THE UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE. Joint Military Operations Reference Guide

Transcription

1 NWC 3153Q THE UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Joint Military Operations Reference Guide "FORCES/CAPABILITIES HANDBOOK" January 2017

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3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 1 U.S. Navy... 2 I Mission and Purpose... 2 II Organization and Command Structure... 2 III U.S. Navy Concept of Operations... 7 IV Capabilities V Navy Reserve VI Current Challenges U.S. Army I Introduction II Army Organization III Army National Guard and Army Reserve IV Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands and Direct Reporting Units...51 V Contemporary Army Issues...57 VI Notional MEF and Notional Army Modular Division Compared...61 VII AC Command Relationships Down to BCT...63 VIII Army Logistical Data...67 IX Major Army Systems...71 U.S. Marine Corps I Roles and Functions II Organization and Structure III Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) IV Warfighting Doctrine V Systems and Equipment VI Employment Considerations U.S.Air Force...91 I Mission...91 II Organization and Command Structure...91 III Data From Air Force Magazine s 2016 USAF Almanac...94 U.S. Coast Guard I Introduction to the Coast Guard II Coast Guard Roles and Missions III Coast Guard Forces

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 1 U.S. Navy... 2 I Mission and Purpose... 2 II Organization and Command Structure... 2 III U.S. Navy Concept of Operations... 7 IV Capabilities V Navy Reserve VI Current Challenges U.S. Army I Introduction II Army Organization III Army National Guard and Army Reserve IV Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands and Direct Reporting Units V Contemporary Army Issues VI Notional MEF and Notional Army Modular Division Compared VII AC Command Relationships Down to BCT..63 VIII Army Logistical Data. 67 IX Major Army Systems. 71 U.S. Marine Corps I Roles and Functions II Organization and Structure III Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) IV Warfighting Doctrine V Systems and Equipment VI Employment Considerations U.S. Air Force I Mission II Organization and Command Structure III Data From Air Force Magazine s 2016 USAF Almanac U.S. Coast Guard I Introduction to the Coast Guard II Coast Guard Roles and Missions III Coast Guard Forces

5 Special Operations Forces I Mission II Organization III Special Operations IV SOCOM Components Strategic Lift I Mission, Organization, and Resources II Concept of Operations for Strategic Deployment III Movement in Support of Homeland Defense and Civil Support Operational Command and Control I Introduction II Command Relationships and Levels of Authority III Joint Command Organization IV Multinational Command Organization V U.S. and Alliance Command Relationships Appendix A Services' Insignia... A-1 Appendix B Conversion Table B-1 Appendix C Navy Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) Concept... C-1 Appendix D Air and Sea Route Times... D-1 Appendix E Naval Logistics and Sustainment Planning Factors E-1

6 INTRODUCTION Every student enrolled at the Naval War College is presumed to have a solid understanding and appreciation of their service's capabilities and limitations, particularly within their occupational specialty. However, knowledge of the other services' combat organizations, doctrine, concept of operations, or general information (and perhaps that of other occupational specialties within your own service) is likely to be less comprehensive. This document provides basic information about each of the services, special operations forces, strategic lift, and operational command and control. Each of these topics will be discussed in greater detail in future sessions. The format of this document is designed to be succinct yet also present a complete and accurate description of the subject. Short paragraphs, bullet format, diagrams and appendices are used to convey general or generic, vice specific, information. Numbers, ranges, sizes and speeds are either rounded off, cover a broad range of options, or are not discussed at all. The goal is for you to become familiar with the capabilities that the joint force can provide so that you, the operational planner, can accomplish your mission objectives. This document can also serve as a quick reference in your future endeavors. Finally, in this ever-changing defense environment of budget restraints, base closures, and force reductions, some of the information contained within may be or become outdated. Seminar discussions will address the most current information. 1

7 U.S. NAVY I. Mission and Purpose In order to successfully carry out this broad mission, DOD Directive directs the Navy to maintain the following capabilities: Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain including achieving and maintaining sea control, to include subsurface, surface, land, air, space, and cyberspace. Provide power projection through sea-based global strike, to include nuclear and conventional capabilities; interdiction and interception capabilities; maritime and/or littoral fires, to include naval surface fires; and close air support for ground forces. Conduct ballistic missile defense. Conduct ocean, hydro, and river survey and reconstruction. Conduct riverine operations. Establish, maintain, and defend sea bases in support of naval, amphibious, land, air, or other joint operations as directed. Provide naval expeditionary logistics to enhance the deployment, sustainment, and redeployment of naval forces and other forces operating within the maritime domain, to include joint sea bases, and provide sea transport for the Armed Forces other than that which is organic to the individual Military Services and USSOCOM. Provide support for joint space operations to enhance naval operations, in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities. II. Organization and Command Structure The U.S. Navy was founded on 13 October 1775 and the Department of the Navy was established on 30 April The Department of the Navy has three principal components: the Navy Department, consisting of executive offices mostly in Washington, D.C., the operating forces, including the Marine Corps, the reserve components, and in time of war, the U.S. Coast Guard (in peace it is a component of the Department of Homeland Security), and the shore establishment. The focus of this chapter is Navy operating forces. The Marine Corps is addressed in a separate chapter. Navy Operating Forces Navy operating forces have a dual chain of command. Administratively, they report to the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) for the execution of their Title 10 responsibilities (man, train, equip, maintain). All Navy operating units have an administrative chain of command which runs through the appropriate Type Commander (TYCOM): (Surface Forces (SURFOR), Air Forces (AIRFOR), Submarine Forces (SUBFOR), Special Warfare (NAVSPECWARCOM), Expeditionary Forces (Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)), Auxiliary and sealift forces (Military Sealift Command (MSC)), and Information Warfare Forces (Navy Information Forces (NAVIFOR)). TYCOMs have responsibility for the readiness of their type forces to include maintenance, manning, training, and equipping as well as the assignment of 2

8 personnel. The following chart presents an overview of the Title 10 / administrative organization of the Navy operating forces and shore forces: U.S. Navy Organization Source: Navy Organization Chart provided courtesy of LCDR Damien Dodge, USFFC, 22 Dec 16. Operationally, Navy forces report to the appropriate Unified Combatant Commanders through the assigned Navy component commander (NCC). As Navy units enter the area of responsibility (AOR) for a Geographic Combatant Commander (GCC), they fall under operational control (OPCON) of the appropriate numbered fleet commander (NFC) (via the NCC). 3

9 The following chart presents an overview of the operational organization of the Navy operating forces: USEUCOM & USAFRICOM USNORTHCOM USPACOM USCENTCOM USSOUTHCOM US Naval Forces Europe/Africa Fleet Forces Command (Atlantic Fleet) U.S.Pacific Fleet US Naval Forces Central Command US Naval Forces Southern Command 6 th Fleet CTF-80 3rd Fleet 7th Fleet 5 th Fleet 4 th Fleet USSOCOM USCYBERCOM USSTRATCOM USTRANSCOM Naval Special Warfare Command FLTCYBER COM/ 10 th Fleet Fleet Forces Command (Atlantic Fleet) Military Sealift Command Naval Shore Forces The shore establishment provides support to the operating forces (known as The Fleet ) in the form of: facilities for the repair of machinery and electronics; communications centers; training areas and simulators; ship and aircraft repair; intelligence and meteorological support; storage areas for repair parts, fuel, and munitions, and medical / dental facilities. The following chart illustrates the Navy shore establishment: 4

10 Operational Organization The operational level of command for Navy forces is the NFC. All operational units operate under the OPCON of the NFC within whose area of operations they are located. The below table identifies the numbered fleets and their areas of operations: Fleet Headquartered Area of operations CTF-80* Norfolk, VA Western Atlantic Ocean 3 rd San Diego, CA Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean 4 th Mayport, FL Caribbean, Central and South America 5 th Manama, Bahrain Middle East (Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf) 6 th Naples, Italy Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Southern Indian Ocean adjacent to Africa, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Baltic, Barents, Black, Caspian, North Seas. 7 th Yokosuka, Japan Western Pacific, Indian Ocean * Operational arm/maritime HQ under USFF; formally CTF-20, which replaced 2 nd Fleet. NFCs are permanently organized and assigned to a GCC. To command forces at the operational level in the maritime domain, each numbered fleet has a Maritime Operations Center (MOC). The MOC gives the fleet commander greater situational awareness on current operations in the maritime domain as well as the capability to plan and direct military operations to meet operational and strategic objectives across the spectrum of conflict. The MOC is staffed by the numbered fleet staff and augmented at time of crisis to give the Fleet Commander the C2 capability to operate as a Combined Fleet Maritime Component Commander or Joint Task Force commander. PACFLT and USFF also have a MOC. The numbered fleet staff level and operational chain of command are task oriented below. Naval fleets are suborganized into task forces. Each task force is responsible to the Fleet Commander for certain functions related to the assigned units. 5

11 The 7 th Fleet Task Force organization is illustrated below: TYPICAL NUMBERED FLEET ORGANIZATION (7th Fleet) Commander 7th Fleet CTF-70/75 Commander, Battle Force, 7th Fleet (Striking Forces CSGs/SSGs) CTF-71 Commander, Navy Special Warfare Unit One (SEALs) CTF-72 Commander, Patrol & Reconnaissance Force, 7th Fleet (Maritime Patrol) CTF-73 Commander, Logistics Group, Western Pacific CTF-74 Commander, Submarine Force, 7th Fleet CTF-75 Commander, Navy Expeditionary Forces Command Pacific, 7th Fleet CTF-76 Commander, Amphibious Force, 7th Fleet CTF-78 Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Korea CTF-79 3rd Marine Expedititionary Brigade (MEB) The numbering system for Task Forces subordinated to numbered fleets derives from the number of the fleet (e.g. designations of 7 th Fleet Task Forces take the form CTF-7x). Forces are further organized below the task force level. An individual Carrier Strike Group (CSG) or Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) within a given fleet constitutes a Task Group (e.g. USS RONALD REAGAN CSG operating in the 7 th Fleet could be designated CTG 70.1). REAGAN CSG units operating together for a specific task, perhaps the air defense units within the CSG, would receive a separate Task Unit designation (e.g. REAGAN CSG air defense units could be designated CTU ). Individual units within the CTU are designated as Task Elements (e.g. the commanding officer of the guided missile destroyer USS LASSEN operating in the South China Sea could be designated CTE ). This organizational scheme is scalable to meet many operational situations. 6

12 The basic Navy fighting units are ships, submarines and aircraft squadrons and are predominantly O-5 level commands. Navy O-6 level Major Operational Commands include larger ships (cruisers (CG), amphibious assault ships (LHD/LHA)), aircraft carriers (CVN), destroyer/amphibious/submarine squadrons (DESRON/PHIBRON/SUBRON), and air wings (Carrier Air Wing (CVW)) or Patrol Reconnaissance Wings (PATRECONWING)). Similar type ships (i.e. destroyers, amphibious ships, submarines, etc.) are organized under squadrons (e.g. DESRONs, PHIBRONs, SUBRON). Aircraft squadrons are organized under air wings. III. U.S. Navy Concept of Operations The U.S. Navy is an instrument of national power, employed to prevent conflict and, if necessary, prevail in war. It is organized, trained, and equipped primarily to fight at and from the sea and to influence events on land. U.S. Navy forces are uniquely suited to overcoming diplomatic, military, and geographic impediments to access an increasing challenge in the contemporary environment while respecting the sovereign territory of nations. Selfsustaining, sea based expeditionary forces provide persistent presence by operating forward to conduct security cooperation, build partnerships, prevent and deter conflict, communicate our Nation s intent, respond to crises and, when necessary, facilitate the introduction of additional naval, joint, or multinational forces, as well as interagency, international, or non-governmental organizations. U.S. Navy Core Missions and Essential Functions The U.S. Navy continues the evolution of naval power from the blue-water, war-at-sea focus of the Maritime Strategy (1986), through the littoral emphasis of From the Sea (1992), and Forward... from the Sea (1994). Adapting to the changing world environment and operational requirements, the U.S. Navy reorganized itself in 2002 under a new concept entitled Sea Power 21. Continued development between the Navy and Marine Corps presented a unified vision for the future entitled, Naval Operations Concept 2006 (NOC 06) as a means for developing maritime strategy to meet the evolving challenges of the Twenty-first Century. The Navy and Marine Corps, together with the Coast Guard, explored the ideas articulated in NOC 7

13 06 to refine this strategy, resulting in the publication of A Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century Seapower (CS21) in This marked the first time the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard came together in a unified maritime strategy. Naval Operations Concept 2010 (NOC 10) describes when, where and how U.S. naval forces will contribute to enhancing security, preventing conflict, and prevailing in war to guide Maritime Strategy implementation in a manner consistent with national strategy. NOC 10 describes the ways with which the sea services will achieve the ends articulated in CS21. In 2015, the Navy revised the CS21 (a.k.a. CS21R or Forward, Engaged, and Ready - A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower), where it builds on the heritage and complementary capabilities of the Navy-Marine Corps-Coast Guard team. The CS21R stresses that a successful maritime strategy requires two foundational principles: forward naval presence and operating jointly and together with allies/partners. Under the CS21R, the Navy accomplishes its core naval missions (defend the homeland, deter conflict, respond to crises, defeat aggression, protect the maritime commons, strengthen partnerships, and provide humanitarian assistance and disaster response) through five essential functions: all domain access, deterrence, sea control, power projection, and maritime security. The below essential functions descriptions are derived from CS21R: All Domain Access All domain access is a new term (non-doctrinal) and is defined in the CS21R as gaining and maintaining freedom of action in the maritime environment through synergistic cross-domain activities. It includes the ability to project military force in contested areas with sufficient freedom of action to operate effectively. Because today s maritime environment is increasingly contested by state and non-state actors, our forward deployed naval forces are at risk with the emergence of sophisticated anti-access/area denial strategies. CS21R calls for the Navy and Marines to be a highly interoperable team, able to coordinate sea control and power projection capabilities seamlessly. Additionally, all domain access allows Joint Force Maritime Component Commanders to provide cross-domain capability to the Joint Force through the following elements: Battlespace awareness accurate recognized operational picture across air, sea, space, cyber, and electromagnetic spectrum domains, which includes understanding the information environment. Assured command and control ensures commanders the ability to maintain robust, resilient, and agile networks for the command and control of forces in contested or exploitable environments. Cyberspace operations includes both defensive and offensive measures intended protect friendly cyberspace capabilities while denying the same to our enemies. Electromagnetic Maneuver Warfare (EMW) a relatively new concept, which blends coordinated fleet operations across all warfare domains to gain freedom of action in the electromagnetic spectrum while denying our enemies the same to achieve a warfighting asymmetric advantage. Integrated fires combines kinetic and electronic warfare capabilities, increasing the synergistic benefits to defeat advanced threats that provides maximum effectiveness. Deterrence It is U.S. long-standing policy to deter aggression by maintaining naval forces capable of projecting various forms of power throughout the world. These forms include sea-based nuclear weapons and the forward posturing of credible conventional combat power in key 8

14 regions, as well as the ability to surge forces tailored to meet emerging crises. The selfdeploying and self- sustaining nature of naval forces, operating freely at sea unrestricted by diplomatic constraints, allows them to play a primary role in deterrence. The ability to move credible combat power into position to conduct precision strike or project forces ashore, without actually doing so, allows national decision-makers to signal U.S. intentions while keeping their options for action open. Deployed naval forces are uniquely suited to perform a comprehensive approach to deterrence. They possess a credible and scalable ability to challenge and retaliate against state and nonstate aggressors using nuclear, conventional, or unconventional means. Their movement is not limited by diplomatic challenges to access. In addition to maintaining nuclear and conventional capability advantages, naval forces are developing capabilities in the emerging areas of space, cyberspace, ballistic missile defense, and theater security cooperation. Sea Control Sea control is the essence of seapower and is a necessary ingredient in the successful accomplishment of all naval missions. It requires control of the surface, subsurface, and airspace and relies upon the naval force maintaining superior capabilities and capacities in all sea control warfare tasks (to include air and missile defense (AMD), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW), mine warfare (MIW), intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)). Sea control is achieved primarily through the demonstrated use or credible threat of force. It is established through naval, joint, or combined operations designed to ensure the use of ocean and littoral areas by one s own forces and to prevent their use by the enemy. By continually operating forward, U.S. naval forces become familiar with the choke points, sealanes, and littorals that comprise strategic maritime geography. Concurrently, they promote relationships and increase interoperability with international partners while gaining familiarity with the personalities and behavior patterns of regional actors. Both of these actions result in improved sea control capability by U.S. and partner navies. Power Projection The ability to project power increases in importance as access diminishes. U.S. naval forces provide proven and superior capability to globally project flexible, scalable, lethal, and sustainable power. There are two basic forms of naval power projection: strike operations and amphibious operations. Strike operations employ ballistic or cruise missiles, aircraft, naval surface fires, non-kinetic technologies, Marines or naval special warfare teams to attack targets ashore. Amphibious operations employ a landing force embarked in an amphibious task force to accomplish a variety of hard power and soft power tasks. Among various strike options, aircraft carriers with embarked air wings and sea-based missile platforms are unique and preeminent capabilities maintained by the U.S. Navy. Amphibious operations, to include assault, withdrawal, demonstrations, raids and other activities such as noncombatant evacuations, humanitarian assistance and disaster response in permissive, uncertain, or hostile environments, continue to be critical in the post-cold War 9

15 environment with over 85 instances where these capabilities were applied. Amphibious ships possess an inherent flexibility across the spectrum of operations due to their wealth of command and control suites, flight decks, well decks, vertical and surface connectors, medical facilities, and carrying capacity. Maritime Security Maritime security is a non-doctrinal term that can be defined as those operations conducted to protect maritime sovereignty and resources, and to counter maritime-related terrorism, weapons proliferation, transnational crime, piracy, environmental destruction, and illegal seaborne immigration. Key enabling actions include improving cooperation and mutual capacity and capability, enhancing collective global awareness, and providing comprehensive and effective response options to threats in the maritime domain. Global Maritime Partnerships (GMP) represents the overarching framework by which the United States will develop cooperative relationships with international partners. The Maritime Operational Threat Response (MOTR) plan addresses the full range of maritime security threats and establishes the protocols for achieving a coordinated response. Additionally, the National Fleet policy partners the Navy and Coast Guard towards improved integration of multi-mission platforms, infrastructure, and personnel between the two services. Identifying the full range of maritime threats is essential to increasing security in the maritime domain and is the primary objective of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). As part of MDA, U.S. Naval forces in conjunction with outside agencies use the following options in response: Increased Surveillance and Tracking: Vessels of interest are tracked using a wide variety of military and commercial space-based systems, as well as air, surface, and underwater sensors. Maritime Interception Operations: Defined as efforts to monitor, query, and board merchant vessels in international waters to enforce sanctions against other nations such as those in support of United Nations Security Council Resolutions or prevent the transport of restricted goods. Law Enforcement Operations: Navy vessels with Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachments counter activities in U.S. and international waters such as illegal immigration or drug trafficking. Expanded Maritime Interception Operations: Authorized by the President and directed by the Secretary of Defense to intercept vessels identified to be transporting terrorists or terrorist-related material that poses an imminent threat to the United States and its allies. Composition and Capability of Major Deployable Elements Carrier Strike Group (CSG) The CSG is a flexible, heavy strike group that can operate in any threat environment, in the littorals or open ocean. CSG capabilities support initial crisis response missions and may be undertaken in non-permissive environments characterized by multiple threats including, but not limited to: anti-ship missiles, ballistic missiles, fighter/attack aircraft, electromagnetic jammers, cruise missile equipped surface combatants, submarines (nuclear and diesel), mines and terrorist threats. Logistic support ships are controlled as a theater asset (previously one logistic support ships was attached to each CSG). Typically a CSG will have (platform details in Section IV capabilities): 10

16 1 CSG command staff (one or two star flag led staff) 1 Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) staff (O-6 led staff) 1 Aircraft Carrier (CVN) (O-6 led) 1 Carrier Air Wing (CVW) (O-6 led) (air wing composition in Section IV Capabilities) 5-7 surface combatants (CG/DDG) with capabilities spread between multi-mission ships 1 CG primarily for air and missile defense (AMD), but also SUW, ASW, and STK 4-6 DDGs primary for SUW/ASW/STK (may assume AMD as required) with embarked helo detachments helo capable CG/DDG 1 logistics helo detachment Amphibious Ready Group / Marine Expeditionary Unit (ARG/MEU) The ARG/MEU is the routine rotational amphibious force package employed by the NavyMarine Corps team. The baseline ARG/MEU consists of three amphibious ships with naval support elements and an embarked MEU without an embarked Flag or General led staff. It may or may not deploy with surface combatants depending upon the mission requirements. In the event a requirement exists for an ARG/MEU to be led by a Flag or General officer the amphibious force package will be referred to as an Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG). Centered on the flexibility and readiness of a combined MEU and an ARG, the total ARG/MEU provides operational freedom and expanded warfare capabilities, not only by land with embarked Marines, but at sea as well. An ARG/MEU consists of the following (platform details in Section IV): 1 Amphibious Squadron (PHIBRON) Staff (O-6 led staff) 3 Amphibious ships 1 Amphibious Assault Ship (LHA or LHD) (O-6 led) 1 Amphibious Landing Ship Transport Dock (LPD) (O-6 led) 1 Amphibious Landing Ship Dock (LSD) (O-5 led) Naval Support Elements (NSE) 1 Assault Craft Unit (ACU) detachment with 1 to 4 displacement landing craft (LCU) 1 Assault Craft Unit (ACU) detachment with 3 to 6 non-displacement landing craft (LCAC) 1 Beachmaster Unit (BMU) detachment 1 SAR/logistics helo detachment 1 Tactical Air Control squadron (TACRON) detachment 1 Fleet Surgical Team (Level II medical capability) Nominally, 1 Navy explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) platoon 1 amphibious construction battalion detachment Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) (additional details in Marine Corps chapter) Command Element (O-6 led MEU staff) Ground Combat Element (reinforced battalion landing team) Air Combat Element (Composite squadron of fixed and rotary wing aircraft) 6 AV-8Bs Harriers (or F-35B Lightening II) 12 MV-22 Ospreys 4 CH-53 Sea Stallions 4 AH-1W Super Cobras 3 UH-1Y Venoms 2 MH-60S Seahawks 41 Total aircraft Logistics Combat Element (Combat Logistics Battalion) 11

17 Surface Action Group (SAG) The SAG is a surface group that can operate independently or in conjunction with other maritime forces. SAG capabilities support crisis response missions or sustained missions and may be employed in limited non-permissive environments characterized by multiple threats. TLAM / standard missile equipped SSGs provide deterrence and immediate contingency response, while maintaining the ability to conduct maritime security operations and other tasks. SSGs are primarily designed to be an independent, sea-based, mobile group that will provide sea control and strike power to support joint and allied forces afloat and ashore. SAG capabilities include passive surveillance and tracking, passive defense and early warning, strike operations, sea control, as well as the multi-platform capabilities inherent within the SAG. When so equipped, SSGs capabilities include maritime ballistic missile defense (BMD). Combat Logistics Force, Service and Command Support Ships, and Special Mission Ships The 29 ships of Military Sealift Command's (MSC) Combat Logistics Force (CLF) are the supply lines to U.S. Navy ships at sea. These ships provide everything that Navy ships need, including fuel, food, ordnance, spare parts, mail and other supplies. CLF ships enable the Navy fleet to remain at sea, on station and combat ready for extended periods of time. The 15 ships of MSC Service and Command Support ship fleet include the hospital ships, submarine tenders, ships used for towing and at sea rescue and salvage, command and control, afloat staging bases and cable laying. The 23 Special Mission ships include ships used to support fleet testing and survey operations as well as submarine and special warfare support. All of these ships are operated by civilian mariners (CIVMARS) and are under the OPCON of the Fleet Commander in whose area they are operating in and tactical control (TACON) of these ships are exercised through the Fleet Logistics Task Force Commanders (CTF 33, 53, 63, 73, 83). More details on these and other MSC ships are in follow on sections in this document. Future Force Each year the Navy submits to Congress a plan for shipbuilding. The 2014 plan includes a target battle force of 306 ships. As of 2016, the Navy has 273 deployable ships. Regardless of the numerical target, the challenges with maintaining a modern and capable fleet (ships, submarines and aircraft) in the current budget environment and with the persistent difficulties on achieving budget targets during project development and construction are immense. QDR 2014 called for a fleet centered on 10 carrier strike groups. Selected Navy procurement programs include: CVN-78 program: CVN-78 represents the first major investment in CVN design since the 1960s. Improvements include upgraded self defenses, arresting gear, dual-band radar, reduced manning and an increased sortie generation of 25 percent. CVN- 78 commission is TBD (est. 2017). Two ships of this class are under construction. DDG-51: Sixty two DDG-51 guided missile destroyers have been delivered with 14 in various stages of planning and construction. The Navy seeks construction of a Flight III DDG- 51 to fill the gap in capability caused by the cancellation of the CG(X) program. Flight III ships will have increased length and more VLS strike missile capacity among other improvements. DDG-1000: The Navy's new multi-mission destroyer designed to provide precision strike and sustained volume fires to support Joint forces inland and conduct independent attacks against land targets. The DDG-1000 program emphasizes sensor-to-shooter connectivity in order to provide a naval or Joint Task Force 12

18 commander the multi- mission flexibility to engage a wide variety of land targets while simultaneously defeating maritime threats. The lead ship of the class was commissioned in the summer The DDG-1000 is program will build three ships. LCS: The Littoral Combat Ship is optimized for war fighting in the littoral environment. It is a theater-based asset designed to counter enemy access-denial weapons such as diesel-electric-powered submarines, mines, and fast patrol boats. LCS includes modular mission payloads that provide operational flexibility to match the threat. LCS will be attached to strike groups as required. LCS uses a two crew manning rotation to maximize on station time for each ship. The Navy plans to acquire 32 Littoral Combat Ships. Of this number, five ships are in commission and seven are under construction. F-35B/C Joint Strike Fighter: JSF replaces the USMC s and USN s aging inventory of AV-8Bs and F/A-18Cs and will be capable of meeting all air-to-ground and air-to-air combat requirements. In a bigger context, the JSF will replace at least 13 different aircraft for 10 nations. The F-35B reached Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in the USMC in the summer of U.S. Navy IOC is projected for 2018 with an inventory eventually totaling 680 aircraft between the Navy and USMC. E-2D Advanced Hawkeye: The E-2D is the newest variant of the E-2 aircraft platform. It features state-of-the-art radar with a two-generation leap in capability and upgraded aircraft systems that will improve supportability and increase readiness. Fleet integration began in FY15 and the projected inventory is 73 aircraft through P-8A Poseidon: The P-8A is designed to replace the P-3C Orion as a long-range antisubmarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) aircraft capable of broad-area, maritime and littoral operations. As of January 2015 the USN has accepted 21 aircraft into service with a projected inventory of 117. The P-8A will also see service in the Indian, Australian, and United Kingdom armed forces. MQ-4C Triton: The MQ-4C Triton is an unarmed remote piloted aircraft ((RPA) developed for the USN which is based on the USAF Global Hawk airframe. When fielded, the MQ-4C will provide real-time intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) over open ocean and coastal regions as well as continuous maritime surveillance. Triton operations will be integrated with the P-8A Poseidon aircraft. Current program of record calls for the procurement of 68 airframes for the USN (between six and eight will be procured by Australia). Initial Operating Capability (IOC) is expected in Expeditionary Fast Transport (EPF): Based on a civilian ferry design incorporating wave piercing catamaran technology the Spearhead class EPF provides high speed intra- theater transport. Its shallow draft and medium lift capabilities along with flight deck make it a flexible platform for sea basing and SOF operations. Program of record is 11 ships with 7 having been delivered as of December These vessels are operated by civilian mariners under the Military Sealift Command. Expeditionary Transport Dock (ESD): A new class of auxiliary vessel that allows for the offloading of Maritime Prepositioning Stocks at sea. Two ESDs have been delivered to the USN (USNS MONTFORD POINT and USNS JOHN GLENN). These ships are partof the Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) and are operated by MSC. Expeditionary Base Mobile (ESB): A new class of purpose built afloat forward staging base the ESB will act as a floating base or transfer station for forces offshore. Using a similar hull design as the ESD an ESB is capable of acting as a base for rotary 13

19 winged assets, small boats, mine countermeasure forces, SOF or a host of other units. Two ships are planned with the first (USNS LEWIS B PULLER) to be permanently deployed in 2017 to the CENTCOM AOR. Virginia Class Submarine: With 11 Virginia class submarines commissioned and, 17 under contract the total class size is expected to be 30 ships. This class incorporates several technological improvements allowing decreased manning and life cycle maintenance cost. The Virginia class is optimized to fight in the littorals including increased SOF delivery capability. SSBN(X) or Ohio Replacement Program: This program replaces the current Navy portion of the nuclear triad. Funding discussions and operational considerations will significantly impact every Navy procurement program for decades to come. T-AO 205 (USNS JOHN LEWIS Class Fleet Replenishment Oilers): The next generation fleet oilers, T-AO 205 class oilers, are programmed and being designed to replace MSC s aging fleet oilers (T-AO 187 class). First ship in this class will be operational in 2021 with a new oiler being delivered annually thereafter to correspond with the retirement of one of the older class oilers. T-ATS Fleet Tug and Salvage Replacement: The current MSC inventory of Fleet Tugs and Salvage/Recovery Vessels will be replaced with the T-ATS which will incorporate both towing and salvage capabilities all in one vessel. The contract for design of these vessels has been released by NAVSEA with the first of these vessels expecting to enter the MSC fleet no later than IV. Capabilities Listed in block format (below) are a few ship classes for review. There may be significant differences among the ships in each class. However, when dealing with naval forces one encounters a series of acronyms designating ship types. These letter designations for warships, adopted by the U.S. Navy around the turn of the century, are used worldwide as universal shorthand for warship types. Naval Ship Designations AS Submarine Tender LSD Landing Ship, Dock CVN Carrier (Nuclear Power) MCM Mine Countermeasures Ship CG Guided Missile Cruiser T-AH Hospital Ship DDG Guided Missile Destroyer T-AKE Dry Cargo/Ammunition Ship PB Patrol Boat T-AO Fleet Oiler PC Patrol Craft T-AOE Fast Combat Supply Ship SSN Submarine, Nuclear Attack T-AGOS Ocean Surveillance Ship SSBN Ballistic Missile Submarine T-ATF Fleet Ocean Tug SSGN Guided Missile Submarine T-ARS Salvage and Rescue ship LCC Amphibious Command Ship T-ESB Expeditionary Base Mobile LCS Littoral Combat Ship T-ESD Expeditionary Transport Dock LHD/LHA Amphibious Assault Ship T-ESF Expeditionary Fast Transport LPD Amphibious Transport Dock 14

20 Note: A T-Designation such as T-AKE, T-AO, T-AOE, etc., denotes vessels owned by the USG and operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) with civil service merchant marine crews and having the capability for embarked naval detachments. These vessels are formally known as United States Naval Ships (USNS) and can be identified by the blue and gold striping on their stacks. Aircraft Carrier (CVN) The aircraft carrier is a multipurpose platform. It has the flexibility to base various types of aircraft in order to conduct anti-air, strike, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare missions simultaneously. The carriers are capable of speeds over 30 kts and have substantial endurance (16 days of 24hr/day aviation fuel). The embarked air wing helps provide protection to both the carrier and the escort ships. The carrier has a limited ability to provide underway replenishment and/or vertical replenishment to support ships in company. Ship type CVN Class NIMITZ 92,000 tons 1040 ft 134 ft beam 30+ kts speed 5300 crew w/air wing No. 10 active Warfare Missions AAW, EW, USW, CCC, SUW, STW, MIW (offensive) Equipment CV AIR WING, 2 reactors produce 280,000 shaft horsepower, 4 shafts. NSSMS, CIWS, limited UNREP/VERTREP capability USS GERALD R FORD (CVN 78), a new CVN design, is the lead ship in the FORD class; commissioning date remains TBD (est. 2017) Carrier Air Wing (CVW) Typical wing composition on a carrier includes eight squadrons and one detachment: VFA/VMFA*(Fighter Attack) 2 Squadrons of 10 FA-18C Hornets 20 VFA (Fighter Attack) 2 Squadrons of 12 FA-18E/F Super Hornets 24 VAW (Early Warning) 1 Squadron of 4/5 E-2C/D Hawkeyes 4/5 VAQ (Electronic Attack) 1 Squadron of 5 EA-18G 5 VRC (Onboard Delivery) 1 Detachment of 2 C-2A COD 2 HSC (SUW/NSW/CSAR/MCM) 1 Squadron of 8 MH-60S # 8 HSM (SUW/ASW) 1 Squadron of 11 MH-60R % 11 TOTAL * VMFA= Marine Fighter Attack squadron # MH-60S helos onboard CVN and logistics ship % MH-60R helos onboard CVN and surface combatants Flight Deck Operations The Carrier Air Wing Commander (CAG) performs major command functions in directing and administering the employment of embarked aviation squadrons. 1 There are two common methods of organizing aircraft launches and recoveries. First, cyclic operations, which consists of several scheduled launch/recovery cycles per flight day. A cycle is normally 1.25 to 1.5 hours long, enabling 7-8 cycles in a 12-hour flying day producing upwards of The term CAG is still utilized to describe the Air Wing Commander and is a holdover from when the air wing was referred to as Carrier Air Group (CAG). 15

21 sorties. Cyclic operations provide predictability for the flight deck, but are inflexible. Aircraft cannot be easily launched or recovered outside of prescribed launch/recovery times due to fueling, rearming, and deck spotting (various aircraft locations on the flight deck) evolutions for the next cycle. The second form of flight deck operations is flex deck operations. This is a special type of flight operation; the flight deck is kept ready (flexible) to launch and recover aircraft at short and irregular intervals of time. The operations are performed when there is a calculable and significant threat of attack to the carrier. The normal cyclic interval of 90 minutes is typically reduced to between 40 and 60 minutes. The shorter cyclic interval enhances the capability of the carrier to respond to the escalated threat of attack by increasing the opportunities for launching, recovering, refueling, rearming and reconfiguring aircraft. The downside is that flex deck operations cannot be sustained over an indefinite period of time; the carrier becomes less predictable, constrains the number of aircraft available, and impacts maintenance of the flight deck and aircraft. Regardless of which type of flight deck operations, the flight deck s crew rest requirements remain the controlling factors in either case. Surface Combatants Surface combatants are multi-mission platforms that can operate independently, in company with a carrier, amphibious forces, or in convoy as escorts. Additional missions include surface fire support, blockade, screening, search and rescue, tracking, ELINT collection, tactical deception, surveillance, evacuation, harassment and landing force support. Types of surface combatants include: Ticonderoga Class Cruiser (CG): The 22 active ships of the Ticonderoga class utilize the Aegis Weapon System and SM-2 missile to provide unprecedented defensive capability against high performance aircraft and cruise missiles. The SPY-1 phased array radar enables it to control all friendly aircraft units operating in its area and has the capability for surveillance, detection, and tracking of enemy aircraft and missiles. Recent AEGIS system upgrades provide coupled with the SM-3 missile provide proven Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) capability as demonstrated by USS LAKE ERIE in shooting down a tumbling U.S. satellite. When the SM-6 missile is fielded it will provide increased long range engagement capability. Towed array sonar and LAMPS MK III helos provide ASW capability. Tomahawk vertical launch systems provide land attack capability. Ticonderoga class has hangars for two LAMPS helos and is capable of 30+ knots. Endurance depends on speed (2500 NM at 30 kts to 8000 NM at 14 kts). Arleigh Burke Class Destroyer (DDG): Like the larger Ticonderoga class cruisers, the 62 DDG-51s combat systems center around the Aegis combat system and the SPY-lD, multi-function phased array radar. The combination of Aegis, Vertical Launching System, an advanced anti-submarine warfare system, advanced anti-aircraft missiles and Tomahawk, make the Arleigh Burke class formidable ships. Upgraded DDG-51 class ships possess TBMD capabilities equivalent to those found on CG-47 class ships. The Littoral Combat Ship (LCS): LCS is a fast, agile, focused-mission platform designed for operation in near-shore environments yet capable of open-ocean operation.. The planned 32 ship class is designed to defeat asymmetric anti-access threats such as mines, quiet diesel submarines and fast surface craft. The LCS class consists of two different hull-forms: a semi-planning mono-hull, and an aluminum trimaran designed and built by two industry teams, respectively led by Lockheed Martin and General Dynamics. These seaframes are outfitted with quick reconfigurable payloads, called Mission Modules. These modules are supported by special detachments, deploying manned/unmanned vehicles/sensors ISO mine, undersea and surface warfare missions. 16

22 Ship Type Class No. Warfare Missions Equipment CG-47 Guided Missile Cruiser (CG decommissioned) TICONDEROGA 9,600 tons 567 ft 55 ft beam 30+ knots 388 crew 22 of 27 built remain in service AAW, EW, SUW, CCC, USW, STW, BMD 2 x 5 in (127 mm) 54 caliber Mark 45 dual purpose guns; 2 x 20 mm Phalanx CIWS block 1B; 2 x 61-cell MK 41 VLS each armed with a mix of ASROC, Tomahawk, SM-2 and ESSM, LAMPS (2) DDG-51 Destroyer Guided Missile ARLEIGH BURKE tons ft 59 ft beam 30+ kts 323 crew Flight I: 51-71, Flight II: 72-77, Flight IIA: , Flight III: of 76 built AAW, SUW, USW, STW, EW, CCC, BMD(with upgrades) VLS for 96 Tomahawk, ASROC, standard missiles, Harpoon (canisters), 5"/54 or 5 62 cal gun, CIWS, torpedo tubes, ESM, LAMPS (2) (DDG-72 and later) DDG 1000 Land Attack Destroyer ZUMWALT 14,564 tons 610ft 80.7ft beam 30+ kts 158 crew (includes air det) 1 (IOC 2016) 2 under construction SUW/NSFS 2X155mm Advanced Gun System; Mk57 AVLS with 80 launch cells for TLAM/ESSM; 2X30mm guns; 2xLAMPS LCS Littoral Combat Ship FREEDOM/ INDEPENDENCE 3079 tons 387/421 ft, 57/104 ft beam 45 kts 50 crew 7 (3/4) (26 planned, 13 Freedom and 13 Independence Class) MIW, ASW, MIO RAM, 1x57mm gun, 2 MH60 R/S helicopters or 1 MH60 R/S and 3 Fire scout VTUAV s PB Patrol Boat MK VI 72 ton 82ft 22ft beam 45 kts 10 Crew 8 troops 10 of 48 in Service Coastal Patrol SOF support MIO, escort 2xMk38 Mod 2 25mm Griffin Missiles PC Patrol Craft CYCLONE 341 tons 170ft 25ft beam 35kts 28 crew 13 SUW/MIO 1xMK 96 25mm gun/40 mm grenade launcher aft, 1xMK 38 25mm gun forward, 2xtwin.50 cal mounts 8 SOF 17

23 Attack Submarines (SSN) Attack submarines are designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships; project power ashore with Tomahawk cruise missiles and Special Operation Forces; carry out Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions; support Carrier Strike Groups; and engage in mine warfare. There are three classes of SSNs now in service averaging a total of about 50. Los Angeles (SSN 688) class submarines are the backbone of the submarine force. Thirty-one Los Angeles class are equipped with 12 Vertical Launch System tubes for firing Tomahawk cruise missiles. The Navy also has three Seawolf class submarines. The Seawolf class is exceptionally quiet, fast, well-armed, and equipped with advanced sensors. The Seawolf class has eight torpedo tubes, and can hold up to 50 weapons in its torpedo room. The third ship of the class, USS JIMMY CARTER (SSN 23), has a 100-foot hull extension called the multimission platform. This hull section provides for additional payload to accommodate advanced technology used to carry out classified research and development and for enhanced warfighting capabilities. The Navy s newest attack submarine, the Virginia (SSN 774) class, is tailored to excel in a wide range of warfighting missions. The Virginia class has several innovations that significantly enhance their warfighting capabilities with an emphasis on littoral operations. Improvements in mast technologies, such as the Photonics AN/BVS-1 non-hull penetrating mast, allow for enhanced surveillance and video capabilities support Indications and Warnings intelligence and other IS&R requirements. Additionally, it can serve as a host ship for the dry dock shelter (DDS) as well as an integral lockout trunk and reconfigurable torpedo room to accommodate special operations forces and equipment. Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) The Navy s fleet ballistic missile submarines, often referred to as Boomers, serve as an covert launch platform for intercontinental missiles. They are designed specifically for stealth and reliable delivery of inter-continental ballistic missiles. The 14 Ohio class SSBNs have the capability to carry up to 24 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). The SSBN s primary weapon is the Trident II D-5 missile. SSBNs are specifically designed for extended deterrent patrols. To increase their at-sea time, the Ohio class has three large-diameter logistics hatches that allow sailors to rapidly transfer supply pallets, equipment replacement modules and machinery components, significantly reducing the time required for in-port replenishment and maintenance. The Ohio class design allows the submarines to operate for 15 or more years between major overhauls. On average, the submarines spend 77 days at sea followed by 35 days in-port for maintenance. Each SSBN has two crews, Blue and Gold, which alternate manning the submarines while on patrol. This maximizes the SSBN s strategic availability while maintaining the crew s training readiness and morale at high levels. Guided Missile Submarine (SSGN) Ohio class guided-missile submarines (SSGN) provide the Navy with an unprecedented combination of strike and special operation mission capability within a stealthy, clandestine platform. Armed with tactical missiles and equipped with superior communications capabilities, SSGNs are capable of directly supporting dozens of Special Operation Forces (SOF) in America s global war on terrorism. The SSGN Program Office converted four SSBNs into SSGNs in a little more than five years at a significantly lower cost than building a new platform and in less time. Each SSGN is capable of carrying up to 154 Tomahawk or Tactical Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles. The missiles are loaded in seven-shot Multiple-All-Up-Round 18

24 Canisters (MACs) in 22 of 24 missile tubes. These missile tubes can also accommodate additional stowage canisters for SOF equipment, food, and other consumables, extending the amount of forward-deployed time for on board SOF. The missile tubes also promise additional capability to host future payloads such as new types of missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and unmanned undersea vehicles. Each submarine has the capacity to host up to 66 SOF personnel at a time. Additional berthing was installed in the missile compartment to accommodate the added personnel and other measures have been taken to extend the amount of time that the SOF can spend deployed aboard the SSGNs. Two lock-out chambers (permanently fixed in the first two missile tubes) allow clandestine insertion and retrieval of SOF personnel. Both the Dry Deck Shelter (DDS) and the Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS) can mount atop the lockout chambers, greatly enhancing the SSGNs SOF capabilities. During conversion, each SSGN received the Common Submarine Radio Room and two High-Data-Rate antennas for significantly enhanced communication capabilities. These additions allow each SSGN to serve as a forward-deployed, clandestine Small Combatant Joint Command Center. Ship Type Class No. Warfare Missions Equipment SSBN ballistic missile OHIO 18,700 tons 560 ft 42 ft beam 20+ kts 155 crew 14 Strategic Deterrence, USW, SUW, STW 24 tubes Trident missiles, 4 torpedo tubes SSGN guided missile OHIO 18,700 tons 560 ft 42 ft beam 20+ kts 155 crew 4 USW, SUW, STW, SOF support 154 Vertical Launch tubes for Tomahawk four torpedo tubes SSN-688 attack LOS ANGELES 6,900 tons 360 ft 33 ft beam 20+ kts 133 crew 39 of 62 built remain in service USW, ISR, SUW, STW, MIW, SOF Tomahawk, MK48 torpedoes MK 37 mines SSN-774 attack VIRGINIA 7,800 tons 377 ft 34 ft beam 25+ kts 113 crew 12 of 48 Built USW, ISR, SUW, STW, MIW, SOF Tomahawk, MK48 torpedoes, mines, unmanned undersea vehicles 19

25 SSN-21 SEAWOLF 9,150 tons 353 ft 40 ft beam 25+ kts 133 crew 3 USW, ISR, SUW, STW, MIW Tomahawk, MK48 torpedoes, mines 20

26 Amphibious Warfare Amphibious warships provide flexible and multi-function support to embarked Marines and support the Marine Corps tenets of Operational Maneuver From the Sea (OMFTS) and Ship to Objective Maneuver (STOM). Much more than just troop transports, they must be able to sail in harm s way and provide a rapid buildup of combat power ashore via both air and surface in the face of opposition. This requirement necessitates inherent survivability and self-defense capabilities as well as the ability to seamlessly conduct Task Force operations. Because of their inherent capabilities, these ships have been and will continue to be called upon to also support humanitarian and other contingency missions on short notice. The Tarawa (LHA 5), America (LHA 6), and Wasp-class (LHD 1) amphibious assault ships provide the Marine Corps with a means of ship-to-shore movement by helicopter in addition to movement by landing craft. LHAs and LHDs have extensive storage capacity and can accommodate Landing Craft Utility (LCU) and Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC) boats. They embark, maintain and operate various helos (CH-46, CH-53, AH-1, UH-1, MH-60S), AV-8Bs (or F-35Bs) and MV-22s from their aviation space with a typical combat embarkation being 31 aircraft. They carry large numbers of troops (1000+) and robust C2 spaces for the embarked Navy and Marine command elements. They also have large hospital capability. The versatile San Antonio (LPD 17) class LPD provides substantial amphibious lift for Marine troops, and their vehicles and cargo. Additionally, they serve as the secondary aviation platform for the ESG. The ships of the LPD-17 class are a key element of the Navy s seabase transformation. Collectively, these ships functionally replace the LPD-4, LSD-36, LKA-113, and LST-1179 classes of amphibious ships providing the Navy and Marine Corps with modern, seabased platforms that are networked, survivable, and built to operate with 21st century transformational platforms, such as the MV-22 Osprey and future means by which Marines are delivered ashore. Dock Landing Ships (LSDs) support amphibious operations including landings via Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), conventional landing craft and helicopters, onto hostile shores. These ships transport and launch amphibious craft and vehicles with their crews and embarked personnel in amphibious assault operations. LSD-41 was designed specifically to operate LCAC vessels. It has the largest capacity for these landing craft (four) of any U.S. Navy amphibious platform. It also provides docking and repair services for LCACs and for conventional landing craft. LSD were built as Cargo Variant to increase cargo capacity at the expense of landing craft space. 21

27 Ship Type Class No. LHA-6 Amphibious Assault Ship AMERICA 44,854 tons 844ft 106ft beam 1200 crew 1800 Marines 1 (1 more on order) Warfare Missions AMW Equipment 2xRAM, 2xESSM, Aircraft 6xF-35B, 4xAH-1Z, 3x UH- 1Y, 4xCH-53E, 12xMV-22 or 20 F-35B No Well Deck LHD-1 Amphibious Assault Ship WASP 40,500 tons 844 ft 106 ft beam 22+ kts 1015 crew 1875 Marines 8 AMW Aircraft same as LHA-1, 3xLCAC or 2x LCU, Outstanding C5I for AMW. 8/50 cal gun. LSD-41/49 Dock Landing Ship (2 variants) WHIDBEY ISLAND (8) & HARPERS FERRY (4) 15,800 tons 609 ft 84 ft beam 20+ kts 340 crew 340 troops 12 AMW RAM, CIWS, helo capable, 4 LCAC capable, LCU also. HARPERS FERRY class carriers only 2 LCAC or 1xLCU but has more cargo space LPD-17 Amphibious Transport Dock SAN ANTONIO 24,900 tons 684 ft 105 ft beam 22+ kts 360 crew 699 troops 10 (2 more on order) AMW 2xRAM, 2xMK 46 mod 2 30mm, 50 cal mg, 2 LCAC, 2 surgical operating rooms, large flight deck/hangar for 2xMV-22 or helos. LCC Amphibious Command Ship BLUE RIDGE 18,874 tons 634 ft 108 ft beam 23 kts 842 crew 2 AMW, C3 CIWS, command and control ship for amphib ops, fleet flagships (6th and 7th fleets), helo capable except for CH-53. Note: Note: LCAC - 95 tons, 88 ft, 47 ft beam, 70 ton max payload (1 x M1A1 tank); range kts (sea state and payload dependent) LCU- 200 tons, 134 ft long, 30 ft beam, 125 tons max payload, range kts 22

28 Military Sealift Command Military Sealift Command (MSC) is responsible for up to 120 active and reserve non-combatant, civilian crewed ships that replenish U.S. Navy ships at sea, conduct specialized missions, preposition cargo at sea around the world, perform a variety of support services, and move military equipment and supplies to deployed U.S. forces. MSC s workforce of approximately 8100 people include civil service mariners (CIVMARS), active and reserve military personnel and government civil service and contractors. An additional 1,400 afloat commercial contract mariners (CONMARS) support the prepositioning and sealift missions. All MSC vessels are assigned under one of the eight programs. MSC ships can be thought of in two broad programmatic terms, either government- operated ships or contractor operated ships. Government owned MSC ships are designated USNS while contracted vessels are referred to by the appropriate maritime designator (MV-motor vessel; SS-Steamship; etc.). Regardless of their ownership status, MSC ships fall under the OPCON of the appropriate military commander and enjoy sovereign immunity under international law. Combat Logistics Force (CLF) act as supply lines to U.S. Navy ships at sea. CLF ships provide underway replenishment (UNREP) services for fuel, food, ammunition, spare parts and other supplies to keep the U.S. Navy fleet at sea, on station and operating at the highest possible tempo. Special Mission Ships (SMS): Military Sealift Command's Special Mission Program ships provide operating platforms and services for a wide variety of U.S. military and other U.S. government missions. Oceanographic and hydrographic surveys, underwater surveillance, missile tracking, acoustic surveys, and submarine and special warfare support are among the missions these ships carry out. Service and Command Support ships: These ships provide towing, rescue and salvage, submarine support, and cable laying and repair services, as well as command and control platforms and floating medical facilities. Prepositioning ships: Military Sealift Command's Prepositioning Program is an essential element in the U.S. military's readiness strategy. Afloat prepositioning strategically places military equipment and supplies aboard ships located in key ocean areas to ensure rapid availability during a major theater war, a humanitarian operation or other contingency. MSC's prepositioning ships support the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Defense Logistics Agency. More information on prepositioning ships is in the Strategic Lift chapter of this handbook. Sealift program: Military Sealift Command's Sealift Program provides high-quality, efficient and cost-effective ocean transportation for the DOD and other federal agencies during peacetime and war. More than 90 percent of U.S. war fighters' equipment and supplies travel by sea. The program manages a mix of government-owned and longterm-chartered dry cargo ships and tankers, as well as additional short-term or voyagechartered ships. More information on the Sealift program is in the Strategic Lift chapter of this handbook. 23

