate with the deployment of Canadian troops See entries on 13, 14, 18, 19 September, 9, 18 October U.S. strikes back, Canada gears up (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) Following the announcements of state leaders on 7 October, U.S. military assets began to target locations in Kabul and Kandahar, including the military headquarters of Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar. Canada prepares troops, including a Navy frigate, for deployment. See entries on 9, 18 October Spend more on military, Ottawa told (Stephen Chase, pg.a13) Canada was accused by Bruce George, the head of the British Parliament s defence committee of not pulling its weight internationally with respect to military spending and capabilities. Douglas Beruter, vice-president of a U.S. congressional house committee on intelligence, made similar claims on CTV s Question Period. Canada s Chief of Defence Staff, General Raymond Henault, countered these claims at a NATO meeting, citing Canada s peacekeeping role on the world s stage. See entries on 3, 4, 8 October Suddenly, we re at war (Edward Greenspon, pg.a17) Little information has been revealed about the scope of Canada s commitment to fighting terrorism abroad. Prime Minister Chrétien said that it would include military, diplomatic, financial, humanitarian, legislative and domestic security initiatives. The author argues that Canadians want further details about the extent and longevity of the mission. Minister of National Defence Art Eggleton did not comment on the Prime Minister s claims on 7 October. The author believes that a constructive, inclusive debate needs to take place before Canada makes firm commitments. PM puts military on alert (Steven Chase, pg. A1) Prime Minister Chrétien has put the military on standby to be deployed to combat terrorism presumably in Afghanistan. Canada has not formally said whether Canada is at war with Afghanistan. Opposition Leader, Stockwell Day, backed the Prime Minister. Alexa McDonough, leader of the New Democratic Party, criticized the ongoing air attacks in Afghanistan and the prospect of Canadian military involvement in the region. The coming week will feature a cabinet meeting dedicated to the topic and a debate in Parliament is expected shortly. 12 DRDC CORA CR

29 See entries on 9, 18 October Tuesday, 9 October Thousands join rallies for peace (Michael Valpy, pg.a13) Peace rallies on 7 and 8 October in major North American and European cities (including Toronto and Montreal) took place as protestors attempted to influence the U.S.-led attack on Taliban key targets in Afghanistan. See entries on 4, 7 October NATO seeks Canadian troops for the Balkans (Jeff Sallot, pg.a6) George Robertson, the Secretary-General of NATO expects that Canada will send peacekeeping troops to the Balkans so that American soldiers can relocate to the Middle East. See entries on 3, 4, 8 October Canadians head off to war (Jeff Sallot, pg.a1) Canada s largest combined naval and air mission in a decade, Operation Apollo, was announced on 8 October. It will include six ships, six aircraft and 2,000 service personnel. The only ground forces that will be used for hostile engagement is a small deployment of Joint Task Force 2. See entry on 8 October Wednesday, 10 October Security changes here subtle (Campbell Clark, pg.a4) Since Canada has announced its participation in the U.S.-led war on terrorism, security measures have been increased domestically although not to the extent seen in other countries. See entry on 2 October. PM vague about length of military deployment (Shawn McCarthy, pg.a6) Pressed with more questioning, Prime Minister Chrétien was vague about how long Canadians can expect their armed forces to be active in the fight against terrorism. See entry on 8 October Al-Qaeda declares holy war (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, a lieutenant of Osama bin Laden, was featured in a video distributed by al- Qaeda on 9 October where he declares holy war on the U.S and praises the events of 11 September. He also urged all Muslims around the world to pick up arms and fight against the U.S. by citing that Jihad is the religious duty of every Muslim. Canadian Muslims scorn call to arms (John Saunders, pg.a1) DRDC CORA CR

30 Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, a lieutenant of Osama bin Laden, encouraged Muslims worldwide to pick up arms and fight the United States. Abdul Hai Patel, Muslim Chaplin at the University of Toronto, said that Canadian Muslims looked down on the call to arms. See entries on 10 October 2001, 15 December 2001, 16 July 2005, 8 July 2006, 1 January 2007, 1 January 2007 Thursday, 11 October Canadian killed in Kuwaiti market (John Saunders, pg.a12) A Canadian was shot in Kuwait on 10 October. Reuteurs reported that the incident could have been linked to Canada s support for the ongoing U.S. air raids against key Taliban targets in Afghanistan. See entries on 12, 13 October Friday, 12 October Terrorists could hit again soon, FBI warns (John Stackhouse, pg.a1) President George Bush warned Americans on 11 October that there is a possibility of another attack on American soil or against U.S. assets overseas in the coming days. Canadian officials said that they have no intelligence of any attacks against Canada. See entry on 3 October 2001 Let s stand by our PM (Stockwell Day, pg.a17) Leader of the Oppositiion, Stockwell Day, published an open letter to Canadians urging them to support Prime Minister Chrétien s decision to take part in the battle against terrorism. See entry on 8 October Shooting of Canadian sparks fear (Alan Freeman, pg.a7) Canadian expatriate communities, especially in the Persian Gulf, worry about the possibility of being targeted in the wake of the killing in Kuwait on 10 October. See entries on 11, 13 October Saturday, 13 October Ottawa set to take hard line in battle on terror (Brian Laghi, Daniel Leblanc, Shawn McCarthy, pg.a1) The federal government will announce a $12-million bioterrorism package, tougher justice sanctions against hate crimes, new prohibitions on fundraising for terrorist groups and new money for CSIS. See entries on 6, 27 October Ottawa zeroes in on refugee claimants (Campbell Clark, pg.a13) 14 DRDC CORA CR