29 Ship Type Class No. T-AO-187 Fleet Oiler T-AOE-6 Fast Combat Support Ship T-AKE-1 Dry Cargo & Ammunition Ship T-ESD-1 Expeditionary Transport Dock HENRY J KAISER 41,000 Tons 677 ft 97ft beam 20 kts 90 crew SUPPLY 48,500 tons 754 ft 107 ft beam 25+ knots 170 crew LEWIS AND CLARK 41,000 tons 689 ft 106 ft beam 20 kts 129 crew MONTFORD POINT 34,500 tons 765 ft 165 ft beam 20 kts 34 crew Warfare Missions Petroleum Product Replenishment Largest CLF ship. Delivers petroleum products, ammunition, food and other cargo at sea. Also, Sea Basing Ammunition, food, repair parts, stores and small quantities of fuel. Replaces T-AE, T-AFS and T- AOE when operating with T- AO. Also, Sea Basing Equipment 180,000 barrels fuel (159,000 bbls for the three double hulled tankers). Limited stores of 32 pallets frozen, 32 pallets chilled and 522 pallets of dry cargo 156,000 bbls cargo fuel 1800 tons ammo 250 tons dry cargo 400 tons refrigerated cargo 2xMH-60S helos or civilian equivalent helos Delivery via helo or ship-ship cable 6675 tons of dry cargo and 1716 tons of refrigerated cargo plus 18,000 bbls of fuel Transfer station for troops, equipment and cargo at sea Can support operations up to 3 LCACs T-ESB-1 Expeditionary Base Mobile LEWIS B PULLER 78,000 tons 764 ft 164 ft beam 15 kts 34 crew 300 embarked troops 2 (3 total to be built) AMCM and SOF afloat basing Flight deck capable of operating 4 CH-53E or 4 MV AMCM Sleds. Various repair shop and Support facilities for small boats and SOF T-EPF-1 Expeditionary Fast Transport SPEARHEAD 1515 tons 337ft 93ft beam 43kts 41 crew 5 (6 more on order) Rapid intra theater transport Flight deck capable of support to 1xCH-53E or 1xMV-22 can embark 312 troops 1800 square meters of cargo area 24

30 T-AH Hospital Ship 69,000 tons 894 ft 105 ft beam 17 kts 63 civil service mariners 956 Naval medical staff 258 Naval support staff. 2 On-site emergency medical care 12 fully-equipped operating rooms, 1,000 bed hospital facility, digital radiological services, medical laboratory, pharmacy, optometry lab, CATscan, two oxygen producing plants. Helo deck capable of landing large military helicopters. T-ATF Fleet Ocean Tugs POWHATAN 2,300 tons 240 ft 42 ft beam 15 kts 20 crew 3 Towing, salvage, and recovery Each vessel is equipped with a ten-ton capacity crane and a bollard pull of at least 54 tons. A deck grid is fitted aft which contains one-inch bolt receptacles spaced 24 inches apart. This allows for the bolting down of a wide variety of portable equipment. A deep submergence module can be embarked to support naval salvage teams. T-AGOS AS Submarine Tender VICTORIOUS & IMPECCABLE 3384 tons/5370 tons 235 ft / 281 ft 94 ft / 96 ft beam 10 kts/ 12 kts 26 civilian and up to 20 military EMORY S. LAND 23,000 tons 645 ft 85 ft beam 20 kts 157 civilian and up to 950 military 5 Collect, process and transmit acoustic data to support undersea surveillance requirements 2 Repair 2 surveillance towed-array sensor system (SURTASS) Provides repair services to submarines and surface ships. Commanded by Navy Captain with combined military and civilian crew. T-ARS Rescue and Salvage Ship SAFEGUARD 3336 tons 255 ft 51 ft beam 14 kts 26 crew, can support additional 48 military 4 Rescue & Salvage, 7.5 ton and 40 ton booms, hauling force of 150 tons, conducts firefighting, diving, salvage, and towing operations 25

31 AFSB(I)-15 Afloat Forward Staging Base (Interim) PONCE 17000tons 561 ft 99.7ft beam 21kts 154 Civilian and 55 military crew 1 Provides capability at sea for a wide range of military operations to include mine counter-measure and special operations force mission sets Commanded by Navy Captain with combined military and civilian crew. Laser Weapon System(LaWS), 2xMK38 25mm guns, 2xCIWS,.50 cal mounts Berthing for 600 troops (surge) Note: visit for additional details on MSC capabilities. Mine Warfare (MIW) Naval mines are cheap, reliable and easy to obtain. The weapons that wait pose a significant threat to any military operation accomplished by sea. Consider that 93% of provisions for all the armed services came via sea during Desert Shield/Storm. MIW refers to the strategic, operational, and tactical use of mines and mine countermeasures. It includes both the offensive and defensive laying of one s mines or the methods employed to counter mines. Mines can be deployed via aircraft, ship or submarine and pose a considerable threat to any military operations at sea. Mine Countermeasures (MCM) refers to operations to counter mines. The MCM-Triad consists of surface, aviation, and underwater assets responsible for conducting Mine Countermeasures operations to include mine hunting, mine sweeping, and mine exploitation. Mine Hunting: Employment of sensor and neutralization systems, whether air, surface, or subsurface, to locate and dispose of individual mines, or to verify the presence or absence of mines in a given area. Minesweeping: Technique of clearing mines using either mechanical sweeping to remove, disturb, or otherwise neutralize the mine; explosive sweeping to cause sympathetic detonations, damage, or displace the mine; or influence sweeping to produce either the acoustic or magnetic influence required to detonate the mine. Mine Exploitation: Methods both underwater and on land to determine the origin for attribution, type of mine, how it functions, and develop methods to defeat it. Note: A mine countermeasure operation is a slow and labor-intensive ordeal. 26

32 SURFACE MCM (SMCM) CLASS No. Missions Equipment MCM-1 AVENGER 1050 Tons 224 FT Length 39 FT Beam Speed: 13 KTS 84 Crew 11 3 CONUS 4 FDNF Japan 4 FDNF Bahrain SMCM Two.50 Cal mg, AN/SLQ-48 Mine Neutralization Vehicle (MNV) AN/SOQ30 Variable Depth Sonar, AN/SQQ-32. Various mechanical and influence sweep gear. Surface Mine Neutralization System (SMNS). AVIATION MCM (AMCM) CLASS No. Missions Equipment MH-53E SEA DRAGON Overall Length 99 FT Height 29 FT 2 Pilot 1-6 Air Crew 2 Squadrons (HM-14 and HM- 15) AMCM MK 105 Magnetic Minesweeping Sled, AQS-14A Side Scan Sonar, MK 103 Mechanical Minesweeping System, GAU Cal mg. UNDERWATER (UMCM) CLASS No. Missions Equipment EOD MCM Platoon (Smallest Unit) 1 Officer 7 Enlisted UMCM Raise, Tow, Beach and Exploitation. Mine reacquisition and neutralization. 9 Meter RHIB, MK16 Low Magnetic/Low Acoustic Signature Rebreather. Hand Held Sonar Equipment and the Man Portable Mine Neutralization System. EOD MCM Company 3-Officers 21 Enlisted Incorporates EOD teams with UUV teams. UMCM Equipped as above, but also uses various Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) to include the MK18 family of vehicles. 27

33 Naval Aviation A critical piece to U.S. Navy power and capability, U.S. Naval aviation sets the U.S. apart from the rest of the world s navies. The Carrier Air Wing, with its strike fighters (F/A-18 variants Hornets/Super Hornets), electronic warfare (EA-18G Growler), airborne early warning (E- 2C/D Hawkeye), Logistics (C-2A Greyhound) and rotary wing (SH/MH-60 variants) provide the U.S. with unmatched sea control and power projection capabilities all launched from sovereign U.S. territory in international waters. Land based naval aviation aircraft fill critical maritime capability needs in the areas of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), command and control (C2) and logistics. Maritime patrol aircraft (P-3C/AIP) provide long dwell surveillance with an onboard sensor and weapons suites designed to detect and destroy enemy ships and submarines. The P-3 AIP Orion, with its full motion video and real-time downlink to troops on the ground and make it a high demand asset in support of land forces. EP-3 Aires provides multi-intelligence collection capability to include electron warfare support (ES). The P-3 airframe is reaching the end of its serviceable lifespan and is currently being phased out by the P-8A Poseidon, a multi-mission maritime aircraft (MMA), which is built on a commercial Boeing 737 airframe, providing it greater speed and improved avionics and weapons sensors. Logistics needs are filled by a variety of aircraft, but predominantly the C-40A (737 airframe). Almost all Navy air logistics capability is resident within the Navy reserve. Aircraft Type FA-18C Hornet FA-18 E/F Super Hornet EA-18G Growler F-35C Lightning II E-2C/D Hawkeye Warfare Missions/Armament & Equipment Missions STK, CAS, MIW, AAW, ASuW, Air Refueling Tanker (E/F only), SEAD Arms Sparrow, Sidewinder, Harpoon, HARM, AMRAAM, Maverick, SLAM ER, JDAM, JSOW, LGB, MK-80 series bombs, rockets, 20mm cannon, mines, cluster munitions, ATFLIR, SHARP (E/F only), AESA radar (E/F only) Missions SEAD, EW Arms/Equip AMRAAM, HARM, ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System/ALQ-218 ESM, ALQ-227 Communications Countermeasure System, AESA radar. Missions STK, CAS, AW, ASuW, SEAD Expected IOC 2018 Missions AEW, CCC Equip AN/APS 145 (or APY-9) radar, Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC), ALQ-217 ESM 28

34 C-2A Greyhound MH-60R Seahawk MH-53E Sea Dragon MH-60S Knighthawk P-3C Orion Aircraft Type EP-3E Aries II P-8A Poseidon E-6B Mercury (Modified 707) MQ-4C Triton Mission Carrier onboard delivery to/from carrier Arms Missions ASW, ASuW, CSAR, VERTREP, NSW, LOG Arms/Equip Hellfire, Mk-54 torpedo, doorgun, surface search radar, FLIR, dipping sonar, sonobouys, ALQ-210 ESM, APS-147 ISAR Missions Airborne mine countermeasure (AMCM), VERTREP, assault support Arms/Equip Mk 105 magnetic minesweeping sled, side scan sonar, mechanical minesweeping system, doorguns Missions AMCM, ASuW, CSAR, LOG, MEDEVAC, SPECWAR, VERTREP Arms/Equip Hellfire, doorguns, 30mm Mk 44 gun, various MCM systems, FLIR Missions ASW, ASuW, MIW, CCC, ISR Arms MK-80 series bombs, Mk-54 torpedo, mines, rockets, Harpoon, Maverick, SLAM ER, sonobuoys, cluster munitions Warfare Missions/Armament & Equipment Missions SIGINT, Multi-Intelligence Equip AN/APX-134 BIG LOOK radar, COMM / IFF / ESM / IR suites Missions ASW, ASuW, MIW, CCC, ISR (including ES) Equip/Arms LSRS, APY-10 ISAR, ALQ-213 ESM/Torpedoes, cruise missiles, bombs, mines Missions CCC, strategic airborne command post and communication relay Equip Automatic Launch Control System (ALCS) Missions Long Range Autonomous ISR platform IOC planned

35 C-9B Skytrain (mod DC-9) C-40A Clipper (Boeing ) C-130T C-12 Huron (King Air) C-37A/B Gulfstream V/ Gulfstream550 Missions Transport and worldwide airlift for senior leadership / dignitaries Arms None V. Navy Reserve2 The Navy Reserve is the Reserve Component of America s Navy, and is broken down into several categories based service responsibilities and commitment status. The Navy Reserve is comprised of the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve and Retired Reserve-Inactive. Each component has its own way of contributing to the overall mission. Ready Reserve The Ready Reserve provides a pool of trained service members who are ready to step in and serve whenever and wherever needed. It is made up of the Selected Reserve which includes Drilling Reservists/Units as well as Full-Time Support (FTS) personnel and the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR). As of October 2016, the Ready Reserve force strength is 108, 515 (58,032 Selected Reserve and 50,483 Individual Ready Reserve). Selected Reserve (SELRES) This group the largest and most relied upon of the Ready Reserve consists of: Drilling Reservists/Units These are designated Reservists who are available for recall to Active Duty (AD) status. They serve as the Navy s primary source of immediate manpower. They typically fulfill the traditional service commitment of one weekend a month and two weeks a year. And they receive many of the same benefits and perform many of the same duties as their AD counterparts. This includes persons on initial AD for training. Full-Time Support These are designated Reservists who perform full-time AD service that relates to the training and administration of the Navy Reserve program. They may be assigned to shore activities and commands or operational units. They typically are not reassigned to different locations as often as those on regular AD. And they receive the same pay, allowances and benefits as AD members. Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) This group consists of individuals who have had training or have previously served in an AD component or in the Selected Reserve. 2 Extracted from the Navy Reserve Homeport: 30

36 Inactive status These members of the IRR do not drill, are not obligated to take part in military activities, and receive no pay or benefits. Active status Individuals assigned to the IRR may be eligible to receive pay or benefits for voluntarily performing specific types of AD service. Standby Reserve The Standby Reserve is made up of Reservists who have transferred from the Ready Reserve after fulfilling certain requirements established by law. Most common Standby Reservists are those who have been deemed key civilian employees by the government or those suffering through personal adversity or disability. While they are not required to perform training and are not part of any specific unit, they do create a pool of trained individuals who could be mobilized, if necessary, to fill manpower needs in specific skill areas. Retired Reserve-Inactive The Retired Reserve-Inactive is made up of Reservists who are drawing retired pay or are qualified for retired pay upon reaching 60 years of age. Office of Navy Reserve: appointment of Chief, Echelon I The Chief of Navy Reserve (CNR) is the official within the executive part of the Department of the Navy who, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of the Navy and the CNO, is responsible for preparation, justification, and execution of the personnel, operation and maintenance, and construction budgets for the Navy Reserve. As such, the CNR is the director and functional manager of appropriations made for the Navy Reserve in those areas. Navy Reserve Force, Echelon II (a) Establishment of Command.--The Secretary of the Navy, with the advice and assistance of the CNO, shall establish a Navy Reserve Force. The Navy Reserve Force shall be operated as a separate command of the Navy. (b) Commander.--The CNR shall be the commander of the Navy Reserve Force. The commander of the Navy Reserve Force reports directly to the CNO. Echelon I Echelon II Echelon III Echelon III Echelon IV Echelon V Chief of Naval Operations (CNO)/Chief of Navy Reserve (CNR) Commander, Navy Reserve Force (00072) (CNRF) Commander, Navy Reserve Forces Command (3447B) (CNRFC) Commander, Naval Air Force Reserve (00071) (CNAFR) Reserve Component Commands (RCC) Navy Operational Support Center (NOSC) 31

37 Navy Reserve Organization Source: Navy Reserve Homeport, VI. Current Challenges Foremost among the Navy s force development challenges is shipbuilding. The competing demands of continuous, distributed forward presence and episodic re-aggregation for major operations are the primary planning considerations influencing naval force structure. The current low rate of ship construction will constrain the future size of the fleet in the near term. Shipbuilding is a long lead-time endeavor that is continually impacted by international events, revisions to national policy, fiscal considerations, ongoing operational experience and technological innovation. The constantly changing number of the future fleet maintains one constant theme whatever the number the future fleet seeks the right balance to ensure expected missions are met but not overlapped. Perhaps the biggest challenge the Navy faces is the balance between maintaining current operational readiness while developing and funding the initiatives to improve and ultimately replace the equipment we have in the fleet today. The fleet is aging and there is real and growing tension between maintaining near-term readiness and supporting future modernization and recapitalization. 32

38 I. INTRODUCTION: THE ARMY Title 10 United States Code (USC) In general, the Army within the Department of the Army, includes land combat and service forces and such aviation and water transport as may be organic therein. It shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations on land. It is responsible for the preparation of land forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned and, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Army to meet the needs of war Army Posture Statement, 24 February 2016 The Foundation of America s Defense. Fundamentally, America s Army protects the Nation by winning wars as part of the Joint Force. As the Nation s principal land force, the Army organizes, trains, and equips forces for prompt and sustained campaign-level ground combat. The Army is necessary to defeat enemy forces, control terrain, secure populations, consolidate gains, preserve joint force freedom of action, and establish conditions for lasting peace. To do the core tasks globally against a wide range of threats, the Army must have both capability and capacity properly balanced. Although important, it is not just the size of the Army that matters, but rather the right mix of capacity, readiness, skill, superior equipment, and talented Soldiers, which in combination, are the key to ground combat power and decision in warfare. Today s Army maintains significant forces stationed and rotating overseas that provide a visible and credible deterrent. In the end, the deployment of the American Army is the ultimate display of American resolve to assure allies and deter enemies. While the Army fights alongside the Navy, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard, and our allies, the Nation also relies on a ready Army to provide unique capabilities for the Nation s defense. Unique to the Army is the ability to conduct sustained land campaigns in order to destroy or defeat an enemy, defend critical assets, protect populations, and seize positions of strategic advantage. Additionally, as the foundation of the Joint Force, the Army provides critical capabilities command and control, communications, intelligence, logistics, and special operations in support of Joint operations. In short, a ready Army enables the Nation to deploy ground forces in sufficient scale and duration to prevent conflict, shape outcomes, create multiple options for resolving crises, and if necessary, win decisively in war. THE HONORABLE PATRICK J. MURPHY, ACTING SECRETARY OF THE ARMY and GENERAL MARK A. MILLEY CHIEF OF STAFF UNITED STATES ARMY ADP 1, THE ARMY, September 2012 (Extract) The Army is the primary Landpower arm of our nation s Armed Forces. As part of the joint force, the Army supports and defends Americas Constitution and way of life against all enemies, foreign and domestic. The Army protects national security interests, including forces, possessions, citizens, allies, and friends. It prepares for and delivers decisive action in all operations. Above all, the Army provides combatant commands with versatile land forces ready to fight and win the Nation s wars. 33

39 The land domain is the most complex of the domains, because it addresses humanity- its cultures, ethnicity, religion, and politics. War begins and ends based upon how it affects the land domain. Air, maritime, space, and cybernetic power affect the land domain indirectly; landpower is usually the arbiter of victory. The Army provides the United States with the landpower to prevent, shape, and win in the land domain. The Army gives the United States landpower. Landpower is the ability by threat, force, or occupation-to gain, sustain, and exploit control over land, resources, and people. Landpower includes the ability to: Impose the Nation s will on an enemy, by force if necessary. Engage to influence, shape, prevent, and deter in an operational environment. Establish and maintain a stable environment that sets the conditions for political and economic development. Address the consequences of catastrophic events-both natural and manmade-to restore infrastructure and reestablish basic civil services. Secure and Support bases from which joint forces can influence and dominate the air, land, and maritime domains of an operational environment. While the Army is an integral part of the joint force, the value of its contributions depends on its ability to exercise landpower. Landpower makes permanent the otherwise temporary effects of battle. II. ARMY ORGANIZATION There are two branches to the US military chain of command. Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense (SecDef) and the provisions of Title 10 United States Code, the Department of the Army (DA) operates under administrative command of the Secretary of the Army with the advice of the Chief of Staff (CSA). In carrying out its functions as prescribed in DOD Directive the U.S. Army reorganized in February 2006 into three Army Commands (TRADOC, FORSCOM, and AMC), ten other commands that are Army Service Component Commands (ASCC) of unified or subunified combatant commands, and direct reporting units. (See AR 10-87, Oct 2007). 34

40 U.S. Unified Commands and Army Components. The SecDef assigns nine Unified Combatant Commands their missions with the advice and counsel of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). Most Unified Commands consist of Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps components. The illustration below shows Army HQs assigned as the ASCC of their respective Unified Commands. Note that ASCCs of geographic combatant commands (GCC) are specifically designated theater army HQs on Table of Organization and Equipment (TOE) documents. Eighth Army (EA) remains the ARFOR for United States Forces Korea (USFK), a sub-unified command, and is administratively subordinated under U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC). US Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) is the Army component as US Army Strategic Command (ARSTRAT) of US Strategic Command (STRATCOM), which is also responsible for space. These HQs are trained and equipped to support combatantcommand, warfighting missions. 35

41 FROM the MODULAR ARMY to ARMY 2020 As part of the Modular Force Initiative, modular theater Armies, corps, and divisions have replaced the previous ASCCs, corps, and divisions. More specifically, all three are mission command HQs only, without organic subordinate units. 36

42 Theater Army/Army Service Component Command (ASCC) The theater army is the Army Service Component Command (ASCC) headquarters for each geographic combatant command (GCC) that has both operational and support responsibilities. The theater army commander performs the administrative control (ADCON) functions and tasks of the Army force (ARFOR) commander under combatant command (command authority) (COCOM) of a CCDR. It will be the primary vehicle for Army Support to Other Services (ASOS) within the CCDR s area of responsibility (AOR). It supports Army, joint, and multinational forces deployed to the CCDR s AOR as he so directs. Characteristics of the Theater Army are: Tailored to meet the requirements of the GCC s AOR. Responsible to a GCC for the operational employment of all assigned and attached Army forces, even those remaining under the operational control (OPCON) of the unified commander. Provides Title 10 support responsibility to organize, equip, train, maintain, and sustain Army forces. Provides Army support to Joint, other Service, Multinational, and Interagency elements under Executive Agent Responsibilities or Army support to other services (ASOS) and/or as the CCDR so directs. Executes most Administrative Control (ADCON) responsibilities. Can serve as a Coalition/Joint Task Force (JTF) Headquarters or Coalition/Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC) HQs with augmentation for small-scale operations if so designated by the GCC. Can serve as a theater (AOR-wide) JFLCC under the CCDR for joint land force planning and coordination (JP 3-31). Has connectivity with robust liaison for joint and multinational operations. The CCDR normally assigns the theater army commander territorial control over the joint security area and designation as the Joint Security Coordinator (JSC). The theater army commander is primarily concerned with long-range, strategic and operational planning and prepares a land operations plan to support the CCDR s theater campaign plan. The land operations plan is interdependent and requires detailed coordination with the plans of other Service components and the interagency. During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 3 rd Army/Army Central Command (ARCENT) totaled over 300,000 Army personnel, of whom some 38,000 were in the logistical 22d Support Command (SUPCOM) and over 33,000 in Echelon above Corps (EAC) troops for a seven-division force. For Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in 2003, ARCENT served as the CFLCC with over 200,000 USA, 62,000 USMC, and some 26,000 coalition forces; 56,000 of the US Army were EAC theater-troops. 37

43 Theater Army Headquarters Organization The Theater Army Headquarters is an integrated, functionally organized land force headquarters. The CCDR will tailor the theater army to meet the needs of joint forces in his AOR. The theater-army structure provides the commander with flexibility to adapt the mission command system to meet requirements. In addition to Table of Distribution augmentation with both civilian and military spaces, each theater army will have a headquarters with a main command post (MCP) to perform enduring and AOR wide functions and a contingency command post (CCP). Recent DA actions will reduce the modified TOE staffs of theater armies to between 76 and 32 % of the base TOE. Four broad design concepts underlie the theater army organization: First, it is a regionally-focused, globally-networked organization. The theater army is not a pooled headquarters. It remains the senior, Army headquarters for the theater and does not deploy to another theater. Second, the theater-army design recognizes that the full capability required for major operations is too expensive to maintain full capability in every AOR on a standing basis. However, the theater-army design does provide a CCP with enough capability to enable the initial phase of an operation not exceeding two brigades in size. Key is that the theater army is not just a supporting headquarters, but is also capable of complex operations, and capable of serving as a JTF HQs (normally with augmentation) for lesser contingencies. If designated by the CCDR, the theater army can serve as the theater-jflcc for multiple joint operational areas (JOAs). Third, the theater army must provide administrative control (ADCON) over all Army forces assigned to the theater and control Army support to joint, interagency, and multinational elements as the CCDR directs. This support is a continuous task 38

44 performed by the MCP, regardless of whether it is also controlling land forces in an operation. Fourth, the theater army receives the mix of Army forces to support the theater. While the type and size of the forces may vary considerably between combatant commands, the theater army normally controls theater sustainment; signal, e.g. (network operations NETOPS); intelligence; medical; and civil affairs (CA) capabilities. These subordinate elements may range in size from a brigade to a full theater command, depending on theater requirements. The theater army also integrates Army forces into the execution of regional security cooperation plans and provides Army support to joint forces, interagency elements, and multinational forces, as the CCDR so directs. For large scale operations, the Army may provide a Corps HQs to serve as the JFLCC headquarters, or support a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) HQ serving as JFLCC. Regardless, the theater army will continue to perform the ASCC functions. Theater Army Organization Regionally focused Command and Control Headquarters Army HQs Dedicated set of habitually associated and regionally focused units Theater INTEL Capability* Theater Sustainment Capability* Theater Network Capability* Theater Civil Affairs/CMO Capability* *Unit size/capability tailored to specific theater Theater Medical Capability* Many of the units below are major subordinate commands reporting directly to the Army such as the AAMDC, TEC, MP Comd, and Theater Avn Comd, but are not regional Representative Menu of available units assigned or attached based on METT-TC Div/ Corps AMD MAGTF Engineer Aviation IO/ MISO MP MEB CHEM Naval Expeditionary Forces MN Space In the Modular Force and Army 2020, a mix of functional supporting brigades and units will be assigned to commands at the theater army-level. For example, sustainment brigades will normally be retained under the theater sustainment command (TSC) and one or more expeditionary sustainment commands (ESC) and placed in support of divisions or corps along with other theater-level port opening, aviation maintenance, and AMC provided assets. Normally a theater army will be augmented by a theater-level Medical Deployment Support Command (MDSC) and several medical brigades. For protective assets, functional brigades from theater-level Engineer and MP commands may be allocated to the division/corps to carry out a particular task or retained under the 39

45 theater army to support the force as a whole. For example, in addition to a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade [MEB], a division might receive a military police brigade to control displaced civilian and handle detainees or an engineer brigade to provide additional engineering support. A MEB might also be attached directly to the theater army for duty as the Joint Security Coordinator of the joint security area (JSA). The forward HQ of the 20 th CBRNE Command, EOD Groups and chemical defense brigades will normally be retained at theater-level. Modular Force Theater ARSOF Theater Army/JFLCC: Support CCDR ASCC/ JFLCC Support Other Components Other Government Agencies SUST BDE Pers & Fin X X Contracting Support Brigade (OPCON) ++ TSC ++ Med + ESC X Army Field Support Bde (OPCON) III Avn Maint Grps Sustainment ++ Engineer + WMD- Elimination/ EOD X MEB ++ Military Police/ Detainee Ops Chemical Defense Protection X Military Intelligence Information Operations X ++ III SPACE Network Operations ++ Civil Affairs BCD/Ln Elms Mission Command/Intel ++ Air & Missile Defense X Avn III MISO Corps/ Divisions MEF Multinational Support Fires/ Maneuver Mission Command/Intelligence units for the theater army commander include Civil Affairs units (command/brigades), a Signal Command (Theater) that provides network operations and cyber protection support, a theater MI Brigade, and a Theater Information Operations Group. A USAR MISO Group is normally retained at theater-level, while MISO battalions are sub-allocated to corps. Army Space teams, Digital Liaison Detachments for multinational connectivity, and a Battlefield Coordination Detachment co-located with the Joint Air Operations Center also contribute to providing Mission Command. At theater-level, Maneuver/Movement and Fires units include aviation, and Air and Missile Defense capabilities. Theater aviation brigades and airfield operations groups will normally be assigned to provide requisite capabilities for theater troops, primarily airfield operations, fixed-wing, heavy lift, and MEDEVAC support. Air and Missile Defense Brigades will normally be retained at theater-level under the Army Air and Missile Defense Command (AAMDC). 40

46 Army 2020 Corps Previously, US Army corps normally had two to five divisions of any type and combination; and a normative assortment of habitually corps troops. Under Army 2020, corps HQs regain habitual assignment of selected multi-functional and single functional brigades, such as a corps Expeditionary-MI Brigade or a corps FA Brigade; and have oversight of designated divisions. When deployed, a corps HQs will receive augmentation from flexible combinations of divisions, and multi-functional or single functional brigades as needed by the operational situation. By their very nature, corps will always fight as part of a joint force, working in very close cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and/or Marine Corps. Similarly, the nature of current world politics and U.S. treaty commitments will dictate that corps will normally fight as part of multinational forces in any large scale theater. In March 2013, General Odierno, Army CSA, aligned a corps or division HQs to each GCC. For major contingency operations, corps headquarters are the Army s headquarters of choice to function as the joint task force (JTF) headquarters, or as a joint force land component headquarters (JFLCC) of a JTF within a single JOA. When a corps is the senior Army HQs in a JOA, they will normally also be the ARFOR. Corps may also serve as an intermediate tactical Army HQ between division and a higher land component HQs. Corps size varies with the task organization. During Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989, XVIII Airborne Corps as JTF-South had approximately 28,000 troops. For Desert Shield/Desert Storm, XVIII Airborne Corps, serving as an Army intermediate HQ, had some 118,000 troops. In the same operation, VII Corps had over 142,000 troops with four U.S. and one British division. For Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), V Corps had some 130,000 troops. In Army 2020, three modular corps HQs remain: I, III, and XVIII. Recent Army initiatives may reduce the size of the base Modular Corps HQs to some 571 AC spaces with a USAR augmentation element of 75; and aligns the three corps HQs as follows: I Corps: assigned PACOM III Corps: primarily aligned to CENTCOM XVIII Corps: primarily aligned as the Global Response HQs. Characteristics of the Modular Corps: Operational-level, Army mission command headquarters. In order of priority, it operates as a JTF or JFLCC HQ [when properly augmented], an ARFOR, or an Army Tactical HQs. Mission command of Army, Joint, and/or multinational forces. World-wide deployability of the TAC CP to support CCDR requirements; with the Main CP capable of reach back support from home station that is also capable of deploying. May be employed across the range of military operations (Small-Scale Contingency through Major Operations). 41

47 Provides training-readiness oversight of FORSCOM designated CONUS-based Army forces and/or Army forces deployed within a specified Joint Operational Area (JOA). Army 2020 Divisions Prior to Modularity, divisions were the Army s standard combined arms organizations with a fixed set of organic units and then tailored in accordance with conditions of Mission, Enemy, Terrain, & Weather, Troops and support available Time and Civil Considerations (METT-TC). Armored, mechanized infantry, light infantry, airborne, and air assault divisions were the basic units of maneuver at the tactical level, performed major tactical operations for corps, and were largely self-sustaining for up to 72 hours. Divisions occasionally could function as operational-level headquarters, and conduct sustained battles, engagements, and stability operations. Under modularity, all division HQs became stand-alone HQs capable of commanding and controlling flexible combinations of all types of Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) and support brigades. During operations in Iraq, modular divisions controlled as many as seven BCTs and approximately 40,000 personnel. Under Army 2020, ten active and eight National Guard Division HQs are programmed. Each will have habitually assigned multifunctional brigades, and be considered as heavy or light based upon its composition of assigned BCTs. Recent Army 2020 initiatives may reduce the size of the Modular Division HQs to some 518 AC spaces with an augmentation detachment with 96 from the ARNG. In addition, all divisions will be assigned or aligned with Geographic Combatant Commands. The Army 2020 Division organized for operations will consist of a tailored group of maneuver BCTs and support brigades. Characteristics of the Division are: In order of priority, it operates as a Tactical HQ, ARFOR, JFLCC, JTF [with augmentation for the later three missions]. Employs land forces as part of a Joint, Interagency, and/or Multinational force Executes offensive, defensive, and stability tasks in an Area of Operations (AO) or Joint Operations Area (JOA). Conducts decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations through mission command Sequences, supports, and reinforces subordinate brigades. Can serve as a JTF or JFLCC Headquarters with suitable augmentation for small scale contingencies. World-wide deployability of the TAC CP to support CCDR requirements; with the Main CP capable of reach back support from home station that is also capable of deploying. All TOE Divisions and the TDA 7 th Infantry Division at Joint Base Lewis-McCord have training and readiness responsibilities for designated BCTs and Support Brigades. 42

48 Modular Brigade Combat Teams The Army has converted all ground maneuver brigades to one of three modular BCT structures: Armored, Infantry, or Stryker. Under Army 2020, most BCTs will consist of three line battalions, one reconnaissance squadron, a field artillery battalion, a brigade engineer battalion (BEB), and a brigade support battalion (BSB). As the Army restructures for 2020, there will be 31 active Army BCTs by Armored Brigade Combat Team In 2012, the Army renamed the Heavy Brigade Combat Team the Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) to better reflect their capabilities. Shown below is the approved design. As the Army restructures for 2020, the Army will retain 10 active ABCTs each with three Combined Arms Battalions of three companies, an Armored Cavalry Squadron with a tank company, additional engineers, and fires capability. The ABCT will have 87 M1A2s; over 130 Bradley Fighting Vehicles; and 18 M109A6 155mm SP Howitzers. 43

49 Infantry Brigade Combat Team The approved design of the Army 2020 Infantry Brigade Team (IBCT) is shown below. As the Army restructures for 2020, the Army will have 14 active IBCTs Ten of these will have a third infantry battalion and additional engineers and fires capability; four overseas IBCTs will have only two Infantry Battalions. The IBCT will over 100 Javelin missiles; and 12 M mm and 6 M mm towed howitzers. Of these IBCTs, five will be airborne. The 82d will have three IBCTs with three airborne infantry battalions each; and the other two IBCTs in Alaska [4/25] and Italy [173d Abn]; only two airborne infantry battalions each. 44

50 Infantry Battalion Task Force As part of the FY 2015 reductions, the Army programmed two active Infantry Brigade Teams (IBCTs) to separate Battalion Task Forces. These infantry battalion task forces will have some 1050 personnel with organic engineers, an enhanced support company, 6 M mm towed howitzers; and over 16 Javelin missiles. 4/25 in Alaska was programed for reduction to a Bn TF, but has been retained as a two battalion Abn IBCT for now. 45

51 Similarly, the Army Reserve will retain one, and the Army National Guard 21 separate infantry battalions that will provide the capability to round out all ARNG Infantry Brigades, or serve as tactical combat forces under Maneuver Enhancement Brigades. In addition, the ARNG will retain five combined arms battalions capable of rounding out the five ARNG ABCTs. Stryker Brigade Combat Team As part of the Total Force for 2017, the Army fields nine Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs); seven active and two in the ARNG. Each are equipped with 18 M mm towed howitzers, and some 300 Stryker Light Armored Vehicles in some ten variants, including 12 with 105mm guns. The 2d Cavalry Regiment in Europe as well as the 3 rd CR at Ft Hood are SBCTs. Army 2020 adds a Brigade Engineer Battalion and Forward Support Companies to the Brigade Support Battalion. Security Assistance Force Units General Milley as the CSA in 2016 initiated the design and development of Security Force Assistance Brigades, divisions, and corps. As depicted below, these units are scheduled to become operational between 2017 and Each of the SFA Bdes will consist of some 500 senior personnel designed to provide personnel for security force assistance missions up to host division; and to provide a cadre for expansion into a full BCT if directed. The divisional and corps HQs provide for higher level security force assistance as well as ministerial level advice for defense institutional building. 46

52 Multifunctional Support Brigades As part of modularity, most divisional and corps level combat support and combat service support brigades converted to one of the five multifunctional support brigade. A tailored mix of Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB), a Field Artillery Brigade (FAB) or Division Artillery [DIVARTY], and a Sustainment Brigade (SustB) support the division and the BCTs as well as carry out specific tasks in support of echelons above brigade (EAB). Unlike BCTs, multifunctional support brigades are not completely fixed organizations. Support brigades are designed around a base of organic elements, to which a mix of additional capabilities is added, 47

53 based on the campaign or major operation. To make the brigades both tailorable and effective, support brigade headquarters includes the necessary expertise to control many different capabilities. Each brigade base also includes signal and sustainment capabilities. MEBs enable, enhance, and protect the operational and tactical freedom of action of the supported force. MEBs receive and integrate mission tailored MP, Engineer, chemical, EOD, Civil Affairs, and tactical combat forces to conduct security and functional operations in a designated Area of Operations. In addition to multifunctional support brigades, a wide variety of functional brigades remain in the Army structure, primarily as theater-level troops, but also capable of employment under corps/divisions. See the chart below for numbers of units by type in accordance with Army Structure Memorandum , 8 October III. ARMY NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RESERVE Organizations The Army relies heavily on the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. The Army in FY17 was programmed to 980,000 of which 450,000 are Regular Army (46%); the National Guard 335,000 (35%); and the Army Reserve 195,000 (20%). Of this total force, some 752,000 reside in the deployable (MTOE) field Army, 32,000 are in special operating forces, while some 170,000 are in general support (TDA) activities and some 54,000 active duty are in individual personnel accounts (TTHS). The Army Reserve Components are planned to provide 37% of the BCTs, 54% of non-bct artillery, 62% of 48

54 the sustainment units above BCT, 69% of the protective, intelligence, and mission command units above BCT; as well as 88% of the Civil Affairs Forces. As of December 2016, the NDAA raises the strength of Army components to 476,000 [AC]; 343,000 [NG]; and 199,000 [AR]. In addition, Roles, Missions, and Functions Army National Guard. The Army National Guard has federal, state and community functions. It is directly accessible to the National Command Authority and is responsive to state governors as well. Its Federal function is to support U.S. national security objectives by providing trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization in the event of national emergency or war. Its state functions are to protect life and property and to preserve the peace, order and public safety. Its community function is to participate in local, state and national programs that add value to America. Federalized Army National Guard units pass immediately and directly under the command of FORSCOM s 1 st Army. The Army National Guard consists of eight modular division headquarters and twenty-six Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) as well as five theater-level commands and 95 support brigades/groups. The guard combat maneuver elements consist of two SBCTs, nineteen IBCTs, and five ABCTs. Army Reserve. The Army Reserve is a federal force whose function is to provide trained units and qualified individuals for active duty in time of war or national emergency and at such other times as the national security requires. The Army Reserve has extensive civil affairs, engineer, medical, training, and transportation assets that are 49

55 well suited for domestic and humanitarian missions. The Army Reserve s capability in its primary support function is enhanced by the civilian experience and unique skills of its soldiers. The Army Reserve has converted to the Modular designs and developed Army Reserve Engagement Cells (ARECs) for direct staff planning and support to theater armies and corps HQs for regional planning with reach back. The Army Reserve will provide some twenty-one theater-level commands and 64 support brigades/groups. As part of the Army s transformation, the Army Reserve is reorganizing to better serve the Army s operational needs instead of the strategic force in reserve of past decades. Commands and units will transition to an operational and functional force structure. The US Army Reserve has a three-star General with two distinct roles: The first role is as Chief, Army Reserve (CAR). The CAR reports to the CSA and represents the Army Reserve in policy and planning discussions with the Army, DOD and Congress. The CAR is responsible for all Army Reserve Soldiers, even those who report directly to the Army. The CAR has a staff of functional advisors who develop and execute Army Reserve plans, policies and programs, plus administer Army Reserve personnel, operations and funding. These advisors are part of the office, of the Chief of Army Reserve (OCAR), which is located in the Pentagon in Washington, DC. The second is as CG, US Army Reserve Command, a subordinate unit of FORSCOM. The has established associated units which provide formal relationships for training and readiness between AC, ARNG, and USAR units as depicted below. 50

56 IV. ARMY COMMANDS, ARMY SERVICE COMPONENT COMMANDS, AND DIRECT REPORTING UNITS The specific missions and organizational structure of each are presented below. Army Commands U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Headquartered at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia TRADOC recruits, trains and educates the Army s soldiers; develops leaders; supports training in units; develops doctrine; establishes standards; and builds the future Army. TRADOC s major subordinate units include Combined Arms Center (CAC), headquartered at Fort Leavenworth, KS; the US Army Cadet and Recruiting Commands at Ft Knox, KY; the Initial Entry Training Center of Excellence, Ft Jackson, SC; and the Army Requirements and Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC) also at JB L-E. Additionally, TRADOC operates Warfighting Centers of Excellence such as the Mission Command Center of Excellence at Ft Leavenworth, KS; Sustainment Center of Excellence [Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM)] at Fort Lee, VA; the Maneuver Center of Excellence at Ft Benning, GA; the Fires Center of Excellence at Ft Sill, OK; the Maneuver Support Center of Excellence at Ft Leonard Wood, MO; and the Intelligence Center of Excellence at Ft Huachuca, AZ. TRADOC also operates 33 schools on 16 installations, including, among others, 17 branch schools and centers, the Army Logistics Management College; the Army Management Staff College, and the Command and General Staff College U. S. Army Material Command (AMC). Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, AL; AMC provides technology, acquisition support, and logistics to the Army, the other services, and U.S. allies. The command s missions range from research and development of weapon systems to maintenance and distribution of spare parts. AMC operates research, development, and engineering centers, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), depots, arsenals, ammunition plants, installation DOLs, other facilities, and maintains the Army s prepositioned stocks on land and afloat. The command is also the Department of Defense (DOD) executive agent for chemical weapons and conventional ammunition. AMC operates facilities in 149 locations worldwide and has about 50,000 military and civilian employees. Major Subordinates include: Army Sustainment Command, Army Contracting Command, and the U.S. Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (USASDDC) (which is the ASCC to USTRANSCOM). US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). Currently headquartered at Ft Bragg, NC, FORSCOM is responsible for mobilization planning and combat readiness of assigned, active-army and U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) units and training supervision of Army National Guard (ARNG) during peacetime. FORSCOM is an Army Command directly under the Secretary of the Army. FORSCOM commands assigned active Army units in CONUS and, when federalized, ARNG units. The major subordinate commands of FORSCOM are: U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC), 1 st Army (Training, Readiness, and Mobilization Command-TRMCOM), three Army corps, and eight Army Divisions. The Commanding General (CG) of the U.S. Army Reserve Command 51

57 (USARC) is also Chief, US Army Reserve and also reports to the CSA, but is responsible for the staffing, training and readiness of most Army Reserve units in the continental United States and Puerto Rico to ensure their readiness for Army missions. USARC is also located at Ft Bragg, NC. Major subordinate commands and locations: USA Reserve Command Ft Bragg, NC First Army Rock Island, IL Corps: I (Training & Readiness) JBLM, WA III Fort Hood, TX XVIII Fort Bragg, NC Other Major Commands: 32d Air and Missile Defense Command- Ft. Bliss, TX 20 th Support Command (CBRN)- Aberdeen PG, MD National Training Center- Ft. Irwin, CA Joint Readiness Training Center- Ft Polk, LA Army Service Component Commands (ASCC) for Geographic Combatant Commanders (Theater Armies) US Army Europe (USAREUR) Mission Responsible for defense of US interests in Europe Maintain a combat ready force to support NATO commitments. Maintain trained and ready forces for deployment on contingency operations in support of US European Command (EUCOM). Organization Army Service Component Command/theater army for US EUCOM Commands US Army units in Germany, Italy, England, and the Netherlands Currently includes 173d Airborne Brigade, 2d Cavalry Regiment (Stryker), 21 st Theater Sustainment Command, 2d Signal Brigade, 10 th Air and Missile Defense Command, 12 th Aviation Brigade, NATO Brigade, 7 th Mission Support Command (USAR), 4 th ID Mission Command Element, and a rotational ABCT and aviation units. Supervises the US Army element conducting the NATO mission in Kosovo and US Army units in Eastern Europe for Operation ATLANTIC RESOLVE. US Army Africa/ Southern European Task Force Mission Responsible for support of US interests in Africa Maintain trained and ready HQs for deployment on contingency operations in support of US Africa Command (AFRICOM) missions. 52

58 Organization Army Service Component Command/theater army for USAFRICOM Commands US Army units/forces in Africa; currently includes the ARFOR for JTF- Horn of Africa and the 207 th MI Bde. US Army Pacific (USARPAC) Mission Serve as the Army Service Component Command/theater army to Combatant Commander, US Pacific Command. Command and support assigned and attached active Army and USAR units, installations, and activities in Alaska, Hawaii, Japan, and in possessions and trust territories administered by the US Pacific Command (USPACOM). USARPAC Commander has also been designated as the theater-jflcc for the PACOM AOR. Oversee, evaluate, and support the ARNG in Hawaii, Alaska, and Guam. Maintain a trained and ready force for employment in the Pacific theater. Provide ASCC/ADCON support to Eighth US Army in Korea Organization Subordinate Units: Eighth Army, 25 th Infantry Division; US Army Alaska; US Army Japan and I Corps (Forward); 10 th Regional Spt Grp, 8 th Theater Sustainment Command, 94 th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 18 th Medical Command; 196 th Infantry Brigade (Training Support Pacific); and 9 th U. S. Army Mission Support Command (USAR). Eighth US Army (EA): Mission Army force HQs of US Forces Korea (USFK) to provide operational forces under the OPCON of Combined Forces Command/USFK to deter aggression against the Republic of Korea (ROK) and, should deterrence fail, to defeat that aggression. Organization: Major subordinate units: 2 nd Infantry Division HQs; 35 th ADA Bde, 210 th FA Bde, the 19 th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), assigned USAR units; and a rotational CAB and ABCT. US Army South (USARSO/Sixth Army Mission Command and control Army Forces in the US Southern Command Provide theater support for US Army Forces and Headquarters USSOUTHCOM Provide support to US Army elements in JTF Bravo in Honduras and the Joint Detainee Operations Group at Naval Base Guantanamo in Cuba. 53

59 Plans, programs, and provides US Army support for SOUTHCOM s regional security strategy. Organization Multi-component Headquarters serving as the Army Service component command/theater army of US Southern Command Organized around major subordinate elements which consist of forward stationed aviation and signal units, as well as Army units in GITMO. USARSO HQ is at Ft Sam Houston, Texas. US Army North (ARNORTH)/Fifth Army Mission Serves as the Army Service component command/theater army for command and control of Army Forces for US Northern Command Responsible to NORTHCOM for planning the land defense of Continental United States (CONUS) and the combined Canada - United States defense of Canada as the Joint functional land component command of NORTHCOM. Serves as the standing JFLCC for support to civil authorities in domestic emergencies. Provides support to federal, state, and local law enforcers in Homeland Security. Organization Multi-component Headquarters serving as the Army Service component of US Northern Command Organized around an ARNORTH main headquarters at Ft Sam Houston, TX, a contingency command post, and 10 Defense Coordination Officers (DCO) located in each FEMA Region. JTF-Civil Support is OPCON to ARNORTH from NORTHCOM. 505 th MI Grp USAR US Army Central Command (USARCENT)/ Third US Army Mission Develop and coordinate requirements, plans and participation of US Forces in regional exercises and contingencies Provide Command and Control of assigned and attached US Army forces in the USCENTCOM area. Designated as the theater-jflcc for the CENTCOM AOR. Organization Designated US Army Forces Central Command (USARCENT) as the Army Service component command of US Central Command (USCENTCOM). Under the combatant command (COCOM) of USCENTCOM 54

60 Command and control of assigned and attached US Army forces in the CENTCOM AOR. Headquarters and Main CP: Joint Base Shaw, SC. Permanent subordinates, 1 st Theater Sustainment Command - Ft Knox, KY, TF Sinai, ASG-Kuwait, and ASG-Qatar. Rotating Operational Headquarters: - ARNG division HQs for Opn SPARTAN SHIELD-Kuwait - JFLCC-Iraq and ARFOR-Iraq - US Army Forces Afghanistan - US Army Forces-Jordan Army Service Component Commands (ASCC) for Functional CCDRs US Army Strategic Command (ARSTRAT) and Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) Mission Serves as the Army component of US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) Command Defense Satellite Communications System Operation Centers and manage their joint tactical use. Conduct planning as the User of Army Strategic Ballistic Missile Defense Execute operational demonstrations of the Army Space Exploitation Demonstration Program Organization Subordinate elements in Germany, Okinawa, Hawaii, California, Maryland, and Virginia The 1 st Space Brigade provides Army Space Support Teams, Space Electronic Warfare Detachments, X-Band Radar Detachments, and JTAGS Detachments to support Combat Command Army Service Components. The 100 th National Missile Defense Brigade HQ (Army National Guard) in Colorado and the 49 th Missile Defense Battalion at Ft Greely, Alaska for command and control of the Ground Based Mid-Course Defense (GMD) System. U.S. Army Forces Cyber Command/2 nd Army (ARCYBER) This is the Army component to the U.S. Cyber Command, which is a subordinate unified command to U.S. STRATCOM. In July 2016, ARCYBER became a full ASCC in anticipation of US Cyber Command becoming a full combatant command in the near future. ARCYBERCOM s 780 th Cyber Brigade was formed from existing Army cyber resources and facilities to integrate units that now perform cyber-related missions. 2d Army replaced NETCOM as the DRU to CIO/G6. NETCOM and portions of 1 st Information Operations Command (Land) are subordinate units of ARCYBER as well as the Cyber Protection Brigade and other related activities of INSCOM which will be under its operational control. The command will consist of more than 21,000 Soldiers and civilians and will have its headquartered at Ft Gordon, GA. 55

61 Network Enterprise Technology Command (NETCOM)/9 th Signal Command Ft. Huachuca, AZ is subordinate to 2d Army, which remains a direct reporting unit to the Army CIO/G6, and is responsible for worldwide theater signal support. 7th Signal Command-CONUS 21st Theater Strategic Signal Brigade- Ft Detrick, MD 93rd Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Ft Eustis, VA 106th Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Ft Sam Houston, TX 2nd Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Germany 1st Theater Tactical Signal Brigade-Korea 516th Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Hawaii 160th Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Kuwait US Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) Mission Army component command of US Special Operations Command responsible for all continental US-based Army Special Operations Forces (Active, Army Reserve, and National Guard) with headquarters at Ft Bragg, NC. Provide trained and ready Special Forces, Ranger, Special Operations Aviation, Military Information Support Operations (MISO) (formerly Psychological Operations) and Civil Affairs (CA) Forces to Regional Combatant Commanders, Joint Task Force Commanders, and US Ambassadors and their country teams. Responsible for development of unique doctrine, tactics, techniques, procedures, and materiel in coordination with USSOCOM, TRADOC, and AMC Responsible for coordinating and deployment of security assistance teams to support friendly nations. Organization Major subordinate commands: US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School; 1 ST Special Forces Command (1 st, 3 rd, 5 th, 7 th and 10 th Special Forces Groups), 95 th CA Brigade, 4 th and 8 th Military Information Support Operations Groups, Army Special Operations Aviation Command (160 th Special Operations Aviation Regiment), 75 th Ranger Regiment, and the 528 th US Army Special Operations Sustainment Brigade. US Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) Mission Responsible for global traffic management, operation of worldwide water ports and Department of Defense transportation engineering Organization A jointly-staffed ASCC of the US Transportation Command with its HQ at Alexandria, VA. under the ADCON of AMC. Subordinate units: 595 th Transportation Group- Ash Shuaiba, Kuwait 597 th Transportation Group- Ft Eustis, VA 56

62 598 th Transportation Group-Rotterdam, NL 599 th Transportation Group-Hawaii USAR: Six Terminal Brigades and four Deployment Support Brigades. US Army Direct Reporting Units. As part of the October 2007 reorganization, the Secretary of the Army designated several other Army activities as Direct Reporting Units. Two of these with significant subordinate units are: U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM). A direct reporting unit under the Army G2 with its HQ at Ft. Belvoir, VA. INSCOM provides national strategic and theater strategic intelligence support. Its major units are: 1 st Information Operations Command (Land)- Ft Belvoir, VA National Ground Intelligence Center (2 nd Intelligence Center)- Ft Belvoir, VA 66th Military Intelligence Brigade-Darmstadt, GE 706th Military Intelligence Group (SIGINT)- Ft Gordon, GA 470th Military Intelligence Brigade- San Antonio, TX 207 th Military Intelligence Brigade-Vicenza, IT/Darmstadt, GE 500th Military Intelligence Brigade- Hawaii 501st Military Intelligence Brigade- Seoul, ROK 513th Military Intelligence Brigade- Ft Gordon, GA 650th Military Intelligence Group (NATO) 704th Military Intelligence Brigade- Ft Meade, MD 902nd Military Intelligence Group (CI)- Ft Meade, MD 780th Military Intelligence Brigade (CYBER)- Ft Meade, MD U.S. Army Corrections Command. A Field Operating Agency of the Army Staff with 15 th MP Brigade (I/R)- Ft Leavenworth, KS with battalions at Ft Leavenworth, KS, GITMO, and Joint Base Lewis-McCord. V. CONTEMPORARY ARMY ISSUES A. CROSS-DOMAIN TARGETING PROCESS. As part of the Tactical Air Control System (TACS), the ARFOR/JFLCC uses the Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD) as ground liaison with the C/JFACC to request joint fire support. A Joint Fires Element (JFE) as part of the JTF J3 can also provide staff coordination. In addition, the JFLCC must be able to request external joint ISR assets for BDA in order to make targeting recommendations. A Joint Targeting Coordination Board (JTCB), preferably under the deputy combatant commander, with authority to recommend targeting priorities at the macro level is a method of providing that support (See JP 3-09 and JP 3-60.) Per MOA, at division or corps, a Joint Air Ground Integration Center (JAGIC) may be established with Air Force Air Support Operations Center personnel co-located to coordinate close air support, suppression of enemy air defenses, and dynamic and deliberate interdiction operations within the division/corps' area of operations (ATP ). However, the Army lacks similar linkages with the Navy for maritime support. 57

63 B. JFLCC INTEGRATION OF ASSETS. A JFLCC can exercise control of all joint land forces and their doctrinal, direct support assets, to include Army rotary wing and unmanned aircraft and ATACMS or USMC Aviation) when employed for sustained land operations. The Army needs to operate a discrete portion of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to provide for its dedicated requirements. Marines ashore for sustained periods should be placed OPCON or TACON to the JFLCC. Marines embarked should remain under the control of the Maritime Component. Likewise the JFLCC should command all ground based air/missile defense assets for the JFC. For a major conflict, a MEF operating as part of a JFLCC will require augmenting Army assets to include a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade with MPs, engineers, EOD, and chemical defense units, as well as MLRS or SP cannon artillery. On a task basis, the JFLCC may be required to relinquish control of some of these joint land assets to support another component, but they revert back as the task is completed. Marine Air will always remain under the command of the MAGTF Commander for direct support air sorties. Any sorties in excess of MAGTF direct support requirements will be provided to the joint force commander for re-tasking by the JFACC (See JP 1 and JP 3-31.) C. DEEP STRIKES. The ARFOR/JFLCC needs to have a forward boundary sufficiently far in front of the Forward Line of Troops (FLOT) to enable it to shape and influence the ground battle. In addition, it should not be too far forward to unduly constrain the JFACC's overall interdiction effort. The JFC establishes the forward boundaries of surface components to support the overall theater plan. Within his AO, the ARFOR/JFLCC is the supported commander and designates the target priorities, effects, and timing. Due to their characteristics, Army attack helicopters are well suited to conduct Close Combat Attack in proximity of friendly ground forces. Forward of the FSCL, but short of the forward boundary, the JFACC may be the Coordinating Authority for operational fires due to the assets he controls. The ARFOR/JFLCC will have a Fires Cell (FC) to plan and monitor these operational fires. These may be precision strikes conducted primarily by Fires Brigades or even Mobile Strikes conducted primarily by Aviation Brigades. (JP 3-09, JP , FM 3-94). D. AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE. Operations to protect the force from missile threats are fundamentally different from those taken to defend from the counterair threat. TMD threats require unique and highly responsive mission command structures that are separate from the TACS. The Army seeks to integrate with the other components in TMD with Army Air and Missile Defense Commands (AAMDC). While an Army organization, its functions support the joint force. These functions include establishing air defense artillery fire control officers (ADAFCOs) at the Area Air Defense Coordinators (AADC) regional centers that will assist in integrating land-based TMD, advising on use of land-based air defense, and providing planning assistance. The 32d AAMDC operated in this manner as part of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. New Army operated systems such as Terminal High Altitude Air Defense (THAAD), Joint Elevated Networked Sensor (JLENS), and the Counter-Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) provide additional capabilities (See FM ). 58

64 E. JOINT SECURITY COORDINATOR (JSC). As the ARFOR/JFLCC normally commands the most personnel in the Joint Security Area (JSA), the JFC may designate the ARFOR/JFLCC or one of his subordinates as the JSC. An AAMDC may be designated as an Operational Protection Command was the 32d in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. Alternatively, a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade may be designated. The JSC is responsible for the multi-dimensional protection of all forces in the JSA and may require dedicated security forces for this function. A joint security force may be formed from Army MPs, Air Force security forces, Marine security units, and expeditionary naval coastal riverine forces. (See JP 3-10) F. JOINT LOGISTICS. The Army's logistical concepts for theater level have evolved to a Sustainment Command (Theater) [TSC] that may also be tasked as the joint theaterlevel support organization. The TSC is a modular headquarters that will serve as the ASCC or the JFLCC s single point of contact for the execution of theater level sustainment functions of logistics, personnel, transportation, finance, and contracting support. The other service components can be expected to contribute appropriate sustainment forces. Examples from the Naval Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) could include Navy Const Bns (SEABEES), Expeditionary Logistics units or Fleet Hospitals ashore. Air Force units may include contingency response, aerial port, or engineering units (RED HORSE). In addition, a Marine Logistics Command, if formed, will coordinate for logistical support of employed Marine Forces (See ATP 4-94, Theater Sustainment Command). G. DETAINEE OPERATIONS. U. S. and multinational forces must be prepared to detain enemy personnel no longer willing or able to continue to fight, and other personnel based upon established detention criteria to include non-traditional combatants. U.S. and coalition personnel must be prepared to maintain, protect, and account for all categories of potential detainees. A chief of detainee operations, normally the senior Army MP officer from a Military Police Command or Brigade, will be appointed by the joint force commander who will be responsible for the humane treatment and all aspects of detainee operations to include detention facilities, interrogations, and reporting requirements (See JP 3-63). H. STABILITY OPERATIONS. Operations in Afghanistan and Iraq highlighted organizational and doctrinal voids in the US military for the conduct of several types of operations. The Secretary of Defense issued DOD Directive on Stability and Reconstruction Operations that establishes the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy as his Executive Agent. In addition, the Army has elevated stability one of the three types of tasks, along with offense and defense, to be conducted overseas. The Army has reorganized and rebalanced its forces in order to provide more capability and capacity in Stability Operations. The insurgency in Afghanistan and Iraq has also refocused the Army on counterinsurgency and the Army produced Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency Operations and FM 3-07, Stability. The future challenge will be providing Army personnel for the numerous Security Cooperation/Security Force Assistance tasks required to support indigenous forces, both during major operations as well as during peacetime engagement, without detriment to the rest of the Army. ADP 3-59

65 07, Stability, ADRP 3-07, Stability, and FM 3-22, Army Support to Security Cooperation, provides some emerging doctrine to these tasks (See also JP 3-07). I. ACCOMPLISHING INFORMATION and CYBEROPERATIONS TASKS. The theater army commander is also charged with accomplishing a wide assortment of information tasks. Information tasks include cyber/electromagnetic operations. As the Army has numerous and diverse elements (NETOPS Commands/Brigades, Intelligence Brigades, Military Information Support Operations [PSYOP] battalions, Army space units, and Information Operations Groups among them) in a theater all contributing to one or more of these efforts, coordination is a challenge. The theater army Chief of Staff may be charged with coordinating these separate elements through the Information Operations Coordinating Staff Officer (FA 30), the special staff PAO, the MISO Section in G3, and the newly established Cyber and Electro-magnetic Activities (CEMA) Officer, FA 17. See FM 3-38 and FM J. PROPONENCY for CIVIL AFFAIRS (CA) & MILITARY INFORMATION SUPPORT OPERATIONS (MISO). The Army previously placed all of its CA & MISO units under USASOC. Now only select AC CA & MISO units remain under USASOC. USAR CA & MISO units from USACAPOC intended to support conventional Army and Marine units are under USARC direct control. CA and MISO units will normally be aligned with a specific theater army for priority employment, but still remain worldwide deployable. Command relationships will need to be further defined. The Army s new AC 85 th CA Brigade supports GPF belongs to FORSCOM; and there is additional CA/MISO units in USAR for conventional support. In addition, the type and amount of CA & MISO support for the Marines needs to be considered. 60

66 VI. NOTIONAL MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (MEF) AND NOTIONAL ARMY MODULAR DIVISION COMPARED TOTAL PERSONNEL MEF Division (2 ABCT, 1 IBCT, 1 SBCT) DISMOUNTED 50,000 36,500 RIFLE SQUAD MEMBERS 3,159 2,673 MAJOR EQUIPMENT MBT ABV 7 12 AAV LAV-25/STRYKER MGS(105) 0 12 BFV ASV/M T T SP 0 60 MLRS/HIMARS TOW JAVELIN mm MORTAR mm MORTAR mm MORTAR MAN RECON TMS

67 AVIATION/MISSILES MEF Division AV-8B 64 0 F-18A/C 48 0 F/A-18D 24 0 EA-6B 6 0 KC AH-1/AH-64 36[AH-1] 48 [AH-64] MV-22 or CH (MV-22) 12 (CH-47) CH HH/UH UH SUASs Pioneer/Shadow Grey Eagle/Predator 0 12 STINGER 45 0 PATRIOT 0 24 LAV-AD

68 VII. AC COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS DOWN TO BCT The following outlines the planned command relationships and stationing plan down to brigade-level by FY17. Army Commands and Theater Armies are in italics. US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)- Ft Bragg, NC 7 th Transportation Brigade (Expeditionary) at Ft Eustis, VA I Corps- Joint Base Lewis-McCord, WA 7 th Infantry Division (non-deployable) 1 st and 2d Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCT), DIVARTY, 2d Infantry Division 17 th FA Bde (Corps) 201 st Expeditionary MI Bde 593 rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) 42 nd MP Bde 555 th Eng Bde 62 nd Med Bde 16 th Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) (-) III Corps- Ft Hood, TX 3d Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) 504 th Expeditionary MI Bde 36 th Eng Bde 89 th MP Bde 1 st Med Bde 13 th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) 75 th FA Bde (Corps) at Ft Sill 11 th Theater Tactical Signal Bde Ft. Huachuca, AZ 1 st Infantry Division- Ft Riley, KS 1 st, 2d Armored BCTs, CAB, DIVARTY at Ft Riley, KS 1 st Div Sust Bde at Ft Riley, KS 1 st Cavalry Division Ft Hood, TX 1 st, 2d, and 3d ABCTs, CAB, DIVARTY 1 st Cav Div Sustainment Bde 1 st Armored Division- Ft Bliss, TX 1 st SBCT, 2d ABCT, 3d ABCT, CAB, DIVARTY 1 st AD Div Sust Bde Army Evaluation Task Force [TBD] 4 th Infantry Division -Ft Carson, CO 1 st SBCT 2d IBCT; 3d ABCT; DIVARTY 4 th Div Sust Bde 4 th CAB XVIII Airborne Corps- Ft Bragg, NC 3 rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) 63

69 525 th Expeditionary MI Bde 16 th MP Bde 20 th Eng Bde 44 th Med Bde 18 th FA Bde (Corps) 35th Theater Tactical Signal Bde Ft. Gordon, GA 3 rd Infantry Division- Ft Stewart, GA 1 st ABCT, 2d IBCT [converting to an ABCT], CAB (-), DIVARTY at Ft. Stewart In Bn TF at Ft Benning, GA. 3 rd Div Sust Bde at Ft. Stewart. 10 th Mountain Division- Ft Drum, NY 1 st and 2d Infantry BCTs, CAB, DIVARTY at Ft Drum, NY 3rd Brigade (IBCT) at Ft Polk, LA 10 th Div Sust Bde 82 nd Airborne Division- Ft Bragg, NC 1 st, 2d, and 3d Airborne IBCTs, CAB, DIVARTY 82 nd Div Sust Bde 101 st Airborne Division- Ft Campbell, KY 1 st, 2d, and 3d Infantry BCTs, 101 CAB, DIVARTY at Ft Campbell 101 st Div Sust Bde. 20 th Support Command (CBRNE)- Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 48 th Chem Bde- Ft Hood, TX 52 nd EOD Group-Ft Campbell, KY 71 st EOD Group-Ft. Carson, CO 32 nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command-Ft Bliss, TX 11 th ADA Bde at Ft Bliss, TX 69 th ADA Bde at Ft Hood, TX 108 th ADA Bde at Ft Bragg, NC 31 st ADA Bde at Ft Sill, OK NTC - Ft Irwin, CA 11 th Armored Cavalry Regiment (OPFOR) (HBCT [-]) JRTC- Ft Polk, LA Central Command Army Forces Central Command(ARCENT) and 3 rd Army- Shaw AFB, SC Rotational ARNG Division HQs as ARCENT (Fwd) Camp Arijan, KU Rotational ABCT, FAB, CAB, Sust Bde 1 st Theater Sustainment Command-Ft Knox, KY Task Force Sinai 160 th Signal Bde-Kuwait 513 th MI Bde, Ft Gordon, GA 64

70 European Command US Army Europe (USAREUR) Germany Mission Command Element-4th ID Baumholder, GE 2d Cavalry Regiment (SBCT)-Germany. 173d Airborne Brigade-Italy/Germany Rotational ABCT 21st Theater Sustainment Command Germany 16th Sust Bde 30th Medical Brigade 12th TAB HQ Av Bn 1st Bn, 3rd Avn [AH-64] 10th Army Air & Missile Defense Command 5th Bn, 7th ADA 66th MI Bde, Darmstadt, GE 2d Signal Bde-Mannheim, GE Africa Command US Army Africa [Southern European Task Force (SETAF)]-Italy 207th MI Bde-Italy/GE ARFOR HOA- Djibouti Southern Command US Army South-Ft Sam Houston, TX 470th MI Bde-Ft Sam Houston, TX ARFOR JTF B- Honduras Pacific Command U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) -Hawaii I Corps (Fwd)/U.S. Army Japan Japan 10th RSG -Okinawa 25th Infantry Division/U.S. Army Hawaii- Hawaii 2nd IBCT, 3rd IBCT, 25 CAB(-), DIVARTY 25th Div Sustainment Bde U.S. Army Alaska-Alaska 1st (SBCT), 25th 4th IBCT (Airborne), 25th [retained to at least FY 17] 1st Bn, 52d GSAB, 16th Combat Aviation Brigade 8th Theater Sustainment Command- Hawaii 130th Engineer Brigade 8th MP Brigade 94th Army Air & Missile Defense Command- Hawaii 18th Medical Command- Hawaii 65

71 500 th MI Bde-Hawaii 560 th Signal Bde-Hawaii UN Command and US Forces Korea 8 th US Army-Korea 2 nd Infantry Division HQs Rotational ABCT Rotational CAB 2d Div Sust Bde 210 th FA Brigade (Corps) 19 th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) 35 th ADA Brigade 65 th Medical Bde 501 st MI Bde 1 st Signal Bde 66

72 VIII. ARMY LOGISTICAL DATA The existing Army Power Projection Program (AP3) Action Plan calls for the Army to develop the capability to provide a force projection response force with the following standards: The Army s deployment goals for the Future Force includes deploying and employing a brigade combat team in 4-7 days, 3 BCTs with a division HQs in 10 days, 9 BCTs with a multi-division HQs in 20 days; and 15 BCTs with a multi-division HQs and sufficient supporting brigades in 30 days. Unit data for Modular BCTs are as below: UNIT PERS Vehicles/Tlrs SQ FT STONs MTONs C-17 Loads LMSRs IBCT 3,539 1, ,000 8,500 36, N/A (2BN) IBCT (3BN) 4,260 1, ,000 10,000 40, N/A ABCT 4,252 2, ,000 25,000 75, SBCT 4,418 1, ,000 14,840 53, In order to accomplish this goal, the AP3 has several elements: Improved sealift to include Theater support vessels and investigating Shallow draft, high speed ships. Improved Army infrastructure at selected bases. Enhanced deployment training and better automation. Continued R & D into heavy lift vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. Convert to modular designs and Army Prepositioned Stocks (APS) 2012 recommended endstate. Army Prepositioned Stocks (APS) Program The Army Prepositioned Stocks (APS) Program consists of four categories: Prepositioned Sets. Organizational equipment (end items, supplies, and secondary items) in unit configurations. Army War Reserve Sustainment (AWRS). Stocks prepositioned in or near a theater of operations to support until the wartime rates of supply are established. Operational Projects (OPROJ). Supplies and equipment over and above MTOE for specific OPLANs and contingencies. War Reserve Stocks for Allies (WRSA). Owned and financed by the US but released by the ASCC to support allied forces. APS 2015 Recommended Stockpiles: APS-1 (CONUS); Project and sustainment stocks. 67

73 APS-2 (Europe); Project and WRSA. An ABCT set of equipment in several EAS (European Activity Set), are being established for use as the ERF (European Rotation Force)/NATO Response Force. APS-3 (Multi-apportioned) (afloat); Project and sustainment stocks and two Army Strategic Flotillas (ASF). One ASF-Combat (Diego-Garcia) with a modular IBCT with wheeled augmentation set and three combat loads afloat on two LMSRs. In addition, there will be an ASF-Support (Guam) with two LMSRs and two container ships carrying a Sustainment Bde with a Theater Opening and Combat Service Support Package with 10 days of sustainment stocks, and 45 days of selected supplies. APS-4 (Pacific); Sustainment and project stocks and one division HQ, one ABCT, one Sustainment Brigade, and one Medical Brigade in South Korea APS-5 (Southwest Asia); Sustainment and project stocks and one division HQ, one ABCT, one Sustainment, and one Medical Brigade in Kuwait; one Fires, and one Sustainment Brigade sets in Qatar; and one infantry battalion with wheeled augmentation set in Afghanistan NLT FY13. Typical Capabilities of ASF (Army Strategic Flotillas) Personnel ASF-Combat 3,800 ASF-Support Theater Opening Packages 8,000 ASF-Cbt Major Equipment 105mm How 16 ASV/MRAPs 286 Other wheeled vehicles 1,000+ Approx. addl Mobility Requirements Airlift sorties required: ASF-Cbt 16 C17 ASF-Spt 32 C-17 Assembly times 10 days or less Supplies 3 Combat Loads with the ASF-Cbt 10 days with the ASF-Spt; 45 days for selected critical theater requirements The Army s Force Sustainment System provides both logistics and personnel support, which together are the foundation of the Army s Military Power. Army operational support to theater force includes planning and providing a significant amount of support to joint forces under Army Support to Other Services (ASOS). Representative Army responsibilities for ASOS Executive Agent For Army as lead for ground based missiles & XBRs. Inland logistics support Medical battlefield evacuation Mortuary svcs and graves registration Supply to peacekeeping forces Operation of common user ocean terminals Spted Svc All Services USMC All services All services All services All services 68

74 Intermodal container management Trans engineering for highway movement Conventional ammunition Disposal of munitions & waste explosives Medical Logistics Management Military customs inspections Military troop construction Airdrop equipment and systems Power generation equip and systems Land-based water resources Overland POL support Military postal service DOD enemy POW/detainee program Blood support Military veterinary support All services All services All services All services All Services All services USAF Overseas All services All services All services All services All services All services USAF All services USTRANSCOM Planning Factors (1) For determining sealift movement days: Ready to Load (RLD) at origin to Available to Load (ALD) at port: Business rule, 1 day for every 450 miles. Surface Load Date (SLD) to Earliest Available Date (EAD) business rule: 25 days off the east coast and 15 days of the west coast EAD to Latest Available Date (LAD) business rule: 7 days (2) For air movement loads: C-5: STONS (oversized and outsized) and 73 pax C-17: 45 STONS (oversized and out sized) or 100 pax C-130: 12.5 STONS (bulk) or 88 pax CRAF sorties based on average of 222 PAX per sortie. (3) For land movement days: 500 miles per day per driver Dual drivers can double the distance (4) For land movement loads: Trucks: average load capacity 48feet and 24 STONS Truckload defined as: 60% length usage 69

75 Logistical Requirements for Committed Army Forces (Typical usage for selected, committed forces) UNIT Class III (Fuel) Class V (Ammo) All Others Heavy Division 500,000 Gals/Day 2500 T/Day 350 T/Day Light Division 65,000 Gals/Day 1000 T/Day 200 T/Day Air Assault Division 300,000 Gals/ Day 1500 T/Day 350 T/Day Fires Brigade 30,000 Gals/Day 2600 T/Day 40 T/Day ABCT 150,000 Gals/Day 800 T/Day 90 T/Day Corps (5 Divisions) 2,400,000 Gals/Day 15,750 T/Day 2000 T/Day Army Airlift and Sealift Requirements (Selected Units) UNIT Airlift Sorties* Sealift Available Times** Ranger/Airborne Airfield 8 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs Seizure TF Abn Bde TF for 93 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs Strategic Bde Assault Heavy IRC 8 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs (4M1A1, 4M2) AH-64 Co. (8 ea) 4 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs MLRS Battery (6 Lncrs) 10 C5 N/A N + 24 Hrs Patriot Battery (8 Lncrs) 9 C5 N/A N + 24 Hrs CA BN Task Force 30 C17 N/A N + 48 Hrs AH-64 BN (24 ea) 15 C17 N/A N + 48 Hrs ABN Div (-DRB) 500 C-17, 47 C5, 21 CRAF N/A N + 72 Hrs INFANTRY BCT 75 C-17 N/A N + 96 Hrs Light Inf Div 375 C17 N/A N + 96 Hrs Stryker BCT 350 C17 10 TSVs N + 96 Hrs Heavy Division 77 CRAF 2 FSS, 5 LMSR C + 30 Days Air Assault Div 70 CRAF 4 LMSR C + 30 Days Corps Troops (-) 200 CRAF 8 LMSR 21 RO/ROs C + 75 Days Notes: *Airlift based on numbers of aircraft needed to move entire unit in one lift. CRAF sorties based on average of 222 PAX per sortie. **Availability for air movement is hours after notification (N) to begin air movement, travel time not included. For sealift, it is days to arrive at Tactical Assembly Areas (TAA) after beginning deployment. 70

76 IX. MAJOR ARMY SYSTEMS Wheeled Tactical Vehicles STRYKER ICV 14 per Mot Inf Co STRYKER MGS 12 per Coin the Cav Sq STRYKER Recce Veh 4 per Sct Plt; 12 per Trp in Cav Sq Armored Security Vehicle M per MP Co 38,000 lbs External Remotely fired.50 cal or 40mm GL 2d SCR being equipped with a turreted 30mm. 49,000 lbs 105mm.50 cal Coaxial ,000 lbs External Remotely fired.50 cal or 40mm GL 30,000 lbs Turreted 40mm GL or.50 cal MG Armament Range No of Rounds Radius Speed Gap Crossing m 2000 rds 2000m 2000m m 1000m 430 rds 18 rds 400 rds 3,400 rds m 2000 rds 2000m 430 rds 2000 m 840 rds m 800 rds 330 km 62 mph on road; 45 mph off road 330km 62 mph on road; 45 mph off road 330 km 62 mph on road; 45 mph off road 440 miles 65 mph on road; 45 mph off road Vertical 23 Gap 78 Vertical 23 Gap 78 Vertical 23 Gap 78 Vertical 24 Gap 60 Combat Vehicles Vehicle Unit Size Weapons Max eff range (meters) Carried on Veh Fuel Consumption (gal/hr) Fuel Capa city (gal) Cruising Range (miles) Max Speed (mph) Obs Negotiat ions M1A1/2 14 per tank 120 mm Idle Avg: Hwy: 41.5 Vertical MBT ABRAMS company Cdr.50 cnl MG 1,200-1,600 (900) 1000 Cross country: Cross step: 70 Tons (or 7.62 MG) 56.6 country: 3' 6 Coax 7.62 MG ,000 Secondary 30 Trench Loader 7.62MG ,000 Roads: crossing Smoke GL width: 9' Thermal M2 IFV 14 per Mech TOW 3,750 7 Idle Avg: Hwy: 41 Vertical BRADLEY Infantry 25-mm chain gun APDS: 1,700 a Cross country: Cross step: 3 32 Tons Company HEL-T: 3,100 b Total: country: Trench Coax 7.62 MG 900 2,340 Secondary 30 crossing Smoke GL Roads: Water: width Thermal 2, M3 CFV 3 per Bn SCTs TOW 3, Idle av: Hwy: 41 Vertical BRADLEY 7 per CAV TRP 25-mm chain gun APDS: 1,700 a 425, 1,280 Cross country: Cross Step: 3 32 Tons HEL-T: 3,000 b Total: 1, Country Trench 900 4,610 Secondary 30 Crossing Roads: Water: Width:

77 Army Aviation Type Aircraft Weapon System (1) Range (m) Endurance (hr:min) Average Speed (2) (knots) Maximum Load Fire Control AH-64D (3) Hellfire (16 each) 8,000 1: Millimeter wave Radar for 256 TGTS Apache Longbow Hydra 70 Rockets 76 8,800 3:15 (4) 32x FLIR AH-64E (3) Apache Longbow [Manned/Unmanned cap] 30-mm Cannon 1,200 3,000 Hellfire (16 each) 8,000 1: Millimeter wave Radar For 256 TGTS Hydra 70 Rockets 76 8,800 3:15 (4) 32x FLIR 30-mm Cannon 1,200 3,000 UH-60L/M M60 D(2) : ,000 lbs or 1-Inf Squad HH-60L/M MEDEVAC 6-LITTERS BLACK HAWK CH-47D/F M60 D(2) : ,000 or CHINOOK UH-72A LAKOTA Light Utility Helicopter [Permissive tasks only.] 1-Inf Platoon N/A N/A 2: lbs, 8 pass. or 2 litters NOTES: 1. Can be armed with any system or combination if maximum rounds are reduced. 2. Low-level flight for planning route to and from target and/or LZ area. Nap of the earth (NOE) flight speed averages 35 knots (65 kph). 3. AH-64 is capable of operating in limited visibility and at night. 4. When fitted with one auxiliary 230-gallon fuel tank. N/A Anti-Armor Missiles Missile Prime Mover Weight (lbs) Guidance Linkage Rounds Range (Meters) Aboard TOW M2 IFV 40 (round only) Wire 7 3,750 max Hellfire M3 CFV min HMWWV 6 Stryker 6 AH-64 Atk Hel OH-58D 100 (round only) Laser-designated (Radar designated on AH-64D) ,000+ max Javelin Individual soldier 49 lbs Infrared Imaging 6 2,500 meters 72

78 Field Artillery Weapon Rds on Veh/Prime Mover Rds Bulk Loaded on Resupply Range (Meters) Weight (Pound s) Time to Emplace (Min) Max Rate of Fire No. Rds First 3 mins Sustained Fire Rds per Hour 105-mm how towed ,000 4, IBCT 12 M119A2 19,500 (RAP) 155-mm how ,000 64, ABCT 18 No of Weapons per Unit M109A6 30,000 Corps bn 18 (PALADIN) (RAP) FiB Bn mm how towed ,700 10, SBCT 18 IBCT 6 FiB Bn 12 M777A2 30,000 (RAP) MLRS (M 270) km+ 54, Fires Bn mm Rocket HIMARS (FMTV 5 T.) 227 mm Rocket km+ 30, Fires Bn 12 MLRS Family of Munitions Munition Range (kms) Targets Fielded M26 Rocket DPICM Personnel, Light Armor and Soft Vehicles/Materiel ATACMS Block I DPICM Personnel and Soft Vehicles/Materiel In Production ATACMS Block IA Personnel and Soft Vehicles/Materiel In Development GPS Guided MLRS DPICM Personnel, Light Armor and Soft Vehicles/Materiel GMLRS Unitary variant (200 lb) For use when DPICM not suitable ATACMS-Quick Reaction Unitary (470 lbs) 270 km Personnel, equipment, hardened facilities ATACMS Penetrator Hardened sites in Korea. Air Defense System Range (Kilometers) Weight (Pounds) Number Launchers per Unit Guidance Type Warhead Rds on Launcher PATRIOT air defense missile 120 3,7 40 Btry 6 lncrs Bn 24 Incrs Command HE PAC II: 4 msls per lncr PAC III: 16 msls per lncr Avenger Air Bn 36 Proportional HE 8 msls Defense System navigation:.50 cal mg (HMMWV MTD) THAAD 100+km Btry 3 lncrs; 8 msls ea AN/TPY-2 X-Band Radar PLS TRK Chasis Counter Rocket, Artillery, Mortar (C-RAM) 3km 14,000 lbs (+) 1 Phalanx Land Based System Uses passive IR homing Command: from Army, Aegis, or USAF sensors. AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder and Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar Hit-To-Kill KV 20mm selfdestructing explosive round 73

79 Sentinel Radar AN/MPQ-64 System Prime Mover Range Allocation AN/TPQ-50 Light weight Counter Mortar Radar Joint Elevated Networked Sensor (JLENS) HMMWV 40km 2 per Division AMD Det; 7 per Comp AMD Bn; 8- MAMD Man packed and vehicle Mortars, cannon, or rockets at 4: BCT (120 lbs) 360 degrees at.5 to 10 km. 71m AEROSTAT (Helium filled) LOS to 250km Acft & CMS: 30KM+ Pers: 13 km Veh: 20 km 1 SuR and 1 PTIR Per battery AN/USD-9 GUARDRAIL RC-12X LOS = 450 km 9-12 per AEB Common Sensor (GRCS) AN/ASQ-223 Airborne Reconnaissance-Low- Multifunctional (ARL-M) ARL-M Station time: 5.5 hours; LOS data link: 150 km 3-6 per AEB Airplane Reconnaissance MC-12S [EMARRS] 12 per AEB Ground-Based Common LOS: 40 km 2: BCT; Sensor (GBCS)-Prophet AN/MLQ-38 AN/MLQ-39 HVY: Electronic Fighting Vehicle (EFVS) LT: HMMWV Unmanned aerial vehicle-rq-7b Length: 11 ft 125 km 1 baseline = 4 aircraft Tactical (TUAV) Wing span: 14ft Station time: 5-7 hours platforms "Shadow" Dry weight: 375 lbs 2 GCS Max speed: 118 kn Height: 5 ft Payloads: Color CCD FLIR Max altitude: 19,000 ft 2 GDT 4 RVT Operating altitude: 8-10,000 ft (1 baseline per BCT; 3 per CAB) Unmanned aerial vehicle-rq-5a Wing span: 29.2 ft 125 km on GCS platforms short-range (UAV-SR) "HUNTER" Dry weight: 1,200 lbs 50 km on LRS 4 ADR Multi-Purpose MQ-5B HUNTER RQ-8A RAVEN RQ-11B RAVEN Extended Range- Multipurpose MQ-1C Gray Eagle Weapons Locating Radars Max speed: 106 kn 75 km on ADR 3 GCS/MPS Height: 5.4 ft Payload: FLIR Max altitude: 15,000 ft Operating altitude: 15,000 ft 34 wingspan, 20,000 ceiling, 280 lbs of ord (Viper/BLU 108). Hand launched Length: 28 ft Wingspan: 56 ft Payload: 800 lb Max Speed: 130 kn Ceiling: 25, GDT 4 RVT 1 LRS 21 hrs endurance Replacing existing RQ-5As I system per Bn 3 acft to a system 40+ hrs 12 per CAB ER-MP Co; 6-12 per AEB EO/IR & SAR/MTI 4 Hellfire Msls AN/TPQ-36 HMMWV towed; 6 crew.9 to 24 km 1 Q36: IBCT; 1 Q36,1 Q37: ABCT, SBCT AN/TPQ-37 5t FMTV towed; 12 crew 3-50 km 4 Q37: FA Bde AN/TPQ-53 5t FMTV Mounted; 4 crew.9-30km; per DIVARTY Prepared by John A. Bonin, Ph.D., Professor, Concepts and Doctrine, US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013; ( ); john.a.bonin.civ@mail.mil 74

80 U.S. MARINE CORPS I. Roles and Functions The Marine Corps is the Nation s expeditionary force-in-readiness. Congress specifically and uniquely structured the organization and prescribed the role of the Marine Corps as a balanced force-in-readiness, air and ground to suppress or contain international disturbances short of large scale war. To that end, Marines serve forward to shape events, manage instability, project influence, respond to crises, and when necessary, serve as the initial response force that enables heavier contingency forces to deploy from the United States. Marines are expeditionary partnered with the Navy, they come from the sea, to operate ashore, but without dependence on fixed bases or facilities. The Marine Corps role as America s force informs how they man, train, and equip their force. It also drives how they prioritize and allocate the resources provided by Congress. United States Code, Title 10, Armed Forces United States Code, Title 10, chap. 507, sect and chap. 1006, sec detail the composition and functions of the Marine Corps. It directs that the Marine Corps Shall be organized to include not less than three combat divisions, three aircraft wings, and other organic land combat forces, aviation, and services. Shall be organized, trained, and equipped to provide Fleet Marine Forces of combined arms, together with supporting aviation forces, for service with the fleet in the seizure and defense of advanced naval bases and for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign. Shall provide detachments and organizations for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide security detachments for the protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, and perform such other duties as the President may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily organized. Shall develop, in coordination with the Army and Air Force, those phases of amphibious operations that pertain to the tactics, techniques, and equipment used by landing forces. Shall maintain the Marine Corps Reserve for the purpose of providing trained units and qualified individuals to be available for active duty in the Marine Corps in time of war or national emergency and at such other times as the national security may require. Is responsible, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Marine Corps to meet the needs of war. Department of Defense Directive , Functions of the DoD and Its Major Components Pursuant to United States Code, Title 10, sect. 5063, the Marine Corps, within the Department of the Navy, shall develop concepts, doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures; organize, train, equip, and provide forces, normally employed as combined arms air-ground task forces, to serve as expeditionary forces in readiness; and perform the following specific functions: 75

81 Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facilitate subsequent joint operations. Provide close air support for ground forces. Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed. Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. Conduct amphibious operations, including engagement, crisis response, and power projection operations, to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment. Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government, pending transfer of this responsibility to other authority. Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, provide security at designated US embassies and consulates, and perform other such duties as the President or the Secretary of Defense may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily organized. Marine Corps Manual The Marine Corps Manual adds two more functions. The Marine Corps shall Provide Marine Corps officer and enlisted personnel in support of the Department of State security program overseas. (See also United States Code, Title 10, sec ). Organize Marine Corps aviation, as a collateral function, to participate as an integral component of naval aviation in the execution of such other Navy functions as the fleet commanders may direct. The following core competencies provide the JFC substantial capability: The Corps conducts persistent forward naval engagement and is always prepared to respond as the Nation s force in readiness. The Corps employs integrated combined arms across the range of military operations, and can operate as part of a joint or multinational force. The Corps provides forces and specialized detachments for service aboard naval ships, on stations, and for operations ashore. The Corps conducts joint forcible entry operations from the sea and develops amphibious landing force capabilities and doctrine. The Corps conducts complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. The Corps leads joint / multinational operations and enables interagency activities. II. Organization and Structure The organization of the Marine Corps consists of Headquarters Marine Corps, the Marine Corps operating forces, the supporting establishment, and the reserve component. Collectively, they form the Marine Corps Total Force. 76

82 Headquarters, Marine Corps The Commandant presides over the daily activities of Headquarters, Marine Corps, which provides staff assistance to the Commandant by Preparing the Marine Corps for employment through recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping (including research and development), training, servicing, mobilizing, demobilizing, administering, and maintaining the Marine Corps. Investigating and reporting on the efficiency of the Marine Corps and its preparation to support military operations by combatant commanders. Preparing detailed instructions for the execution of approved plans and supervising the execution of those plans and instructions. Coordinating the actions of organizations of the Marine Corps. Performing other duties, not otherwise assigned by law, as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy or the Commandant. Marine Corps Operating Forces The Marine Corps operating forces consist of Marine Corps forces assigned to combatant commanders or retained under the control of the Commandant, the Marine Corps Reserve under the control of the Commandant, security forces under the control of designated fleet commanders, and special activity forces under the control of the Secretary of State. Marine Corps Forces Marine Corps forces consist of combat, combat support, and combat service support units that are normally task-organized as Marine Air Ground Task Forces (MAGTFs). The content of this publication focuses primarily on expeditionary operations by Marine Corps forces and those elements of the Marine Corps Reserve activated to augment or reinforce them. Within the Secretary of Defense memorandum, Global Force Management Implementation Guidance, the Forces for Unified Commands section assigns designated Marine Corps operating forces to three combatant commanders Commander, United States Pacific Command; Commander, USSOCOM; and Commander, United States Strategic Command, who exercise combatant command (command authority) through Commander, United States Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC); Commander, United States Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command (MARSOC); and Commander, United States Marine Corps Forces, Strategic Command, respectively. The remaining Marine Corps forces are under Service control, which the Commandant exercises through the Commander, United States Marine Corps Forces Command (MARFORCOM). In that capacity Commander, MARFORCOM provides forces to the combatant commanders when tasked through the Global Force Management process. Whether assigned to a combatant commander or retained under Service control, Marine Corps forces are apportioned to the geographic combatant commanders to plan for contingencies and are provided to these unified combatant commands when directed by the Secretary of Defense through the Global Force Management Process. Whether assigned, attached, transiting through, or training in a geographic combatant commander s area of responsibility, a Marine Corps component commander commands those forces. He is responsible for 77

83 Training and preparing Marine Corps forces for operational commitment commensurate with the strategic situation and the combatant commander s requirements. Advising the combatant commander on the proper employment of Marine Corps forces, participating in associated planning, and accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. Providing Service administration, discipline, intelligence, and operational support for assigned forces. Identifying requirements for support from the Marine Corps supporting establishment. Performing such other duties as may be directed. Marine Corps Reserve The Marine Corps Reserve consists of the Ready Reserve, the Retired Reserve, and the Standby Reserve. The Ready Reserve s personnel are liable for active duty in time of war or national emergency as proclaimed by the President, declared by Congress, or when otherwise authorized by law. Included in the Ready Reserve are the Selected Reserve and the Individual Ready Reserve: The Selected Reserve consists of Marine Corps Forces Reserve units and personnel assigned to individual mobilization augmentation billets who are required to participate in inactive duty training periods and annual training. Also classified as Selected Reserves are those Active Reservists who serve on full time active duty to support the training and administration of the reserves. These units at the regiment/group level and below are deployable formations that generally mirror their Active Component counterparts in structure, capability, and operational readiness. (Headquarters above the regiment/group level perform administrative duties.) With the exception of a few unique capabilities that are typically employed during major operations and campaigns, Reserve Component units are indistinguishable from those of the Active Component with regard to the range of missions they are capable of performing. They can augment or reinforce MAGTFs primarily composed of Active Component units or task-organize into MAGTFs composed entirely of Reserve Component units. The Individual Ready Reserve generally consists of Marines who have recently served in the active forces or Selected Marine Corps Reserve and have a period of obligated service remaining on their contract. Members of the Delayed Entry Program also belong to the Individual Ready Reserve. The Retired Reserve includes reservists who are retired under various laws and regulations. Retired Reserves may be mobilized under conditions similar to those for Standby Reserve mobilization. The Standby Reserve is composed of Marines not in the Ready or Retired Reserve who are subject to recall to active duty in time of war or a national emergency as declared by Congress. Security Forces The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides armed antiterrorism and physical security trained forces to designated naval installations, vessels, or units. Fleet antiterrorism security team companies provide fleet commanders with forward-deployed fleet antiterrorism security team platoons for responsive, short term security augmentation of installations, ships, or vital naval and national assets when force protection conditions exceed the capabilities of the permanent security forces. Marine Corps Security Force companies operate under the operational control of 78

84 the designated Navy commanding officer and under the administrative control of the Commandant through Commander, MARFORCOM. Special Activity Forces Special activity forces provide security and services or perform other special duties for agencies other than the Department of the Navy. Assignment of the missions of these forces and the personnel to them are specified by the supported agency and approved by the Commandant. For example, detachments from the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group guard foreign service posts throughout the world. Marines belonging to these security guard detachments provide internal security services to selected Department of State embassies, consulates, and legations. They prevent the compromise of classified material and equipment and protect United States citizens and government property. Marine security guard detachments operate under the operational control of the Secretary of State and under the administrative control of the Commandant. Supporting Establishment The supporting establishment assists in the training, sustainment, equipping, and embarkation of deploying forces. The supporting establishment includes Marine Corps bases. Marine Corps air stations. Individual training installations. Special supporting activities. The supporting establishment is vital to the success of the Marine Corps. Bases and stations of the supporting establishment manage the training areas, ranges, and the modeling and simulation facilities necessary to prepare Marines and their units for operations. These posts serve as training, staging, and marshalling areas for deploying units and are the foundation for a responsive replacement, supply, and equipment pipeline into the area of operations. The Marines, Sailors, and civilians of the supporting establishment are true partners with the Marine Corps operating forces in accomplishing the mission. Bases and stations of the supporting establishment also provide facilities and support to the families of deployed Marines, allowing Marines to concentrate fully on their demanding missions without undue concern for the welfare of their families. III. Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Marine Corps component commanders normally task-organize for operations by forming MAGTFs balanced, air-ground, combined arms formations under a single commander. Expeditionary by nature, MAGTFs vary in size and capability according to their assigned or likely missions and are specifically equipped for rapid deployment by air or sea. All MAGTFs consist of four core elements a command element, a ground combat element (GCE), an aviation combat element (ACE), and a logistics combat element (LCE). Although MAGTFs differ in size and capabilities, standard procedures exist for organizing any MAGTF and for planning and executing its operations. 79

85 As a modular organization, the MAGTF is tailorable to its mission through task organization. This building block approach also makes reorganization a matter of routine. In addition to its Marine Corps units, a MAGTF may have attached forces from other Services and nations, such as naval construction battalions or infantry/armor brigades. A key feature of the MAGTF is its expandability. Crisis response may require a larger force than what can initially be brought to bear. Being able to expand the original force rather than replacing it with a larger one promotes continuity of operations. The MAGTF s modular structure facilitates rapid expansion into a larger force as a situation demands by simply adding forces as needed to the core units of each existing element. The command element is the MAGTF headquarters. As with all other MAGTF elements, the command element task-organizes to provide the command and control capabilities necessary for effective planning, execution, and assessment of operations. Additionally, the command element can exercise command and control within a joint force from the sea or ashore and act as a joint task force headquarters core element. The GCE task-organizes to conduct ground operations in support of the MAGTF s mission. It usually forms around an infantry organization reinforced with artillery, reconnaissance, light armored reconnaissance, assault amphibian, tank, and engineer forces. The GCE can vary in size and composition from a rifle platoon to one or more divisions. The ACE task-organizes to conduct air operations, project combat power, and contribute to battlespace dominance in support of the MAGTF s mission. The ACE consists of an aviation headquarters with air control agencies, aircraft squadrons or groups, and logistic units. It can vary in size and composition from a small aviation detachment of specifically required aircraft to one or more Marine aircraft wings. The ACE may operate from ships or from austere expeditionary locations ashore and can readily transition between them without loss of capability. The LCE task-organizes to provide all functions of tactical logistics necessary to support the continued readiness and sustainability of the MAGTF. The LCE may vary in size and composition from a support detachment up to one or more logistic groups. The LCE operates from sea bases or from expeditionary bases established ashore. It may be the main effort of the 80

86 MAGTF during foreign humanitarian assistance missions or selected phases of maritime prepositioning operations. There are five types of MAGTFs Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEFs), Marine Expeditionary Forces (Forward) (MEFs[Fwd]), Marine Expeditionary Brigades (MEBs), Marine Expeditionary Units (MEUs), and Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Forces (SPMAGTFs). Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) The MEFs are the principal warfighting organizations of the Marine Corps, capable of conducting and sustaining expeditionary operations in any geographic environment. In addition to their warfighting role, MEFs routinely task-organize subordinate units into smaller MAGTFs or other formations to support the geographic combatant commander s ongoing engagement and episodic crisis response requirements. The three standing MEFs vary somewhat in size, with the largest being approximately 40,000 Marines and Sailors. I MEF, based in southern California and Arizona, under Commander, MARFORPAC. The major subordinate commands within I MEF are the 1st MARDIV, 3d MAW, and 1st MLG. II MEF, based in North and South Carolina, under Commander, MARFORCOM. The major subordinate commands within II MEF are the 2d MARDIV, 2d MAW, and 2d MLG. III MEF, based in Okinawa, mainland Japan, Hawaii, and Guam, under Commander, MARFORPAC. The major subordinate commands within III MEF are the 3d MARDIV, 1st MAW, and 3d MLG. 81

87 Marine Expeditionary Force (Forward) Marine Expeditionary Force (Forward) A MEF (Fwd) is normally the lead echelon of a MEF or, for some contingencies; it can be a standalone MAGTF capable of sustained expeditionary operations. A MEF (Fwd) is normally smaller than a MEF and larger than a MEB. For example, a MEF (Fwd) commanded by a Marine major general deployed on a rotational basis to execute combat operations in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. The GCE of the MEF (Fwd) normally consists of a division (-) or multiple regiments. Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) Mid-sized MAGTFs, MEBs conduct major security cooperation operations, respond to larger crises or contingencies, or participate in major operations and campaigns such as MEBAfghanistan. They provide the building blocks for forcible entry and other power projection operations, providing the landing forces for amphibious assault and the fly-in echelons that marry-up with equipment and supplies delivered by maritime prepositioning ships. During Operation Desert Shield, for example, two MEBs deployed via amphibious ships while Marines and Sailors from two other MEBs traveled to Saudi Arabia by intertheater airlift to fall in on equipment and 30 days of supplies delivered via maritime prepositioning ships. Normally commanded by brigadier generals, MEBs number approximately 16,000 Marines and Sailors once their subordinate units are assigned. There are five standing MEB command elements established to maintain close coordination and conduct operational planning with key joint and Service 2-12 MCDP 1-0 headquarters. They are capable of rapidly assuming control of forces for missions across the range of military operations: 1st MEB Command Element, under Commander, MARFORPAC, established to provide a habitual relationship with the Navy s Expeditionary Strike Group Three for the conduct of amphibious operations. 2d MEB Command Element, under Commander, MARFORCOM, established to provide a habitual relationship with Expeditionary Strike Group Two for the conduct of amphibious operations. 3d MEB Command Element, under Commander, MARFORPAC, established to provide a habitual relationship with Expeditionary Strike Group Seven for the conduct of amphibious operations. 4th MEB Command Element, which is embedded in the staff of the Commander, United States Marine Corps Forces, Africa, may be activated for exercises and operations as necessary to meet Commander, United States Africa Command requirements. 5th MEB Command Element, under the Commander, United States Marine Corps Forces, Central Command, established in theater to provide Commander, United States Central Command, a readily employable tactical headquarters for exercises and operations, especially those conducted with Navy units and special operations forces. 3d and 5th MEBs staffs are additive to the standing MEFs. However, 1st, 2d, and 4th MEBs staffs, if employed, will consist in large part of staff that is organic to the parent MEF. All MEBs consist of units resident within the MEF; therefore, if MEBs are employed, the parent MEF will operate with reduced capability. Like the larger MEFs, MEBs may assimilate units from other Services or nations and grow 82

88 beyond their notional size. The MEBs are the smallest MAGTFs capable of performing all six functions of Marine aviation. A MEB can conduct the full range of expeditionary operations and may serve as the lead echelon of the MEF. The MEB command element can also serve as the nucleus of a joint or multinational task force headquarters. Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) MEUs, embarked aboard Navy amphibious ready groups (ARGs), form ARG/MEUs. The ARG/MEUs provide continuous, forward naval presence in key regions to conduct steady-state security cooperation, military engagement, and deterrence, as well as immediate response to episodic crises and contingencies. The ARG/MEUs may also be called upon to support major operations and campaigns in a variety of ways, such as enabling the introduction of other forces, acting as the lead echelon for expansion to a larger formation, or providing the geographic combatant commander an inherently mobile and flexible sea-based reserve. A MEU is commanded by a colonel. When embarked aboard an ARG, which is commanded by a Navy captain, a support relationship is normally established between them. A MEU normally consists of the following: A command element that may include additional command and control or signals intelligence assets. A GCE formed around an infantry battalion landing team reinforced with artillery, reconnaissance, engineer, tanks, light armored reconnaissance units, assault amphibian units, and other attachments, as required. An ACE composed of a combat assault transport helicopter/tilt-rotor squadron, utility and attack helicopters, vertical/short takeoff and landing fixed-wing attack aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems, shore-based air refuelers/transport aircraft, and other detachments, as required. An LCE task-organized around a MEU combat logistics battalion, consisting of engineering, supply, services, transportation, landing support, medical, and maintenance capabilities. There are seven standing MEU command elements. Six of them are in a rotation cycle that provides continuous forward presence with two ARG/MEUs in key regions. The seventh is permanently forward-deployed in United States Pacific Command. The seven MEU command elements include: 11th, 13th, and 15th MEU Command Elements, under Commander, MARFORPAC, which rotationally deploy with subordinate elements provided from I MEF. 22d, 24th, and 26th MEU Command Elements, under Commander, MARFORCOM, which rotationally deploy with subordinate elements provided from II MEF. 31st MEU Command Elements, under Commander, MARFORPAC, is part of the forward-deployed naval force in the Pacific. It periodically cruises with subordinate elements provided from III MEF. These elements include units that are permanently assigned and others temporarily provided to III MEF from the other MEFs through the unit deployment program. The major subordinate elements are normally assigned to rotational MEU command elements 83

89 several months prior to deployment to undergo, in concert with the ARG, an extensive training and certification process. They usually deploy for six to seven months, carrying enough supplies for the MEU to conduct operations ashore for fifteen days, beyond which they are normally sustained through the integrated naval logistics system. The forward-deployed naval force ARG/MEU has a somewhat shorter work-up and deployment cycle. While forward, ARG/MEUs frequently conduct multiple, simultaneous missions distributed over a wide geographic area. In 2010, a single ARG/MEU concurrently conducted foreign humanitarian assistance operations in Pakistan, strike operations in Afghanistan, and counterpiracy operations in the Gulf of Aden. In other cases, ARG/MEUs may aggregate to conduct larger operations, as they did in 2001 to open a lodgment for the introduction of additional forces during Operation Enduring Freedom. Upon return from deployment, ARG/MEUs remain in a stand-by status for 30 to 60 days, prepared for immediate redeployment in response to crisis, as happened following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The expeditionary character and forward posture of the Marine Corps are proven critical enablers of rapid crisis response. Forward-postured forces especially ARG/MEUs play a key role in responding to crises. Their inherent mobility, operational flexibility, and lethality provide the geographic combatant commanders a quick and effective means of intervening to deny an adversary the time to accomplish his objectives. The following types of military operations and activities are those most likely conducted by ARG/MEUs. With the exception of consequence management which is not readily predictable, but certainly a national priority they are presented in the order of likelihood, as determined through a combination of historical experience and assessments of the unfolding 21st-century security conditions. Consequence management consists of actions taken to maintain or restore essential services and manage and mitigate problems resulting from disasters and catastrophes, including natural, manmade, or terrorist incidents. Foreign humanitarian assistance operations relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters that might present a serious threat to life or result in extensive damage to or loss of property. Noncombatant evacuation operations involve the use of Department of Defense forces under the direction of Department of State or other authorities for the evacuation of individuals, normally US citizens, who are located in a foreign country and faced with the threat of hostile or potentially hostile actions. Such operations may also include the evacuation of US military personnel, citizens of the host country, and third country nationals friendly to the United States, as determined by the Department of State. Strikes and raids. A strike is an attack to damage or destroy an objective or a capability for political purposes. An example of a strike is Operation Praying Mantis (1988), during which a SPMAGTF destroyed two oil platforms that Iran was using to coordinate attacks on merchant shipping. In recent years, MEU aircraft flying from ARG shipping attacked targets ashore in support of Operations Deliberate Force (Bosnia, 1995), Noble Anvil 84

90 (Yugoslavia, 1999), Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom. A raid is an operation to temporarily seize an area in order to secure information, confuse an adversary, capture personnel or equipment, or destroy a capability. It ends with a planned withdrawal upon completion of the assigned mission. Operations of this type include amphibious raids, such as those conducted by 13th MEU in 1991 to destroy enemy equipment on Umm Al Maradim Island and to capture prisoners on Faylakah Island during Operation Desert Storm. Embassy defense. Detachments from the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group provide internal security services to selected Department of State embassies, consulates, and legations. Each of these posts normally relies on host nation law enforcement or military forces to provide external security. When periods of civil unrest, revolution, and lawlessness exceed the host nation s abilities to contain, Marine Corps forces have often been called upon to defend US diplomatic posts and personnel against external danger, such as during Operations Sharp Edge (Liberia, 1990), Quick Response (Central African Republic, 1996), and Resolve Resolute (Albania, 1998). Embassy defense operations are frequently conducted in conjunction with noncombatant evacuation operations. Recovery operations search for, locate, identify, rescue, and return personnel or human remains, sensitive equipment, or items critical to national security. Hostile forces may oppose recovery operations. One aspect of recovery operations is personnel recovery, which is an implicit requirement in all combat operations. The primary Marine Corps method for personnel recovery is the tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel. Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel includes rescue or extraction, by surface or air, of downed aircraft/personnel and equipment; aircraft sanitization; and advanced trauma life support in a benign or hostile environment. Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel examples include the USS Kearsarge ARG/24th MEU s rescue of a downed US Air Force pilot in Bosnia in 1995 and the rescue of another US Air Force pilot in Libya in 2011 by the USS Kearsarge ARG/26th MEU. Special Purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF) When situations arise for which a MEU or other unit is either inappropriate or unavailable, a SPMAGTF is formed. A SPMAGTF may be of any size but normally no larger than a MEU with tailored capabilities required to accomplish a particular mission. It may be task-organized from nondeployed Marine Corps forces or formed on a contingency basis from a portion of a deployed MAGTF. Regimental-level headquarters often assume the role as a SPMAGTF command element and may conduct training in anticipated mission skills prior to establishment. A SPMAGTF may deploy using commercial shipping or aircraft, intertheater airlift, amphibious shipping, or organic Marine aviation. Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) The MPF combines maritime prepositioning ships with strategic airlift to enable rapid force closure. MPF operations require a secure airfield and port/beach, plus a secure area to assemble the force. The MPF is an integral part of the expeditionary capability of the Marine Corps. Rapid response to regional contingencies is its primary role. An MPF consists of the maritime prepositioning ships squadron (MPSRON), Navy support element, and MAGTF fly-in echelon. 85

91 Together, they provide the joint force commander with a proven, flexible force that can quickly respond across the full range of military operations from combat to humanitarian relief. Fundamental to the MPF is its interoperability with joint forces and its rapid introduction of combat forces into austere environments (may also be benign or uncertain environment). The ships of the MPF are commercial long term time chartered ships operated by commercial mariners under contract with Military Sealift Command and supported by active duty personnel who make up the two prepositioning squadron staffs under the command of a Navy Captain. Two squadrons of seven ships each comprise the MPF. Each MPSRON carries approximately 69% of the total strategic lift requirements to support a MEB with equipment and supplies for 30 days of combat operations for a MEB. The MAGTF fly-in echelon and Navy support element personnel airlift to a previously seized lodgment, a benign or host nation port or airfield, or other intermediate location where they link up with equipment and supplies offloaded from the MPSRON. If a port is not available, the MPSRON may conduct an instream offload. A unique characteristic of the MPF is that the embarked equipment is maintained aboard ship and is combat-ready immediately upon offload; however, it requires a benign environment to discharge the cargo since the equipment is administratively loaded to maximize use of cargo space onboard the ships and the ships have no self defense capabilities. Movement and arrival of an MPSRON, the Navy support element, and MAGTF fly-in echelon must be integral parts of the MAGTF commander s overall concept of operations in order to achieve the desired tempo of force buildup and sustainment ashore. Support packages can be tailored by MPFs to accommodate a variety of missions of varying scope and complexity across the range of military operations. Global Response Forces (GRF) The GRF are standing contingency forces that can respond rapidly to emerging crises anywhere in the world. MARFORPAC and MARFORCOM maintain GRFs in continuous states of readiness, enabling the Marine Corps to provide GCCs with the appropriate GRF as soon as the NCA directs. Marine GRFs provide great versatility: they can be immediately employed from U.S. Navy amphibious ships, fly into a crisis area and marry-up with equipment from the MPF or conduct security and enabling functions as the lead element of a MAGTF. Additionally, the Chemical and Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF) a unique Marine Corps capability maintains a high state of readiness to respond to asymmetric enemy action at home or abroad. Marine Special Operations Command (MARSOC) Although the notion of a Marine special forces contribution to the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the 1980s, the Marine Corps resisted it. After a three-year development period, the Marine Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,600-Marine unit to USSOCOM. MARSOC, as the U.S. Marine Corps service component of USSOCOM, trains, organizes, equips, and when directed by CDRUSSOCOM, deploys task organized, scalable, and responsive. U.S. Marine Corps special operations forces deploy worldwide in support of combatant commanders and other agencies. III. Warfighting Doctrine Marines operate in the spirit of, and are guided by, the philosophy of maneuver warfare articulated in Marine Corps doctrine. This doctrine provides an overarching philosophy of warfighting with the expectation that Marines will consider, discuss, and creatively apply the ideas contained therein. They do not prescribe specific techniques or procedures; instead, they 86

92 provide ideas and values that require a high degree of professional competence and judgment in their application. While these ideas and values are expressed within the context of warfighting, they are pertinent and applicable not only across the range of military operations, but also in how the Corps organizes, trains, and equips Marines for conducting operations. This philosophy recognizes that war is ultimately a violent clash of human wills with an enduring nature characterized by friction, uncertainty, disorder, and complexity. Success in fluid environments demands leaders and organizations that can understand the nature of a given situation and adapt to it faster than their opponents. There are several ways Marines attempt to increase speed. First, they emphasize simplicity in all they do. Second, they employ mission tactics (referred to as mission command in this curriculum) and commander s intent to decentralize execution of operations. By conveying the higher purpose, Marines give their subordinates the authority and responsibility to adapt their methods for achieving the task as the situation unfolds. This approach permits a faster decision cycle than the enemy s, allowing Marines to exploit the advantages of speed, focus, tempo, shock, and surprise. A third way Marines become faster is through experience, gained through training, planning, or actual operations, which promotes implicit and lateral communication within the organization. Finally, Marines leaders generate speed by positioning themselves at the point of friction. The human dimension of war is the most critical element; boldness, creativity, intelligence, and the warrior spirit are prime attributes of Marine warriors. V. Systems and Equipment Ground Systems AAV Amphibious Assault Vehicle LAV Light Armored Vehicle Description Troop carrier: 18 troops, 3 crew or 10k cargo. Comes in C 2 variant and a recovery vehicle variant. Water 8+ MPH, land 45+ MPH, Range (land) 300 miles. Serves as assault and recon vehicle. Provides tactical mobility. Amphibious (for river crossings), 6 MPH water, 62 MPH land. Crew of three, 4 troops. May come as anyone of three variants; C 2, logistics, and recovery. Equipped with 25 mm cannon. TOW, mortar (81 mm), air defense and logistics variants. M1A1 Abrams Tank A stabilized 120mm main gun, powerful 1,500 hp turbine engine, and special armor, make the M1A1 particularly suitable for attacking or defending against armor forces. Equipped with 50 cal and 7.62 MGs; Speed mph; Weight tons; Crew

93 Assault Breacher Vehicle (ABV) Based on an M1A1 Abrams chassis the ABV provides USMC engineers a means to breach minefields, conduct route clearance and defeat heavy obstacles while providing protection for the crew equivalent to that of a main battle tank. M777 Howitzer The M777 is a lightweight towed howitzer that replaced the M198 in USMC service. With an effective range of 15nm (extended ranges possible with special munitions) the air transportable M777 provides organic fire support to the MEU. M142 HIMARS Expeditionary Fire Support System (EFSS) The M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is a highly mobile artillery rocket system that is based on the U.S. Army Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS). HIMARS may employ a 6 round 227mm M270 rocket launcher or a single Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) mounted on a wheeled chassis. With a crew of 3, HIMARS is capable of providing long range precision fires as well as area suppression. The EFSS is based on the French designed RT 120, 120mm mortar. The system consists of two tow vehicles (ITV Growlers) and the mortar. One tow vehicle tows the mortar the other acts as an ammunition carrier. EFSS may be carried internally in a MV- 22 or slung under a CH-53E. 88

94 Aircraft AV-8B Harrier F-35B Lightning II Warfare Missions 630 MPH, Ferry range 2100 NM. V/STOL aircraft, short or vertical launch capability. Ordnance load 16,500 lbs. Night operating capability. Mach 1.6, combat radius >450nm, 2xAMRAAM,2x1000lb bombs internal, external stores 15000lbs; IOC F/A-18C/D Hornet Speed - supersonic; Ferry Range - 2,000 NM (2300 miles), Armament carries an assortment of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons, including Sparrows, Sidewinders, AMRAAMs, Harpoons, and Maverick missiles; GBU / CBU bombs; Night operating capable. EA-6B Prowler Max Speed -.99 Mach; Cruise Speed -.72 Mach; Range 850 NM (978 miles), unlimited with aerial refueling; Armament ALQ 99 Tactical Jamming System; USQ-113 Communications Jammer, High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM); Mission - Airborne Electronic Warfare (EW) CH-53E Super Stallion MV-22 Osprey AH-1Z Viper UH-1Y Venom Speed 150 Kts (173 MPH); Range 540 NM (621 miles) w/o refueling, unlimited with aerial refueling; Crew 4; Payload 55 troops, or 70k lb cargo; Mission cargo movement primary, troop assault secondary 275 MPH cruise, 300 MPH dash, 24 Troops or 12 litters, cargo capacity: 10k internal, 15k external. Has potential SOF application. 222 kts, range 370 NM, crew of two. 20 mm nose gun turret, 2.75" and 5.0" rockets, Hellfire and TOW missiles, Sidewinder and Sidearm missiles. 198 kts, range 150 NM troops or 6 litters rockets,.50 cal GAU 16 or GAU 17 mini gun, M 240B machine guns 89

95 VI. Employment Considerations The MAGTF concept does have some employment considerations and limitations. It takes amphibious ships to deploy a MEB sized MAGTF, the fundamental sea-based forcible entry capability. Multiple MEBs, augmented with MPF and other follow-on MSC shipping would have to composite to deploy a MEF. Due to the paucity of amphibious ships, the nation will be hard pressed to deploy two amphibious MEBs simultaneously or one amphibious MEF. Other limitations of sea-based expeditionary operations can be constrained by anti-access weapons. The MAGTF possesses considerable tactical level fires capability through its aviation combat element (ACE) and artillery units. Organic ground fire support consists of artillery, HIMARS rockets, mortars, Low Altitude Air Defense (Stinger) missiles for SEAD, and anti-tank capabilities for tactical fights; supported by ground and aviation based radar for target detection and acquisition. The MAGTF s aviation element, particularly when combined with naval surface fire support, provides the firepower, operational reach, and flexibility needed for expeditionary and amphibious operations. During sustained land operations, particularly those far from the sea, the Marine Corps integrates general support from sister services, such as the U. S. Army for artillery, rocket, and armor support. As the smallest of the four services, the Marine Corps is structured to be selfcontained for tactical level logistics, and like all services, relies its service component an on joint theater structures for operational and strategic logistics and sustainment. The U.S. Navy provides medical, religious, some legal, under the Blue in Support of Green concept. For expeditionary operations, the Navy also provides support from the Naval Beach Group and general engineering support such as civil construction. During sustained operations ashore (SOA), the Marine Corps utilizes the theater logistics architecture for sustainment and distribution support. Most often, the U.S. Army is designated and resourced as the lead-service for providing common-user theater logistics and sustainment for all joint forces. 90

96 U.S. AIR FORCE I. Mission The mission of the United States Air Force is to fly, fight and win in air, space and cyberspace. To achieve that mission, the Air Force has a vision of providing Global Vigilance, Global Reach and Global Power to the President and Secretary of Defense. This vision is enabled by the accomplishment of the Air Force s five core missions which, despite the advancements of technology and space domain access, are fundamentally unchanged from what they were in 1947: - Air and Space Superiority - Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance - Rapid Global Mobility - Global Strike - Command and Control II. Organization and Command Structure Below Headquarters Air Force (HAF), the Air Force has 10 major commands (MAJCOMs, depicted below). As major subdivisions of the Air Force, MAJCOMs conduct a major part of the service s mission. Major commands are organized on a functional basis in the US, and on a geographic basis overseas. In addition to accomplishing designated portions of the USAF s worldwide activities, they organize, administer, equip, and train their subordinate elements. When Air Force forces are identified for deployment/employment, they are typically organized from the MAJCOMs into Air Expeditionary Task Forces and presented to the Combatant Commanders to command. 91

97 The USAF has two types of major commands: lead MAJCOM and component MAJCOM (C- MAJCOM), though some play both roles. A C-MAJCOM represents the AF component to a combatant command. The commander of a C-MAJCOM is also the commander of air forces (COMAFFOR) and may function as a joint force air component commander (JFACC) when required. A C-MAJCOM has one or more component NAFs (C-NAFs) through which it presents its forces to the combatant commander. MAJCOM C-NAFs ISO NOTES Air Combat Command ACC NORTHCOM SOUTHCOM CENTCOM based. US Air Forces in Europe USAFE EUCOM AFRICOM Lead command for combat air forces (CAF). CONUS Regionally based, assigned forces in EUCOM AOR, also supports AFRICOM Pacific Air Forces PACAF PACOM Regionally based, assigned forces in the PACOM AOR Air Mobility Command AMC TRANSCOM Lead command for mobility and airlift forces AF Space Command AFSPACE STRATCOM CYBERCOM Lead command for space and cyber forces AF Global Strike Command AFGSC STRATCOM Lead command for airborne and land based nuclear forces AF Special Operations Command AFSOC SOCOM Lead command for SOF AF Reserve Command AFRES Reserve Component Air Education & Trng Command AETC Lead command for training and education AF Materiel Command AFMC Lead command for RDT&E, acquisitions, logistics Below the MAJCOM is the numbered air force (NAF). The NAF provides operational leadership and supervision to its subordinate units (wings, groups, squadrons, and flights). C - NAFs may additionally support the COMAFFOR and CCDR at the operational level. The USAF has designated some C-NAFs, rather than a MAJCOM, as the Air Force component to a unified combatant command, functioning at the strategic level as well as the operational and tactical levels and will have a broader staff. The basic unit for generating and employing combat capability is the wing, which has always been the Air Force s prime war-fighting instrument. Wings are responsible for carrying out specific missions, and usually maintain an Air Force base. Wings may be commanded by a general officer or a colonel. There are different types of wings, based on their purpose: fighter, bomber, airlift, air base, etc. Composite wings operate more than one kind of aircraft, and may be configured as self-contained units designated for quick air intervention anywhere in the world. A wing may have several functional groups and squadrons. A group is a large Air Force formation usually composed of four or more squadrons and the bases from which they operate. Wings typically contain an operations group, a 92

98 maintenance group, a support group, and a medical group. The majority of individual officers and Airmen are assigned to a squadron, which may be composed of several flights. USAF Organization (Home / Deployed) NAF / AETF Wing / AEW Group / AEG Squadron / AES Service Equivalents Types/Examples Notes Army Corps, MEF, Navy Fleet or Task Force Army/Marine Brigade, Navy Surface Group Navy Surface Squadron Army/Marine Battalion, Navy Surface Ship Fighter Wing, Mobility Wing, Space Wing, etc. Operations Group, Maintenance Group, Support Group, etc. F-15E Fighter Squadron, C-130 Airlift Squadron, Security Forces Squadron, etc. Operational level warfighting unit. 2- or 3-star command. Senior O-6 or O-7 command. Junior O-6 command. Basic warfighting building block of the Air Force, O-5 command. III. Air Force Capabilities Structure, People, Equipment, Budgets, Commands, Weapons The Air Force accomplishes its five core missions (from section I) by organizing, training, and equipping Airmen from many subspecialties, using many different systems. The following pages have been extracted from the Air Force Association (AFA) Air Force Magazine 2016 USAF Almanac in order to provide more details about the service, and to describe the capabilities of the varied specialties and weapon systems. The full issue of the below magazine can be found at: 93

99 The Air Force in Facts and Figures 2016 USAF Almanac Structure of the Force How the Air Force Is Organized This overview describes the Air Force s primary organizational structures and its Air and Space Expeditionary Force. The Department of Defense is a Cabinet agency headed by the Secretary of Defense. It comprises three military departments Air Force, Army, and Navy each with a civilian Secretary. The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) constitute DOD s corporate military leadership. The Chairman and vice chairman serve full time in their positions, while the service chiefs also serve as the military heads of their respective services. The Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) heads the Department of the Air Force. Supporting the SECAF are the Secretariat staff and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (CSAF), who oversees the Air Staff. The heads of the major commands report to the CSAF. Most Air Force units fall under a major command (majcom), which has broad functional responsibilities. Majcoms are organized under a unit-oriented scheme, with one or more numbered air forces, or a major non-unit scheme, with one or more centers. The predominant command entity within USAF is the wing. A standard wing contains four groups: operations (operates primary mission equipment and includes such functions as intelligence), maintenance (provides weapon system maintenance), mission support (provides base support and services, including civil engineer, logistics readiness, and security forces), and medical. Squadrons form the basic organizational building blocks within a wing, generally working under one of the four groups to provide either mission or functional support. Squadrons may comprise several flights. The Air Force organization also includes field operating agencies (FOAs) and direct reporting units (DRUs). To relieve chronic optempo problems stemming from back-to-back operations, the Air Force developed an expeditionary concept called the Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF). The term AEF also refers to a basic organizational unit. USAF grouped its power projection and support forces into 10 AEF buckets of capability operating in five pairs. In November 2011, USAF announced plans to change to a construct dubbed AEF Next. The Air Force deployed the first team of Agile Combat Support Airmen under this redesign in October Under the new construct, installations deploy larger numbers of airmen from the same unit in order to present a consistent Air Force capacity. The revised construct establishes an 18-month battle rhythm where an airman may deploy for six months followed by 12 months at home station. This allows wings to more effectively posture their forces to meet global mission requirements as well as continue home station training. J Current Air Force Leaders Date in Position Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James Dec. 20, 2013 Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Mark A. Welsh III Aug. 10, 2012 Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force CMSAF James A. Cody Jan. 24, AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

100 People 2016 USAF Almanac USAF Total Force (As of Sept. 30, 2015) Estimate FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Air Force Active Duty Officers 65,722 64,805 65,496 66,201 65,487 64,932 64,806 62,349 61,004 61,690 Enlisted 263, , , , , , , , , ,310 Cadets 4,401 4,482 4,561 4,558 4,341 4,022 3,912 3,879 4,031 4,000 Total Air Force Active Duty 333, , , , , , , , , ,000 Civilian personnel Direct hire (excluding technicians) 125, , , , , , , , , ,146 ANG technicians 22,409 22,353 22,391 22,657 22,139 22,859 22,568 22,225 23,448 22,290 AFRC technicians 9,127 8,857 9,147 10,068 9,397 10,366 9,277 10,429 8,501 9,904 Total direct hire 157, , , , , , , , , ,340 Indirect hire 6,212 6,515 6,346 6,564 6,776 6,714 6,501 4,823 4,090 4,679 Total civilian personnel 163, , , , , , , , , ,019 Air National Guard Selected Reserve Officers 13,992 14,115 14,326 14,389 14,418 14,598 14,731 15,024 15,084 14,593 Selected Reserve Enlisted 92,162 93,564 94,870 93,287 91,267 90,791 90,977 91,356 90,644 90,907 Total ANG 106, , , , , , , , , ,500 Air Force Reserve Command Selected Reserve Officers 16,199 15,169 14,753 14,560 14,535 14,303 14,060 13,817 13,937 14,896 Selected Reserve Enlisted 54,083 52,396 53,233 55,559 56,786 57,125 56,853 55,967 54,557 54,304 Total AFRC Selected Reserve 70,282 67,565 67,986 70,119 71,321 71,428 70,913 69,784 68,494 69,200 Individual Ready Reserve Officers 13,018 13,633 12,833 11,692 11,692 11,222 11,222 11,222 7,302 7,492 IRR Enlisted 36,831 35,668 30,349 28,863 28,863 24,271 24,271 24,271 29,449 29,359 Total AFRC IRR 49,849 49,301 43,182 40,555 40,555 35,493 35,493 35,493 36,751 36,851 Total AFRC 120, , , , , , , , , ,051 Total Ready Reserve 226, , , , , , , , , ,551 Armed Forces Manpower Trends, End Strength (in Thousands) (As of Sept. 30, 2015) Estimate FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Active Duty military Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Total 1,381 1,402 1,418 1,430 1,425 1,399 1,383 1,338 1,314 1,301 Guard and Reserve (selected reserve) Air National Guard AFRC Army National Guard Army Reserve Marine Corps Reserve Naval Reserve Total Direct-hire civilian (full-time equivalents) Air Force Army Navy/Marine Corps Defense agencies Total AIR FORCE Magazine / May

101 Equipment 2016 USAF Almanac Aircraft Total Active Inventory (TAI) (As of Sept. 30, 2015 ) Active ANG AFRC Total Force Bomber B-1B B-2A B-52H Total Fighter/Attack A-10C F-15C F-15D F-15E F-16C F-16D F-22A F-35A Total 1, ,034 Special Operations Forces AC-130H AC-130J AC-130U AC-130W CV-22B MC-130H MC-130J MC-130P Total ISR/BM/C3 E-3B E-3C E-3G E-4B TE-8A E-8C E-9A E-11A EC-130H EC-130J MC-12W MQ-1B MQ-9A NC-135W OC-135B RC-26B RC-135S RC-135U RC-135V RC-135W RQ-4B TC-130H TC-135W TU-2S U-2S WC-130H WC-130J WC-135C WC-135W Total Active ANG AFRC Total Force Tanker HC-130J HC-130N HC-130P KC-10A KC-135R KC-135T Total Transport C-5A C-5B C-5C C-5M C-12C C-12D C-12F C-12J C-17A C-20B C-20H C-21A C-32A C-32B C-37A C-37B C-40B C-40C C-130H C-130J LC-130H VC-25A Total Helicopter HH-60G HH-60U TH-1H UH-1N Total Trainer T-1A T-6A T-38A AT-38B T-38C T-41D T-51A T-53A UV-18B Gliders Total 1, ,187 Grand Total 3,997 1, ,472 Total active inventory (TAI): aircraft assigned to operating forces for mission, training, test, or maintenance. Includes primary, backup, and attrition reserve aircraft. AIR FORCE Magazine / May

102 Total Number of Aircraft in Service Over Time (As of Sept. 30, 2015) Type of Aircraft Active FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 Bomber Fighter/Attack 1,619 1,552 1,496 1,468 1,256 1,287 1,289 1,287 1,273 1,312 Special Ops Forces ISR/BM/C Tanker Transport Helicopter Trainer 1,284 1,111 1,074 1,114 1,000 1,190 1,213 1,189 1,195 1,187 Total Active Duty 4,282 4,093 3,990 4,016 3,747 3,934 4,017 3,927 3,968 3,997 Type of Aircraft ANG Bomber Fighter/Attack Special Ops Forces ISR/BM/C Tanker Transport Helicopter Total ANG 1,321 1,289 1,213 1,153 1,134 1,171 1,164 1,147 1,086 1,114 Type of Aircraft AFRC Bomber Fighter/Attack Special Ops Forces ISR/BM/C Tanker Transport Helicopter Total AFRC Total Force 6,013 5,778 5,573 5,544 5,244 5,484 5,551 5,435 5,414 5,472 ICBMs and Spacecraft in Service Over Time (As of Sept. 30, 2015) Type of System FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 Minuteman III Peacekeeper Total ICBMs AEHF ATRR DMSP DSCS DSP (classified) GPS Milstar SBIRS (classified) SBSS WGS Total Satellites AEHF: Advanced Extremely High Frequency; ATRR: Advanced Technology Risk Reduction; DMSP: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program; DSCS: Defense Satellite Communications System; DSP: Defense Support Program; GPS: Global Positioning System; SBIRS: Space Based Infrared System; SBSS: Space Based Surveillance System; WGS: Wideband Global SATCOM. Tactical Aircraft Flying Hours per Crew per Month (As of Sept. 30, 2015) FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 Active Duty ANG AFRC AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

103 Total Force Aircraft Age (As of Sept. 30, 2015) Bomber B-1B Lancer B-2A Spirit B-52H Stratofortress Total Fighter/Attack A-10C Thunderbolt II F-15C Eagle F-15D Eagle F-15E Strike Eagle F-16C Fighting Falcon F-16D Fighting Falcon F-22A Raptor F-35A Lightning II Total 2, Special Operations Forces AC-130H Spectre AC-130J Ghostrider AC-130U Spooky AC-130W Stinger II CV-22B Osprey MC-130H Combat Talon II MC-130J Commando II MC-130P Combat Shadow Total ISR/BM/C3 E-3B Sentry (AWACS) E-3C Sentry (AWACS) E-3G Sentry (AWACS) E-4B National Airborne Operations Center TE-8A JSTARS E-8C JSTARS E-9A Widget E-11A Battlefield Airborne Comms Node EC-130H Compass Call EC-130J Commando Solo MC-12W Liberty MQ-1B Predator MQ-9A Reaper NC-135W (test bed) OC-135B Open Skies 2 53 RC-26B Condor RC-135S Cobra Ball 3 53 RC-135U Combat Sent RC-135V Rivet Joint RC-135W Rivet Joint RQ-4B Global Hawk TC-130H (trainer) TC-135W (trainer) TU-2S (trainer) U-2S Dragon Lady WC-130H Hercules WC-130J Hercules (Hurricane Hunter) WC-135C Constant Phoenix WC-135W Constant Phoenix Total Tanker HC-130J Combat King II HC-130N King HC-130P King KC-10A Extender KC-135R Stratotanker KC-135T Stratotanker Total AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016 Total Force TAI Average Age 98 Total Force TAI Average Age Transport C-5A Galaxy C-5B Galaxy C-5C Galaxy C-5M Super Galaxy C-12C Huron C-12D Huron C-12F Huron C-12J Huron C-17A Globemaster III C-20B Gulfstream C-20H Gulfstream C-21A Learjet C-32A Air Force Two C-32B Air Force Two C-37A Gulfstream V C-37B Gulfstream V C-40B Clipper C-40C Clipper C-130H Hercules C-130J Hercules LC-130H Hercules VC-25A Air Force One Total Helicopter HH-60G Pave Hawk HH-60U Pave Hawk TH-1H Iroquois UH-1N Iroquois Total Trainer T-1A Jayhawk T-6A Texan II T-38A Talon AT-38B Talon T-38C Talon T-41D Mescalero T-51A T-53A UV-18B Twin Otter Gliders Total 1, Grand Total 5, Note: Average age for category totals and grand total are weighted by quantity of aircraft. A C-130 prepares for a lowaltitude airdrop. USAF photo by Osakabe Yasuo

104 Major Commands and Reserve Components 2016 USAF Almanac Note: Personnel data as of Sept. 30, 2015 Organization The Air Force has 10 major commands and two Air Reserve Components. (Air Force Reserve Command is both a majcom and an ARC.) As major subdivisions of the Air Force, majcoms conduct a major part of the service s mission and are directly subordinate to Hq. USAF. Major commands are organized on a functional basis in the US and on a geographic basis overseas. In addition to accomplishing designated portions of USAF s worldwide activities, they organize, administer, equip, and train their subordinate elements. Major commands, in general, include the following organizational levels: numbered air force (NAF), wing, group, squadron, and fl ight. The majcom sits at the top of a skip-echelon staffi ng structure, which means every other organizational level (i.e., majcom, wing, and squadron) will have a full range of staff functions. The other organizations (NAF, group, and fl ight) are tactical echelons with minimal or no support staff. These tactical echelons are designed to increase operational effectiveness rather than to review and transmit paperwork. There are two basic organizational schemes for Air Force major commands: unit-oriented organizations and major non-unit organizations. The more standard unit-oriented scheme comprises majcom, NAF, wing, group, squadron, and fl ight levels. The major non-unit organization scheme comprises majcom, 10 Major Commands Air Combat Command Air Education & Training Command Air Force Global Strike Command Air Force Materiel Command Air Force Reserve Command Two Air Reserve Components Air Force Reserve Command Air National Guard center, directorate, division, branch, and section levels. USAF has two types of major commands: lead majcom and component majcom (C-majcom). (Some major commands are both lead majcoms and C-majcoms.) A C-majcom is the USAF component to a unifi ed combatant command. The commander of a C-majcom is the commander of air forces (COMAF- FOR) and may function as a theater joint force air and space component commander (JFACC) when required. A C-majcom has one or more component NAFs (C-NAFs) through which it presents its forces to the combatant commander. Air Force Space Command Air Force Special Operations Command Air Mobility Command Pacifi c Air Forces US Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa Numbered Air Force A numbered air force, that level of command directly below a major command, provides operational leadership and supervision to its subordinate units (wings, groups, and squadrons). A C-NAF supports the commander of air forces at the operational and tactical level. USAF has designated some C-NAFs, rather than a majcom, as the Air Force component to a unified combatant command. In that role, the C-NAF functions at the strategic level as well as the operational and tactical levels and will have a broader staff. (On the following pages, NAFs with Air Forces designations, such as Air Forces Southern, are C-NAFs.) AIR FORCE Magazine / May

105 AIR FORCE Magazine / May Calif. Idaho Creech AFB (ACC) Nev. Davis-Monthan AFB (ACC) Luke AFB (AETC) Alaska JB Elmendorf-Richardson (PACAF) Oahu Colo. Hawaii Laughlin AFB (AETC) Texas Minn. Iowa Mo. Ill. Ark. Ind. Mich. Tenn. Ala. Tyndall AFB (ACC) Eglin AFB (AFMC) Hurlburt Field (AFSOC) JBSA-Randolph (AETC) JBSA-Lackland (AETC) Ky. Fla. Moody AFB (ACC) Ga. N.C. Robins AFB (AFMC) S.C. W. Va. Va. Pa. Wright-Patterson AFB (AFMC) Ohio Columbus AFB (AETC) Maxwell AFB (AETC) Miss. Keesler AFB (AETC) La. Barksdale AFB (AFGSC) Altus AFB (AETC) Little Rock AFB (AMC) Vance AFB (AETC) Okla. Wis. Mich. Whiteman AFB (AFGSC) Scott AFB (AMC) McConnell AFB (AMC) Kan. Offutt AFB (ACC) Neb. Ellsworth AFB (AFGSC) S.D. N.D. Grand Forks AFB (AMC) Cavalier AFS (AFSPC) Minot AFB (AFGSC) Tinker AFB (AFMC) Goodfellow AFB (AETC) Dyess AFB (AFGSC) Sheppard AFB (AETC) Holloman AFB (ACC) Cannon AFB (AFSOC) N.M. Kirtland AFB (AFMC) USAF Academy Peterson AFB (AFSPC) Cheyenne Mtn. AFS (AFSPC) Schriever AFB (AFSPC) Buckley AFB (AFSPC) JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam (PACAF) Ariz. Utah F. E. Warren AFB (AFGSC) Hill AFB (AFMC) Wyo. Mont. Malmstrom AFB (AFGSC) Mountain Home AFB (ACC) Nellis AFB (ACC) Ore. Wash. Eielson AFB (PACAF) Los Angeles AFB (AFSPC) Edwards AFB (AFMC) Vandenberg AFB (AFSPC) Travis AFB (AMC) Beale AFB (ACC) JB Lewis-McChord Fairchild AFB (AMC) Major Active Duty Air Force Bases in the US N.J. N.H. Dover AFB (AMC) JB McGuire-DixLakehurst (AMC) Conn.R.I. Mass. Hanscom AFB (AFMC) Va. Md. JB Andrews (AFDW) JB AnacostiaBolling Patrick AFB (AFSPC) MacDill AFB (AMC) Hq. USAF Washington, D.C. Shaw AFB (ACC) JB Charleston (AMC) Seymour Johnson AFB (ACC) Pope Field JB Langley-Eustis (ACC) Arnold AFB (AFMC) Md. Del. N.Y. Vt. Maine

106 Major Active Duty Air Force Bases Overseas RAF Lakenheath RAF Mildenhall Norway Finland Sweden Estonia Baltic Sea Europe Note: All bases on this map are USAFE-AFAFRICA bases. No. Ireland Ireland North Sea Denmark Latvia Lithuania Belarus Russia United Kingdom Neth. Belgium Germany Poland Atlantic Ocean France Luxembourg Switz. Czech Rep. Austria Slovakia Hungary Romania Moldova Ukraine Portugal Spain Spangdahlem AB Ramstein AB Aviano AB Italy Slovenia Croatia Bosnia Serbia and Montenegro Macedonia Albania Bulgaria Black Sea Turkey Greece Incirlik AB Mediterranean Sea Pacific Note: All bases on this map are PACAF bases. Russia China Atlantic Canada North Korea Sea of Japan Misawa AB Atlantic Ocean Lajes Field (USAFE-AFAFRICA) Portugal Azores Yellow Sea Osan AB Kunsan AB South Korea Japan Yokota AB Mariana Islands Kadena AB Okinawa Guam Andersen AFB AIR FORCE Magazine / May

107 AIR FORCE Magazine / May Ore. Calif. March ARB (ANG/AFRC) Channel Islands ANGS (ANG) Moffett Field (ANG) Fresno Yosemite Arpt. (ANG) Tucson Arpt. (ANG) Sky Harbor Arpt. (ANG) Nev. Ariz. Utah Salt Lake City Arpt. (ANG) Minn. S.D. Duluth Arpt. (ANG) Hector Arpt. (ANG) N.D. Wis. Alpena County Arpt. (ANG) Schenectady County Arpt. (ANG) Vt. Burlington Arpt. (ANG) Bangor Arpt. (ANG) Maine N.M. Texas Ellington Field (ANG) Note: S-B Arpt. in Ohio is Springfield-Beckley Arpt. (ANG) Jacksonville Arpt. (ANG) Duke Field (AFRC) NAS JRB New Orleans (ANG) Gulfport-Biloxi Arpt. (ANG) La. N.C. Fla. McEntire JNGB (ANG) Charlotte/Douglas Arpt. (ANG) Luis Munoz Marin Arpt. (ANG) Homestead ARB (AFRC) Savannah Hilton Head Arpt. (ANG) S.C. McGhee Tyson Arpt. (ANG) Memphis Arpt. (ANG) Dobbins ARB (AFRC) Tenn. Nashville Arpt. (ANG) Va. Yeager Arpt. (ANG) Louisville Arpt. (ANG) Ky. Birmingham Arpt. (ANG) Key Field (ANG) Allen C. Thompson Miss. Ala. Field (ANG) Ga. Montgomery Arpt. (ANG) Ark. Fort Smith (ANG) Will Rogers ANGB (ANG) Okla. Mo. Lambert-St. Louis Arpt. (ANG) Tulsa Arpt. (ANG) Forbes Field (ANG) Kan. Hensley Field (ANG) NAS JRB Fort Worth (AFRC/ANG) Colo. Minn.-St. Paul Arpt. (AFRC) N.H. Pease ANGS (ANG) Hancock Field (ANG) General Mitchell Wyo. Niagara Falls Arpt. Truax and Volk Arpt. (ANG) Otis ANGB (ANG) N.Y. Mass. Mich. (ANG/AFRC) Fields (ANG) Barnes Arpt. Bradley Arpt. (ANG) R.I. Joe Foss Field (ANG) Selfridge ANGB (ANG) (ANG) Stewart ANGB (ANG) Conn. Westover ARB W. K. Kellogg Arpt. (ANG) Youngstown ARS Gabreski Arpt. (ANG) Sioux Gateway Arpt. (AFRC) (AFRC) Harrisburg Arpt. (ANG) Toledo Express Arpt. (ANG) Iowa (ANG) N.J. Quonset State Arpt. Pa. Cheyenne Arpt. (ANG) Mansfield Lahm Arpt. (ANG) Neb. (ANG) Fort Wayne Arpt. Des Moines Arpt. (ANG) Pittsburgh Arpt. Atlantic City Arpt. (ANG) Ind. S-B Arpt. Ohio Greater Peoria Arpt. (ANG) (AFRC) Del. (ANG) Rickenbacker Lincoln Arpt. (ANG) New Castle Arpt. (ANG) ANGB Eastern W. Va. Arpt. Ill. Grissom ARB (AFRC) Greeley ANGS Martin State Arpt. (ANG) Hulman Arpt. (ANG) Abraham Lincoln Rosecrans Memorial Md. (ANG) W. Va. Capital Arpt. (ANG) Arpt. (ANG) Mont. Great Falls Arpt. (ANG) Boise Air Terminal (ANG) Idaho Reno/Tahoe Arpt. (ANG) Klamath Falls Arpt. (ANG) Portland Arpt. (ANG/AFRC) Wash. Air Reserve Component Bases

108 ACC Headquarters PRIMARY MISSION Primary force provider of combat airpower fi ghter, conventional bomber, reconnaissance, battle management, and electronic combat aircraft to combatant commands; provide C3I systems and conduct global information operations. PERSONNEL Active Duty* 80,004 Civilian 11,658 Total 91,662 EQUIPMENT (Total active inventory) Fighter/Attack 627 Air Combat Command JB Langley-Eustis, Va. Established June 1, 1992 Commander Gen. Herbert J. Hawk Carlisle 1st Air Force 9th Air Force (Air Forces Northern) Shaw AFB, S.C. Tyndall AFB, Fla. Helicopter 39 ISR/BM/C3 364 Tanker 14 ACC STRUCTURE Commander 12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz. US Air Forces Central Command Southwest Asia USAF Warfare Center Nellis AFB, Nev. 25th Air Force JBSA-Lackland, Texas Trainer 45 Abbreviations: CFACC: combined force air component commander; DCGS: Distributed Common Ground Station. WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 1st Fighter Wing JB Langley-Eustis, Va. F-22, T-38 4th FW Seymour Johnson AFB, N.C. F-15E 9th Reconnaissance Wing Beale AFB, Calif. C-12, MC-12W, RQ-4, T-38A, U-2 20th FW Shaw AFB, S.C. F-16CJ 23rd Wing Moody AFB, Ga. A-10C, HC-130P, HH-60G 49th Wing Holloman AFB, N.M. F-16, MQ-1, MQ-9, T-38C 53rd Wing Eglin AFB, Fla. A-10C, B-1B, B-2, B-52H, F-15C/E, F-16, F-22, F-35A, HC-130J, HH-60G, MQ-1, MQ-9, RQ-4, U-2, space test 55th Wing Offutt AFB, Neb. E-4B, EC-130, OC-135B, RC-135S/U/V/W, TC-135S/W, WC th Wing Nellis AFB, Nev. A-10C, EC-130, F-15, F-15E, F-16, F-22A, F-35A, HH-60G (23rd Wing), MQ-9 70th Intelligence, Surveillance, & Fort Meade, Md. Cryptologic operations Reconnaissance Wing 93rd Air Ground Operations Wing Moody AFB, Ga. Battlefi eld airmen operations & support 99th Air Base Wing Nellis AFB, Nev. Base support 325th FW Tyndall AFB, Fla. F th FW Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz. A-10C, EC-130H (55th Wing), F-16, HC-130J, HH-60G (23rd Wing) 363rd ISRW JB Langley-Eustis, Va. Multi-intelligence analysis & targeting 366th FW Mountain Home AFB, Idaho F-15E 388th FW Hill AFB, Utah F-16C/D, F-35A 432nd Wing Creech AFB, Nev. MQ-1, MQ-9, RQ th ISRW JB Langley-Eustis, Va. DCGS, cyber ISR, CFACC support, Signals intelligence integration 461st Air Control Wing Robins AFB, Ga. E-8C (active associate) 505th Command & Control Wing Hurlburt Field, Fla. C2 operational-level tactics, testing, training 552nd ACW Tinker AFB, Okla. E-3B/C/G 557th Weather Wing Offutt AFB, Neb. Weather information 601st Air & Space Operations Center Tyndall AFB, Fla. Plan/direct air operations 633rd ABW JB Langley-Eustis, Va. Joint base facilities support Air Force Rescue Coordination Center Tyndall AFB, Fla. National search/rescue coordination Air Force Technical Applications Center Patrick AFB, Fla. Nuclear treaty monitoring, nuclear event detection *7th Bomb Wing and 28th Bomb Wing transferred to Air Force Global Strike Command on Oct. 1, Personnel fi gures here are as of Sept. 30, st Fighter Wing F-22s. USAF photo by MSgt. Jeremy Lock 103 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

109 AETC Headquarters PRIMARY MISSION Recruit, train, and educate airmen through basic military training, initial and advanced technical training, and professional military education. PERSONNEL Active Duty 49,591 Civilian 14,079 Total 63,670 EQUIPMENT (TAI) Fighter/Attack 154 Helicopter 50 Special Operations Forces 14 Tanker 26 Trainer 1,112 Transport 29 Air Education and Training Command JBSA-Randolph, Texas Established July 1, 1993 Commander Lt. Gen. Darryl Roberson 2nd Air Force Keesler AFB, Miss. AETC STRUCTURE Commander 19th Air Force JBSA-Randolph, Texas Air Force Recruiting Service JBSA-Randolph, Texas Air University Maxwell AFB, Ala. Abbreviations: CSO: combat systems offi cer; JBSA: Joint Base San Antonio; NAS: Naval Air Station; ROTC: Reserve Offi cer Training Corps; JROTC: Junior Reserve Offi cer Training Corps. MAJOR UNITS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 12th Flying Training Wing JBSA-Randolph, Texas T-1A, T-6A, T-38C (CSO at NAS Pensacola, Fla.) 14th FTW Columbus AFB, Miss. T-1A, T-6A, T-38C (A-29 at Moody AFB, Ga.) 17th Training Wing Goodfellow AFB, Texas Technical training 33rd Fighter Wing Eglin AFB, Fla. F-35 37th TRW JBSA-Lackland, Texas Basic military & technical training 42nd Air Base Wing Maxwell AFB, Ala. Base support 47th FTW Laughlin AFB, Texas T-1A, T-6A, T-38C 56th FW Luke AFB, Ariz. F-16, F-35 58th Special Operations Wing Kirtland AFB, N.M. CV-22, HC-130J/P/N, HH-60G, MC-130H/J/P, UH-1N, TH-1H 59th Medical Wing JBSA-Lackland, Texas Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center 71st FTW Vance AFB, Okla. T-1A, T-6A, T-38C 80th FTW Sheppard AFB, Texas T-6A, T-38C 81st TRW Keesler AFB, Miss. Technical training 82nd TRW Sheppard AFB, Texas Technical training 97th Air Mobility Wing Altus AFB, Okla. C-17, KC-135R 314th Airlift Wing Little Rock AFB, Ark. C-130J 502nd ABW JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas JBSA facilities support Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Postgraduate education Air Force Research Institute Maxwell AFB, Ala. Historical research Carl A. Spaatz Center for Offi cer Education Maxwell AFB, Ala. Offi cer professional military education (PME) Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Dev. & Education Maxwell AFB, Ala. Air Force doctrine development Ira C. Eaker Center for Professional Dev. Maxwell AFB, Ala. Professional and technical continuing education Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions & Citizen Dev. Maxwell AFB, Ala. Offi cer training, ROTC & JROTC oversight Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Maxwell AFB, Ala. Information resources Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education Maxwell AFB, Ala. Enlisted PME T-1A Jayhawks of the14th Flying Training Wing carry out a mass launch to demonstrate mass-sortie generation. USAF photo by SrA. Kaleb Snay AIR FORCE Magazine / May

110 AFGSC Headquarters PRIMARY MISSION Organize, train, equip, maintain, and provide ICBM forces and nuclearcapable bomber forces to combatant commanders. Air Force Global Strike Command Barksdale AFB, La. Established Aug. 7, 2009 Commander Gen. Robin Rand AFGSC STRUCTURE Commander PERSONNEL Active Duty* 19,642 Civilian 2,439 Total 22,081 8th Air Force (Air Forces Strategic/Task Force 204) Barksdale AFB, La. 20th Air Force (Air Forces Strategic/Task Force 214) F. E. Warren AFB, Wyo. EQUIPMENT (TAI) Bomber 135 Helicopter 25 ICBM 450 Trainer 14 Note: USAF redesignated Strategic Air Command, established Dec. 13, 1944, as Air Force Global Strike Command and activated AFGSC on Aug. 7, WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 2nd Bomb Wing Barksdale AFB, La. B-52H 5th BW Minot AFB, N.D. B-52H 7th BW Dyess AFB, Texas B-1 28th BW Ellsworth AFB, S.D. B-1 90th Missile Wing F. E. Warren AFB, Wyo. Minuteman III, UH-1N 91st MW Minot AFB, N.D. Minuteman III, UH-1N 341st MW Malmstrom AFB, Mont. Minuteman III, UH-1N 377th Air Base Wing Kirtland AFB, N.M. Nuclear operations, expeditionary force training, base support 509th BW Whiteman AFB, Mo. B-2, T-38C *7th Bomb Wing and 28th Bomb Wing transferred to Air Force Global Strike Command on Oct. 1, Personnel fi gures here are as of Sept. 30, Now an Air Force Global Strike Command asset, a B-1 bomber takes off from Ellsworth AFB, S.D. USAF photo by A1C James L. Miller 105 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

111 AFMC Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Established July 1, 1992 Commander Gen. Ellen M. Pawlikowski PRIMARY MISSION Research, develop, procure, test, and sustain USAF weapon systems. AFMC STRUCTURE PERSONNEL Active Duty 17,650 Civilian 62,417 Total 80,067 EQUIPMENT (TAI) Bomber 5 Fighter/Attack 56 Helicopter 5 ISR/BM/C3 22 Special Operations Forces 1 Tanker 2 Trainer 16 Transport 25 Commander Air Force Installation & Mission Support Center (AFIMSC) Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (AFNWC) Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Air Force Sustainment Center (AFSC) Air Force Test Center (AFTC) National Museum of the US Air Force JB San Antonio-Lackland, Texas Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Kirtland AFB, N.M. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Tinker AFB, Okla. Edwards AFB, Calif. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio MAJOR UNITS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON AFIMSC Air Force Civil Engineer Center JBSA-Lackland, Texas Installation support (civil engineering) Air Force Financial Management Center of Expertise Buckley AFB, Colo. Installation support (fi nancial analysis) Air Force Financial Services Center Ellsworth AFB, S.D. Installation support (payment processing) Air Force Security Forces Center JBSA-Lackland, Texas Installation support (security forces programs) AFLCMC Air Force Program Executive Officer Agile Combat Support Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Systems acquisition AFPEO Armament Eglin AFB, Fla. Systems acquisition AFPEO Battle Management Hanscom AFB, Mass. Systems acquisition AFPEO Business & Enterprise Systems Maxwell AFB-Gunter Annex, Ala. Systems acquisition AFPEO C3I & Networks Hanscom AFB, Mass. Systems acquisition AFPEO Fighters & Bombers Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Systems acquisition AFPEO ISR & SOF Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Systems acquisition AFPEO Mobility Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Systems acquisition AFPEO Tanker Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Systems acquisition 88th Air Base Wing Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Base support AFNWC AFPEO Nuclear Command, Control, & Communications Hanscom AFB, Mass. Systems acquisition AFPEO Strategic Systems Kirtland AFB, N.M. Systems acquisition AFRL Aerospace Systems Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Research & development Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research Arlington, Va. Research Directed Energy Kirtland AFB, N.M. R&D Information Rome, N.Y. R&D Materials & Manufacturing Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio R&D Munitions Eglin AFB, Fla. R&D Sensors Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio R&D Space Vehicles Kirtland AFB, N.M. R&D 711th Human Performance Wing Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Human performance evaluation & research AFSC Ogden Air Logistics Complex Hill AFB, Utah Weapons sustainment Oklahoma City ALC Tinker AFB, Okla. Weapons sustainment Warner Robins ALC Robins AFB, Ga. Weapons sustainment 72nd ABW Tinker AFB, Okla. Base support 75th ABW Hill AFB, Utah Base & Utah Test & Training Range support 78th ABW Robins AFB, Ga. Base support 448th Supply Chain Management Wing Tinker AFB, Okla. Planning & execution depot line repairable & consumables 635th Supply Chain Operations Wing Scott AFB, Ill. Global sustainment support AFTC Arnold Engineering Development Complex Arnold AFB, Tenn. Flight, space, and missile ground testing 96th Test Wing Eglin AFB, Fla. Aircraft testing and base support 412th TW Edwards AFB, Calif. Aircraft testing and base support AIR FORCE Magazine / May

112 AFRC Headquarters PRIMARY MISSION Provide strike, air mobility, special oper ations forces, rescue, aeromedical evacuation, aerial firefighting and spraying, weather reconnaissance, cyber space operations, ISR, space, flying training, and other capabilities to support the Active Duty force and assist with domestic and foreign disaster relief. PERSONNEL Total (selected reserve) 68,494 Active Duty 427 Civilian (includes technicians) 12,257 Total 81,178 Air Force Reserve Command Robins AFB, Ga. Established Feb. 17, 1997 Commander Lt. Gen. James F. Jackson 4th Air Force March ARB, Calif. AFRC Recruiting Service Robins AFB, Ga. AFRC STRUCTURE Commander Air Reserve Personnel Center Buckley AFB, Colo. 10th Air Force NAS JRB Fort Worth, Texas Individual Reservist Readiness & Integration Organization Buckley AFB, Colo. 22nd Air Force Dobbins ARB, Ga. Force Generation Center Robins AFB, Ga. EQUIPMENT (TAI) Bomber 18 Fighter/Attack 111 Helicopter 15 ISR/BM/C3 10 Tanker 68 Transport 139 Abbreviations: AOC: Air & Space Operations Center; ISR: intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 94th Airlift Wing Dobbins ARB, Ga. C-130H 301st Fighter Wing NAS JRB Fort Worth, Texas F-16 and F-22, MQ-1, and MQ-9 (Tyndall AFB, Fla.) 302nd AW Peterson AFB, Colo. C-130H (including Modular Airborne Firefi ghting System) 307th Bomb Wing Barksdale AFB, La. B-52H 310th Space Wing Schriever AFB, Colo. Space control & operations & warning, information operations 315th AW* JB Charleston, S.C. C th Air Mobility Wing* Travis AFB, Calif. C-5, C-17, KC rd Wing Keesler AFB, Miss. C-130J, WC-130J (Hurricane Hunters) 419th FW* Hill AFB, Utah F-16, F-35A 433rd AW JBSA-Lackland, Texas C-5A/B, formal training unit 434th Air Refueling Wing Grissom ARB, Ind. KC-135R 439th AW Westover ARB, Mass. C-5B 440th AW Pope Field, N.C. C-130H 442nd FW Whiteman AFB, Mo. A-10C 445th AW Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio C th AW* JB Lewis-McChord, Wash. C nd AMW March ARB, Calif. C-17, KC-135R 459th ARW JB Andrews, Md. KC-135R 482nd FW Homestead ARB, Fla. F-16C 507th ARW Tinker AFB, Okla. KC-135R 512th AW* Dover AFB, Del. C-5M, C th AMW* JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. C-17, KC th AW Maxwell AFB, Ala. C-130H 910th AW Youngstown ARS, Ohio C-130H 911th AW Pittsburgh Arpt., Pa. C-130H 914th AW Niagara Falls Arpt./ARS, N.Y. KC-135 (planned) 916th ARW Seymour Johnson AFB, N.C. KC-135R 919th Special Operations Wing Duke Field, Fla. AC-130U, C-145A, C-146, MQ-9, PC-12, U-28* 920th Rescue Wing Patrick AFB, Fla. HC-130N/P, HH-60G 926th Wing* Nellis AFB, Nev. A-10, F-15C, F-15E, F-16, F-22A, F-35A, HH-60G, MQ-1 and MQ-9 (Creech AFB, Nev.) 927th ARW* MacDill AFB, Fla. KC-135R 932nd AW Scott AFB, Ill. C-40C 934th AW Minneapolis-St. Paul Arpt., Minn. C-130H 940th Wing* Beale AFB, Calif. AOC, DCGS, RQ-4 944th FW* Luke AFB, Ariz. F-15E (Seymour Johnson AFB, N.C.), F-16 *Classic associate: Active Duty unit owns aircraft. A C-17 on the ramp in Havana, Cuba, in March. AFRC s 315th Airlift Wing and AMC s 437th Airlift Wing operate it from JB Charleston, S.C. USAF photo by Maj. Wayne Capps 107 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

113 AFSPC Air PRIMARY MISSION Organize, train, equip, maintain, and provide space and cyberspace operations forces; develop, procure, and test space systems; sustain national space launch facilities. Force Space Command Headquarters Peterson AFB, Colo. Established Sept. 1, 1982 Commander Gen. John E. Hyten AFSPC STRUCTURE Commander PERSONNEL Active Duty 12,581 Civilian 7,243 Total 19,824 EQUIPMENT Air Force Satellite Control Network BMEWS GEODSS Launch/test ranges Pave Phased Array Warning System PARCS Space surveillance radars Satellite systems (on orbit): AEHF 3 DMSP 6 DSCS 7 DSP Classifi ed GPS 41 14th Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Air Force Network Integration Center Scott AFB, Ill. Milstar 5 SBIRS Classifi ed 24th Air Force (Air Forces Cyber) JBSA-Lackland, Texas Air Force Spectrum Management Offi ce Fort Meade, Md. Space and Missile Systems Center Los Angeles AFB, Calif. SBSS 1 WGS 7 Abbreviations: BMEWS: Ballistic Missile Early Warning System; GEODSS: Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System; PARCS: Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System; for satellites, see Gallery of Weapons. WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 21st Space Wing Peterson AFB, Colo. Space control/warning 30th SW Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Space launch, ICBM test, launch range operations 45th SW Patrick AFB, Fla. Space launch, launch range operations 50th SW Schriever AFB, Colo. C2 space operations 67th Network Warfare Wing JBSA-Lackland, Texas Cyberspace operations 460th SW Buckley AFB, Colo. Space surveillance/warning 624th Operations Center JBSA-Lackland, Texas Plan/direct cyber operations 688th Informations Operations Wing JBSA-Lackland, Texas Information operations, engineering installation An Atlas V launches for an Air Force Space Command mission at Cape Canaveral AFS, Fla. Photo courtesy of United Launch Alliance AIR FORCE Magazine / May

114 AFSOC Air Force Special Operations Command Headquarters Hurlburt Field, Fla. Established May 22, 1990 Commander Lt. Gen. Bradley A. Heithold PRIMARY MISSION Organize, train, equip, maintain, and provide special operations airpower forces to combatant commanders. AFSOC STRUCTURE Commander PERSONNEL Active Duty 14,118 Civilian 1,619 Total 15,737 1st Special Ops Wing Hurlburt Field, Fla. 24th SOW Hurlburt Field, Fla. 27th SOW Cannon AFB, N.M. EQUIPMENT (TAI) ISR/BM/C3 45 Special Operations Forces nd SOW RAF Mildenhall, UK Air Force Special Operations Air Warfare Center Hurlburt Field, Fla. MAJOR UNITS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 1st Special Operations Group Hurlburt Field, Fla. AC-130U, CV-22, MC-130H/P, U-28A 27th SOG Cannon AFB, N.M. AC-130W, C-146A, CV-22B, MC-130J, MQ-1, MQ-9, U-28A 353rd SOG Kadena AB, Japan MC-130H/P 551st SOS Cannon AFB, N.M. AC-130H/W, CV-22, MC-130J, MQ-9 720th Special Tactics Group Hurlburt Field, Fla. Special tactics operations 724th STG Pope Field, N.C. Special tactics operations Flying a heritage formation: An MC-130P Combat Shadow, MC-130J Command II, and MC-130H Combat Talon II (top to bottom). USAF photo by SrA. Maeson Elleman 109 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

115 AMC Air PRIMARY MISSION Organize, train, equip, maintain, and provide air mobility forces to sustain worldwide airpower operations. PERSONNEL Active Duty 40,650 Civilian 8,311 Total 48,961 EQUIPMENT (TAI) Tanker 163 Transport 262 Mobility Command Headquarters Scott AFB, Ill. Established June 1, 1992 Commander Gen. Carlton D. Everhart II 18th Air Force (Air Forces Transportation) Scott AFB, Ill. AMC STRUCTURE Commander US Air Force Expeditionary Center JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. Abbreviations: AOC: Air & Space Operations Center; AA: active associate: ANG/AFRC own aircraft. WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 6th Air Mobility Wing MacDill AFB, Fla. C-37, KC-135R 19th Airlift Wing Little Rock AFB, Ark. C-130H/J 22nd Air Refueling Wing McConnell AFB, Kan. KC-135R 60th AMW Travis AFB, Calif. C-5, C-17, KC-10 62nd AW JB Lewis-McChord, Wash. C-17 87th Air Base Wing JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. Joint base facilities support 89th AW JB Andrews, Md. C-20B, C-32A, C-37A/B, C-40B, VC-25A 92nd ARW Fairchild AFB, Wash. KC-135R 305th AMW JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. C-17, KC th ABW Grand Forks AFB, N.D. Base support 375th AMW Scott AFB, Ill. C-21, C-40 (AA), KC-135R (AA), NC th AW Dover AFB, Del. C-5, C th AW JB Charleston, S.C. C-17A 515th Air Mobility Operations Wing JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii Contingency airfi eld operations 521st AMOW Ramstein AB, Germany Contingency airfi eld operations 618th AOC (Tanker Airlift Control Center) Scott AFB, Ill. Tanker Airlift Control Center operations 621st Contingency Response Wing JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. Rapidly deployable bare base operations 628th ABW JB Charleston, S.C. Joint base facilities support An Air Mobility Command KC-135 receives a cargo load at MacDill AFB, Fla. USAF photo by SSgt. Brittany Liddon AIR FORCE Magazine / May

116 PACAF Pacific PRIMARY MISSION Provide US Pacifi c Command integrated expeditionary Air Force capabilities, including strike, air mobility, and rescue forces. Air Forces Headquarters JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii Established July 1, 1957 Commander Gen. Lori J. Robinson PACAF STRUCTURE Commander PERSONNEL Active Duty 28,413 Civilian 7,897 Total 36,310 5th Air Force (Air Forces Japan) Yokota AB, Japan 7th Air Force (Air Forces Korea) Osan AB, South Korea 11th Air Force JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska EQUIPMENT (TAI) Fighter/Attack 262 Helicopter 13 ISR/BM/C3 4 Tanker 15 Transport 39 WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 3rd Wing JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska C-12, C-17, E-3, F-22A 8th Fighter Wing Kunsan AB, South Korea F-16C/D 15th Wing JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii C-17A, C-37A, C-40B, F-22A (active associate), KC-135R (AA) 18th Wing Kadena AB, Japan E-3B/C, F-15C/D, HH-60G, KC-135R 35th FW Misawa AB, Japan F-16C/D 36th Wing Andersen AFB, Guam Operational platform for rotating combat forces 51st FW Osan AB, South Korea A-10C, F-16C/D 354th FW Eielson AFB, Alaska F-16C/D 374th Airlift Wing Yokota AB, Japan C-12J, C-130H, UH-1N 607th Air & Space Operations Center Osan AB, South Korea Plan & direct air operations 611th AOC JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska Plan & direct air operations 613th AOC JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii Plan & direct air operations 673rd Air Base Wing JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska Joint base facilities support Regional Support Center JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska Remote facility operations, communications, engineering At Eielson AFB, Alaska, an 18th Aggressor Squadron F-16 takes off during Red Flag- Alaska last August. USAF photo by MSgt. Karen J. Tomasik 111 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

117 USAFE-AFAFRICA US Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa Headquarters Ramstein AB, Germany PRIMARY MISSION Serves as the air component for US European Command and US Africa Command, directing air operations, including warfi ghting and humanitarian/peacekeeping actions, and maintains combat-ready forces for NATO responsibilities. Established Aug. 7, 1945 Commander Gen. Frank Gorenc USAFE-AFAFRICA STRUCTURE Commander PERSONNEL Active Duty 22,293 Civilian 4,918 Total 27,211 EQUIPMENT (TAI) Fighter/Attack 213 Helicopter 4 Tanker 19 Transport 25 3rd Air Force (Air Forces Europe) Ramstein AB, Germany Hq. USAFE-AFAFRICA (Air Forces Africa) Ramstein AB, Germany WINGS/CENTERS LOCATION AIRCRAFT/MISSION/WEAPON 31st Fighter Wing Aviano AB, Italy F-16C/D 39th Air Base Wing Incirlik AB, Turkey Operational location for deployed US and NATO forces 48th FW RAF Lakenheath, UK F-15C/D, F-15E, HH-60G 52nd FW Spangdahlem AB, Germany F-16C/D 86th Airlift Wing Ramstein AB, Germany C-20H, C-21, C-37, C-40B, C-130J 100th Air Refueling Wing RAF Mildenhall, UK KC-135R 435th Air Ground Operations Wing Ramstein AB, Germany Battlefi eld airmen support & operations 501st Combat Support Wing RAF Alconbury, UK Facilities support for seven geographically separated units 603rd Air & Space Operations Center Ramstein AB, Germany Plan & direct air operations USAFE-AFAFRICA F-15Es taxi down the runway at RAF Lakenheath, UK. USAF photo by SrA. Trevor T. McBride AIR FORCE Magazine / May

118 ANG Air PRIMARY MISSION Provide combat capability to the Active Duty force and security for the homeland; support US domestic and foreign humanitarian and disaster relief. PERSONNEL Total (selected reserve) 105,728 Active Duty 57 Civilian (includes technicians) 23,501 Total 129,286 National Guard Headquarters Washington, D.C. Established Sept. 18, 1947 Director Maj. Gen. Brian G. Neal (acting) EQUIPMENT (TAI) Fighter/Attack 611 Helicopter 17 ISR/BM/C3 91 Special Operations Forces 4 Tanker 184 Transport 207 Abbreviations: AATTC: Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center; AOC/G/S: air & space operations center/group/squadron; CA: classic associate; CACS: command and control squadron (space); CC: combat communications; CIRF: centralized intermediate repair facility; CRG: contingency response group; CRTC: Combat Readiness Training Center; CSDC: Consolidated Storage and Deployment Center (medical); CW: combat weather; DTOC: Distributed Training Operations Center; EOD: explosive ordnance disposal; FTU: formal training unit; GA: Guardian Angel (pararescuemen, combat rescue officers, SERE specialists); MAFFS: Modular Airborne Firefighting System; MGS: mobile ground station (space); NOSS: network operations security sqadron; RAOC: regional air operations center; RCC: rescue coordination center; TACP: Tactical Air Control Party. Wing (State) System/Mission Wing (State) System/Mission 101st Air Refueling Wing (ME) KC-135R, CC, cyber 102nd Intelligence Wing (MA) AOG, CC, DCGS 103rd Airlift Wing (CT) C-130H 104th Fighter Wing (MA) F-15C/D 105th AW (NY) C-17, cyber 106th Rescue Wing (NY) HC-130, HH-60G, GA 107th AW (NY) MQ-9 108th Wing (NJ) KC-135R, C-40, intel 109th AW (NY) C-130H, LC th Attack Wing (MI) MQ-9, AOG, cyber 111th Attack Wing (PA) MQ-9, AOG, CSDC, cyber 113th Wing (DC) C-40, F th FW (SD) F-16C 115th FW (WI) F th Air Control Wing (GA) E-8C 117th ARW (AL) KC-135R, intel 118th Wing (TN) MQ-9, cyber 119th Wing (ND) MQ-1, ISR 120th AW (MT) C-130H 121st ARW (OH) KC-135R 122nd FW (IN) A-10C 123rd AW (KY) C-130H, CRG, special tactics 124th FW (ID) A-10C, CACS, TACP 125th FW (FL) F-15C 126th ARW (IL) KC-135R 127th Wing (MI) A-10C, KC-135R, special ops weather 128th ARW (WI) KC-135R 129th RQW (CA) MC-130P, HH-60G, GA 130th AW (WV) C-130H 131st Bomb Wing (MO) B-2 (CA), AOG, CC 132nd Wing (IA) MQ-9, DTOC 133rd AW (MN) C-130H 134th ARW (TN) KC-135R 136th AW (TX) C-130H, CC 137th ARW (OK) MC-12, cyber, TACP (in transition) 138th FW (OK) F-16, cyber, TACP training 139th AW (MO) C-130H, AATTC (ANG/AFRC) 140th Wing (CO) C-21, F-16, MGS 141st ARW (WA) KC-135R, CC 142nd FW (OR) F-15C, CW, special tactics 143rd AW (RI) C-130J, CC, cyber 144th FW (CA) F-15C 145th AW (NC) C-130H, aeromed, CC, MAFFS, TACP 146th AW (CA) C-130J, MAFFS 147th Reconnaissance Wing (TX) MQ-1B, RC-26, TACP 148th FW (MN) F-16C, EOD th FW (TX) F-16, cyber, intel training 150th Special Ops Wing (NM) C-26, special ops training (CA) 151st ARW (UT) KC-135R, cyber, intel 152nd AW (NV) C-130H, DCGS 153rd AW (WY) C-130H, MAFFS 154th Wing (HI) C-17 (CA), F-22, KC-135R 155th ARW (NE) KC-135R 156th AW (PR) C-130E 157th ARW (NH) KC-135R 158th FW (VT) F-16, cyber training 159th FW (LA) F-15C/D, CC, cyber, intel, TACP 161st ARW (AZ) KC-135R 162nd Wing (AZ) F-16, MQ-1, RC-26B 163rd RW (CA) MQ-1, FTU 164th AW (TN) C-17A 165th AW (GA) C-130H, CRTC, TACP, tactical comm 166th AW (DE) C-130H, aeromed, cyber 167th AW (WV) C-17A, aeromed 168th ARW (AK) KC-135R 169th FW (SC) F st ARW (PA) KC-135R/T 172nd AW (MS) C-17, aeromed 173rd FW (OR) F-15C/D 174th Attack Wing (NY) MQ-9, AOC, CACS, TACP, FTU 175th Wing (MD) A-10C, cyber 176th Wing (AK) C-17 (CA), C-130H, HC-130, HH-60G, GA, RAOC, RCC 177th FW (NJ) F-16C, TACP 178th Wing (OH) MQ-1, cyber, ISR, space 179th AW (OH) C-130H 180th FW (OH) F-16C 181st IW (IN) DCGS, TACP 182nd AW (IL) C-130H, CC, TACP 183rd FW (IL) AOG, CIRF, cyber 184th IW (KS) CACS, cyber, DCGS, NOSS, TACP 185th ARW (IA) KC-135R 186th ARW (MS) KC-135R, RC-26, AOG, TACP 187th FW (AL) F-16, RC th Wing (AR) MQ-9 189th AW (AR) C-130H 190th ARW (KS) KC-135R, CW 192nd FW (VA) F-22 (CA), ISR 193rd SOW (PA) EC-130J, AOS, CC, cyber, TACP 194th Regional Support Wing (WA) CC, CW, cyber, ISR, TACP 195th Wing (CA) cyber, intel, space AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

119 Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory numbers are total active inventory figures as of Sept. 30, By Aaron M. U. Church, Senior Editor 2016 USAF Almanac BOMBER AIRCRAFT B-1 Lancer Brief: Long-range bomber capable of penetrating enemy defenses and delivering the largest weapon load of any aircraft in the inventory. COMMENTARY The B-1A was initially proposed as replacement for the B-52, and four prototypes were developed and tested before program cancellation in The program was revived in 1981 as B-1B. The vastly upgraded aircraft added 74,000 lb of usable payload, improved radar, and reduced radar cross section, but cut maximum speed to Mach 1.2. The B-1B first saw combat in Iraq during Desert Fox in December Its three internal weapons bays accommodate a substantial payload of weapons, including a mix of different weapons in each bay. Lancer production totaled 100 aircraft. The bomber s blended wing/ body configuration, variable-geometry design, and turbofan engines provide long range and loiter time. The B-1B has been upgraded with GPS, smart weapons, and mission systems. Offensive avionics include SAR for tracking, targeting, and engaging moving vehicles and terrain following. GPS-aided INS lets aircrews autonomously navigate without ground-based navigation aids and precisely engage targets. Sniper pod was added in The ongoing integrated battle station modifications is the most comprehensive refresh in the bomber s history. The three-part upgrade includes the Vertical Situation Display (VSD), which adds a digital cockpit, Fully Integrated Data Link (FIDL) to enhance targeting, command and control, and Central Integrated Test System (CITS), which gives aircrew real-time aircraft diagnostics and simplifies maintenance and troubleshooting. FIDL includes Link 16 and Joint Range Extension data link, enabling permanent secure LOS/BLOS/C2. It also adds Ethernet to enable rapid airborne retargeting. Ongoing life extension efforts will stretch service life to Combat-coded B-1s transferred from ACC to AFGSC, aligning with B-2 and B-52 bomber fleets in EXTANT VARIANT(S) B-1B. Upgraded production version of the canceled B-1A. Function: Long-range conventional bomber. Operator: AFGSC, AFMC. First Flight: Dec. 23, 1974 (B-1A); Oct. 18, 1984 (B-1B). Delivered: June 1985-May IOC: Oct. 1, 1986, Dyess AFB, Texas (B-1B). Production: 104. Inventory: 62. Aircraft Location: Dyess AFB, Texas; Edwards AFB, Calif.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Ellsworth AFB, S.D. Contractor: Boeing (formerly Rockwell), AIL Systems, General Electric. Power Plant: Four General Electric F101-GE-102 turbofans, each 30,780 lb thrust. Accommodation: Pilot, copilot, and two WSOs (offensive and defensive), on zero/zero ACES II ejection seats. B-1B Lancer (Ethan Wagner) B-2A Spirit (SSgt. Jeremy M. Wilson) Dimensions: Span 137 ft (spread forward) to 79 ft (swept aft), length 146 ft, height 34 ft. Weight: Max T-O 477,000 lb. Ceiling: More than 30,000 ft. Performance: Speed 900+ mph at S-L, range intercontinental. Armament: 84 Mk 82 (500-lb) or 24 Mk 84 (2,000-lb) general-purpose bombs; 84 Mk 62 (500-lb) or 8 Mk 65 (2,000-lb) Quick Strike naval mines; 30 CBU-87/89 cluster bombs or 30 CBU-103/104/105 WCMDs; 24 GBU-31 or 15 GBU-38 JDAMs/GBU-54 LJDAM; 24 AGM-158A JASSM or JASSM-ER. B-2 Spirit Brief: Stealthy, long-range bomber capable of nuclear and conventional weapon delivery worldwide. COMMENTARY The B-2 is a flying wing that combines LO stealth design with high aerodynamic efficiency. Spirit was first used in combat against Serb targets during Allied Force on March 24, B-2 production was completed in three successive capability blocks and all aircraft were upgraded to Block 30 standards with AESA radar. AESA paves the way for future advanced weapons integration including Long-Range Standoff (LRSO) missile and B61-12 bomb. The aircraft s smoothly blended fuselage holds two weapons bays capable of carrying nearly 60,000 lb of weapons in various combinations. The B-2 lacks a vertical tail surface, and quadruple-redundant digital fly-by-wire flight controls actuate trailing edge surfaces that combine aileron, elevator, and rudder functions. New EHF satcom and high-speed computer upgrade recently entered full production. Both are part of the Defensive Management System-Modernization (DMS-M). FY16 begins production funding for a new VLF receiver to provide redundancy. Weapons integration includes the improved GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator and JASSM-ER and future weapons such as GBU-53 SDB II, GBU-56 Laser JDAM, JDAM-5000, and LRSO. Flexible Strike Package mods will feed GPS data to the weapons bays to allow weapons to be guided before release, to thwart jamming. It also will move stores management to a new integrated processor. Phase 2 will allow nuclear and conventional weapons to be carried simultaneously to increase flexibility. The Air Force seeks to equip the bomber with wide-band nuclear C2 under the Family of Advanced Beyond Line of Sight Terminals (FAB-T) program. A recent effort will increase fleet availability by shortening depot-level maintenance and increasing intervals between overhaul. EXTANT VARIANT(S) B-2A. Production aircraft upgraded to Block 30 standards. Function: Long-range heavy bomber. Operator: AFGSC, AFMC. First Flight: July 17, Delivered: From Dec. 17, IOC: April 1997, Whiteman AFB, Mo. Production: 21. AIR FORCE Magazine / May

120 B-52H Stratofortress (A1C Curt Beach) Inventory: 20. Aircraft Location: Edwards AFB, Calif., Whiteman AFB, Mo. Contractor: Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Vought. Power Plant: Four General Electric F118-GE-100 turbofans, each 17,300 lb thrust. Accommodation: Two pilots, on zero/zero ACES II ejection seats. Dimensions: Span 172 ft, length 69 ft, height 17 ft. Weight: Max T-O 336,500 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed high subsonic, estimated unrefueled range 5,000 miles. Armament: Nuclear: 16 B61-7 or B83, or 8 B61-11 bombs (on rotary launchers). Conventional: 80 Mk 62 (500-lb) sea mines, 80 Mk 82 (500-lb) bombs, 80 GBU-38 JDAMs, or 34 CBU-87/89 munitions (on rack assemblies); or 16 GBU-31 JDAMs, 16 Mk 84 (2,000-lb) bombs, 16 AGM-154 JSOWs, 16 AGM- 158 JASSMs, or eight GBU-28 LGBs. B-52 Stratofortress Brief: Long-range bomber capable of free-fall nuclear or conventional weapon delivery or cruise missile carriage. COMMENTARY The B-52H is the last serving variant of the Stratofortress. The B-52H first flew in 1960, and 102 were delivered between May 1961 and October The aircraft is USAF s only nuclear cruise missile carrier. Its multimission capability includes long-range precision strike, CAS, air interdiction, defense suppression, and maritime surveillance. The overall B-52 System Improvements project is replacing key obsolescent components. The Combat Network Communications Technology (CONECT) program is replacing the aircraft s old cockpit displays and communications and enabling machine-to-machine tasking and retargeting. The first CONECT airframe was redelivered in Communications Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) replaces the B-52 s analog systems with digital systems. The B-52H began to carry targeting pods to employ GPS/INS guided weapons during Operation Iraqi Freedom in The Internal Weapons Bay Upgrade enables internal smart weapon carriage. The first six Conventional Rotary Launchers were delivered under the accelerated program in January The CRL roughly doubles smart weapon payloads, while reducing drag and increasing range. The upgrade supports the B-52 s transition from CALCM to the AGM-158B JASSM-ER long-range cruise missile. Other future weapons include the Acronyms ACTD Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration AE aeromedical evacuation AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency AESA active electronically scanned array AGM air-to-ground missile AIM air intercept missile ALCM Air Launched Cruise Missile AMRAAM Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile ATP advanced targeting pod BLOS beyond line of sight BLU bomb live unit BM battle management C2 command and control C3 command, control, & communications CALCM Conventional Air Launched Cruise Missile CAS close air support CBU cluster bomb unit CEM combined effects munition CEP circular error probable CFT conformal fuel tank Comint communications intelligence CSAR combat search and rescue CSO combat systems officer DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency EA electronic attack ECM electronic countermeasures EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle EHF extremely high frequency Elint electronic intelligence EO electro-optical ER extended range EW electronic warfare EWO electronic warfare officer FAB-T Family of Advanced Beyond Line of Sight Terminals FLIR forward-looking infrared FMV full-motion video FYDP Future Years Defense Program GATM Global Air Traffic Management GBU guided bomb unit GCS ground control station HARM High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile HE high-explosive HUD head-up display IFF identification, friend or foe IIR imaging infrared INS inertial navigation system IOC initial operational capability IR infrared ISR intelligence, surveillance, & reconnaissance JASSM Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition JSOW Joint Standoff Weapon JSUPT Joint Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System LANTIRN Low-Altitude Navigation & Targeting Infrared for Night LCD liquid crystal display LGB laser guided bomb LJDAM Laser Joint Direct Attack Munition LO low observable LOS line of sight LRIP low-rate initial production LRSO Long-Range Standoff missile MALD Miniature Air Launched Decoy Masint measurement & signature intelligence MFD multifunction display MTI military training instructor N/A not available NVG night vision goggles PGM precision guided munition PSP Precision Strike Package ROVER Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver RPA remotely piloted aircraft RWR radar warning receiver SAR synthetic aperture radar satcom satellite communications SDB Small Diameter Bomb SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses SHF super high frequency shp shaft horsepower Sigint signals intelligence S-L sea level SLEP service life extension program SOF special operations forces STOL short takeoff and landing TACAN tactical air navigation TBD to be determined TF/TA terrain-following/terrain-avoidance T-O takeoff USAFA US Air Force Academy VLF very low frequency WCMD Wind-Corrected Munitions Dispenser WSO weapon systems officer 115 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

121 GBU-54 Laser JDAM. Thirty B-52s are being modified to conventional-only capability to comply with New START nuclear arms reduction agreement. A new FY16 effort will replace the bomber s overloaded GPS/weapons interface with more capable processors. EXTANT VARIANT(S) B-52H. Dual-capable nuclear and conventional bomber. Function: Long-range heavy bomber. Operator: AFGSC, AFMC, AFRC. First Flight: April 15, 1952 (YB-52 prototype). Delivered: 1955-October IOC: June 19, Production: 744. Inventory: 76. Aircraft Location: Barksdale AFB, La.; Edwards AFB, Calif.; Minot AFB, N.D. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Eight Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-3 turbofans, each 17,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Two pilots, side by side, plus navigator, radar navigator, and EWO. Dimensions: Span 185 ft, length ft, height 40.7 ft. Weight: Max T-O 488,000 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed 650 mph, range 10,000+ miles. Armament: Nuclear: 12 AGM-86B ALCMs externally, and eight ALCMs or gravity weapons internally. Conventional: AGM-86C/D CALCMs, Mk 62 sea mines, Mk 82/84 bombs, CBU-87/89 cluster bombs, CBU-103/104/105 WCMDs, GBU-31/38 JDAMs, AGM-158A JASSMs, and GBU-10/12/28 LGBs, MALD, and MALD-J jammer variant. FIGHTER AND ATTACK AIRCRAFT A-10 Thunderbolt II Brief: Twin-engine aircraft designed for CAS against a wide range of ground targets, including tanks and armored vehicles. COMMENTARY The A-10C is an A-10A with precision engagement modifications, including color cockpit MFDs, hands-on throttle and stick, digital stores management, improved fire-control system, GPS guided weapons, Litening/Sniper pods, advanced data links, and integrated sensors. A-10C reached IOC and deployed to combat for the first time in It combines a large and diverse weapons payload, long loiter times, austere airfield capability, maneuverability, and wide combat radius. Using night vision and targeting pods, it is capable of operating under 1,000-ft ceilings in darkness. The aircraft has 11 hardpoints for up to 16,000 lb of ordnance. Its 30 mm gun can destroy heavy armor, and its titanium cockpit tub protects the pilot. Current upgrades include advanced IFF and open-architecture software to allow quick integration of future weapons and sensors. An A-10 successfully demonstrated DARPA s recent Persistent Close Air Support concept, striking targets passed directly via data link from a ground controller s tablet computer last year. More than 100 aircraft received new wings under an ongoing life extension program, and the last of 278 aircraft upgraded with Helmet Mounted Cueing System (HMCS) were completed in USAF seeks to divest the fleet and has not requested developmental funding since FY14. Congress blocked A-10 divestiture in FY15 and FY16, but permitted the service to place 18 aircraft (reduced from 36) in backup status in 2016 as a cost-offset. EXTANT VARIANT(S) A-10C. Upgraded version of the A-10A ground attack aircraft. Function: Attack. Operator: ACC, AFMC, PACAF, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: Feb. 15, 1975 (preproduction). Delivered: October 1975-March IOC: October Production: 713. Inventory: 283. Aircraft Location: Barksdale AFB, La.; Boise Air Terminal, Idaho; Davis- Monthan AFB, Ariz.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Fort Wayne Arpt., Ind.; Martin State Arpt., Md.; Moody AFB, Ga.; Nellis AFB, Nev.; Osan AB, South Korea; Selfridge ANGB, Mich.; Whiteman AFB, Mo. F-15C Eagle (Jim Haseltine) A-10 Thunderbolt II (SSgt. Annie Edwards) Contractor: Fairchild Republic, now Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Two General Electric TF34-GE-100 turbofans, each 9,065 lb thrust. Accommodation: Pilot. Dimensions: Span 57.5 ft, length 53.3 ft, height 14.7 ft. Weight: Max T-O 51,000 lb. Ceiling: 45,000 ft. Performance: Speed 518 mph, range 800 miles. Armament: One 30 mm, seven-barrel GAU-8/A Gatling gun (1,174 rd), straight high-explosive incendiary (HEI), or anti-armor HE/armor-piercing incendiary (API). Combat mix incl various types of free-fall or guided bombs such as Mk 82, Mk 84, GBU-10/12/38, CBU-87, various WCMDs, illumination rockets/ flares, AGM-65 Mavericks, and AIM-9 Sidewinders. F-15 Eagle Brief: Supersonic, highly maneuverable, all-weather tactical fighter designed to swiftly gain and maintain combat air superiority. COMMENTARY The F-15 was the world s dominant air superiority fighter for more than 30 years. F-15C/Ds began replacing F-15A/Bs in 1979 and combined superior maneuverability and acceleration, range, weapons, and avionics. The aircraft accounted for 34 of the 37 USAF air-to-air kills during its first combat employment, in the 1991 Gulf War. The aircraft includes an internal EW countermeasures suite, additional 2,000 lb of internal fuel, and provision for CFTs. Tactical capabilities were enhanced with the initiation of the Multistage Improvement Program. The final 43 production aircraft received the F-15E-designed APG-70 radar. Current efforts are underway to improve the aircraft s combat capability, reliability, and safety of flight. New AESA radar and the Eagle Passive/Active Warning Survivability System (EPAWSS) self-defensive suite are considered vital to the F-15 s continued survivability and lethality in future, contested airspace. FY16 funding supports accelerating APG-63(V)3 AESA radar retrofits, EPAWSS upgrades, support higher capacity, jam-resistant Link 16 data link, and developing new digital cockpit displays required to fully exploit AESA radar capabilities (common with the F-15E). The first AESA-modified F-15 was delivered in 2010, and the EPAWSS contract was awarded in Future development includes infrared search and track (IRST) to discreetly detect, track, and engage air targets. USAF reduced planned retirements to 31 aircraft over the FYDP and is augmenting F-15 personnel to support increased European deployments in light of renewed tensions with Russia. A total of 214 aircraft will be upgraded to continue augmenting the limited F-22 fleet through at least EXTANT VARIANT(S) F-15C/D. Upgraded version of the original F-15A/B air superiority fighter. Function: Air superiority fighter. Operator: ACC, AFMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG. First Flight: July 27, Delivered: November IOC: September Production: 874. Inventory: 234 (F-15C); 34 (F-15D). Aircraft Location: Barnes Arpt., Mass.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Fresno ANGB, Calif.; Jacksonville Arpt., Fla.; Kadena AB, Japan; Kingsley Field (Klamath Falls), Ore.; NAS JRB New Orleans, La.; Portland Arpt., Ore.; RAF Lakenheath, UK. Contractor: McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing), Raytheon. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 turbofan engines, each 23,450 lb thrust; or two P&W F100-PW-229 turbo-fan engines with afterburners, each 29,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Pilot (C); two pilots (D). Dimensions: Span 42.8 ft, length 63.8 ft, height 18.7 ft. Weight: Max T-O 68,000 lb. Ceiling: 60,000 ft. Performance: F-15C: speed Mach 2.5, ferry range 2,878 miles (3,450 miles with CFTs and three external tanks). Armament: One internally mounted M61A1 20 mm six-barrel cannon (940 rd); four AIM-9 Sidewinders and four AIM-120 AMRAAMs or eight AIM-120s, carried externally. AIR FORCE Magazine / May

122 F-15E Strike Eagle (TSgt. Hank Hoegen) F-15E Strike Eagle Brief: Heavily modified two-seat dual-role F-15 designed for all-weather deep interdiction and weapons delivery as well as air-to-air combat. COMMENTARY F-15E is an upgraded heavyweight, multirole F-15. It saw combat for the first time during Desert Storm in The F-15E can maneuver at nine Gs throughout the flight envelope. Its advanced cockpit controls and displays include a wide-field-of-view HUD and helmet mounted cockpit-cueing, and its avionics permit all-weather day/night engagement. The F-15E carries LANTIRN, Sniper, and Litening ATPs on dedicated pylons. A SAR pod provides surveillance and reconnaissance capability. The F-15E s large, varied ordnance load of precision weapons and 20 mm cannon gives it potent ground attack capability. Radar guided and IR-homing missiles give it an additional air-to-air capability. Aircraft are equipped with Link 16 and ARC-210 BLOS satcom. Ongoing upgrades include new APG-82(V)1 AESA radar and Eagle Passive/Active Warning Survivability System (EPAWSS) to replace its obsolete self-defensive suite. A combined EPAWSS contract for all F-15 variants was awarded in FY16 funds support future upgrades, including an improved cockpit display processor to fully exploit AESA radar capabilities, and higher capacity, jam-resistant Link 16 data link. USAF expects to complete fatigue testing in 2016 to determine SLEP requirements to reach 2035 or beyond. USAF is pursuing passive IR search and track (IRST) development for both the F-15C/D and the F-15E. EXTANT VARIANT(S) F-15E. Multirole fighter aircraft derived from the F-15. Function: Multirole fighter. Operator: ACC, AFMC, USAFE-AFAFRICA. First Flight: Dec. 11, Delivered: April IOC: September Production: 236. Inventory: 220. Aircraft Location: Eglin AFB, Fla.; Mountain Home AFB, Idaho; Nellis AFB, Nev.; RAF Lakenheath, UK; Seymour Johnson AFB, N.C. Contractor: McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing), Raytheon. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220, each 23,450 lb thrust; or two F100-PW-229 turbofans with afterburners, each 29,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Pilot and WSO. Dimensions: Span 42.8 ft, length 63.8 ft, height 18.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 81,000 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed Mach 2.5, ferry range 2,400 miles with CFTs and three external tanks. Armament: One internally mounted M61A1 20 mm six-barrel cannon (500 rd); four AIM-9 Sidewinders and four AIM-120 AMRAAMs or eight AIM-120s; most air-to-surface weapons in USAF inventory (nuclear and conventional). F-16C Fighting Falcon (SrA. Taylor Curry) 117 F-16 Fighting Falcon Brief: Highly maneuverable multirole fighter proven in air-to-air combat, SEAD, and air-to-surface attack. COMMENTARY The F-16 is the workhorse of USAF s fighter fleet and among the most maneuverable fighters ever built. It is a lightweight fighter capable of carrying the majority of PGMs. The F-16 flew in combat for the first time in the 1991 Gulf War, flying more sorties than any other type. The F-16C/D was introduced in 1984, at F-16 production Block 25. It featured Multinational Staged Improvement Program (MSIP) II cockpit, airframe, and core avionics upgrades and added the increased-range APG-68 radar. Block 25s added AMRAAM as a baseline weapon, and Block 30/32 added MSIP III mods, new engines, and additional weapons including HARM. Block 40/42 was first delivered in 1988 and introduced the LANTIRN pod, enabling automatic terrain following for high-speed night and all-weather penetration and attack with PGMs. It also included wide-angle HUD and featured increased takeoff weight, expanded flight envelope, and higher G limits. Block 50/52 was first delivered in 1991 and is optimized for SEAD, employing HARM and a longer range fire-control radar. It also added the uprated F110-GE-129 and F100-PW-229 engines and upgradable cockpit controls and displays. Weapons improvements included Sniper and Litening ATPs and ROVER down link to coordinate with joint terminal attack controllers (JTACs) on the ground. All Block 40/42 and 50/52 F-16s received the Common Configuration Implementation Program (CCIP), standardizing the cockpit configurations with color MFD, modular mission computer, Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT), and Link 16. Block 30/32 aircraft are currently undergoing HMIT/color MFD mods. The Air Force is evaluating both blocks for SLEP to extend life due to airframe fatigue. SLEP would include structural mods to extend the service life of 300 aircraft by six to eight years. Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (A-GCAS) fielded on late block aircraft starting in Future efforts include Automatic Air Collision Avoidance System (Auto-ACAS), merging GCAS/ACAS, and equipping early block aircraft with a similar system. JASSM-ER integration is ongoing. The AN/APG-83 AESA radar from the canceled Combat Avionics Programmed Extension Suite (CAPES) is slated to equip a limited number of alert F-16s to meet a NORAD requirement to counter cruise missile threats. Legacy comms and data links are also being replaced with high-capacity, secure, and civil-compliant systems. EXTANT VARIANT(S) F-16C/D Block 30/32. MSIP II upgraded with new engines, flown by ANG, AFRC, as well as test and aggressor units. F-16CG Block 40/42. Aircraft optimized for night and all-weather attack. F-16CJ Block 50/52. Aircraft optimized for SEAD with new long-range radar, engines, and weapons. Function: Multirole fighter. Operator: ACC, AETC, AFMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: Dec. 8, 1976 (full-scale development). Delivered: January IOC: October 1980, Hill AFB, Utah. Production: 2,206. Inventory: 805 (F-16C); 156 (F-16D). Aircraft Location: Aviano AB, Italy; Edwards AFB, Calif.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Eielson AFB, Alaska; Hill AFB, Utah; Holloman AFB, N.M.; Homestead ARB, Fla.; Kunsan AB, South Korea; Luke AFB, Ariz.; Misawa AB, Japan; NAS JRB Fort Worth, Texas; Nellis AFB, Nev.; Osan AB, South Korea; Shaw AFB, S.C.; Spangdahlem AB, Germany; and ANG in Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, District of Columbia (flying out of Maryland), Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Wisconsin. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman. Power Plant: Block 40: one General Electric F110-GE-100 (29,000 lb thrust); Block 42: one Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 (24,000 lb thrust); Block 50: one F110-GE-129 (29,000 lb thrust); Block 52: one F100-PW-229 (29,000 lb thrust). Accommodation: Pilot. Dimensions: Span 32.8 ft, length 49.3 ft, height 16.7 ft. Weight: F-16C: empty (F100-PW-229) 18,591 lb, (F110-GE-129) 18,917 lb; gross, with external load (Block 40/42) 42,000 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed Mach 2, ferry range 2,002+ miles. Armament: One M61A1 20 mm cannon (500 rd); up to six air-to-air missiles, AGMs, and ECM pods externally. F-22 Raptor Brief: Fifth generation, multirole fighter designed to penetrate advanced anti-air threats and achieve air dominance. COMMENTARY The F-22 is USAF s newest operational fighter, built for day, night, and adverse weather full-spectrum operations. Features include six LCD color cockpit displays, APG-77 radar, EW system with RWR and missile launch detector, JTIDS, IFF system, laser gyroscope inertial reference, and GPS. The Raptor flew its first operational sortie during Noble Eagle in 2006 and debuted in combat during Inherent Resolve over Iraq and Syria in Four aircraft successfully employed 1,000-lb JDAMs against ISIS militant ground targets on the aircraft s first combat sortie on Sept. 22, It combines stealth, supercruise, high maneuverability, and integrated avionics to counter antiaccess threats. Its integrated avionics and data links permit simultaneous multitarget engagement. Advanced flight controls and thrust vectoring highperformance engines lend great maneuverability. Ten continuing upgrades are AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

123 F-22A Raptor (SSgt. Christoper Hubenthal) underway, including the Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Maturation Program (RAMMP), Increment 3.1 modifications, and Tactical Mandates, which collectively retrofit combat-coded F-22s with enhanced ground attack, air-to-air, and connectivity capabilities. Upgrades include SAR ground mapping, threat geolocation, EA capability, and integration of SDB I, AIM-120D AMRAAM, and IM-9X. Increment 3.2 is undergoing development, integration, and test ahead of an LRIP decision in late FY16. Mods are slated to begin in FY18. Early production aircraft are undergoing structural mods to extend service lives and standardize fleet configurations. Automatic Back-Up Oxygen System (ABOS) retrofits were completed in 2015, responding to an urgent requirement for added pilot safety. EXTANT VARIANT(S) F-22A. Fifth generation air dominance fighter. Function: Multirole air dominance fighter. Operator: ACC, AFMC, PACAF, ANG. First Flight: Sept. 7, Delivered: 2002 (first production representative aircraft). IOC: Dec. 15, Production: 195. Inventory: 187. Aircraft Location: Edwards AFB, Calif.; JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska; JB Langley-Eustis, Va.; JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii; Nellis AFB, Nev.; Tyndall AFB, Fla. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Boeing. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 turbofans, each 35,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Pilot. Dimensions: Span 44.5 ft, length 62 ft, height 16.6 ft. Weight: Max T-O 83,500 lb. Ceiling: Above 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed Mach 2 with supercruise capability, ferry range 1,850+ miles with two external wing fuel tanks. Armament: One internal M61A2 20 mm gun (480 rds); two AIM-9 Sidewinders stored inside internal weapons bays; six AIM-120 AMRAAMs (air-to-air loadout) or two AIM-120s and two GBU-32 JDAMs (air-to-ground loadout) in main internal weapons bay. F-35 Lightning II Brief: Stealthy, next generation, joint service strike aircraft. COMMENTARY The F-35 is a joint and multinational program aimed at developing and fielding an affordable, highly common family of next generation strike fighters. USAF s F-35A will replace F-16 and A-10 fleets with a stealthy multirole fighter designed to enter heavily defended enemy airspace and engage targets in any environment. The F-35A can carry up to 18,000 lb of weapons on 10 stations including four internal bays for maximum stealth and three additional hard points on each wing. The service received its first production aircraft AF-7 on Jan. 30, 2008, as part of LRIP Lot 1. The first of 144 F-35As slated to train USAF and international pilots arrived at Luke in The Air Force s first combat-coded unit received its first F-35A at Hill, Sept. 2, 2015, in preparation for IOC. The Marine Corps declared F-35B IOC in July 2015, and USAF is on track to achieve IOC in 2016, pending an improved helmet, software, and logistics system. The FY16 budget would procure 44 F-35As. All variants are still in development, which is scheduled for completion in Milestones last year included the first external weapons release and full-rate gun firing, delivery of the first Gen III helmet, and commencement of to 2B software upgrades. Lockheed Martin delivered 26 jets to the Air Force in 2015 in preparation to nearly triple production this year. EXTANT VARIANT(S) F-35A. Conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant for the Air Force. F-35B. Short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) variant for USMC. F-35C. Carrier-capable variant for USN. Function: Multirole fighter. Operator: ACC, AETC, AFMC. Planned: PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG. First Flight: Dec. 15, 2006 (F-35A prototype). Delivered: April 2011 (first production aircraft). IOC: 2016 (USAF planned). Production: Planned: 1,763 USAF (F-35A); 680 Navy and Marine Corps (F-35B&C); unspecified number to development partners and foreign military sales customers. Inventory: 60 (USAF). Aircraft Location: Edwards AFB, Calif.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Hill AFB, Utah; Luke AFB, Ariz.; Nellis AFB, Nev.; future locations include Burlington ANGS, Vt.; RAF Lakenheath, UK; others TBD. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, with BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, Pratt & Whitney. Power Plant: F-35A: one Pratt & Whitney F135-PW-100, 40,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Pilot. Dimensions: Span 35 ft, length 51.4 ft, height 14.4 ft. Weight: Max T-O 70,000 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed Mach 1.6 with full internal weapons load, range 1,380 miles. Armament: F-35A: one 25 mm GAU-22/A cannon; standard internal loadout: two AIM-120 AMRAAMs and two GBU-31 JDAMs. SPECIAL OPERATIONS AIRCRAFT AC-130J Ghostrider Brief: Modified MC-130J armed with side-firing weapons, low-yield PGMs, and sensors optimized for CAS and air interdiction, specifically suited to urban operations. COMMENTARY A next generation gunship based on a significantly modified C-130J including fully integrated digital avionics cockpit, GPS/INS, integrated defensive systems and color weather radar, and Precision Strike Package. PSP includes a mission management console, robust communications suite, two EO/IR sensors, advanced fire-control equipment, PGM delivery capability, and trainable cannons. Designed to provide ground forces with a persistent direct-fire platform suited to urban operations and to deliver precision low-yield munitions. The prototype flew its first postconversion flight from Eglin AFB, Fla., in January Airframes are delivered as MC-130Js for subsequent modification as gunships. The first prototype was overstressed when it departed controlled flight during developmental testing in 2014 and was subsequently declared a loss. Operational testing and evaluation is ongoing at Hurlburt Field, Fla. The fourth prototype is the first Block 20 armed with a 105 mm gun. The aircraft entered conversion in late FY15, and FY16 funds support conversion of three additional gunships. Future upgrades include adding a high energy laser weapon, air-launched RPAs to provide below-the-cloud targeting data for all-weather strike, and integration of laser guided SDB and laser guided Hellfire missiles. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AC-130J Ghostrider. Next generation gunship based on the MC-130J. F-35A Lightning II (MSgt. John R. Nimmo Sr.) AC-130J Ghostrider (Courtesy photo) AIR FORCE Magazine / May

124 Function: Attack. Operator: AFMC, AFSOC. First Flight: April 5, 1996 (basic C-130J). Delivered: From 2014 (prototype). IOC: 2017 (planned). Production: 32 (to be converted from new-build MC-130Js). Inventory: Two. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M. (initial). Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four Rolls Royce AE 2100D3 turboprops, each 4,591 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, two CSOs, three gunners (four, with inclusion of 105 mm gun). Dimensions: Span ft, length 97.7 ft, height 38.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 164,000 lb. Ceiling: 28,000 ft., 42,000 lb payload. Performance: Speed 416 mph, range 3,000 miles. Armament: 30 mm GAU-23/A cannon; 105 mm cannon; PGMs. AC-130U Spooky Brief: Modified C-130H armed with side-firing weapons and sensors optimized for precision night and all weather CAS, long-endurance interdiction, and armed reconnaissance. COMMENTARY Gunship modified with gun systems, electronic and EO sensors, fire-control systems, enhanced navigation systems, sophisticated communications, defensive systems, and in-flight refueling capability. AFSOC plans a phased drawdown of the AC-130U fleet as next generation AC-130Js are delivered. The AC-130U serves with 1st SOW, Hurlburt Field, Fla. AC-130Us were initially converted from C-130H airframes by Rockwell and delivered to 4th SOS in Thirteen aircraft were modified by Rockwell, and four conversions were done by Boeing in recent years. All AC-130U weapons can be subordinated to the APQ-180 digital fire-control radar, FLIR, or all-light-level television (ALLTV) for adverse weather attack operations. AFSOC retired the last AC-130H in May The command retired a single nonstandard configuration AC-130U in 2015, before halting phase-out. AFSOC will retain 16 legacy AC-130Us to meet operational demands until replaced by AC-130Js. Center wing box replacement was planned for completion in 2015 to extend serviceability. Ongoing mods include replacing obsolescent mission computers and replacing EO/IR sensors with a new high-definition suite. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AC-130U Spooky. Third generation gunship based on C-130H. Function: Attack. Operator: AFSOC. First Flight: Delivered: 1968-present. IOC: Production: 43, incl four more recent conversions. Inventory: 16 (AC-130U). Aircraft Location: Hurlburt Field, Fla. Contractor: Lockheed Martin (airframe); Boeing (formerly Rockwell). Power Plant: Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, each 4,910 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, navigator, fire-control officer, EWO; flight engineer, TV operator, IR detection set operator, loadmaster, four aerial gunners. Dimensions: Span ft, length 97.8 ft, height 38.5 ft. Weight: Gross 155,000 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Speed 300 mph, range 1,300 miles. Armament: One 25 mm Gatling gun, plus one 40 mm and one 105 mm cannon. AC-130W Stinger II Brief: Modified C-130H variant primarily designed for armed overwatch and reconnaissance, as well as direct ordnance delivery to support ground troops. COMMENTARY The AC-130W is a C-130H significantly modified to include improved navigation, threat detection, countermeasures, communications suites, and a standoff Precision Strike Package. PSP mod includes a mission management console, communications suite, and flight deck hardware. The airframes were originally modified as MC-130W Combat Spear variants, tasked with infiltration/exfiltration and in-flight refueling of SOF helicopters. In November 2010 USAF introduced the roll on/roll off PSP, changing the name to Dragon Spear, to meet a new USSOCOM requirement for additional gunships. The aircraft performs armed overwatch and CAS reconnaissance over friendly positions for threat prevention. AC-130Ws maintain a limited mobility capability, but also provide strike coordination, nontraditional ISR, and C2. USAF changed the aircraft s designation to AC-130W Stinger II in 2012, after adding further enhancements, including an improved PSP. Plans call for the new-build C- 130J gunships to replace AC-130Ws, which on average are more than 24 years old. SDB capability was deployed in A single airframe is slated for modification as a high energy laser testbed to develop future armament for the AC-130J. Planned upgrades include enhancing the AC-130W s firepower with the addition of the large 105 mm gun, in common with the AC-130U and future AC-130J. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AC-130W Stinger II. Converted MC-130W armed with PSP and PGMs. Function: Attack, armed reconnaissance. Operator: AFSOC. First Flight: Circa 2006 (Combat Spear). 119 Delivered: November 2010 (Dragon Spear). IOC: 2010 (Dragon Spear). Production: 12 (converted). Inventory: 12. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, each 4,910 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, two CSOs, flight engineer, two special mission aviators. Dimensions: Span ft, length 98.8 ft, height 38.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 155,000 lb. Ceiling: 28,000 ft. Performance: Speed 300 mph, range 2,875 miles. Armament: 30 mm GAU-23/A Bushmaster II chain gun; PGMs, incl GBU-39 SDB and AGM-176A Griffin. C-145 Skytruck Brief: Militarized STOL multipurpose utility aircraft used for foreign internal defense and light SOF mobility missions. COMMENTARY The C-145 is a Polish-built PZL Mielec M-28 Skytruck high-wing STOL aircraft with nonretractable landing gear capable of austere operations. USSOCOM assets are operated by AFSOC as a nonstandard fleet initially supporting small combat teams. The aircraft first deployed in 2011 to Afghanistan. It is reconfigurable for 2,400 lb of cargo airdrop, casualty evacuation, CSAR, and humanitarian missions. C-145As later shifted to partnership capacity building Aviation Foreign Internal Defense (AvFID) missions. AFSOC is shifting to contract aircraft to provide AvFID more tailored to individual partner s assets, cutting the fleet from 16 to five in The remaining aircraft are used for pilot proficiency training by the 6th SOS combat aviation advisors and AFRC s 711th SOS (classic associate) at Duke Field, Fla. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-145A. Militarized civilian M-28 Skytruck used for SOF support and training. Function: Foreign training and light mobility. Operator: AFSOC, AFRC. First Flight: July 1993 (PZL M-28). Delivered: From IOC: N/A. Production: 16. Inventory: Five, USSOCOM-owned. Aircraft Location: Duke Field, Fla. Contractor: PZL Mielec (Sikorsky subsidiary). Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney PT6A-65B turboprops, 1,100 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, one loadmaster. Load: 16 passengers or 10 paratroopers; up to four litters; max cargo 5,000 lb. Dimensions: Span 72.3 ft, length 43 ft, height 16.1 ft. Weight: Max T-O 16,534 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Speed mph, range 1,161.5 miles. C-146 Wolfhound Brief: Militarized commuter airliner that provides flexible and responsive mobility support to SOF worldwide. COMMENTARY The German-built Dornier 328 was purchased by USSOCOM, modified by Sierra Nevada Corp., and designated C-146. The aircraft are operated by AFSOC as a nonstandard fleet providing direct support to SOF teams worldwide, often from semiprepared airfields. Modifications include ARC-231, PRC-117, and Iridium communications suite, troop/cargo-capable cabin, casualty evacuation capability, NVG compatibility, and STOL austere operations enhancements. The aircraft first deployed in support of USAFRICOM operations in FY16 funding procures three additional aircraft, low cost special mission mods, and one aircraft simulator. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-146A. Preowned civil Dornier 328 modified for SOF airlift. Function: Multimission mobility. Operator: AFSOC. C-145A Skytruck (TSgt. Jasmin Taylor) AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

125 Production: 50 planned (CV-22; incl two replacements). Inventory: 43. Aircraft Location: Hurlburt Field, Fla.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; RAF Mildenhall, UK; Spangdahlem AB, Germany (planned). Contractor: Boeing, Bell Helicopter Textron. Power Plant: Two Rolls Royce-Allison AE1107C turboshafts, each 6,200 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots; two flight engineers. Load: 24 troops seated, 32 troops on floor, or 10,000 lb cargo. Dimensions: Span 84.6 ft, length 57.3 ft, height 22.1 ft, rotor diameter 38 ft. Weight: Max vertical T-O 52,870 lb; max rolling T-O 60,500 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Cruise speed 277 mph, combat radius 575 miles with one internal auxiliary fuel tank, self-deploy 2,100 miles with one in-flight refueling. Armament: One.50-caliber machine gun on ramp. CV-22 Osprey (SrA. Christopher Callaway) First Flight: December 1991 (Do 328). Delivered: From IOC: N/A. Production: 18 (converted). Inventory: USSOCOM-owned. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M. Contractor: Fairchild-Dornier; Sierra Nevada Corp. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney 119C turboprops, 2,150 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, one loadmaster. Load: 27 passengers; up to four litters; max cargo 6,000 lb. Dimensions: Span 69.6 ft, length 68.8 ft, height 23.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 30,843 lb. Ceiling: 31,000 ft. Performance: Speed 335 mph, range 2,070 miles (2,000 lb cargo). CV-22 Osprey Brief: Long-range, multimission tilt-rotor designed to combine the lifting capability of a helicopter with the speed of a fixed wing aircraft. COMMENTARY The V-22 is a medium-lift vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) tilt-rotor operated by the Air Force and Marine Corps. Air Force CV-22Bs operated by AFSOC are equipped with a fully integrated precision navigation suite, a digital cockpit management system, FLIR, integrated NVG HUD, TF/TA radar, digital map system, robust self-defense avionics, and secure anti-jam communications. The CV-22 deployed for the first time to Africa in November 2008 and saw combat for the first time in Iraq in Its primary mission is clandestine long-range, all-weather penetration of denied areas to infiltrate, exfiltrate, and resupply SOF. The CV-22 is designed to operate from land bases, austere forward operating locations, and air-capable ships without reconfiguration. It is also fully equipped to operate under nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) warfare conditions. Ongoing upgrades include new cabin lighting, helmet mounted displays, IR searchlight, lightweight ballistic armor, and EW and situational awareness enhancements. The same Silent Knight TF/TA radar slated for the MC-130J will replace the CV-22 s legacy system with a more stealthy, low-altitude night and all-weather navigation radar. LRIP commences in FY16. The 10 Europe-based CV-22s will shift to Spangdahlem AB, Germany, with the planned closure of RAF Mildenhall, UK. Plans call for delivery of the final production CV-22s in 2016, bringing the fleet to 50 airframes. EXTANT VARIANT(S) CV-22B. Air Force special operations variant of the V-22 Osprey. Function: Multimission lift. Operator: AETC, AFSOC. First Flight: March 19, 1989 (V-22). Delivered: From IOC: MC-130J Commando II (SSgt. Matthew Plew) MC-130P/H Combat Shadow/Combat Talon Brief: Modified C-130 tasked with day, night, and adverse weather special operations force insertion and air-drop resupply and rotary wing aerial refueling. COMMENTARY The MC-130 is a special operations mobility aircraft, primarily used to conduct infiltration, resupply, and exfiltration of SOF. MC-130E/Hs are equipped with TF/TA radars, precision navigation systems using INS/GPS, and electronic and IR countermeasures for self-protection. All models capable of aerial refueling as a receiver and tanker. The aircraft are capable of airdrop, using Joint Precision Airdrop System, and operating from austere and unmarked strips. Fourteen MC-130E were converted from C-130Es. MC-130H were converted from base-model C-130H to supplement the existing Combat Talon I and Combat Shadow fleets in the late 1980s and early 1990s. MC-130Hs have integrated glass cockpit and a state-of-the-art pod-based aerial refueling system. MC-130Ps (previously HC-130N/P) are a specialized aerial refueling version designed to support SOF and were delivered in the mid-1980s. Mods include fully integrated INS/GPS system, NVG-compatible interior and exterior lighting, FLIR, radar and missile warning receivers, chaff/flare dispensers, and satellite and data-burst communications. Ongoing MC-130H mods include center wing replacement, new mission computers, GPS upgrades, permanent Sigint package installation, and new lightweight armor. The last MC-130E retired in Active duty units retired the MC-130P in 2015 leaving the California ANG the type s sole operator. EXTANT VARIANT(S) MC-130P Combat Shadow. SOF support and aerial refueling tanker fielded in MC-130H Combat Talon II. SOF support and aerial refueling tanker fielded in Function: Special operations airlift/aerial refueling. Operator: AETC, AFSOC, ANG. First Flight: Circa 1965 MC-130E; 1984 MC-130H. Delivered: Initially IOC: 1986 MC-130P; 1991 MC-130H. Production: 22 new-build MC-130Hs. Inventory: 19 (MC-130P); 20 (MC-130H). Aircraft Location: Duke Field and Hurlburt Field, Fla.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; Moffett Field, Calif. Contractor: Lockheed Martin (airframe), Boeing. Power Plant: Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, each 4,910 shp. Accommodation: MC-130H crew: two pilots, navigator, EWO; flight engineer, two loadmasters. MC-130H load: 77 troops, 52 paratroops, or 57 litters. Dimensions: Span ft, height 38.5 ft, length 99.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 155,000 lb. Ceiling: 33,000 ft. Performance: Speed 290 mph, range 4,000+ miles (MC-130P); speed 300 mph, range 3,105 miles (MC-130H). MC-130J Commando II Brief: Modified C-130J optimized for low-level clandestine operations, aerial refueling of rotary wing aircraft, and resupply of special operations forces. COMMENTARY MC-130J is a specialized tanker variant of the C-130J, designed for clandestine formation or single-ship intrusion of hostile territory missions to provide air refueling of special operations forces vertical-lift and tilt-rotor assets. It also enables infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply of SOF by airdrop or air-land operations. Mods include fully integrated INS/GPS systems, color LCDs, NVG lighting, HUDs, integrated defensive systems, digital moving map display, EO/ IR system, dual satcom for voice/data, enhanced cargo handling system, and enhanced service life wing. MC-130Js have a secondary mission of leaflet airdrop. The aircraft has fully populated CSO and auxiliary flight deck stations. Improvements over MC-130P reduce crew size, leaving the CSO to handle helicopter refueling process, normally run by the flight engineer. MC-130J loadmasters handle other flight engineer and communications operator functions. USAF officially changed the name from Combat Shadow II to Commando II in March The aircraft is replacing legacy MC-130E and MC-130P tankers. European-based MC-130Js will be moving from RAF Mildenhall, UK, to Spangdahlem AB, Germany, as part of overall force structure adjustments. FY16 funding supports procurement of eight airframes. Ongoing upgrades include new Radio Frequency Countermeasure (RFCM) EW system. The MC- 130J currently lacks the legacy MC-130 s terrain-following/terrain-avoidance capability. FY16 funds support integration of TF/TA radar to enable low-level nighttime and adverse weather flight, with low probability of detection. AIR FORCE Magazine / May

126 EXTANT VARIANT(S): MC-130J. New-build aircraft based on the standard-length fuselage C-130J. Function: Special operations airlift/aerial refueling. Operator: AETC, AFSOC. First Flight: April 20, Delivered: September IOC: Production: 37 (planned). Inventory: 33. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; RAF Mildenhall, UK; Spangdahlem AB, Germany (planned.) Contractor: Lockheed Martin (airframe), Boeing. Power Plant: Four Rolls Royce AE2100D3 turboprops, each 4,591 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, CSO; two loadmasters. Load: N/A. Dimensions: Span ft, length 97.8 ft, height 38.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 164,000 lb. Ceiling: 28,000 ft with 42,000 lb payload. Performance: Speed 416 mph, range 3,000 miles. U-28A Brief: A militarized single-engine turboprop used for tactical airborne ISR support to special operations teams. COMMENTARY The U-28A is a modified Pilatus PC-12 aircraft employed on worldwide special operations missions. Mission specific mods include advanced radio-communications suite, aircraft survivability equipment, EO sensors, and advanced navigation systems. The USSOCOM-owned aircraft are operated by AFSOC as a nonstandard fleet. AFSOC first employed the aircraft during Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. AFRC provides associate instructors for flight training. USSOCOM planned to replace the U-28 fleet with MC-12s divested by ACC, but opted to retain the aircraft after a congressionally mandated review of alternatives. FY16 funding supports upgrades to meet emerging operational requirements. EXTANT VARIANT(S) U-28A. Special operations variant of the civilian Pilatus PC-12. Function: Tactical reconnaissance. Operator: AFSOC, AFRC. First Flight: Circa 1994 (PC-12). Delivered: IOC: N/A. Production: 36 (converted). Inventory: USSOCOM-owned. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M.; Hurlburt Field, Fla. Contractor: Pilatus Aircraft Ltd. Power Plant: Single Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67B, 1,200 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, one CSO, one tactical systems officer. Dimensions: Span 53.3 ft, length 47.3 ft, height 14 ft. Weight: Max T-O 10,935 lb. Ceiling: 30,000 ft. Performance: Speed 253 mph, range 1,725 miles. ISR/BM/C3 AIRCRAFT E-3 Sentry Brief: Heavily modified Boeing B used to provide all-weather air surveillance, command, and control. COMMENTARY The E-3 is a battle management airborne warning and control system (AWACS), capable of surveillance over land or water from the Earth s surface to the stratosphere, at a range exceeding 200 miles. It is capable of simultaneously coordinating the movement of hundreds of strike, support, and cargo aircraft and integrates C2, BM, target detection, and target tracking on a single platform. The aircraft operate in direct subordination to joint or combined air operations centers. E-3Bs were upgraded in 1994 with greatly enhanced computing capabilities, jam-resistant communications, austere maritime surveillance capability, upgraded radios, and five additional mission consoles. They also received Block 30/35 mods completed in The Air Force is E-3 Sentry (Percy G. Jones) 121 E-4B National Airborne Operations Center (USAF photo) installing interim next generation IFF capability to ensure Block 30/35 aircraft meet new IFF requirements until the entire fleet is upgraded to Block 40/45 standards in The Block 40/45 upgrade is the most comprehensive rework in the aircraft s history, and upgraded airframes are designated E-3Gs. Block 40/45 enhances tracking and identification, mission effectiveness, system reliability, and lowers the aircraft s life-cycle cost. Modifications include new open architecture mission computers, automated processes to reduce operator workload, new operator consoles, improved electronic support measures (ESM), passive surveillance capability, and full next generation IFF. Future Block 40/45 upgrades include multifunctional information distribution system/ joint tactical radio system (MIDS/JTRS). Six airframes are undergoing Block 40/45 modification under LRIP. The first aircraft was redelivered in July 2014, and USAF is upgrading another 18 airframes under full-rate production. The Block 40/45 AWACS deployed for the first time in 2015, supporting CENT- COM. USAF pushed divestiture of seven AWACS from FY16 to FY19 citing operational demand. EXTANT VARIANT(S) E-3B. Block 30/35 upgraded aircraft. E-3C. Block 30/35 upgraded aircraft with additional advanced capabilities. E-3G. Block 40/45 upgraded aircraft. Function: Battle management/early warning/c2. Operator: ACC, PACAF, AFRC. First Flight: Oct. 31, 1975 (full avionics). Delivered: March IOC: Production: 31. Inventory: 19 E-3B; four E-3C; five E-3G. Aircraft Location: JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska; Kadena AB, Japan; Tinker AFB, Okla. Contractor: Boeing, Northrop Grumman (radar), Lockheed Martin (computer). Power Plant: Four Pratt & Whitney TF33-PW-100A turbofans, each 21,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Four flight crew, mission specialists. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 41.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 335,000 lb. Ceiling: Above 35,000 ft. Performance: Speed 360 mph, range 5,000+ miles. E-4 National Airborne Operations Center Brief: Militarized Boeing 747 modified as airborne operations and nuclear command and control center. COMMENTARY The E-4B is a highly survivable flying C3 center from which national leaders can direct US nuclear and conventional forces, execute emergency war orders, and coordinate actions by civil authorities. The aircraft is hardened against the effects of nuclear explosions, including electromagnetic pulse (EMP). It has state-of-the-art communications and data processing equipment including EHF Milstar satellite terminals and six-channel International Maritime Satellite terminals. A triband radome houses SHF communications antenna. All aircraft have undergone modernization Block 1 upgrades, enhancing electronic and communications infrastructure with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software. Ongoing development includes replacing Milstar-based data links with AEHF compatible FAB-T. The Air Force plans to begin testing an upgraded prototype aircraft in FY16. Other important development activities include a replacement for the E-4 s VLF transmitter and modernized navigation and air traffic management systems. Boeing completed the first E-4B overhaul in San Antonio in 2015 after shifting PDM from Wichita, Kan. EXTANT VARIANT(S) E-4B. Modified Boeing equipped as a NAOC. Function: Nuclear command and control. Operator: ACC. First Flight: June 13, 1973 (E-4A); June 10, 1978 (E-4B). Delivered: December IOC: December 1974 E-4A; January 1980 E-4B. Production: Four. AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

127 Army operators (can be augmented according to mission). Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 42.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 336,000 lb. Ceiling: 42,000 ft. Performance: Speed 584 mph (optimal orbit), range 9 hr normal endurance, longer with air refueling. E-8C JSTARS (SrA. Andrew Lee) Inventory: Four. Aircraft Location: Offutt AFB, Neb. Contractor: Boeing, Rockwell, Raytheon. Power Plant: Four General Electric CF6-50E2 turbofans, each 52,500 lb thrust. Accommodation: Up to 112 flight crew and mission crew. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 63.4 ft. Weight: Max T-O 800,000 lb. Ceiling: Above 30,000 ft. Performance: Speed 602 mph, range 7,130 miles. E-8 JSTARS Brief: Modified Boeing 707 used to locate, classify, and track moving ground targets. COMMENTARY The E-8C is used to provide theater ground and air commanders with surveillance data to support attack operations. The E-8 evolved from the Army and Air Force Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System program. The first two aircraft deployed for Desert Storm while still undergoing development in Production aircraft were delivered from 1996 to 2005, and earlier airframes were retrofitted to Block 20 final production standard, featuring more powerful computers, an Internet protocol local area network, and BLOS connectivity. JSTARS is equipped with a canoe-shaped radome under the forward fuselage housing a 24-ft-long side-looking phased array antenna. It is capable of locating, classifying, and tracking vehicles on the ground at distances in excess of 124 miles, and recent refinements also allow tracking of dismounted human targets. Data gathered by the aircraft is transmitted via data link to ground stations or other aircraft. USAF halted modernization funds beyond FY14 and retired the program s T-3 systems integration testbed aircraft in Accrued savings offset the ongoing recapitalization effort to replace the E-8 with a more affordable commercially available business-class airframe with an initial capability in The service pushed retirement of five airframes from FY16 to FY19 and plans fleetwide retirement in the 2025 timeframe, when a replacement capability is slated to reach full operational capability. EXTANT VARIANT(S) E-8C. Block 20 upgraded JSTARS platform based on the Boeing TE-8A. Crew training aircraft based on the E-8. Function: Ground surveillance/battle management/c2. Operator: ACC, ANG. First Flight: December Delivered: May IOC: Dec. 18, Production: 18. Inventory: 16 (E-8C); one (TE-8). Aircraft Location: Robins AFB, Ga. Contractor: Northrop Grumman, Motorola, Cubic, Raytheon. Power Plant: Four Pratt & Whitney TF33-102C turbojets, each 19,200 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: four; mission crew: 15 Air Force and three E-9A Widget (MSgt. Michael Ammons) E-9A Widget Brief: Modified commuter airliner employed to track test weapons and aerial targets and clear overwater test ranges. COMMENTARY The E-9A provides air-to-air telemetry support to weapons testing and target drone operations conducted over Gulf of Mexico ranges. It replaced the UV-18 as a cheaper and more advanced alternative to existing surveillance platforms. Upgrades include AN/APS-143(V-1) airborne sea surveillance radar, UHF telemetry, and signal relay systems. The E-9 is able to track flying and surface targets and relay telemetry data in support of weapons testing. It can detect small watercraft at ranges up to 25 miles and alert range safety personnel to clear ranges before live-fire testing. The aircraft is also capable of remotely initiating destruction of damaged or malfunctioning aerial target drones. EXTANT VARIANT(S) E-9A. Military surveillance version of the DHC-8 commuter airliner. Function: Range control. Operator: ACC. First Flight: June 1983 (De Havilland-Canada Dash 8). Delivered: IOC: June Production: Two. Inventory: Two. Aircraft Location: Tyndall AFB, Fla. Contractor: De Havilland Canada, now Bombardier (airframe); Sierra Research (conversion). Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney PW-120A turboprop engines, each 1,800 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots; two mission operators. Dimensions: Span 39.5 ft, length 48.6 ft, height 12.2 ft. Weight: Max T-O 34,500 lb. Ceiling: 30,000 ft. Performance: Speed 280 mph, range 1,000 miles. E-11A Battlefield Airborne Communications Node Brief: Modified business jet equipped as a tactical communications and datarelay platform to aid ground forces in rugged terrain. COMMENTARY The E-11A is a modified Bombardier Global Express 6000/BD-700-1A10 business jet equipped with specialized communications relay equipment to translate between tactical data links, provide joint range extension, BLOS C2, and Internet protocol-based data transfer between dissimilar systems. It was fielded to meet an urgent operational need for BLOS communications relay capability to ground troops and other airborne platforms in Afghanistan in The Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN) payload is integrated on a mixed fleet of manned E-11As and unmanned EQ-4B Global Hawks. The combined BACN fleet has provided near-constant coverage in theater since deployment in USAF extended the platform s deployment through mid Plans call for further extending operations through 2017 with the possibility of acquiring the E-11A as a long-term program of record. EXTANT VARIANT(S) E-11A. Modified Bombardier BD-700 equipped with the BACN payload. Function: Communications relay. Operator: ACC. First Flight: Oct. 6, 2003 (BD-700). Delivered: December IOC: N/A. Production: Four. Inventory: Four. Aircraft Location: Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan. Contractor: Northrop Grumman, Bombardier. Power Plant: Two Rolls Royce BR710A2-20 turbofans, each 14,750 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: two; mission crew: N/A. Dimensions: Span 94 ft, length 99 ft 5 in, height 25 ft 6 in. Weight: Max T-O 99,500 lb. Ceiling: 51,000 ft. Performance: Speed Mach 0.88, range 6,900 miles. EC-130H Compass Call Brief: Heavily modified C-130H used for electronic warfare missions. COMMENTARY The EC-130H is a modified C-130H designed to disrupt enemy C3 and limit adversary coordination essential for enemy force management. All aircraft have been retrofitted to Block 35 standards. EC-130s are aerially refuelable. The aircraft was designed to be easily updated and modified, and mission equipment upgrades, such as new IR countermeasures and modernized comms, occur about every three years to ensure continued protection against evolving threats. USAF is replacing the center wing box to meet wing service life expiration. Ongoing development includes counter-radar and countersatellite navigation capabilities and digital glass cockpit efforts. USAF requested to retire seven aircraft, converting one to NEC-130H testbed standards in FY16. Congress barred retirement citing emergent high-end threats and AIR FORCE Magazine / May

128 EC-130H Compass Call (USAF photo) required the service to draft a plan to extend the aircraft or replace it with a comparable capability. EXTANT VARIANT(S) EC-130H. Electronic attack variant of the C-130H. TC-130H. Aircrew trainer stripped of mission equipment. Function: EW. Operator: ACC. First Flight: Delivered: IOC: 1983; Block 30 from February Production: (Converted). Inventory: 14 (EC-130H); one (TC-130H). Aircraft Location: Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, each 4,910 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, navigator, two EWOs; flight engineer, mission crew supervisor (cryptologic experienced), four cryptologic linguists, acquisition operator, and airborne maintenance technician. Dimensions: Span ft, length 99 ft, height 38 ft. Weight: Max T-O 155,000 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Speed 300 mph at 20,000 ft. EC-130J Commando Solo/Super J Brief: Modified C-130 designed for psychological warfare, radio and television broadcast, or SOF mobility, depending on variant. COMMENTARY The EC-130 is the Air Force s primary psychological warfare platform, providing military information support operations (MISO) and civil affairs broadcasts. Commando Solo aircraft conducted psychological operations in almost every US war or contingency operation since The EC-130J Commando Solo is equipped with radio and color television broadcasting equipment for psychological warfare operations, enhanced navigation, self-protection, and an aerial refueling receptacle. With the transition to the EC-130J, USAF added a new, secondary mission resulting in a second variant. Three heavily modified EC-130J Commando Solo aircraft are equipped as a standard broadcasting station for psychological warfare operations. An additional four EC-130Js, dubbed Super J, are planned to perform secondary, low-cost EA role on top of their special operations mobility (SOFFLEX) mission. SOFFLEX missions include personnel and cargo airdrop, combat offload, and infiltration/exfiltration. FY16 funding supports procurement of three of seven planned roll-on/roll-off Removable Airborne MISO Systems (RAMS). The system is based on the Army s Fly Away Broadcast System allowing the Super J to supplement Commando Solo. All variants are operated by the ANG s 193rd SOW. J model entered service in 2004, with deployed contingency operations beginning in EC-130J Commando Solo (MSgt. David Hawkins) 123 MC-12W Liberty (A1C Ramon A. Adelan) EXTANT VARIANT(S) EC-130J Commando Solo. Modified C-130J used for broadcast and psyops. EC-130J Super J. Modified C-130J used for SOF mobility and psyops. Function: Psychological warfare/special operations airlift. Operator: ANG. First Flight: April 5, 1996 (C-130J). Delivered: March 1980 (J model from 2003). IOC: December 1980 (EC-130E). Production: Seven. Inventory: Seven (three Commando Solo, four Super J). Aircraft Location: Harrisburg Arpt., Pa. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Raytheon. Power Plant: Four Rolls Royce-Allison AE2100D3 turboprops, each 4,637 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, flight systems officer, mission systems officer; two loadmasters, five electronic communications systems (CS) operators. Dimensions: Span ft, length 97.8 ft, height 38.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 164,000 lb. Ceiling: 28,000 ft. Performance: Speed 335 mph cruise, range 2,645 miles. MC-12W Liberty Brief: Militarized commercial twin-engine turboprop modified for medium- to low-altitude, manned ISR. COMMENTARY MC-12s are a mix of Beechcraft King Air 350s and 350ER modified with ISR, Sigint, and targeting equipment including FMV, laser designation, various sensors, BLOS connectivity, and satcom. The sensor-equipped C-12s were acquired to augment RPA systems operating in Southwest Asia and began operations in Iraq in June 2009 and in Afghanistan in December The MC-12W is capable of complete ISR collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination. The aircraft provides ground forces with targeting data and other tactical ISR. An initial seven used King Air 350s were modified with FMV, a ROVER compatible LOS satcom data link, limited Sigint, and basic BLOS connectivity. An additional 30 extended-range King Air 350s were modified to include enhanced FMV with laser designator, more robust Sigint, and increased bandwidth BLOS. Five aircraft began Phase 3 modifications to incorporate high-definition EO/IR, enhanced communications, digital intercom control, and TACAN. ACC divested its 33-strong MC-12 fleet passing 13 airframes to the ANG to stand up a new mission in support of AFSOC. ACC flew its final MC-12 sortie from Beale AFB, Calif., Sept. 16, EXTANT VARIANT(S) MC-12W. Modified Beechcraft King Air equipped for battlefield ISR and targeting. Function: Tactical reconnaissance. Operator: ANG. First Flight: April Delivered: From April IOC: June Production: 42. Inventory: 13. Aircraft Location: Will Rogers ANGB, Okla. Contractor: Beechcraft, L3 Communications. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A turboprops, each 1,050 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots and two sensor operators. Dimensions: Span 57.9 ft, length 46.7 ft, height 14.3 ft. Weight: Max T-O 15,000 lb (350) and 16,500 lb (350ER). Ceiling: 35,000 ft. Performance: Speed 359 mph, range 1,725 miles (350) and 2,760 miles (350ER). OC-135 Open Skies Brief: C-135 variant used for unarmed observation and arms control treaty verification flights. COMMENTARY The OC-135 is a modified WC-135B used for specialized arms control treaty AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

129 OC-135 Open Skies (USAF photo) observation and imagery collection missions over nations that are parties to the 1992 Open Skies Treaty. Specialized mission equipment includes sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar, infrared line scanning devices, video camera, and framing and panoramic optical cameras installed in the rear of the aircraft. The two oblique KS-87E framing cameras permit photography from approximately 3,000-ft altitude, and one KA-91C panoramic allows for wide sweep photography from approximately 35,000 ft. USAF is developing a digital camera suite to replace the increasingly obsolete and difficult to maintain wet-film cameras in compliance with a presidential directive. FY16 funds support procurement and installation of a prototype digital imaging suite. EXTANT VARIANT(S) OC-135B. Modified C-135 equipped for photo reconnaissance/treaty verification. Function: Observation. Operator: ACC. First Flight: Delivered: IOC: October Production: Three. Inventory: Two. Aircraft Location: Offutt AFB, Neb. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Four Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-5 turbofans, each 16,050 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: two pilots, two navigators, and two sensor maintenance technicians; Defense Threat Reduction Agency mission crew: mission commander, deputy, two sensor operators, and one flight follower; total seating: 35, incl space for foreign country representatives. Dimensions: Span 131 ft, length 135 ft, height 42 ft. Weight: Max T-O 297,000 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft (basic C-135). Performance: Speed 500+ mph, range 3,900 miles. RC-26 Condor Brief: Modified commuter airliner optimized for counternarcotics with specialized surveillance and communications equipment. COMMENTARY The RC-26 is a modified Fairchild Metro 23 with specialized digital cameras, IR video, and communications equipment, primarily used for domestic and international anti-trafficking operations. The aircraft has a secondary role providing real-time video streaming to disaster relief personnel following hurricanes, wildfires, and other disasters. An extensive communications suite allows communications from 29 to 960 MHz, including provisions for plugging in 800 MHz handheld radios, and air phone capabilities. ANG is seeking funding to reconfigure Block 25 aircraft, which no longer meet either combatant commander or domestic requirements because of outdated and problematic mission management system, EO/IR sensor, and communications suite. The Air Force originally planned to divest the fleet in FY15, but is funding continued operations. ANG force structure adjustments for FY16 shift two airframes to New Mexico to establish a formal training unit and nine airframes to Puerto Rico, which would convert from airlift to counternarcotics operations. EXTANT VARIANT(S) RC-26B. Surveillance version of Fairchild C-26. Function: Counternarcotics/surveillance/C2. Operator: ANG. First Flight: Delivered: C-26 first delivered IOC: N/A. Production: 11. Inventory: 11. Aircraft Location: Des Moines Aprt., Iowa; Ellington Field, Texas; Fairchild AFB, Wash.; Fresno Yosemite Arpt., Calif.; Hancock Field, N.Y.; Jacksonville Arpt., Fla.; Key Field, Miss.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; Luiz Munoz Marin Arpt., Puerto Rico (planned); Montgomery Regional Arpt., Ala.; Truax Field, Wis.; Tucson Arpt., Ariz.; Yeager Arpt., W.Va. Contractor: Fairchild (airframe). Power Plant: Two Garrett TPE331-12UAR-701 turboprops, each 1,100 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, one navigator-mission systems operator. Dimensions: Span 57 ft, length 59.5 ft, height 16.6 ft. Weight: Max T-O 16,500 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Speed 334 mph, range 2,070 miles. RC-135S Cobra Ball Brief: Specially equipped C-135 used to gather measurement and signature intelligence (Masint) on ballistic missile flights. COMMENTARY The RC-135S monitors missile-associated signatures and tracks missiles during boost and re-entry phases to provide reconnaissance for treaty verification and theater ballistic missile nonproliferation. Its specialized equipment includes wide-area IR sensors, long-range optical cameras, and an advanced communications suite. Cobra Ball provides the capability to collect optical and electronic data on ballistic missile-associated activity. It can deploy anywhere in the world in 24 hours and provide on-scene EO reconnaissance. Ongoing upgrades include Wideband Global Satellite connectivity, aircraft intercom replacement, improved operator interface, Comint (communications intelligence) suite integration, and capabilities enhancements for operations in dense signal environments. EXTANT VARIANT(S) RC-135S Cobra Ball. Modified C-135 equipped for Masint/treaty verification. Function: Electronic reconnaissance. Operator: ACC. First Flight: N/A. Delivered: Circa IOC: Circa Production: Converted. Inventory: Three. Aircraft Location: Offutt AFB, Neb. Contractor: Boeing (original airframe), L3 Communications. Power Plant: Four CFM International F108-CF-201 turbofans, each 21,600 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: two pilots, navigator. Mission crew: three EWOs; two airborne systems engineers, two airborne mission specialists. Dimensions: Span 131 ft, length 135 ft, height 42 ft. Weight: Max T-O 297,000 lb. Ceiling: 45,000 ft. Performance: Speed 500+ mph, range 3,900 miles. RC-135U Combat Sent Brief: Specially equipped C-135 used to gather technical intelligence (Techint) on adversary radar emitter systems. COMMENTARY The RC-135U collects and examines data on airborne, land, and naval radar systems, providing strategic analysis for National Command Authorities and combatant forces. Its distinctive antennae arrays on the chin and wing tips, RC-26B Condor (SSgt. Marvin Cornell) RC-135U Combat Sent (USAF photo) AIR FORCE Magazine / May

130 large cheek fairings, and extended tail contain specialized Sigint suites to collect scientific and technical Elint data against air-, land-, and sea-based emitter systems. Each airframe has unique reconnaissance equipment. Combat Sent is critical to effective design, programming, and reprogramming of RWRs as well as jammers, decoys, and anti-radiation missiles and to the development of effective threat simulators. FY16 funds support wideband satcom connectivity, Elint systems replacement, liquid cooling system, super wideband receiver, airborne tracking system, improved operator interface, and capability enhancement for dense signal environments. EXTANT VARIANT(S) RC-135U Combat Sent. Modified C-135 equipped for radar emissions analysis. Function: Electronic reconnaissance. Operator: ACC. First Flight: N/A. Delivered: Circa IOC: Circa 1970s. Production: Converted. Inventory: Two. Aircraft Location: Offutt AFB, Neb. Contractor: Boeing (original airframe), L3 Communications, Textron. Power Plant: Four CFM International F108-CF-201 turbofans, each 21,600 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: two pilots, two navigators, two airborne systems engineers; mission crew: 10 EW officers, six or more electronic, technical, mission area specialists. Dimensions: Span 135 ft, length 140 ft, height 42 ft. Weight: Max T-O 299,000 lb. Ceiling: 35,000 ft. Performance: Speed 500+ mph, range unlimited with air refueling. RC-135V/W Rivet Joint Brief: Specially equipped C-135 used to gather real-time electronic and signals intelligence for theater and tactical-level commanders. COMMENTARY The RC-135V/W is an extensively modified C-135 performing worldwide reconnaissance missions to detect, identify, and geolocate signals throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. Rivet Joint is mostly used to exploit electronic battlefield intelligence and deliver near-real-time ISR information to tactical forces, combatant commanders, and National Command Authorities. Onboard capabilities encompass rapid search, detection, measurement, identification, demodulation, geolocation, and fusion of data from potentially thousands of electronic emitters. Current development efforts include new Sigint signal sets and capability upgrades. Ongoing upgrades include new direction finding Comint, precision Elint/Sigint system integration, wideband satcoms, enhanced near-real time data dissemination, new steerable beam antenna, improved weather radar, digital cockpit instruments, modernized operator interface, and improved dense signal environment capabilities. EXTANT VARIANT(S) RC-135V/W Rivet Joint. Self-contained standoff airborne Sigint variant of the C-135. TC-135W. Training version of the operational aircraft. NC-135W. Rivet Joint systems integration testbed operated by AFMC. Function: Electronic reconnaissance. Operator: ACC, AFMC. First Flight: N/A. Delivered: Circa Continuous equipment updates. IOC: Circa Production: Converted. Inventory: Eight RC-135V; nine RC-135W; three TC-135W; one NC-135W. Aircraft Location: Offutt AFB, Neb.; Kadena AB, Japan; RAF Mildenhall, UK. Contractor: Boeing (original airframe), L3 Communications. Power Plant: Four CFM International F108-CF-201 turbofans, each 21,600 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: three pilots, two navigators; mission crew: three EW officers, 14 intelligence operators, four airborne maintenance technicians, and up to six more, depending on mission. Dimensions: Span 131 ft, length 135 ft, height 42 ft. Weight: Max T-O 297,000 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed 500+ mph, range 3,900 miles. U-2 Dragon Lady Brief: Single-seat, single-engine, high-altitude enduring reconnaissance aircraft carrying a wide variety of sensors and cameras. COMMENTARY The U-2 is the Air Force s premier manned high-altitude reconnaissance platform, capable of carrying multiple intelligence sensors simultaneously. It can carry a wide variety of advanced optical, multispectral EO/IR, SAR, Sigint, and other payloads. Although the U-2 was designed initially in the 1950s, current aircraft were produced primarily in the 1980s, when the production line was reopened to produce the TR-1, a significantly larger and more capable version of the aircraft. Conversion to S model configuration began in October Each current operational U-2 is in Block 20 configuration, featuring a glass cockpit using MFDs, a digital autopilot, a new EW system, and new data links. Sensor upgrades include the ASARS-2A SAR sensor; SYERS-2A multispectral EO/IR imagery system; and enhanced radio frequency-intelligence capability. Optical bar camera is also still in use, providing broad-area synoptic imagery U-2S Dragon Lady (SSgt. Michael Means) coverage. USAF planned to begin retiring the U-2 fleet in FY16, in favor of the RQ-4 Block 30 due to budget constraints. Congress requires the service demonstrate RQ-4 sensor-parity with the U-2 before the aircraft can be retired. USAF delayed U-2 retirement to FY19 to allow fielding of advanced sensors on Global Hawk. U-2s are also heavily tasked meeting current operational demand, and fleet retirement will reduce USAF high altitude ISR capacity by 50 percent. Future funds are limited to flight safety and sustainment, unless critical to national security. EXTANT VARIANT(S) U-2S. Current variant of the U-2/TR-1. TU-2S. A two-seat trainer aircraft originally designated U-2ST. Function: High-altitude reconnaissance. Operator: ACC. First Flight: Aug. 4, 1955 (U-2); 1967 (U-2R); October 1994 (U-2S). Delivered: 1955-October IOC: Circa Production: 35 (T/U-2S). Inventory: 27 U-2; five TU-2 trainers. Aircraft Location: Beale AFB, Calif.; permanent forward operating locations worldwide. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: General Electric F118-GE-101 turbojet. Accommodation: One (two for trainer). Dimensions: Span 105 ft, length 63 ft, height 16 ft. Weight: Max T-O 40,000 lb. Ceiling: Above 70,000 ft. Performance: Speed 410 mph, range 7,000+ miles. WC-135 Constant Phoenix Brief: Modified C-135 that samples particulate and gaseous atmospheric debris to verify international nuclear test ban treaty compliance. COMMENTARY The WC-135 is either a modified C-135B or EC-135C (former Looking Glass aircraft) equipped with air sampling and collection equipment. The original air sampling program was commissioned by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower on Sept. 16, 1947, using modified B-29 aircraft. In September 1949, a WB-29 flying between Alaska and Japan detected nuclear debris from the Soviet Union s first atomic test, which came much earlier than anticipated. Today, the air-sampling mission supports the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of WC-135 s collection suite allows mission crew to detect radioactive clouds in real time. The aircraft has external flow-through devices to collect particulates on filter paper and a compressor system for sample holding. EXTANT VARIANT(S) WC-135C/W. Modified C-135 equipped for radiological monitoring and air sampling. Function: Air sampling and collection. Operator: ACC. First Flight: Delivered: IOC: December Production: Converted. Inventory: One (WC-135C); one (WC-135W). Aircraft Location: Offutt AFB, Neb. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Four Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-5 turbofans, each 16,050 lb thrust. Accommodation: Seating for 33, incl cockpit crew. Dimensions: Span 131 ft, length 140 ft, height 42 ft. Weight: Max T-O 300,500 lb. Ceiling: 40,000 ft. Performance: Speed 403 mph, range 4,600 miles. TANKER AIRCRAFT HC-130J Combat King II Brief: Extended-range C-130J tanker variant designed for personnel recovery in hostile environments, C2, and rescue helicopter in-flight refueling. 125 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

131 HC-130J Combat King II and two HH-60Gs (A1C Ryan Callaghan) COMMENTARY The HC-130J aircraft replaces legacy HC-130N/Ps and is based on the USMC KC-130J tanker with enhanced service life wing and cargo handling system, refueling receptacle, EO/IR sensor, flight deck CSO console, and dual satcom. Features include INS/GPS, NVG-compatible lighting, FLIR, radar/missile warning receivers, and chaff/flare dispensers. Plans would add the Lightweight Airborne Radio System V12 to speed locating personnel and add the ALQ 213 EW management system to automate/integrate defensive systems. Plans call for continuous common block upgrades for the combined HC/MC-130J fleet. FY16 launches developmental testing of Block 8.1 which includes Link 16, civil GPS and data link, flight management mods, advanced IFF, special mission interface, and satellite-updating real-time flight information. USAF awarded two contracts, including a multiyear deal in 2015, covering 14 additional HC-130Js. FY16 funding supported production of five aircraft and USAF expects to complete fleet recap by EXTANT VARIANT(S) HC-130J. C-130J modified for CSAR and aerial refueling. Function: Aerial refueling/airlift. Operator: ACC, AETC, (planned: ANG, AFRC). First Flight: July 29, Delivered: From IOC: Production: 37 planned. Inventory: 14. Aircraft Location: Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; Moody AFB, Ga. Planned: Francis S. Gabreski Arpt., N.Y.; JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska; Patrick AFB, Fla. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four Rolls Royce AE2100D3 turboprops, each 4,591 shp. Accommodation: Flight crew: two pilots, CSO, two loadmasters. Dimensions: Span ft, length 97.8 ft, height 38.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 164,000 lb. Ceiling: 33,000 ft. Performance: Speed mph at S-L, range 4,000+ miles. HC-130N/P King Brief: Extended-range C-130H tanker variant converted for personnel recovery in hostile environments, deploying pararescue (PJ), and rescue helicopter in-flight refueling. COMMENTARY The HC-130N/P conducts operations to austere airfields and denied territory for expeditionary, all-weather personnel recovery operations, including airdrop, air-land, helicopter air-to-air refueling, and forward area refueling point missions. Secondary roles include humanitarian assistance, disaster response, security cooperation/aviation advisory, emergency medical evacuation, noncombatant evacuation, and spaceflight support for NASA. Features include integrated GPS/INS navigation package, NVG lighting, FLIR, radar/missile warning receivers, chaff/flare dispensers, and data-burst communications. KC-10 Extender and an F-22 (SSgt. Andy M. Kin) Both models suffer airworthiness, maintainability, and operational limitations and are being replaced by HC-130J. EXTANT VARIANT(S) HC-130N. C-130H model modified with C-130E radome, new center wing, and aerial refueling capability. HC-130P. C-130H modified for CSAR and aerial refueling. Function: Aerial refueling/airlift. Operator: ACC, AETC, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: Dec. 8, 1964 (as HC-130H). Delivered: From IOC: Production: 33 converted N/P models. Inventory: Nine (HC-130N); 13 (HC-130P). Aircraft Location: Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; Francis S. Gabreski Arpt., N.Y.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska; Moody AFB, Ga.; Patrick AFB, Fla. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, each 4,910 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, navigator; flight engineer, airborne comm specialist, two loadmasters, three PJs. Dimensions: Span ft, length 98.8 ft, height 38.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 155,000 lb. Ceiling: 33,000 ft. Performance: Speed 289 mph at S-L, range 4,000+ miles. KC-10 Extender Brief: Modified McDonnell Douglas DC-10 that combines fixed wing aerial refueling and simultaneous passenger, cargo, or aeromedical transport. COMMENTARY The KC-10 is a modified McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF and USAF s largest air refueling aircraft. It is simultaneously capable of both tanker and cargo roles, enabling it to support worldwide fighter deployments. The aircraft employs an advanced aerial refueling boom and hose and drogue system, allowing it to refuel a wide variety of US and allied aircraft within the same mission. It is itself refuelable by boom-equipped tankers. The aircraft has three large fuel tanks under the cargo floor, an air refueling operator s station, aerial refueling boom and integral hose reel/drogue unit, a receiver refueling receptacle, and military avionics. Ongoing mods include modernized navigation, surveillance, and air traffic management. Advanced IFF development is ongoing. Service life possible through EXTANT VARIANT(S) KC-10A. Modified McDonnell Douglas DC-10 designed as a multirole cargo-tanker. Function: Aerial refueling/airlift. Operator: AMC, AFRC (classic associate). First Flight: April Delivered: March 1981-April IOC: August Production: 60. Inventory: 59. Aircraft Location: JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J.; Travis AFB, Calif. Contractor: McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing). Power Plant: Three General Electric CF6-50C2 turbofans, each 52,500 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, flight engineer, boom operator; AE crew: two flight nurses, three medical technicians; other crew depending on mission. Load: up to 75 people and 17 pallets or 27 pallets a total of nearly 170,000 lb. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 58 ft. Weight: Max T-O 590,000 lb. Ceiling: 42,000 ft. Performance: Speed 619 mph, range 11,500 miles, or 4,400 miles with max cargo. KC-46 Pegasus Brief: Next generation cargo-tanker that will provide fixed wing aerial refueling and simultaneous passenger, cargo, or aeromedical transport. COMMENTARY The KC-46A is a modified Boeing ER multirole cargo-tanker equipped with flying boom and probe-and-drogue refueling capability to replace some of the legacy KC-135 fleet. In 2011 Boeing was awarded contract for 179 KC- 46A tankers, the first increment (KC-X) toward replacing USAF s KC-135R fleet. Compared to the 50-year-old KC-135, the KC-46A will have enhanced refueling capabilities, including more fuel capacity, improved efficiency, and enhanced cargo and AE capability. Like the KC-10, it will employ both an advanced refueling boom and independently operating hose and drogue system. The program s provisioned 767-2C prototype (without refueling boom) flew in late 2014, and the full-up KC-46A flew for the first time from Everett, Wash., Sept. 25, Four airframes will support testing. The first phase of developmental tests were conducted at Boeing s facilities in Washington, shifting to Edwards AFB, Calif. Operational test and evaluation is scheduled to begin in Rerouting wiring bundles and replacing fuel system components damaged in early trials delayed developmental testing, but the program remains on schedule. The first of seven LRIP Lot 1 deliveries is scheduled for FY16 and funding supports LRIP Lot 2 production of 12 aircraft ahead of the planned full-rate production decision. Japan selected the KC-46 to augment its refueling capability in 2015, becoming the first export customer. EXTANT VARIANT(S) KC-46A. Modified Boeing 767 designed as a multirole cargo-tanker. AIR FORCE Magazine / May

132 KC-46A Pegasus and a Navy F/A-18 (Boeing photo by John Parker) Function: Aerial refueling/airlift. Operator: AFMC; AMC (planned). First Flight: Dec. 28, 2014 (provisioned 767-2C prototype). Delivered: from 2017 (planned). IOC: TBD. Production: 179 (planned). Inventory: One (KC-46A); one (provisioned 767-2C). Aircraft Location: Edwards AFB, Calif.; Paine Field, Wash. Planned: Altus AFB, Okla.; McConnell AFB, Kan.; Pease ANGB, N.H.; others TBD. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney 4062, each 62,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: 15 crew seats, incl AE crew. Passenger load: 58 or up to 114 for contingency operations. AE load: 58 patients (24 litters and 34 ambulatory). Cargo load: 18 pallet positions, max 65,000 lb. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 52.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 415,000 lb. Ceiling: 43,000 ft (767). Performance: (767) cruise speed 530 mph, range 6,500 miles. KC-135 Stratotanker Brief: Medium-range tanker aircraft capable of refueling US and allied fixed wing aircraft and providing AE support. COMMENTARY The KC-135 has been the mainstay of the USAF tanker fleet for some 50 years. It is similar in size and appearance to commercial 707 aircraft but designed to military specifications. The current KC-135R variant first flew in October 1982 and deliveries began in July Twenty were modified with the Multipoint Refueling System (MPRS), allowing the use of hose-and-drogue pods on each wing to simultaneously refuel two NATO or US Navy aircraft. Non-MPRS modified KC-135s use a single drogue adapter attached to the boom. Upgrades modernized digital flight deck. Safety mods were finished in 2002, and new global air traffic management was completed in Link 16 capability was also added to a limited number. KC-135Ts are upgraded and sustained alongside the KC-135R fleet under common programs. USAF plans to modify 395 aircraft with Block 45 upgrades through 2026, which includes additional glass cockpit display for engine instrumentation, a radar altimeter, advanced autopilot, and flight director, to replace obsolescent systems. The first upgraded aircraft was redelivered in Fleet service life is projected out to EXTANT VARIANT(S) KC-135R. Re-engined KC-135As fitted with CFM turbofan engines. KC-135T. Formerly KC-135Qs, capable of carrying different fuels in the wing and fuselage tanks. Function: Aerial refueling/airlift. Operator: AETC, AFMC, AMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: August Delivered: January IOC: June 1957, Castle AFB, Calif. Production: 732. Inventory: 340 KC-135R; 56 KC-135T. Aircraft Location: Altus AFB, Okla.; Fairchild AFB, Wash.; Grissom ARB, Ind.; JB Andrews, Md.; Kadena AB, Japan; MacDill AFB, Fla.; March ARB, Calif.; McConnell AFB, Kan.; RAF Mildenhall, UK; Seymour Johnson AFB, N.C.; Tinker AFB, Okla.; and ANG in Alabama, Arizona, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Four CFM International CFM56-2 (USAF designation F108) turbofans, each 21,634 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: two pilots, boom operator, plus navigator, depending on mission; AE crew: two flight nurses, three medical technicians (adjusted for patient needs). Load: 37 passengers, six cargo pallets, max 83,000 lb. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 41.7 ft. Weight: Max T-O 322,500 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed 530 mph, range 1,500 miles with 150,000 lb transfer fuel, up to 11,015 miles for ferry mission. AIRLIFT AIRCRAFT C-5 Galaxy Brief: Air refuelable long-range strategic cargo transport for massive and oversize cargo. COMMENTARY The C-5 is USAF s largest airlifter and one of world s largest aircraft. It can carry unusually heavy cargo over intercontinental ranges. It can take off and land in relatively short distances and taxi on substandard surfaces in emergencies. The Galaxy s front and rear cargo doors permit simultaneous drive-through loading and unloading. A total of 81 C-5As were delivered and underwent major wing modifications to extend their service lives but are now being retired. The C-5B first flew in 1985 and embodies all C-5A improvements, including improved turbofans, color weather radar, and triple INS. The first C-5B was delivered in January 1986, and some are equipped with a defensive system. Two C-5As were modified to carry outsize space cargo and redesignated C- 5Cs. USAF is upgrading the C-5 fleet through a combination of the Avionics Modernization Program (AMP) and Reliability Enhancement and Re-engining Program (RERP). Upgraded aircraft are designated C-5M Super Galaxy and incorporate new GE CF6-80C2 (F138-GE-100) turbofans, with 200 percent increased thrust, along with the avionics and structural reliability fixes. USAF plans to modernize 52 C-5s to C-5M standards, including 49 B models, two C models, and one C-5A. AMP was completed in 2011, and RERP is ongoing. A total of 32 conversions were completed through USAF plans to retire the last C-5As in 2016 and begin converting the final C-5B to Super Galaxy standards in Ongoing mods include new core mission computer and weather radar. FY16 funds support development of a replacement lavatory to address leaking and corrosion problems. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-5A. Basic model delivered between 1969 and C-5B. Improved aircraft with strengthened wings and improved engines and avionics. C-5C. Modified C-5As capable of carrying outsize NASA space cargo. C-5M. Super Galaxy, including AMP and RERP modified legacy C-5s. C-5M-SCM. Super Galaxy converted from C-5C to carry large NASA cargo. Function: Strategic airlift. Operator: AFMC, AMC, AFRC. First Flight: June 30, 1968 (C-5A); June 6, 2006 (C-5M). Delivered: October 1969-April IOC: September Production: 131. Inventory: Seven (C-5A); 17 (C-5B); one (C-5C); 29 (C-5M); one (C-5M-SCM). Aircraft Location: Dover AFB, Del.; JBSA-Lackland, Texas; Travis AFB, Calif.; Westover ARB, Mass. KC-135 Stratotanker and F-16s (TSgt. Jason Robertson) 127 C-5 Galaxy (Heide Couch) AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

133 Dimensions: (C-12J) Span 54.5 ft, length 57 ft, height 15 ft. Weight: (C-12J) max T-O 16,710 lb. Ceiling: (C-12J) 25,000 ft. Performance: (C-12J) speed 284 mph, range 1,669 miles. C-12 Huron (Osakabe Yasuo) Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four General Electric TF39-GE-1C turbofans, each 43,000 lb thrust; (C-5M) four General Electric F138-GE-100 turbofans. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, two flight engineers, three loadmasters. Load: 81 troops and 36 standard pallets, max 270,000 lb. There is no piece of Army combat equipment the C-5 can t carry. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 65.1 ft. Weight: Max T-O 840,000 lb. Ceiling: 45,000 ft. Performance: Speed 518 mph, range 2,473 miles with max payload (plus additional 575 miles after offload). C-12 Huron Brief: Military version of civil twin-engine turboprops used for diplomatic and special duty support, light passenger/cargo airlift, and test support. COMMENTARY The C-12 is a series of military versions of the Beechcraft King Air A200 and 1900C aircraft. Flight decks and cabins are pressurized for high-altitude flight. The most common variant incorporates a cargo door with an integral airstair. Both C-12C and C-12D aircraft are deployed to US embassies worldwide. The C-12J is a completely different aircraft, based on the Beechcraft 1900C commuter airliner. C-12Js are operated by PACAF and can transport two litters or 10 ambulatory patients in the AE role. C-12Js incorporate extensive avionics upgrades, including three MFDs, integrated GPS, flight management systems, autopilot, VHF/UHF radios, and weather radar. Updates encompass basic safety, reliability, and maintainability mods. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-12C. C-12As retrofit with PT6A-41 engines. C-12D. C-12 with enlarged cargo doors and strengthened wings. C-12F. C-12 with uprated PT6A-42 engines, eight passenger capacity, and AE litter accommodation. C-12J. Military version of the Beechcraft Model 1900C commuter airliner. Function: Light airlift. Operator: AFMC, PACAF. First Flight: Oct. 27, 1972 (Super King Air 200). Delivered: 1974-late 1980s. IOC: Circa Production: 88. Inventory: 16 (C-12C); six (C-12D); two (C-12F); four (C-12J). Aircraft Location: Edwards AFB, Calif.; Holloman AFB, N.M.; JB Elmendorf- Richardson, Alaska; Yokota AB, Japan; various US embassies. Contractor: Beechcraft. Power Plant: (C-12J) two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65B turboprops, each 1,173 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots; load: (C-12J) up to 19 passengers or 3,500 lb cargo. C-17A Globemaster III (SSgt. Vernon Young Jr.) C-17 Globemaster III Brief: Heavy-lift, air refuelable cargo aircraft capable of both strategic airlift and direct tactical delivery of all classes of military cargo. COMMENTARY The C-17 is the core airlifter of the US military. It is able to operate on small, austere airfields (3,500 ft by 90 ft) previously limited to C-130s. It is the only aircraft able to directly air-land or air-drop outsize cargo into a tactical environment and is the first military transport to feature full digital fly-by-wire control. Fleetwide Block 16 avionics and weather radar mods were completed in 2015, final ongoing Block 17 mods add all-weather formation flying system, NVG lighting, and high frequency data link. Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures (LAIRCM) system retrofits were completed in FY16 funds support GATM, advanced IFF, pylon and fairing structural mods, ILS, flight control updates, advanced navigation, comms, and air traffic management. Fuel tank inerting mods are slated for completion in Boeing delivered the 223rd aircraft to USAF on Sept. 12, 2013, and to the final international customer, closing its production line at Long Beach, Calif., on Nov. 29, The Air Force stood down two C-17 squadrons and placed 16 aircraft into backup status as a costcutting measure over FY15 and FY16. Estimated service life was extended from 30,000 flight hours to 42,000 hours due to upgrades. The overall fleet surpassed three million combined flying hours in EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-17A. Medium- to long-range swing role airlifter. Function: Tactical/strategic airlift. Operator: AETC, AMC, PACAF, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: Sept. 15, Delivered: June 1993-September IOC: Jan. 17, Production: 223. Inventory: 222. Aircraft Location: Allen C. Thompson Field, Miss.; Altus AFB, Okla.; Dover AFB, Del.; Eastern West Virginia Arpt., W.Va.; JB Charleston, S.C.; JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska; JB Lewis-McChord, Wash.; JB McGuire-Dix- Lakehurst, N.J.; JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii; March ARB, Calif.; Stewart ANGB, N.Y.; Travis AFB, Calif.; Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Four Pratt & Whitney F117-PW-100 turbofans, each 40,440 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: two pilots, loadmaster; AE crew: two flight nurses, three medical technicians (altered as required). Load: 102 troops/ paratroops; 36 litter and 54 ambulatory patients; 18 pallet positions; max payload 170,900 lb. Dimensions: Span ft, length 174 ft, height 55.1 ft. Weight: Max T-O 585,000 lb. Ceiling: 45,000 ft. Performance: Speed 518 mph at 25,000 ft, range 2,760 miles with 169,000 lb payload. C-20 Gulfstream Brief: Twin-engine executive airlift asset for transporting high-ranking government officials. COMMENTARY C-20A/B transport DOD and other government officials worldwide. The C-20B, delivered in 1988, is fit with specialized mission communications equipment and a revised interior. The C-20H, equipped with advanced technology flight management systems and upgraded Rolls Royce engines, was acquired in Specialized features include GPS, vertical separation equipment, GATM, and traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS). The Air Force is divesting both the C-20B and C-20H aircraft, due to the limited average service life remaining on the airframes. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-20B. Modified and upgraded Gulfstream III aircraft. C-20H. Modified Gulfstream IV SP aircraft. C-20K. Modified Gulfstream III comm integration testbed. Function: VIP transport. Operator: AMC, USAFE-AFAFRICA. First Flight: December Delivered: September IOC: Circa Production: N/A. Inventory: Three (C-20B); two (C-20H). Aircraft Location: JB Andrews, Md.; Ramstein AB, Germany. Contractor: Gulfstream. Power Plant: Two Rolls Royce Spey MK511-8 turbofans (C-20B), each 11,400 lb thrust; two Rolls Royce Tay MK611-8 turbofans (C-20H), each 13,850 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, flight engineer, communications system operator, flight attendant. Load: 12 passengers. Dimensions: Span 77.8 ft, length 83.1 ft (B), 88.3 ft (H), height 24.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 69,700 lb (B), 74,600 lb (H). Ceiling: 45,000 ft. Performance: Speed 576 mph, range 4,250 miles (B), 4,850 miles (H). AIR FORCE Magazine / May

134 C-21 Learjet Brief: Light airlift asset capable of cargo, passenger, and aeromedical transport. COMMENTARY The C-21 is a militarized Learjet 35 equipped with color weather radar, TACAN, and HF/VHF/UHF radios. It provides operational support for time-sensitive movement of people and cargo throughout the US and European Theater, including AE missions if required. FY16 funds support modifying 19 aircraft with modern, digital systems including new weather radar, GPS, flight management system, transponder, and satellite-updating real-time flight information to replace obsolescent equipment and comply with FAA standards. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-21A. Military version of the Learjet 35A. Function: Light airlift. Operator: AMC, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG. First Flight: January Delivered: April 1984-October IOC: April Production: 84. Inventory: 27. Aircraft Location: JB Andrews, Md.; Peterson AFB, Colo.; Ramstein AB, Germany; Scott AFB, Ill. Contractor: Gates Learjet. Power Plant: Two AlliedSignal TFE731-2 turbofans, each 3,500 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots; AE crew: flight nurse, two medical technicians (adjusted as required). Load: eight passengers and 3,153 lb cargo; one litter or five ambulatory patients. Dimensions: Span 39.5 ft, length 48.6 ft, height 12.2 ft. Weight: Max T-O 18,300 lb. Ceiling: 45,000 ft. Performance: Speed 530 mph at 41,000 ft, range 2,306 miles. C-32B/C-32A Air Force Two Brief: Commercial aircraft used for dedicated vice presidential, Cabinet, and high-ranking US and foreign official airlift. COMMENTARY The C-32A was acquired as a commercial Boeing 757 and delivered in less than two years from the contract date. The C-32A primarily provides vice presidential airlift under the call sign Air Force Two. Aircraft assigned to the 89th Airlift Wing at JB Andrews, Md., additionally serve the first lady, Congress, and Cabinet officials. The cabin is divided into sections including a worldwide clear and secure voice and data communications suite, first-class cabin, two business-class cabins, center galley, lavatories, fully enclosed stateroom, and a conference and staff area. The C-32B provides DOD rapid, global airlift in support of government crisis response efforts. The C-32 s modern flight deck avionics are upgradable, and new developments include nitrogen fuel-tank inerting and commercial wideband satcom mods. FY16 funds support communications, navigation, and air traffic management upgrades to meet global standards. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-32A. Presidential support-configured commercial Boeing airliner. C-32B. Commercial Boeing tasked with global crisis response airlift. Function: VIP transport. Operator: AMC, ANG. First Flight: Feb. 19, 1982 (USAF Feb. 11, 1998). Delivered: June-December IOC: Production: Six. Inventory: Four (C-32A); two (C-32B). Aircraft Location: JB Andrews, Md.; JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney PW2040 turbofans, each 41,700 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: 16 (varies with mission). Load: up to 45 passengers. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 44.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 255,000 lb. Ceiling: 42,000 ft. Performance: Speed 530 mph, range 6,325 miles. C-21A Learjet (A1C Ryan J. Sonnier) 129 C-32A Air Force Two (Sam Meyer) C-37 Gulfstream V Brief: Modified business jet used for worldwide special air missions for highranking government and DOD officials. COMMENTARY The C-37 family consists of military versions of ultra-long-range Gulfstream business aircraft. The C-37A is based on the Gulfstream V and equipped with separate VIP and passenger areas, secure global voice and data communications suites, enhanced weather radar, autopilot, and advanced HUD. The C-37B is a version of the Gulfstream 550 modified for VIP duties with directional IR countermeasures system. It also incorporates the Honeywell Plane-View flight deck. Ongoing mods include commercial wideband satcom to ensure senior leaders access to secure data and voice networks, replacing legacy equipment. FY16 funds FAA-required comms, navigation, and air traffic management updates. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-37A. Military version of the Gulfstream V. C-37B. Military version of the Gulfstream G550. Function: VIP transport. Operator: AMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA. First Flight: USAF October Delivered: From October IOC: Dec. 9, Production: 10 C-37A; three C-37B. Inventory: Nine (C-37A); three (C-37B). Aircraft Location: Chievres, Belgium; JB Andrews, Md.; JB Pearl Harbor- Hickam, Hawaii; MacDill AFB, Fla. Contractor: Gulfstream. Power Plant: Two BMW/Rolls Royce BR710A1-10 turbofans, each 14,750 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: five. Load: up to 12 passengers. Dimensions: Span 93.5 ft, length 96.4 ft, height 25.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 90,500 lb. Ceiling: 51,000 ft. Performance: Speed 600 mph, range 6,300 miles. C-40 Clipper Brief: Commercial-based aircraft used primarily for medium-range airlift of senior military commanders, Cabinet officials, and members of Congress. COMMENTARY The C-40, which added winglets to the commercial Boeing , transports VIPs and performs other operational support missions. C-40Bs are equipped with an office-in-the-sky arrangement, including clear and secure voice/ data communication and broadband data/video. C-40Cs lack the advanced communications suite and are VIP configured with sleep accommodations and are reconfigurable to carry 42 to 111 passengers. Both versions have modern avionics, integrated GPS and flight management system/electronic flight instrument system, and HUD. Each aircraft has auxiliary fuel tanks and managed passenger communications. Ongoing mods include nitrogen fuel tank inerting and commercial wideband satcom. FY16 new starts include comms, navigation, and air traffic management compliance mods. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-40B. Military version of the Boeing C-40C. VIP configured Boeing without advanced comms. Function: VIP transport. Operator: AMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: USN C-40A: April 14, Delivered: IOC: N/A. Production: 11. Inventory: Four C-40B; seven C-40C. Aircraft Location: JB Andrews, Md.; JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii; Ramstein AB, Germany; Scott AFB, Ill. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Two General Electric CFM56-7 turbofans, each 27,000 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: 10 (varies with model and mission). Load: up to 89 passengers (C-40B); up to 111 (C-40C). Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 41.2 ft. AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

135 C-130 Hercules (Osakabe Yasuo) Weight: Max T-O 171,000 lb. Ceiling: 41,000 ft. Performance: Speed 530 mph, range 5,750 miles. C-130 Hercules Brief: Medium-range tactical airlifter capable of operating from unimproved airstrips and providing intertheater support. COMMENTARY The C-130 is an all-purpose theater transport that performs diverse roles. Missions include tactical and intertheater airlift and airdrop support, Arctic resupply, AE, aerial spraying, aerial firefighting, and humanitarian missions. Delivery of the C-130H model began in Improvement included uprated engines, redesigned outer wing, improved pneumatic systems, new avionics, improved radar, and NVG lighting. The small New York ANG fleet of LC-130H Antarctic support aircraft have been upgraded with digital displays, flight management systems, multifunction radar, new communications systems, and a single air data computer, as well as new eight-bladed propellers. The C-130J Super Hercules is the newest and current-production variant. It features three-crew flight operations system, more powerful engines, composite six-blade propeller system, digital avionics, and mission computers. J models fly faster, higher, and farther than earlier C-130s. WC-130Js are operated by AFRC s Hurricane Hunters at Keesler AFB, Miss.; WC-130Hs are operated by the Puerto Rico ANG but slated for replacement with RC-26s. The fleets are equipped with palletized mission equipment for tropical and winter storm data collection. The canceled C-130H Avionics Modernization Program (AMP) was replaced by a scaled-back Viability and Airspace Access Program (VAAP) to bring legacy aircraft in compliance with international airspace rules starting in FY16. Ongoing C-130H mods include center wing box replacement. The current multiyear contract includes 29 USAF C-130Js, and FY16 funds support production of 14 aircraft. EXTANT VARIANT(S) C-130H Hercules. Updated legacy C-130 version. LC-130H Skibird. Arctic support variant with wheel-ski gear. WC-130H. Weather reconnaissance version of C-130H. C-130J Super Hercules. Current production version. C-130J-30 Super Hercules. Stretched version capable of larger payloads. WC-130J. Weather reconnaissance version of C-130J. Function: Tactical airlift. Operator: AETC, AMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: August 1954 (C-130A). Delivered: December 1956-present (C-130J). IOC: Circa Production: More than 2,200. Inventory: 244 (C-130H); 10 (LC-130H); eight (WC-130H); 104 (C-130J); 10 (WC-130J). Aircraft Location: Dobbins ARB, Ga.; Dyess AFB, Texas; Keesler AFB, Miss.; Little Rock AFB, Ark.; Maxwell AFB, Ala.; Minneapolis-St. Paul Arpt./ ARS, Minn.; Peterson AFB, Colo.; Pittsburgh Arpt., Pa.; Pope Field, N.C.; Ramstein AB, Germany; Yokota AB, Japan; Youngstown ARS, Ohio; and ANG in Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wyoming. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power Plant: Four Allison T56-A-7 turboprops (C-130E), 4,200 shp; four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops (C-130H), each 4,591 shp; four Rolls Royce AE2100D3 turboprops (C-130J), each 4,700 shp. Accommodation: E/H crew: two pilots, navigator, flight engineer, loadmaster. J/J-30 crew: two pilots, loadmaster. E/H/J load: up to 92 combat troops or 64 paratroopers or 74 litters or six cargo pallets or 16 Container Delivery System (CDS) bundles or any combination of these up to max weight for each version. J-30 load: 128 combat troops or 92 paratroopers or 97 litters or eight pallets or 24 CDS bundles or any combination of these up to max weight. Dimensions: Span ft, length 97.8 ft, height 38.8 ft.; J-30 length ft. Weight: Max T-O 155,000 lb (E/H/J), 164,000 lb (J-30); max payload 42,000 lb (E/H/J), 44,000 lb (J-30). Ceiling: With max payload, 19,000 ft (E), 23,000 ft (H), 26,000 ft (J), 28,000 (J-30). VC-25 Air Force One (Photographer s Mate 2nd Class Daniel McLain) Performance: Speed 345 mph (E), 366 mph (H), 417 mph (J), 410 mph (J-30); range with 35,000 lb payload 1,438 miles (E), 1,496 miles (H), 1,841 miles (J), 2,417 miles (J-30). VC-25 Air Force One Brief: Modified Boeing 747 used for presidential air transport. COMMENTARY The VC-25 is a specially configured Boeing B equipped to carry the President and his entourage. When the President is aboard, the VC-25 s radio reporting call sign is Air Force One. Aircraft are equipped with staff work areas, a conference room, a general seating area, and an executive office. Communications capability includes worldwide secure and clear communications, data links, and a full self-defensive suite. The fleet is operated by the Presidential Airlift Group at the 89th Airlift Wing. FY15 budget request supported ongoing modifications to extend service life. Ongoing mods include nitrogen fuel tank inerting and commercial wideband satcom. The Air Force plans to replace VC-25s with a modified version of Boeing s latest Intercontinental. The fleet has five years estimated service life remaining and requires life extension/upgrade to remain viable until replacement aircraft are fielded. Required mods launched in FY16 include protected satcom, chillers, nitrogen generation system, weather radar, digital/voice data, and network upgrades. Delivery of the first is expected in 2018, with initial operational capability in EXTANT VARIANT(S) VC-25A. Specially configured presidential support version of the Boeing B. Function: Presidential airlift. Operator: AMC. First Flight: First flown as Air Force One Sept. 6, Delivered: August-December IOC: Circa Production: Two. Inventory: Two. Aircraft Location: JB Andrews, Md. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Four General Electric CF6-80C2B1 turbofans, each 56,700 lb thrust. Accommodation: Crew: 26; load: up to 76 passengers. Dimensions: Span ft, length ft, height 63.4 ft. Weight: Max T-O 833,000 lb. Ceiling: 45,100 ft. Performance: Speed 630 mph, range 7,800 miles. HELICOPTERS HH-60 Pave Hawk Brief: Armed CSAR variant of the UH-60 Black Hawk capable of medevac, disaster and humanitarian response, and other support missions. HH-60 Pave Hawk in the foreground (SrA. Brian Ferguson) AIR FORCE Magazine / May

136 COMMENTARY The HH-60G is a highly modified Black Hawk helicopter. USAF acquired the HH-60G in the early 1980s. It has been in continuous use by Active Duty, ANG, and AFRC air rescue units since. Pave Hawk is equipped with an advanced INS/GPS/Doppler navigation systems, satcom, and secure/ anti-jam communications. It is fitted with a precision landing system (PLS) that aids location of survivor s radio. It includes automatic flight control, NVG lighting, FLIR, color weather radar, engine/rotor blade anti-ice system, in-flight refueling probe, additional fuel tanks, and an integral rescue hoist. Combat enhancements include a full self-defensive suite and two miniguns or.50-caliber guns. Future upgrades include new FLIR/Laser Radar turret to enhance situational awareness in low visibility condition, over-the-horizon comms for long-range ops in remote areas, and a rotor brake for shipboard operations. The Air Force announced plans to replace the fleet with the new HH-60W. This more powerful helicopter will incorporate improved hot/highaltitude performance, an enlarged cabin, and longer range. Delivery of up to 112 new-build helicopters is planned starting in FY19. Only 96 of the original 112 HH-60Gs remain in service, and USAF is in the process of converting 21 Army surplus UH-60Ls as loss replacements. EXTANT VARIANT(S) HH-60G. Modified UH-60 helicopter equipped for CSAR. HH-60U. Converted surplus UH-60L. Function: Personnel recovery/medium lift. Operator: ACC, AETC, AFMC, PACAF, USAFE-AFAFRICA, ANG, AFRC. First Flight: October Delivered: From IOC: Circa Production: 112. Inventory: 96 HH-60G; three HH-60U. Aircraft Location: Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Francis S. Gabreski Arpt., N.Y.; JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska; Kadena AB, Japan; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; Moffett Field, Calif.; Moody AFB, Ga.; Nellis AFB, Nev.; Patrick AFB, Fla.; RAF Lakenheath, UK. Contractor: United Technologies/Sikorsky. Power Plant: Two General Electric T700-GE-700/701C turboshafts, each 1,560-1,940 shp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots, flight engineer, gunner. Load: mission dependent. Dimensions: Rotor diameter 53.6 ft, overall length 64.7 ft, height 16.7 ft. Weight: Max T-O 22,000 lb. Ceiling: 14,000 ft. Performance: Speed 184 mph; range 580 miles. Armament: Two 7.62 mm miniguns or two.50-caliber machine guns. UH-1 Iroquois Brief: Utility helicopter used for ICBM missile field security and support, pilot training, and executive airlift. COMMENTARY The UH-1N aircraft initially provided search and rescue capabilities before replacing UH-1Hs in the ICBM field security and support roles. UH-1Ns currently provide administrative lift to the US National Capital Region and PACAF officials at Yokota AB, Japan, as well as supporting aircrew survival training at Fairchild AFB, Wash. The TH-1H fleet provides Air Force helicopter pilot training at Fort Rucker, Ala. With termination of the Common Vertical Lift Support Program (CVLSP), USAF may fly the 40-year-old UH-1N for at least another 10 years. USAF converted all single-engine UH-1H models to twin-engine TH-1H variants, extending their service lives at least 20 years. In light of CVLSP cancellation, AFGSC is modifying its UH-1N with NVG-capable cockpit, upgraded sensors, and safety and sustainment improvements. USAF launched the UH-1N Replacement Program in FY16 to recapitalize the fleet with 72 off-the-shelf helicopters suitable for later mission-specific modification. Contract award is expected in EXTANT VARIANT(S) TH-1H. Modified twin-engine version of UH-1H used for flight training. UH-1N. Military version of the Bell 212 used for utility support and light lift. Function: Light-lift/training. Operator: AETC, Air Force District of Washington, AFGSC, AFMC, PACAF. UH-1N Iroquois (A1C Dillon Johnston) 131 T-1A Jayhawk (Terry Wasson) First Flight: Delivered: From September 1970 (UH-1N). IOC: Circa Production: 28 TH-1H; 79 UH-1N. Inventory: 28 TH-1H; 62 UH-1N. Aircraft Location: Eglin AFB, Fla.; Fairchild AFB, Wash.; F. E. Warren AFB, Wyo.; Fort Rucker, Ala.; JB Andrews, Md.; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; Malmstrom AFB, Mont.; Minot AFB, N.D.; Yokota AB, Japan. Contractor: Bell, Lockheed Martin (TH-1H prime). Power Plant: TH-1H: one Honeywell T53-L-703 turboshaft, 1,800 shp. UH-1H: one Lycoming T53-L-13B turboshaft, 1,400 shp. UH-1N: two Pratt & Whitney Canada T400-CP-400 turboshafts, 1,290 shp. Accommodation: UH-1N crew: two pilots, flight engineer; load: up to 13 passengers (depending on fuel and atmospheric conditions) or up to six litters or, without seats, bulky, oversize cargo. Dimensions: TH-1H: rotor diameter 48 ft, length 57 ft, height 13 ft. UH-1N: rotor diameter 48 ft, length 57.1 ft, height 12.8 ft. Weight: Max gross 10,500 lb. Ceiling: 15,000 ft (10,000 ft with 10,000+ lb). Performance: (UH-1N) speed 149 mph, range 300+ miles. Armament: (Optional) two General Electric 7.62 mm miniguns or two 40 mm grenade launchers; two seven-tube 2.75-in rocket launchers. TRAINER AIRCRAFT T-1 Jayhawk Brief: Medium-range, twin-engine jet trainer used for pilot and CSO training. COMMENTARY The T-1A is a military version of Beechcraft 400A used in the advanced phase of JSUPT for students selected to fly tanker or transport aircraft and also used to train student CSOs. Cockpit seats an instructor and two students. Mods include UHF/VHF radios, INS, TACAN, airborne detection finder, increased bird-strike resistance, and an additional fuselage fuel tank. CSO training aircraft also have GPS-driven SAR and simulated RWR and have a second student and second instructor station. Upgrade efforts are focused on avionics modernization and include new MFD and terrain collision avoidance systems. Service life of 18,000 flying hours is estimated to keep the T-1 structurally airworthy to EXTANT VARIANT(S) T-1A. Military trainer version of Beechcraft 400A. Function: Advanced trainer. Operator: AETC. First Flight: Sept. 22, 1989 (Beechcraft 400A). Delivered: Jan. 17, 1992-July IOC: January Production: 180. Inventory: 178. Aircraft Location: Columbus AFB, Miss.; Laughlin AFB and JBSA-Randolph, Texas; Vance AFB, Okla.; NAS Pensacola, Fla. Contractor: Beechcraft. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-5B turbofans, each 2,900 lb thrust. Accommodation: Three pilots, two side by side, one to the rear. Dimensions: Span 43.5 ft, length 48.4 ft, height 13.9 ft. Weight: Max T-O 16,100 lb. Ceiling: 41,000 ft. Performance: Speed 538 mph, range 2,555 miles. T-6 Texan II Brief: Single-engine turboprop used for Air Force and Navy primary pilot training. COMMENTARY The T-6 is an Air Force and Navy trainer developed under the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System program and based on Swiss Pilatus PC-9. Mods include a strengthened fuselage, zero/zero ejection seats, upgraded engine, increased fuel capacity, pressurized cockpit, bird-resistant canopy, and digital avionics with sunlight readable LCDs. USAF aircraft replaced the T-37. The AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

137 Production: More than 1,100. Inventory: 54 T-38A; six AT-38B; 446 T-38C. Aircraft Location: Beale AFB and Edwards AFB, Calif.; Columbus AFB, Miss.; Holloman AFB, N.M.; JB Langley-Eustis, Va.; JBSA-Randolph and Sheppard AFB, Texas; Tyndall AFB, Fla.; Vance AFB, Okla.; Whiteman AFB, Mo. Contractor: Northrop Grumman. Power Plant: Two General Electric J85-GE-5 turbojets, each 2,900 lb thrust with afterburning. Accommodation: Two pilots in tandem ejection seats. Dimensions: Span 25.3 ft, length 46.3 ft, height 12.8 ft. Weight: Max T-O 12,093 lb. Ceiling: Above 55,000 ft. Performance: Speed 812 mph, range 1,093 miles. T-38 Talon (SrA. Kayla Newman) tandem student and instructor positions are interchangeable, including singlepilot operation from either seat. Aircraft is fully aerobatic and features an anti-g system. USAF production completed in 2010, with an expected service life of 21 years. The company-developed AT-6 light attack variant incorporates the A-10C s Combat Mission System and was developed and tested to meet potential permissive CAS requirements for USAF or FMS customers. FY16 funds support modifications to prevent avionics obsolescence and ensure airspace compliance, replacement of unavailable components, and updates to training aids. EXTANT VARIANT(S) T-6A. Joint service primary training aircraft, based on the Pilatus PC-9. T-6B. Navy-only variant. Function: Primary trainer. Operator: AETC, USN. First Flight: July 15, Delivered: From May 2000 (operational aircraft). IOC: November Production: Planned: 452 (USAF); 328 (USN). Inventory: 445 (USAF). Aircraft Location: USAF: Columbus AFB, Miss.; Laughlin AFB, JBSA- Randolph, and Sheppard AFB, Texas; Vance AFB, Okla. USN: NAS Corpus Christi, Texas; NAS Whiting, Fla.; NAS Pensacola, Fla. Contractor: Beechcraft (formerly Raytheon). Power Plant: One Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-68 turboprop, 1,100 shp. Accommodation: Two pilots, in tandem, on zero/zero ejection seats. Dimensions: Span 33.5 ft, length 33.4 ft, height 10.7 ft. Weight: Basic 6,500 lb. Ceiling: 31,000 ft. Performance: Speed 320 mph, range 1,035 miles. T-38 Talon Brief: A twin-engine, high-altitude, supersonic jet trainer used primarily for pilot and instructor training and training support for advanced-aircraft fleets. COMMENTARY The T-38 was the first supersonic trainer aircraft and is primarily used by AETC for advanced bomber-fighter training track in JSUPT and Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals training. The aircraft is used to teach supersonic techniques, aerobatics, formation, night and instrument flying, and crosscountry and low-level navigation. The T-38 is also used by the USAF Test Pilot School to train test pilots and flight-test engineers and by ACC and AFGSC as a companion trainer to maintain pilot proficiency. ACC uses regenerated T-38s as dedicated aggressor aircraft for F-22 training. T-38As underwent structural renewal during Pacer Classic I and II mods begun in 1984 to extend service life. T-38Bs are equipped with a gunsight and centerline hard point for mounting external stores such as an ECM pod or practice bomb dispenser. Aircraft were redesignated T-38Cs after undergoing avionics modernization to add glass cockpits with HUD, color MFDs, mission computer, and INS/GPS. T-38Cs were delivered from 2002 to Sustainment measures include replacement of major engine components to improve reliability and maintainability. The first T-38 upgraded under the Pacer Classic III program was completed in The structural renewal effort is the most intensive in the airframe s history and replaces major longerons, bulkheads/formers, intakes, internal skins, and structural floors. Boeing was awarded a major avionics modernization and integration contract in Service life is expected to USAF aims to field the next generation T-X aircraft with initial capability in EXTANT VARIANT(S) T-38A. Upgraded version with Pacer Classic I and II mods. AT-38B. Armed weapons training version. T-38C. Modernized airframes incorporating glass cockpits and upgraded engines. Function: Advanced trainer. Operator: ACC, AETC, AFGSC, AFMC. First Flight: April Delivered: IOC: March T-53 Brief: Military designated sport aircraft. COMMENTARY The T-53 is the military designated civilian Cirrus SR20, primarily used by USAFA s Powered Flight Program. It is an all-composite monoplane with advanced avionics and safety features that include GPS, Cirrus Airframe Parachute System, integrated fuselage roll cage, cuffed wing design, and other active and passive safety systems and features that are standard on Cirrus aircraft. EXTANT VARIANT(S) T-53A. Military designated Cirrus SR20. Function: Trainer. Operator: AETC. Delivered: Inventory: 24. Aircraft Location: USAFA, Colo. Contractor: Cirrus. Power Plant: One Continental IO-360-ES six-cylinder, fuel-injected, aircooled engine, 200 hp. Accommodation: Two, side by side, plus three passengers. Dimensions: Span 38.3 ft, length 26 ft, height 8.9 ft. Weight: Max T-O 3,050 lb. Ceiling: 17,500 ft. Performance: Speed 178 mph, range 690 miles. UV-18 Twin Otter Brief: Modified utility transport used for parachute jump training. COMMENTARY The UV-18 is a military variant of the civilian De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter. It is used at USAFA to support various parachuting activities and perform general utility missions. Special use includes supporting the Air Force Parachute Team, The Wings of Blue. EXTANT VARIANT(S) UV-18B. Military variant of the DHC-6 Twin Otter. Function: Utility. Operator: AETC. First Flight: May 1965 (commercial version). Delivered: 1977 (two); 1982 (one). IOC: Production: Three. Inventory: Three. Aircraft Location: USAFA, Colo. Contractor: De Havilland Canada. Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops, each 620 ehp. Accommodation: Crew: two pilots; load: up to 20 passengers. Dimensions: Span 65 ft, length 51.9 ft, height 18.7 ft. Weight: Max T-O 12,500 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Speed 210 mph, range 806 miles. REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT MQ-1 Predator Brief: Medium-altitude, long-endurance RPA, with ISR and strike capability. MQ-1 Predator (TSgt. Effrain Lopez) AIR FORCE Magazine / May

138 COMMENTARY The MQ-1 is a multimission weaponized RPA with near real-time FMV, packaged multispectral targeting system including laser designator/illuminator and EO/IR sensors. The fully operational system comprises four air vehicles, GCS, satellite link, and about 55 personnel for 24-hour operations. Became a fully USAF system in Systems armed with two Hellfire missiles since 2002, at which time designation changed from RQ-1 to MQ-1 to denote multimission capability. USAF forward deploys launch and recovery element (LRE) systems and support personnel for takeoff and landing operations, while the CONUS-based GCS conducts the mission via extended BLOS satcom data link. USAF received its last MQ-1B in March 2011, but continues to fund GCS and airframe mods. FY16 funds support integration of the latest Hellfire R missile, which replaces previous variants with a single, multitarget weapon. The service is also integrating the advanced Airborne Cueing and Exploitation System Hyperspectral Sensor (ACES HY). The MQ-1 is being replaced by the MQ-9, and USAF plans to retire the fleet by EXTANT VARIANT(S) MQ-1B. Armed version of the General Atomics Predator. Function: Armed reconnaissance/target acquisition. Operator: ACC, AFMC, AFSOC, ANG. First Flight: July Delivered: July 1994 (USAF from 1996) IOC: Production: 268 air vehicles. Inventory: 139. GCS Location: Cannon AFB, N.M.; Creech AFB, Nev.; Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; Ellington Field, Texas; Hector Arpt., N.D.; Holloman AFB, N.M.; Nellis AFB, Nev.; Springfield-Beckley Arpt., Ohio.; Whiteman AFB, Mo. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M.; Creech AFB, Nev.; Fort Polk Airfield, La.; Fort Huachuca, Ariz.; Grand Forks AFB, N.D.; Holloman AFB, N.M.; Whiteman AFB, Mo., and deployed locations worldwide. Contractor: General Atomics Aeronautical Systems. Power Plant: One Rotax 914F turbo engine. Accommodation: GCS: pilot, sensor operator. Dimensions: Span 55 ft, length 27 ft, height 6.9 ft. Weight: Max T-O 2,250 lb. Ceiling: 25,000 ft. Performance: Speed mph, range 770 miles, max endurance 40 hr. Armament: Two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles. MQ-9 Reaper Brief: Medium-to-high altitude, long-endurance RPA with persistent hunterkiller role. COMMENTARY The MQ-9B variant has been operational in Afghanistan since The RPA is capable of various mission profiles by combining various weapons and sensors payloads. The MQ-9B Reaper system comprises several aircraft, GCS, a Predator Primary Satellite Link (PPSL), spare equipment, and operations and maintenance crews for deployed 24-hour operations. The RPA is equipped with Multispectral Targeting System-B (MTS-B), integrating an EO/IR sensor, color/monochrome daylight TV camera, image-intensified TV camera, and laser designator/illuminator. Its MTS-B provides FMV as separate video streams or fused together, and the MQ-9 employs SAR for GBU-38 JDAM targeting. Development is underway to incorporate automatic takeoff and landing capability, Counter-Improvised Explosive Device (C- IED), Dismount Detection Radar (DDR), missile defense, and other sensor upgrades, weapons integration, and reliability enhancements to improve capability. Production shifted from MQ-9 Block 1 to Block 5 aircraft in Block 5 includes an improved electrical system and avionics bay, new radio and encrypted data links, digital engine control, high definition video, lighter bomb racks, and upgraded software, and is in operational testing. Efforts are underway to address battery overheating in hot climates to reduce aborted sorties. The Extended Range Reaper reached IOC, making its combat debut over Afghanistan in December Reaper ER adds external fuel tanks, a four bladed propeller, engine alcohol/water injection, heavyweight landing gear, longer wings and tail surfaces, and other enhancements. USAF awarded an initial contract for 38 Reaper ERs in MQ-9B Reaper (SSgt. Brian Ferguson) 133 RQ-4 Global Hawk (USAF photo) EXTANT VARIANT(S) MQ-9B Reaper Block 1. Air Force version of the General Atomics Predator B. MQ-9B Reaper Block 5. Improved, current production Reaper. MQ-9B Reaper ER. Extended range MQ-9 with external fuel tanks and other enhancements. Function: Attack/armed reconnaissance. Operator: ACC, AFMC, AFSOC, ANG. First Flight: February Delivered: November IOC: October Production: 346 (planned). Inventory: 165. GCS Location: Cannon AFB, N.M.; Creech AFB, Nev.; Ellsworth AFB, S.D.; Hancock Field, N.Y.; Holloman AFB, N.M.; March ARB, Calif.; Planned: Des Moines Arpt., Iowa; Niagara Falls Arpt., N.Y. Aircraft Location: Cannon AFB, N.M.; Creech AFB, Nev.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Fort Drum, N.Y.; Hancock Field, N.Y.; Holloman AFB, N.M.; March ARB, Calif.; Nellis AFB, Nev., and deployed locations worldwide. Contractor: General Atomics Aeronautical Systems; L3 Communications; Raytheon. Power Plant: One Honeywell TPE331-10GD turboprop, max 900 shp. Accommodation: GCS: pilot, sensor operator. Dimensions: Span 66 ft, length 36 ft, height 12.5 ft. Weight: Max T-O 10,500 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Cruise speed 230 mph, range 1,150 miles, endurance 14+ hr. Armament: Combination of AGM-114 Hellfires, GBU-12/49 Paveway IIs, and GBU-38 JDAMs. RQ-4 Global Hawk Brief: High-altitude, long-range, long-endurance RPA sensor platform. COMMENTARY The Global Hawk system consists of an aircraft with an integrated sensor suite, launch and recovery element (LRE), mission control element (MCE), and communications and mission planning equipment. Block 20 aircraft were initially delivered as an imagery intelligence (Imint) platform incorporating the Enhanced Integrated Sensor Suite (EISS). Four airframes were subsequently converted to EQ-4B communications relay platforms with the Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN), and three remain active. The Block 30 variant is a multi-intelligence platform equipped with EO/IR, SAR, as well as Sigint sensors and has supported combat operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya. The Block 40 ground surveillance platform is equipped with the Multiplatform Radar Technology Insertion Program (MP-RTIP) sensor suite that incorporates AESA and SAR to simultaneously gather stationary target imagery and intelligence and detect and track moving ground targets and cruise missiles. USAF reversed its FY13 decision to divest the Block 30 fleet, electing to instead retire the U-2 in Congress stipulated the RQ-4 demonstrate sensor parity with the U-2 before the fleet can be divested. A universal payload adapter is in development to enable the RQ-4 to carry new sensors, comparable to the U-2. Payloads under development include the MS-177 electro-optical sensor and integration of the U-2 s wet-film Optical Bar Camera. Initial sensor capability is planned circa Planned improvements include enhanced weather capabilities, ASIP increment I Sigint capability improvement, reliability, maintainability, and availability efforts, low cost modifications, and other efforts. SAR complex imagery upgrade launched in FY16. EXTANT VARIANT(S) Block 20. Communications relay platforms. Block 30. Multi-intelligence platform equipped with EO/IR and SAR sensors. Block 40. AESA and SAR equipped ground moving target indication (GMTI) and battlefield ISR platform. Function: High-altitude reconnaissance. Operator: ACC, AFMC. First Flight: Feb. 28, Delivered: From 1995 (ACTD versions). IOC: Block 30 August 2011; Block 40 FY15 (planned). Production: TBD. Inventory: 33. AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

139 Aircraft Location: Beale AFB, Calif.; Grand Forks AFB, N.D. Forward operating locations: Andersen AFB, Guam; Misawa AB, Japan; NAS Sigonella, Italy. Contractor: Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, L3 Communications. Power Plant: One Rolls Royce-North American F137-RR-100 turbofan, 7,600 lb thrust. Accommodation: One LRE pilot, one MCE pilot, one MCE sensor operator. Dimensions: Span ft, length 47.6 ft, height 15.3 ft. Weight: Max T-O 32,500 lb. Ceiling: 60,000 ft. Performance: Speed mph, range 10,000 miles. RQ-170 Sentinel Brief: Low-observable RPA. COMMENTARY Although the RQ-170 is still under development and test, USAF employed it in Southwest Asia for Enduring Freedom. The RPA was developed in response to DOD s call for additional RPA support for combatant commanders. USAF publicly acknowledged the aircraft after photos appeared in foreign news media of operations over Afghanistan in An RQ-170 strayed into Iranian airspace, crashed, and was captured during a mission in EXTANT VARIANT(S) RQ-170. No data available. Function: Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance. Operator: ACC. Aircraft Location: Detachments worldwide. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. FULL-SCALE AERIAL TARGETS QF-4 Phantom II Brief: Regenerated F-4 Phantom IIs converted as optionally manned aerial targets primarily to support missile and weapon systems development. COMMENTARY The QF-4 became USAF s Full-scale Aerial Target (FSAT) system in 1997 and was primarily used to support missile and weapon systems development, testing, and evaluation. The majority of flights were conducted with a safety pilot in the cockpit to facilitate air combat training and evaluation. For live-shot weapons tests or training, QF-4s flew in the not under live local operator (NULLO) control configuration, equipped with explosive charges to terminate flight if damaged, and 16 to 20 kills were conducted annually. Retired F/RF-4 airframes were refurbished and converted to drone configuration by BAE Systems, with installation of drone specific equipment including remote control, missile telemetry and scoring, and safe flight-termination systems. The final QF-4 was converted from an RF-4C and delivered in November QF-16s began replacing QF-4s in 2015, with Tyndall launching its final QF-4 sortie, May 27. EXTANT VARIANT(S) QF-4E. Converted from F-4E stocks, delivered starting in 2000 to QF-4G. Converted from retired F-4G airframes, delivered 1997 to QRF-4C. Converted from RF-4C stocks, delivered 2008 to Function: Full-scale aerial target. Operator: ACC. First Flight: June 30, 1967 (F-4E). Delivered: IOC: Production: 314. Inventory: 60. Aircraft Location: Holloman AFB, N.M. Contractor: Boeing (previously McDonnell Douglas), BAE Systems. Power Plant: Two General Electric J79-GE-17G afterburning turbojets, each 17,900 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: one pilot safety (optionally unmanned). Dimensions: Span 38 ft 15 in, length 63 ft 1 in, height 16 ft 6 in. Weight: Max T-O 62,000 lb. Ceiling: 60,000 ft. Performance: Speed 1,600 mph, range 1,300 miles. QF-16 Falcon Brief: Regenerated F-16 Falcons converted as optionally manned aerial targets primarily to support missile and weapon systems development. COMMENTARY The QF-16 is replacing the dwindling and obsolescent QF-4 Full-scale Aerial Target (FSAT) system stock, starting in FY15. Aircraft will primarily support missile and weapon systems development, testing, and evaluation. QF-16s are capable of manned or not under live local operator (NULLO) control operations. Boeing completed six conversions to support testing. QF-16 completed developmental testing in October 2013 and initial operational testing in September 2014, culminating in an AIM-9X live operational test shot to validate the QF-16 s missile scoring system. The first of LRIP QF-16 was delivered to Tyndall AFB, Fla., in early Boeing is under contract to deliver 62 converted airframes in three production lots through IOC is planned for mid-2016 and full operational capability for late Current efforts include improving EA pods and software to more accurately replicate adversary capabilities and tactics, preliminary development of two-seat trainer, and future F-16 block conversions. EXTANT VARIANT(S) QF-16A/B. Converted from retired F-16A/B Block 15. AIR FORCE Magazine / May QF-16C Falcon (MSgt. J. Scott Wilson) QF-16C/D. Converted from retired F-16C/D Block 25 and Block 30. Function: Full-scale aerial target. Operator: ACC. First Flight: May 4, Delivered: February IOC: 2016 (planned). Production: 126 (planned). Inventory: 25. Aircraft Location: Holloman AFB, N.M.; Tyndall AFB, Fla. Contractor: Lockheed Martin (previously General Dynamics), Boeing. Power Plant: Block 15: one Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 turbofan, 23,830 lb thrust. Block 25: one Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 turbofan, 23,830 lb thrust. Block 30: one General Electric F110-GE-100 turbofan, 28,984 lb thrust. Accommodation: Flight crew: one safety pilot (optionally unmanned). Dimensions: Span 32.8 ft, length 49.3 ft, height 16.7 ft. Weight: F-16A: empty (F100-PW-200) 16,285 lb; F-16C: empty (F110- GE-100) 18,238 lb. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Performance: Speed Mach 2, ferry range 2,002+ miles. STRATEGIC WEAPONS AGM-86 Air Launched Cruise Missile Brief: Small, air launched, subsonic winged air vehicle carrying either a nuclear or conventional warhead. COMMENTARY ALCM is programmed to conduct strategic attack nuclear or conventional on surface targets. Its small radar signature and low-level flight capability enhance the missile s effectiveness. The nuclear AGM-86B was the first production version. A total of 1,715 were delivered through USAF to cut inventory to 528 and consolidate at Minot AFB, N.D. The conventional AGM-86C, called CALCM, was first delivered in 1987, and few remain in the inventory. It was operationally employed for the first time in Desert Storm and widely used in subsequent operations. CALCM is capable of adverse weather, day/night, air-to-surface, accurate, standoff strike capability at ranges greater than 500 miles. Block 1A enhancements offer improved accuracy and increased immunity to electronic jamming. The AGM-86D is CALCM s Block II penetrator version with AUP-3(M) warhead. It provides standoff capability against hardened, deeply buried targets and was successfully used in Afghanistan. ALCM is undergoing a SLEP to stretch its in-service life to 2030 to allow for planned replacement by the Long-Range Standoff (LRSO) missile. USAF plans to field a nuclear missile by the late 2020s, possibly followed by a conventional derivative thereafter. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-86B. Nuclear ALCM variant. AGM-86C. Conventional CALCM variant. AGM-86D. Penetrating CALCM Block II variant. AGM-86B Air Launched Cruise Missile (SSgt. Roidan Carlson)

140 Function: Strategic air-to-surface cruise missile. Operator: AFGSC. First Flight: June 1979 (full-scale development). Delivered: From IOC: December 1982, Griffiss AFB, N.Y. Production: 1,715. Unit Location: Andersen AFB, Guam (conventional only); Barksdale AFB, La.; Minot AFB, N.D. Contractor: Boeing. Power Plant: Williams/Teledyne CAE F107-WR-10 turbofan, 600 lb thrust. Guidance: Inertial plus Terrain Contour Matching (B); inertial plus GPS (C/D). Warhead: W80-1 nuclear (B), blast/fragmentation conventional (C), hard target penetrating warhead (D). Dimensions: Span 12 ft, length 20.8 ft, body diameter 2 ft. Weight: 3,150 lb. Performance: Speed 550 mph (B), high subsonic (C/D); range 1,500+ miles (B), 690 miles (C/D). B61 Thermonuclear Bomb Brief: Air-dropped nuclear freefall weapon. COMMENTARY B61 is the primary strategic nuclear weapon for the B-2 bomber and equips both the F-16 and F-15E, providing forward deployed deterrence to allies. The weapon was first delivered in 1966 and the most recent B61 Mod 11 entered the inventory in Work is underway on the next B61 Mod 12 life extension program (LEP), which entered developmental testing in The LEP is aimed at improving the safety, security, and reliability of the weapon through 2040 and adds a new guided tail kit in addition to upgrading and refurbishing the warhead. The Air Force completed inert, developmental test drops in 2015, and production engineering work is scheduled to begin in B61-12 will consolidate the B61-3, -4, -7, and -10 weapons into a single, standardized configuration. The first production example is scheduled for delivery in 2020, and integration is planned on the B-2, F-16, F-15E, and eventually the F-35A. EXTANT VARIANT(S) B61. Current supersonic-droppable freefall thermonuclear weapon. B61 Mod 12. Upgraded, life-extended B61 with precision guided tail kit assembly. Function: Air-to-surface thermonuclear bomb. Delivered: From IOC: N/A. Contractor: Los Alamos National Laboratory (weapon); Boeing (B61-12 tail kit). Guidance: None (B61 Mod 1 to 11); N/A (B61 Mod 12). Warhead: One B61-3, -4, -7, -10, or -11. Dimensions: Length 11 ft 8 in., diameter 1 ft 1 in. Weight: 700 lb. Performance: N/A. LGM-30 Minuteman Brief: Silo-launched, solid-fuel ICBM capable of delivering one to three thermonuclear warheads with high accuracy over great distances. COMMENTARY Minuteman is a three-stage, solid-propellant ICBM housed in an underground silo. Minuteman III became operational in 1970, providing improved range, rapid retargeting, and the capability to place three re-entry vehicles on three targets with a high accuracy. It is the sole remaining US land-based ICBM. Major life extension program ensures viability to Ongoing mods, including updated warhead fuzes and start of guidance and propulsion mod programs, would extend that to USAF initially deployed 550, later reducing to 450 based at Malmstrom AFB, Mont., Minot AFB, N.D., and F. E. Warren AFB, Wyo. AFGSC completed reducing its deployed ICBMs to a single warhead in 2014, under limits imposed by the New START arms reduction agreement. EXTANT VARIANT(S) LGM-30G. Current Minuteman III variant. Function: Strategic surface-to-surface ballistic missile. Operator: AFGSC. First Flight: February Delivered: 1962-December IOC: December 1962, Malmstrom AFB, Mont. Production: 1,800. Inventory: 449 deployed; 246 nondeployed. Unit Location: F. E. Warren AFB, Wyo.; Malmstrom AFB, Mont.; Minot AFB, N.D. Contractor: Boeing. Propulsion: Stage 1: Thiokol M-55 solid-propellant motor, 202,600 lb thrust; stage 2: Aerojet General SR19-AJ-1 solid-propellant motor, 60,721 lb thrust; stage 3: Thiokol SR73-AJ-1 solid-propellant motor, 34,400 lb thrust. Guidance: Inertial guidance system. Warhead: One Mk 21 RV or one-three Mk 12/12A MIRVs. Dimensions: Length 59.9 ft, diameter 5.5 ft. Weight: 79,432 lb. Performance: Speed at burnout approx 15,000 mph, range 6,000+ miles. LONG-RANGE STANDOFF WEAPONS ADM-160 Miniature Air Launched Decoy Brief: Air launched programmable electronic warfare platform designed to thwart enemy integrated air defense systems (IADS). COMMENTARY MALD is a low-cost, state-of-the-art, modular, autonomous, and programmable flight vehicle that mimics US or allied aircraft to enemy IADS. MALD-J adds radar jamming capability to the basic decoy platform and can operate alone or in concert with other EW platforms. The jammer version is designed as an expendable, close-in jammer to degrade and deny an early warning or acquisition radar s ability to establish a track on strike aircraft. It also maintains the ability to fulfill the basic decoy mission. F-16 or B-52 are lead employment aircraft for MALD. USAF capped procurement in FY12, converting Lot 4 to the MALD-J variant. Plans call for 3,000, with 2,400 in the jammer version. USAF demonstrated a new data link in 2014 to potentially enable in-flight retargeting. Operational testing revealed material durability problems with both variants and navigational accuracy problems with MALD-J in GPS degraded/ denied environments. Both platforms are considered operationally effective, and efforts are underway to address shortcomings. EXTANT VARIANT(S) ADM-160B. MALD base decoy variant. ADM-160C. MALD-J jammer/decoy variant. Function: Aircraft decoy; close-in radar jammer. First Flight: 1999 (MALD); 2009 (MALD-J). Delivered: From September 2012 (MALD-J). IOC: N/A. Contractor: Raytheon. Guidance: GPS/INS. Dimensions: Span 5.6 ft (extended), length 9.3 ft. Weight: Less than 300 lb. Performance: Range up to 575 miles, endurance 90 minutes (50 minutes on-station loiter). AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon Brief: Low-cost glide weapons with a standoff capability. COMMENTARY JSOW is a joint USAF and Navy family of medium-range, GPS/INS guided, standoff air-to-ground weapons. They are used to attack a variety of soft and armored area targets during day and night and adverse weather conditions. The baseline BLU-97 CEM variant is used against soft and area targets. The BLU-108 variant provides anti-armor capability. The AGM-154C incorporates an additional imaging IR seeker and is intended for use against hardened, stationary targets. Operational testing of a new AGM-154C-1 variant that adds moving, maritime strike capability to the baseline C variant began in April EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-154A. Baseline BLU-97 CEM variant for soft/area targets. AGM-154B. The BLU-108 submunition variant for anti-armor. AGM-154C. Imaging IR guided variant for hardened tactical targets. Function: Air-to-surface guided missile. First Flight: December Delivered: (USAF). IOC: 2000 (USAF). Contractor: Raytheon. Guidance: GPS/INS. Warhead: See variants above. Dimensions: length 13.3 ft, diameter 13 in. Performance: range 13.8 miles low altitude, 73 miles high altitude. LGM-30G Minuteman III (USAF) AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile Brief: Advanced weapon designed to precisely attack heavily defended targets at extended, standoff range. 135 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

141 AGM-158 JASSM (A1C Joel Pfiester) COMMENTARY JASSM is a joint USAF-Navy autonomous precision strike weapon. It can attack both fixed and relocatable targets, including moderately hardened buried targets. The base variant is a stealthy low-cost airframe equipped with GPS/ INS guidance and IIR terminal seeker. The base variant is integrated on the B-52H, F-16 Block 50, B-1B, B-2, and F-15E. Planned integration includes F-16 Blocks and F-35A. The JASSM-Extended Range (JASSM-ER) version utilizes same baseline body but new engine and fuel system that increases range to more than 500 miles. The ER variant was cleared for combat use on the B-1B in Full rate production of the ER began the same year and JASSM production shifts to ER-only in FY16. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-158A JASSM. Base variant. AGM-158B JASSM-ER. Extended-range variant. Function: Air-to-surface guided weapon. First Flight: April 8, Delivered: Through FY19 (planned). IOC: September Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Honeywell. Power Plant: Teledyne Continental Motors turbojet (baseline); Williams Intl. turbofan (ER). Guidance: GPS/INS and IIR terminal seeker. Warhead: 1,000-lb class penetrator. Dimensions: Length 14 ft. Performance: 1,000-lb dual mode penetrator/blast-fragmentation warheads; range 200+ miles (baseline), 500+ miles (ER). AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES AIM-9 Sidewinder Brief: Short-range, supersonic, IR guided air-to-air missile with HE warhead, carried by fighter aircraft. COMMENTARY Sidewinder was developed by the Navy for fleet air defense and adapted by USAF for fighter aircraft use. Early versions were used extensively in the Vietnam War. The AIM-9M is a joint Navy-USAF, all-altitude, all-aspect, launch-and-leave intercept missile. It has improved defense against IR countermeasures, background discrimination, and reduced-smoke rocket motor. It first flew in AIM-9X is the newest jointly funded variant. It employs passive IR tracking, jet-vane steering for increased maneuverability, and Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) compatibility. The AIM-9X was cleared for full rate production in September 2015, and an F-35A conducted its first live-fire with the weapon in early EXTANT VARIANT(S) AIM-9M. Early variant. AIM-9M-9. Expanded anti-countermeasure capability variant. AIM-9X. Newest, highly maneuverable, JHMCS compatible variant. Function: Air-to-air missile. AIM-9 Sidewinder (MSgt. Toby Valadie) AGM-65G Maverick (Sgt. 1st Class Joe Belcher) First Flight: September Delivered: 1957-present. AIM-9M deliveries began 1983; AIM-9X May IOC: Circa 1983 (9M); 2003 (9X). Contractor: Raytheon, Loral. Propulsion: Thiokol Hercules and Bermite Mk 36 Mod 11 solid-propellant rocket motor. Guidance: Solid-state IR homing guidance. Warhead: Annular blast fragmentation. Dimensions: Span 2.1 ft, length 9.4 ft, diameter 5 in. Performance: Speed Mach 2+, range 10+ miles. AIM-120 AMRAAM Brief: Supersonic, medium-range, active radar guided air-to-air missile with HE warhead. COMMENTARY AMRAAM is a joint USAF-Navy follow-on to the AIM-7 Sparrow with launchand-maneuver capability. The AIM-120B is an upgraded, reprogrammable variant of the original missile. The AIM-120C incorporated smaller control surfaces for internal carriage on F-22 and F-35 and a high-angle off-boresight (HOBS) launch capability. AIM-120D completed operational testing in The latest variant will offer improved range, GPS-assisted guidance, updated data links, and jam resistance, in addition to greater lethality. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AIM-120B. Upgraded, reprogrammable variant of AIM-120A. AIM-120C. Production variant optimized for the F-22/F-35. AIM-120D. Latest variant with GPS guidance, improved range, lethality, and jam-resistance. Function: Air-to-air guided missile. First Flight: December Delivered: From IOC: September Contractor: Raytheon. Propulsion: Alliant boost-sustain solid-propellant rocket motor. Guidance: Active radar terminal/inertial midcourse. Warhead: Blast fragmentation. Dimensions: Span 1.7 ft, length 12 ft, diameter 7 in. Performance: Speed supersonic, range 20+ miles. AIR-TO-GROUND WEAPONS AGM-65 Maverick Brief: A tactical, TV-, IIR-, or laser-guided standoff air-to-surface missile designed for CAS, interdiction, and defense suppression missions. COMMENTARY Maverick was first employed during the Vietnam War and was used extensively in Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom. It is integrated on the A-10 and F-16 for use against tanks and columns of vehicles and in the SEAD role. AGM-65B is a launch-and-leave, EO TV guided missile, equipped with a scene magnification TV seeker allowing pilot to identify and lock on to smaller or distant targets. The AGM-65D employs an IIR seeker to overcome daylight-only, adverse weather limits of B variant and became operational in 1986 on the A-10. The AGM-65E is a laser guided version with a heavyweight penetrator warhead. The AGM-65G uses an IIR seeker with software mods to track larger targets. It employs a heavyweight penetrator warhead, digital autopilot, and a pneumatic actuation system. It was fielded in The AGM-65H is an upgraded B variant with increased capability that recently completed a tracker upgrade. The AGM-65K is a modified G variant, replacing IR guidance system with EO TV guided seeker. It is also undergoing a tracker upgrade. The AGM-65L is the newest laser Maverick, designed to strike high-speed moving targets, using an EO TV seeker with new semi-active laser (SAL) components. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-65B. A launch-and-leave EO TV seeker variant. AGM-65D. Adverse weather B variant. AGM-65E. Laser guided version heavyweight penetrator variant. AGM-65G. IIR seeker heavyweight penetrator variant. AGM-65H. Upgraded B variant. AGM-65K. Modified EO TV seeker G variant. AIR FORCE Magazine / May

142 AGM-114 Hellfire (TSgt. Scott Reed) AGM-65L. Laser guided EO TV seeker variant for fast moving targets. Function: Air-to-surface guided missile. First Flight: August Delivered: From August IOC: February Contractor: Raytheon. Propulsion: Thiokol TX-481 solid-propellant rocket motor. Guidance: EO TV guidance system (B/H/K); IIR seeker (D/G); laser seeker (E). Warhead: 125-lb cone-shaped (B/D/H); 300-lb delayed-fuse penetrator (E/G/K). Dimensions: Span 2.3 ft, length 8.2 ft, diameter 12 in. Performance: Classified. AGM-88 HARM Brief: Tactical air-to-surface missile designed to home in on enemy radar emissions to destroy radar-equipped air defense sites. COMMENTARY HARM is a joint USAF-Navy weapon. It attains great velocity and is able to cover wide range of frequencies with use of programmable digital processors in carrier aircraft s avionics and missile. It is highly effective against enemy ground radar and is carried by USAF F-16CJs dedicated to SEAD mission. AGM-88B is equipped with erasable and electronically programmable readonly memory, permitting in-field changes to missile memory. The AGM-88C is the current production model with a more lethal warhead. Raytheon began HARM Control Section Mod (HCSM) in 2013 to convert current models to more precise AGM-88Fs incorporating improved GPS/INS guidance, anti-counter measure performance, and reduced risk of collateral damage. The variant was recently cleared for full production. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-88B. Early production variant. AGM-88C. Current production variant. AGM-88F. Upgraded variant with greater accuracy and precision. Function: Air-to-surface anti-radiation missile. First Flight: April Delivered: IOC: Circa Contractor: Raytheon. Propulsion: Thiokol dual-thrust, solid-propellant rocket motor. Guidance: Proportional with fixed antenna and seeker head in missile nose. Warhead: HE fragmentation. Dimensions: Span 3.7 ft, length 13.7 ft, diameter 10 in. Performance: Speed supersonic, range 30+ miles. AGM-114 Hellfire Brief: Laser guided air-to-ground missile capable of low-collateral anti-armor and anti-personnel attack. COMMENTARY Hellfire is a precision, low-collateral air-to-ground missile utilizing semi-active laser guidance. Missiles are used on the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper, CBU-87/89/104 (SMSgt. John S. Chapman) 137 and AFSOC has looked at integrating the weapons onto its AC-130W gunships. Hellfire is procured through the Army, and numerous variants are utilized based on overseas contingency demands. An MQ-1 Predator successfully fired an AGM-114 for the first time in February It was employed in combat for the first time in Afghanistan on Oct. 7, USAF is working to integrate the latest AGM-114R onto the MQ-1. The Romeo variant replaces several types with a single, multitarget weapon. The Army had to divert missiles to the Air Force in 2015 to replace stocks severely depleted by RPAs expending the weapons in combat over Iraq and Syria. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-114. Numerous subvariants, depending on target and mission requirements. Function: Air-to-surface guided missile. First Flight: Feb. 16, 2000 (USAF). Delivered: September IOC: N/A. Contractor: Boeing, Lockheed Martin. Propulsion: Solid-propellant rocket motor. Guidance: EO TV guidance system (B/H/K); IIR seeker (D/G); laser seeker (E). Warhead: Shaped charge and blast fragmentation. Dimensions: Span 28 in, length 5.33 ft, diameter 17 in. Performance: Subsonic. AGM-176 Griffin Brief: GPS and inertial guided air-to-ground missile with semi-active laser seeker for highly accurate, low-collateral attack. COMMENTARY Griffin is a light, low cost, multiservice air-launched weapon with GPS-aided inertial guidance and semi-active laser seeker. The AGM-176A forms part of the PSP employed on AFSOC s AC-130W Dragon Spear attack aircraft and is planned for the AC-130J Ghostrider. The AGB-176B is employable on RPAs. EXTANT VARIANT(S) AGM-176A. Aft-ejecting missile employed as part of the PSP. AGM-176B. Forward-firing variant optimized for light aircraft/rpas. Function: Air-to-surface guided missile. First Flight: Feb. 16, 2000 (USAF). Delivered: September IOC: N/A. CBU-87/103 Combined Effects Munition Brief: Area munition effective against light armor, materiel, and personnel, utilized for interdiction. COMMENTARY CEM is a cluster-bomb family of weapons that can be delivered as a lowaccuracy free-fall weapon or with near precision, given installation of a simple tail kit. It is employed by both USAF and Navy fighters and bombers. CBU-87 is an unguided gravity weapon that dispenses BLU-97 shaped-charge antipersonnel/anti-materiel fragmentary/incendiary bomblets over the target in rectangular pattern. CBU-103 incorporates a Wind-Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD) tail kit to increase accuracy when released from medium to high altitude. EXTANT VARIANT(S) CBU-87. Anti-personnel/anti-materiel cluster bomb. CBU-103. Variant with WCMD tail kit. Function: Area munition. Contractor: Aerojet General, Honeywell, Alliant Tech. Guidance: None (CBU-87). Dimensions: Length 7.7 ft, diameter 15 in. Performance: Dispenses 202 BLU-97 combined effects bomblets over an area roughly 800 ft x 400 ft. CBU-89/104 Gator Brief: Anti-armor/anti-personnel mine dispenser deployed for interdiction. COMMENTARY The Gator weapons system provides low-cost means to rapidly seed a battlefield with mines delivered from high speed by USAF and Navy fighters and bombers. It is able to destroy armor. The CBU-89 gravity weapon dispenses 72 anti-tank and 22 anti-personnel mines over target in a circular pattern. Anti-tank mines can be time-fuzed for three different delays. Magnetic fuzing is also incorporated. The CBU-104 adds a WCMD tail kit for increased accuracy when released from medium to high altitude. EXTANT VARIANT(S) CBU-89. Anti-armor/anti-personnel mine dispensing weapon. CBU-104. Variant with WCMD tail kit. Function: Scatterable mines. Contractor: Honeywell, Aerojet General, Olan, Alliant Tech. Guidance: None (CBU-89). Dimensions: Length 7.7 ft, diameter 15 in. Performance: Dispenses 72 BLU-91 anti-armor and 22 BLU-92 anti-personnel mines. CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon Brief: Anti-armor munition capable of destroying multiple moving and stationary land combat vehicles per pass. COMMENTARY Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) is a tactical munitions dispenser with a payload of 10 BLU-108 submunitions, each containing four skeet projectiles, AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

143 totaling 40 lethal, target-seeking projectiles. The skeet s active laser and passive IR sensors can detect a vehicle s shape and IR signature; if no target is detected, the warhead detonates at preset time. Primary targets are massed tanks, armored personnel carriers, and self-propelled targets. CBU-105 is a basic gravity-type 1,000-lb SFW with a WCMD tail kit. It can be delivered from high altitude and in adverse weather. It debuted in combat in Iraq in EXTANT VARIANT(S) CBU-105. CBU-97 with WCMD tail kit. Function: Wide-area munition. First Flight: Circa IOC: Contractor: Textron Systems. Guidance: IR sensors in each warhead. Dimensions: Length 7.7 ft, diameter 15 in. Performance: Delivers 40 lethal projectiles over an area of about 500 ft x 1,200 ft. CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon Brief: Area munition used to inflict minimal collateral and environmental damage attacking nonhardened surface targets. COMMENTARY Passive Attack Weapon glides toward its target after release. Before impact, its inner chamber begins to rotate, and the projectiles are ejected in rapid succession by centrifugal force, penetrating targets within a 200-ft radius. The weapon contains various-size, penetrating projectiles but no explosive. Full production was completed in six months. The weapon was used during Iraqi Freedom. EXTANT VARIANT(S) CBU-107A. Centrifugally dispersed, armor-penetrating weapon. Function: Wide-area munition. First Flight: IOC: December Contractor: General Dynamics, kinetic energy penetrator payload and canister; Lockheed Martin, WCMD; Textron, tactical munition dispenser kit. Guidance: Via WCMD. Dimensions: Length 7.7 ft, diameter 15 in. Performance: Delivers a high-speed volley of nearly 4,000 metal projectiles in three sizes from a single canister; projectiles: 15 in rods (350), 7 in rods (1,000), and small-nail size (2,400). GBU-10/12/49 Paveway II Brief: Laser guided free-fall bomb used for targets at short standoff range. COMMENTARY The Paveway II kit is a folding wing version of the earlier, fixed wing Paveway I, with seeker and reliability improvements. GBU-10 is the Paveway II seeker and tail kit mounted on a 2,000-lb general-purpose bomb and primarily used against nonhardened targets. It is, however, capable of penetration. The GBU-12 uses a 500-lb bomb body and is primarily used against stationary armored targets. GBU-49 is also a 500-lb body, but adds GPS guidance for all-weather precision delivery. The weapons can be employed from under 2,500 ft and from up to 40,000 ft. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-10. Laser/GPS guided 2,000-lb bomb. GBU-12. Laser guided 500-lb bomb. GBU-49. Laser/GPS guided 500-lb bomb. Function: Air-to-surface guided munition. First Flight: Early 1970s. IOC: Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Raytheon. Guidance: Semi-active laser. Warhead: Mk 84 bomb 2,000 lb (GBU-10); Mk lb blast/fragmentation bomb (GBU-12/49). Dimensions: Span 5.5 ft, length approx 14.8 ft, diameter 18 in (GBU-10); span 4.4 ft, length 10.8 ft, diameter in (GBU-12/49). Performance: CEP 29.7 ft, range 9.2 miles (GBU-10); CEP 29.7 ft, range about six miles (GBU-12/49). GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb (MSgt. Lance Cheung) GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (MSgt. Andrew J. Moseley) GBU-24/28 Paveway III Brief: Advanced laser guided free-fall bomb used against high-value targets from medium standoff range and any altitude. COMMENTARY Paveway III is the third generation laser guided seeker/tail kit package. Its advanced guidance enables greater precision over Paveway II, and its high-lift airframe enables longer glide slopes for greater standoff employment. It can be dropped from low, medium, or high altitude and is effective against a broad range of high-value targets. GBU-24 is fitted to a 2,000-lb bomb body, with a BLU-109 penetrating warhead. GBU-28 variants are large 5,000-lb class air-to-ground penetrating warhead developed for use against Iraq s deeply buried, hardened C2 facilities, used for the first time in 1991 during Desert Storm. The GBU-28B adds GPS/INS guidance to the existing laser seeker for all-weather targeting and entered production in The GBU-28C adds a more powerful penetrating BLU-122 warhead in addition to the enhanced guidance package and entered production in EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-24. Laser guided 2,000-lb penetrating bomb. GBU-28B/B. Laser/GPS/INS guided 5,000-lb penetrating bomb. GBU-28C/B. Laser/GPS/INS guided 5,000-lb improved penetrating bomb. Function: Air-to-surface penetrating glide bomb. First Flight: GBU-24 in service May IOC: 1986 (GBU-24); 1991 (GBU-28). Contractor: Raytheon. Guidance: Semi-active laser. Warhead: BLU-109 2,000-lb bomb (GBU-24); BLU-113 or BLU-122 5,000-lb bombs (GBU-28). Dimensions: Span 6.7 ft, length 14.4 ft, diameter 18 in (GBU-24); length approx 20 ft, diameter 15 in (GBU-28). Performance: Range more than 11 miles (GBU-24); range more than 5.75 miles (GBU-28). GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) Brief: GPS/INS guided family of weapons designed for highly accurate, autonomous, all-weather conventional attack. COMMENTARY JDAM is a joint USAF-Navy program that upgrades the existing inventory of general-purpose bombs by integrating them with a GPS/INS guidance kit to provide accurate all-weather attack from medium/high altitudes. The weapons acquire targeting information from the aircraft s avionics system. After release, an inertial guidance kit directs the weapon, aided by periodic GPS updates. JDAM seeker/tail kits can be mounted on general-purpose (GP) or penetrating warheads in each weight class. A JDAM kit is under development for the 5,000-lb BLU-113 penetrating weapon, slated for integration and flight testing and on the F-15E in FY16. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-31. GPS/INS guided 2,000-lb GP, or BLU-109 penetrating weapon. GBU-32. GPS/INS guided 1,000-lb GP, or BLU-110 penetrating weapon. GBU-38. GPS/INS guided 500-lb GP, or BLU-111 penetrating weapon. Function: Air-to-surface guided bomb. First Flight: Oct. 22, IOC: Contractor: Boeing, Textron, Honeywell. Guidance: GPS/INS. Warhead: 2,000-lb Mk 84/BLU-109 (GBU-31), 1,000-lb Mk 83/BLU-110 (GBU- 32), 500-lb Mk 82/BLU-111 (GBU-38). Dimensions: Span 25 in (GBU-31), 19.6 in (GBU-32), 14 in (GBU-38); length (with JDAM and warhead) approx 12 ft (GBU-31), 10 ft (GBU-32), 7.8 ft (GBU-38). Performance: Range up to 15 miles, CEP with GPS 16.4 ft, CEP with INS only 98 ft. GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb I/II Brief: Limited-yield, standoff precision guided munition. COMMENTARY SDB is a low-yield, all-weather, precision guided munition designed to limit AIR FORCE Magazine / May

144 GBU-43B Massive Ordnance Air Blast Bomb (Courtesy photo) collateral damage and strike targets from up to 46 miles away. Its size allows it to be carried in fighters and bombers internal weapons bays or to increase overall loadout to enable more independent strikes per sortie. SDB I employs an advanced anti-jam GPS/INS and acquires target coordinates before release. Several SDBs can be simultaneously released against multiple targets. The weapon was first employed in combat by an F-15E over Iraq in SDB II is a joint USAF-Navy developmental program designed to provide the capability to attack moving targets as well, from standoff range, in all weather. SDB II adds a millimeter-wave radar, uncooled IIR, and semi-active laser packaged into a tri-mode seeker to track moving targets. The bomb is retargetable after release. Improvements include reduced susceptibility to countermeasures and network-enabled capability through Link 16 and UHF data links. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-39B SDB I. GPS/INS guided 250-lb low-yield bomb. GBU-53/B SDB II. Tri-mode guided 250-lb low-yield bomb. First Flight: May 23, 2003 (guided SDB I); 2012 (SDB II). IOC: Oct. 2, Production: 24,000 (planned) (SDB I); 12,000 (planned) (SDB II). Contractor: Boeing; Raytheon. Guidance: GPS/INS (SDB I); Tri-mode seeker millimeter-wave radar, uncooled IIR, and digital semi-active laser (SDB II). Warhead: 250-lb class penetrating blast fragmentation munition. Dimensions: Bomb: length 6 ft, width 7.5 in; BRU-61/A carriage (four bombs) length 12 ft, width 16 in, height 16 in. Performance: Near-precision capability at standoff range up to 46 miles. GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) Bomb Brief: Massive weapon designed to destroy large area or buried targets. COMMENTARY MOAB is the largest satellite guided, air-delivered weapon ever employed. The conventional HE bomb is GPS guided, with fins and inertial gyro for pitch and roll. It was developed in only nine weeks to be available for the 2003 Iraq campaign and given name Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) but unofficially known as Mother of All Bombs. The weapon is designed for deployment from the ramp of a C-130 without a parachute. It provides power to attack large area targets or enemy hidden in tunnels or caves. A total of 18,700 lb of the weapon s 21,000-lb weight is attributed to BLU-120/B warhead. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-43/B. GPS guided 18,000-lb bomb. Function: Massive guided bomb. Guidance: GPS/INS. Warhead: BLU-120/B 18,000-lb HE. Dimensions: Length 30 ft, diameter 3.3 ft. GBU-54 Laser JDAM Brief: GPS/INS guided weapon equipped with additional laser seeker and designed for highly accurate, autonomous, all-weather conventional attack against fixed and moving targets. COMMENTARY LJDAM is a joint USAF-Navy development that combines a laser guidance kit with the GPS/INS-based navigation of existing GBU-38 JDAM. The current LJDAM is a dual mode 500-lb guided weapon capable of attacking moving targets with precision. It was developed as an urgent operational need, and testing was completed in less than 17 months. It was first delivered in May 2008 and deployed in combat in Iraq three months later. FY15 budget was to continue production at low rate. Boeing is also developing GBU-31 and GBU-32 variants. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-54 Laser JDAM. Laser/GPS/INS guided 500-lb bomb. Function: Air-to-surface guided bomb. First Flight: IOC: Contractor: Boeing. Guidance: GPS/INS with laser. Warhead: Mk lb munition. Dimensions: Length (with JDAM and warhead) approx 8 ft. Performance: Range up to 15 miles. AEHF Satellite (USAF illustration) GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator Brief: Massive GPS guided, earth-penetrating weapon used against hard and deeply buried targets. COMMENTARY MOP was developed and tested through a USAF and Defense Threat Reduction Agency partnership in Flight testing was conducted from 2008 to 2010, when the program transitioned to USAF. Boeing received contract in 2009 for B-2A bomber integration, which was completed in June A B-2 successfully test-dropped the GBU-57 at White Sands Missile Range, N.M., in 2014 and twice in The recent tests proved the effectiveness of several enhancements and cleared the way for continued testing and potential early fielding, though the Air Force s recommendation is classified. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GBU-57B. GPS guided 5,300-lb penetrating weapon. Function: Massive PGM. Guidance: GPS. Warhead: 5,300-lb HE. Dimensions: length 20.5 ft, diameter 31.5 in. SATELLITE SYSTEMS Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) Satellite System Brief: Satcom constellation providing global, secure, protected, and jamresistant military communication. COMMENTARY AEHF is replacing existing Milstar satellites and operates at much higher capacity and data rate. It offers secure, anti-jam tactical and strategic communications around the world. AEHF uses cross-linked satellites, eliminating the need for ground relay stations. The program is a collaboration with Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The AEHF system achieved IOC on July 28, 2015, and is now ready for operational use. SV-4 is scheduled to launch in 2017, paving the way for full operational capability. Extant Systems AEHF SV-1. Launched in 2010, on orbit and operational. AEHF SV-2. Launched in 2012, on orbit and operational. AEHF SV-3. Launched in 2013, on orbit and operational. AEHF SV-4. Planned for launch in Function: Communications. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: August IOC: 2017 (planned). Constellation: Four. Design Life: 14 years. Launch Vehicle: Atlas V. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: Geosynchronous at 22,000+ miles. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman. Power: Solar arrays generating 20,000 watts. Dimensions: Length 31 ft, width 98 ft (with full solar array extension). Weight: 13,400 lb. Performance: 24-hr low, medium, and extended data rate connectivity from 65 north to 65 south latitude worldwide. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Brief: Satellite constellation used to collect air, land, sea, and space environmental data in support of worldwide military operations. COMMENTARY DMSP provides timely and high-quality weather information to strategic and tactical combat units worldwide. It uses operational linescan sensor to image cloud cover in visible and thermal IR and analyze cloud patterns. It is equipped with microwave imagers and sounders and a suite of space environment sensors that provide critical land, sea, and space environment data. Block 5D-3 improved spacecraft bus and sensors for longer and more capable missions. Six operational DMSP satellites now survey the entire Earth four times a day. The last was launched in One spacecraft (DMSP-20) remains to be launched after DMSP-19 was successfully launched into orbit on April 3, 139 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

145 2014. The oldest operational satellite in the constellation, DSMP-13, suffered an apparent electrical short and exploded, creating a cloud of debris in space on Feb. 3, USAF is considering requirements for a follow-on system. EXTANT VARIANT(S) Block 5D-3. Improved spacecraft bus and sensors for longer, more capable missions. Function: Space and Earth environmental data collection. Operator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). First Launch: May 23, IOC: Constellation: Two low Earth orbit (LEO). Design Life: 48 months. Launch Vehicle: Delta IV; Atlas V. Operational Location: NOAA Satellite Operations Facility, Suitland, Md. Orbit Altitude: Approx 527 miles. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman. Power: Solar arrays generating 1,200-1,300 watts. Dimensions: Length 25 ft (with array deployed), width 4 ft. Weight: 2,545 lb, incl 772-lb sensor; 2,270 lb with 592-lb sensor payload. Performance: Polar orbits, cover Earth in about 6 hr, primary sensor scans 1,800-mile-wide area. Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) Brief: Joint service satellite system providing high-capacity communications for deployed air, land, and sea forces. COMMENTARY DSCS is the workhorse of US military s SHF communications system. It provides military communications to troops in the field and commanders worldwide. The last of 14 DSCS IIIs launched in AFSPC deactivated its two oldest DSCS satellites, B-12 in July 2014 and DSCS-10 in June B-12 exceeded its designed lifespan by 12 years. The final four DSCS satellites received SLEP before launch, providing higher power amplifiers, more sensitive receivers, and increased antenna connection options. The satellites also carry a single channel transponder to disseminate emergency action and force direction messages to nuclear-capable forces. EXTANT VARIANT(S) DSCS III. Current base on orbit variant. DSCS III. SLEP. Upgrade configuration of last four satellites launched. Function: Communications. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: DSCS II 1971; DSCS III 1982; DSCS III/SLEP IOC: Dec. 13, 1978 (DSCS II). Constellation: Five (III); 14 deployed/seven currently operational. Design Life: 10 yr (III). Launch Vehicle: Atlas II and EELV. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: 22,000+ miles in geosynchronous orbit. Contractor: Lockheed Martin. Power: Solar arrays generating 1,269 watts, decreasing to 980 watts after 10 yr; 1,500 watts (SLEP). Dimensions: Rectangular body 6 x 6 x 7 ft, 38-ft span with solar arrays deployed. Weight: 2,580 lb; 2,716 lb (SLEP). Performance: Employ six independent SHF transponder channels for secure voice and high-rate data communications. Defense Support Program (DSP) Brief: Ballistic missile early warning spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit, guarding US forces and the US homeland against attack. GPS III (Lockheed Martin illustration) GSSAP (USAF illustration) COMMENTARY DSP is a key part of North American and theater early warning systems. It is capable of detecting missile launches and nuclear detonations and was originally aimed at the Soviet military. It was used extensively in 1991 Gulf War to detect Iraqi theater missile launches against coalition forces and allies in the region. The 23rd and final DSP satellite launched in December Block 5 is the latest variant and is more survivable than predecessors. It includes a medium wavelength IR sensor for more mission utility and accommodates 6,000 detectors. Nine Block 5 satellites were deployed between 1989 and EXTANT VARIANT(S) Block 5. Most current on-orbit version. Function: Strategic and tactical launch detection. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: November IOC: Circa Constellation: Classified. Design Life: Three-year requirement and five-year goal. Launch Vehicle: Titan IV with inertial upper stage; Delta IV Heavy EELV. Operational Location: Buckley AFB, Colo.; Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: Geosynchronous at 22,000+ miles. Contractor: TRW (now Northrop Grumman), Aerojet. Power: Solar arrays generating 1,485 watts. Dimensions: Diameter 22 ft, height 32.8 ft, with solar paddles deployed. Weight: Approx 5,200 lb. Performance: Uses IR sensors to sense heat from missile and booster plumes against Earth s background. Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP) Brief: Space-based platform to track and characterize manmade objects in geosynchronous orbit to aid safety and avoidance. COMMENTARY GSSAP are neighborhood watch satellites that augment the legacy Space Based Space Surveillance (SBSS) system. SBSS tracks and classifies manmade objects in low Earth orbit, and GSSAP extends this coverage to geosynchronous orbit. Two GSSAP satellites were launched on July 28, 2014, and attained IOC on Sept. 29, The satellites operate in neargeosynchronous orbit to effectively monitor objects and aid in preventing collisions in space. GSSAP carry EO/IR sensors and are able to maneuver to observe objects at close range and can track objects without the weather and atmospheric disruptions affecting ground systems. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GSSAP. Launched 2014; two active. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: July 28, IOC: Sept. 29, Constellation: Two spacecraft. Launch Vehicle: Delta IV. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: 22,300 miles, above geosynchronous. Contractor: Orbital Sciences Corp. Power: Solar panels. Global Positioning System (GPS) Brief: Space-based radio-positioning constellation providing highly accurate worldwide location, velocity, and timing services to military and civilian users. COMMENTARY GPS is a fundamental contribution to precision bombing, CSAR, mapping, and rendezvous. Provides accurate 3-D (latitude, longitude, and altitude) position, velocity, and time data in an uninterrupted way. GPS Block IIA first launched in The current constellation includes three IIAs, launched to replace original GPS Block I series. GPS Block IIR and IIR-M (modernized) included 21 vehicles launched between 2005 and Modernization upgrades included two new signals, enhanced encryption, anti-jamming capabilities, and a second civil signal. GPS Block IIF is a follow-on to IIR-M. Upgrades include extended design life, faster processors, and improved anti-jam and accuracy, with a new military signal and a second and third dedicated civil signal. The last of 12 GPS IIF satellite deployed since 2010 launched from Cape Canaveral AFS, Fla., on Feb. 5, The next generation GPS Block AIR FORCE Magazine / May

146 Space Based Surveillance System (AFSPC illustration) IIIA currently in production is expected to improve accuracy, availability, integrity, and resistance to jamming. The first launch was pushed back from 2014 to a tentative 2017 target. EXTANT VARIANT(S) GPS Block IIA. Launched 1990 to 1997; one active. GPS Block IIR. Launched 1997 to 2004; 12 active. GPS Block IIR-M. Launched in 2005 to 2009; seven active. GPS Block IIF. Launched in 2010 to 2016; 11 active, one recently launched. GPS Block IIIA. Future generation expected to launch in Function: Worldwide navigation, timing, and velocity data. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: Feb. 22, IOC: Dec. 9, Constellation: 31 spacecraft. Design Life: 7.5 yr (II/IIA); 7.5 yr (IIR/IIR-M); 12 yr (IIF); 15 yr (IIIA). Launch Vehicle: Delta II, Delta IV. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: 10,988 miles. Contractor: Boeing (II, IIA, IIF), Lockheed Martin (IIR, IIR-M, IIIA). Power: Solar panels generating 700 watts (II/IIA); 1,136 watts (IIR/IIR-M); up to 2,900 watts (IIF). Dimensions: (IIR/IIR-M) 5 x 6.3 x 6.25 ft, span incl solar panels 38 ft; (IIF) 9.6 x 6.5 x 12.9 ft, span incl solar panels 43.1 ft. Weight: On orbit, 2,370 lb (IIR/IIR-M); 3,439 lb (IIF). Performance: Orbits the Earth every 12 hr, emitting continuous signals, providing time to within one-millionth of a second, velocity within a fraction of a mile per hour, and location to within a few feet. Milstar Satellite Communications System (Milstar) Brief: Joint service satcom constellation that provides global, secure, protected, and jam-resistant military communications. COMMENTARY Milstar is the backbone of strategic-tactical DOD communications. It provides secure, anti-jam communications around the world and uses cross-linked satellites, eliminating the need for ground relay stations. Offers 24-hours-aday capability. The last of six satellites launched in AEHF will eventually replace Milstar as the DOD s primary satcom. EXTANT VARIANT(S) Block I. Milstar I satellites launched Block II. Milstar II satellites launched Function: Communications. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: Feb. 7, IOC: July 1997 (Milstar I). Constellation: Five: two Milstar I; three Milstar II. Design Life: 10 yr. Launch Vehicle: Titan IV/Centaur. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: Geosynchronous at 22,000+ miles. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Boeing, TRW (now Northrop Grumman). Power: Solar arrays generating 8,000 watts. Dimensions: Length 51 ft, width 116 ft with full solar array extension. Weight: 10,000 lb. Performance: Milstar I sats have low data rate (LDR) payload, transmitting 75 to 2,500 bps of data over 192 channels in EHF range; Milstar II sats have both LDR and medium data rate (MDR) payloads, transmitting 4,800 bps to 1.5 Mbps over 32 channels. Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) Brief: Advanced space surveillance and missile warning system, capable of battlespace characterization and technical intelligence gathering. COMMENTARY SBIRS is the follow-on to the Defense Support Program satellite. The system includes IR sensor payloads on host satellites in highly elliptical orbit (HEO), two IR sensors each on dedicated satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), and ground assets. HEO sensor detects launch of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) from the North Pole region and can be tasked for other IR detection missions. GEO scanning IR sensor performs strategic missile warning mission, global technical intelligence, and initial phase for the strategic missile defense mission, providing two times the revisit rate and three times the sensitivity of DSP. GEO-3 was delivered into storage in 2015, and GEO-4 is slated to launch ahead of it in The next two GEO satellites are under contract and will eventually replace the oldest two on orbit. EXTANT SYSTEM(S) SBIRS HEO-1. Payload operational in 2008; currently active. SBIRS HEO-2. Payload operational in 2009; currently active. SBIRS HEO-3. Payload operational in 2015; currently active. SBIRS GEO-1. Launched in 2011; currently active. SBIRS GEO-2. Launched in 2013; currently active. Function: Space surveillance. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: GEO 1, May IOC: HEO 1, Dec. 5, (Increment 1, Dec. 8, 2001) Constellation: Four GEO sats, three HEO sensors (hosted). Design Life: N/A. Launch Vehicle: GEO, Atlas V. Operational Location: Buckley AFB, Colo.; Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: Geosynchronous and high elliptical. Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman. Power: Solar array, 2,435 watts (GEO). Dimensions: GEO 7 x 6.3 x 19.7 ft. Weight: 5,603 lb (GEO on orbit). Space Based Surveillance System (SBSS) Brief: Satellite constellation used to track, characterize, and measure orbital vehicles and hazardous orbital debris. COMMENTARY SBSS is designed to track and collect optical signatures of Earth-orbiting objects, including space debris, from a space-based platform. In March 2011, USAF announced satellite control authority had transferred to 1st Space Operations Squadron at Schriever AFB, Colo., culminating the on-orbit initialization, checkout, calibration, and system characterization process. AFSPC is working to extend SBSS service life to cover a potential four-year gap in coverage before it can launch a follow-on spacecraft in 2021 the earliest date based on projected funding. EXTANT SYSTEM(S) SBSS Block 10. Launched in 2010; currently active. Function: Space surveillance and object identification. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: Sept. 25, IOC: Aug. 17, Constellation: One LEO satellite. Design Life: Seven years. Launch Vehicle: Minotaur IV. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: 390 miles, sun-synchronous orbit. Contractor: Boeing (system integration, ground segment, operations, and sustainment); Ball Aerospace (satellite). Power: Solar arrays and batteries generating 750 watts. Dimensions: Height approx 10 ft; 10 x 3.2 ft, plus solar panels. Weight: Approx 2,273 lb. Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) Satellite Brief: Satellites providing high-capacity communications for deployed air, land, and sea forces. COMMENTARY WGS is designed to provide worldwide communications coverage for tactical and fixed users and to augment and then replace DSCS X-band frequency service. Augments the one-way Global Broadcast Service Joint Program Kaband frequency capabilities. WGS satellites also provide a new high-capacity two-way Ka-band frequency service. Block I includes: SV-1 (Pacific region), SV-2 (Middle East), and SV-3 (Europe and Africa). Block II satellites are modified to better support the airborne ISR mission and include: SV-4 (Indian Ocean) and SV-5 and SV-6, purchased by Australia in The US is partnering with Canada, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and New Zealand on Block II follow-on sats SV-7 to SV-10. SV-7 launched on July 23, 2015, and became operational last October. SV-8 is scheduled for launch in September All four satellites expected to be aloft and operational by EXTANT VARIANT(S) Block I. Satellites SV-1 to SV-3; launched 2007 to 2009; currently active. Block II. Satellites SV-4 to SV-7; launched 2009 to 2015; currently active. Function: Communications. Operator: AFSPC. First Launch: October IOC: April 16, Constellation: Seven satellites. Design Life: 14 years. Launch Vehicle: Atlas V, Delta IV. Operational Location: Schriever AFB, Colo. Orbit Altitude: Geosynchronous at 22,000+ miles. Contractor: Boeing. Power: Solar arrays generating 9,934 watts. Dimensions: Based on Boeing 702 Bus. Weight: 13,000 lb at launch. Performance: Approx 10 times the capability of a DSCS satellite. J 141 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016

147 I. Introduction to the Coast Guard The Coast Guard is at all times an Armed Service and a law enforcement agency, and has unique authorities unlike any other branch of the U.S. military. As such, the Coast Guard exists to defend and preserve the United States as a free nation, with a focus on the maritime domain. The Coast Guard protects and preserves the nation s marine transportation system and critical infrastructure; our off-shore natural and economic resources; and the territorial integrity of our nation from both internal and external threats, natural and man-made. The Coast Guard protects these interests in U.S. ports and inland waterways, along the coasts, on international waters, and in any other maritime region where U.S. maritime strategic interests are threatened or at risk. Established in 1790 as the Revenue Marine (later known as the Revenue Cutter Service), the Coast Guard is the oldest continuous sea service of the United States and has participated in every major conflict or war. Since its origin in 1790, the Coast Guard has absorbed and merged with several other government agencies, and took on the Coast Guard name in 1915 when the Revenue Cutter Service was merged with the U.S. Life Saving Service. The Coast Guard has 11 assigned statutory missions (further described in the next section). The Coast Guard is one of 17 components within the Department of Homeland Security and is the only armed force not within the Department of Defense. However, the USCG is subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and has the same rank and pay structure as the U.S. Navy. The Coast Guard becomes a specialized service within the Navy upon declaration of war, or at the direction of the President (this happened during WWI and WWII). The Coast Guard may also provide forces to the U.S. Navy for operations at the direction of the President or with the concurrence of the Secretaries of Defense and Homeland Security (this happened during Vietnam, Grenada, Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Iraqi Freedom). The Coast Guard is comprised of approximately 36,200 active duty, 7,300 reservists, 7,000 civilians, and 30,000 Coast Guard Auxiliary (volunteers), and has a budget of approximately $11B USD. The Coast Guard has become increasingly Joint over the last several decades, with Coast Guard members assigned to every combatant command and Coast Guard forces deployed throughout the world working alongside DOD counterparts. The Coast Guard is also a signatory to the Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower and Commandant of the Coast Guard routinely attends Joint Chief s meetings. II. Coast Guard Roles and Missions Since 1915, when the Coast Guard was established by law as an armed force, the Coast Guard has been a military, multi-mission, maritime force offering a unique blend of military, law enforcement, humanitarian, regulatory, and diplomatic capabilities. These capabilities underpin the Coast Guard s three broad roles: maritime safety, maritime security, and maritime stewardship. 142

148 Each Coast Guard role is composed of several missions. The 11 missions shown above (Search and Rescue; Marine Safety; Marine Environmental Protection; Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security; Defense Readiness; Illegal Drug Interdiction; Undocumented Migrant Interdiction; Living Marine Resources Law Enforcement; Protection of the U.S. EEZ (Other Law Enforcement); Aids to Navigation; Ice Operations) have been statutorily assigned by Congress, acting on behalf of the American people. However, most Coast Guard missions support more than one role. For example, the aids to navigation mission primarily supports the maritime stewardship role by preventing pollution from vessel groundings and collisions, while facilitating the movement of people and goods. This mission also supports the maritime safety role by preventing accidents, injuries, and deaths. These interwoven roles and complementary missions call for Coast Guard personnel and resources that are similarly multimission capable. This characteristic of our people and our platforms their ability to perform multiple missions brings greater effectiveness, insight, and agility to bear in any situation. It is a fundamental source of the Coast Guard s strength. Search and Rescue The Coast Guard s Search and Rescue (SAR) program is critical to the safety and security of U.S. waterways and to the maritime public. The SAR program s goal is to minimize loss of life, injury, and property damage in the maritime environment; minimize crew risk during SAR missions; optimize use of resources in conducting SAR; and maintain a world leadership position in maritime SAR. In 2014, the Coast Guard responded to over 17,000 SAR cases, saved 3,430 lives, and recovered nearly $47M in property. Marine Safety The Coast Guard s Marine Safety program ensures the safe operation and navigation of over 20,000 U.S. and foreign flagged vessels, inspects over 70,000 domestic vessels annually, and 143

149 carries out over 11,000 port state control (foreign vessel) examinations annually. The Coast Guard is also the primary agency responsible for developing and enforcing Federal marine safety regulations, certifying and licensing over 200,000 mariners, and promoting safe practices by investigating commercial marine casualties and sharing the findings. The Coast Guard also administers a boating safety grant program at the state level and runs the National Maritime Center, a 60,000 square foot facility that provides centralized processing and streamlined issuance of mariner licenses, documents, and credentials. Marine Environmental Protection The Marine Environmental Protection program develops and enforces regulations to avert the introduction of invasive species into the maritime environment, stop unauthorized ocean dumping, and prevent oil and chemical spills. This program is complemented by the Marine Safety program s pollution prevention activities. In 2014, the Coast Guard responded to 8,905 pollution incident reports and managed 400 federal cleanup projects under the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) fund, totally $25M USD. Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security The goal of the Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security (PWCS) program is to reduce the risk of maritime terrorism. Primary activities include improving Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), conducting maritime security and response operations, and developing maritime security regimes. In 2014, the Coast Guard screened over 212,000 vessels, including over 126,000 commercial vessels and 30 million crewmembers and passengers prior to arrival in U.S. ports. Additionally, the Coast Guard s International Port Security program (based out of Schinnen, The Netherlands) helped reduce the risk to U.S. ports by verifying antiterrorism measures were in place at 169 international port facilities in 57 different countries. Conditions of entry were then placed on foreign vessels that visit deficient ports prior to entering U.S. waters. Defense Readiness DOD s combatant commanders continue to request Coast Guard forces to support security cooperation and capacity building in their various areas of responsibility. As one of the Nation s five Armed Services, the Coast Guard contributes vessels and aircraft, Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs), Port Security Units (PSUs), and other specialized units to support the National Security Strategy and defense imperatives. Port Security Units currently provide rotational port and harbor security for Joint Task Force Guatanamo Bay, and six 110 ft Patrol Boats have been forward deployed to Bahrain under the US Navy s 5 th Fleet continuously since Additionally, in 2014 the Coast Guard conducted 189 escorts and patrols to support 67 domestic U.S. military cargo out-loads. 144

150 Illegal Drug Interdiction As the lead Federal agency for maritime drug interdiction, the Coast Guard is a full partner in international efforts to combat the flow of illegal drugs to the United States. The Coast Guard strives to reduce the supply of drugs from the source by denying smugglers the use of air and maritime routes in the Transit Zone, a six million square mile area comprised of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern Pacific Ocean. In 2014, the Coast Guard removed a total of 90,977 kilograms of cocaine and 108,535 pounds of marijuana worth over an estimated $3B USD in wholesale value. Undocumented Migrant Interdiction As the lead Federal agency for maritime law enforcement, the Coast Guard is responsible for enforcing immigration laws at sea. The Coast Guard conducts patrols and coordinates with other Federal agencies and foreign countries to interdict undocumented migrants at sea, denying them illegal entry to the United States via maritime routes. In 2014, the Coast Guard interdicted 7,747 undocumented migrants attempting to illegally enter the United States. The Coast Guard also coordinated highly successful interagency operations against go-fast smuggling vessels in the Florida Straits, which resulted in numerous at-sea interdictions of both illigel migrants and migrant smugglers. Living Marine Resources (LMR) Law Enforcement As the lead Federal agency for at-sea enforcement of U.S. fisheries, marine mammals, and protected species regulations, the Coast Guard safeguards the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) by enforcing domestic fisheries laws. Coast Guard enforcement efforts advance national goals to conserve and manage living marine resources. In 2014, the Coast Guard conducted 5,928 fisheries conservation boardings, encountering 149 significant fishery violations. Protection of U.S. EEZ from Foreign Encroachment (Other Law Enforcement) Preventing illegal foreign fishing vessel encroachment in the EEZ is a primary Coast Guard role vital to protecting the integrity of the Nation s maritime borders and ensuring the health of U.S. fisheries. The Coast Guard also enforces international agreements to suppress damaging illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activity on the high seas. In 2014, the Coast Guard conducted 102 boardings of foreign vessels on the high seas to suppress IUU fishing. Oceania Maritime Security Initiative (OMSI) is the newest initiative to develop international partnerships to combat transnational IUU fishing. 145

151 Aids to Navigation The Coast Guard's system of 51,000 visual aids to navigation (ATON), Vessel Traffic Services, and marine information services facilitates the flow of commerce through the MTS and minimizes disruptive incidents in the maritime environment. The Coast Guard also prevents disruptions to maritime commerce by establishing regulated navigation areas and regulating bridges over navigable waters. In 2014, the Coast Guard achieved a 98.2% federal short-range ATON signal availability rate, exceeding the international standard of 95 percent for reliable visual ATON systems. The Coast Guard also played a critical role in maintaining safety of navigation throughout the Western River that facilitates $3.2T worth of commerce transitting over 25,000 miles of U.S. internal waterways. Ice Operations The Coast Guard conducts icebreaking services to assist vessels and communities in emergency situations and facilitate essential commercial maritime activities in the Great Lakes and Northeast regions. In the Great Lakes Region, the Coast Guard collaborates with the Government of Canada to provide icebreaking services for commercial shipping traffic in order to assist with ice transits that move over $2B USD worth of cargo. Beyond domestic operations, the Coast Guard operates the only U.S.-flagged heavy icebreakers capable of providing year-round access to the Polar Regions. In 2014, the Coast Guard s International Ice Patrol facilitated commerce by tracking, monitoring, and broadcasting position information on 1,546 icebergs that endangered shipping traffic in the North Atlantic. III. Coast Guard Forces The Coast Guard s roles and missions are accomplished by its forces. Coast Guard forces have evolved as we have grown and today reflect the uniqueness of the Service. Workforce Mission success is made possible by the combined activities of Coast Guard operational and support personnel. This teamwork is essential to ensure Coast Guard readiness, agility, and operational excellence. We cannot succeed without the skilled contributions, direct and indirect, of our active duty and civilian full-time employees, part-time reservists, and auxiliary volunteers. When appropriate or necessary, we also rely on the help of our many federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector partners. The Coast Guard Reserve offers citizens the opportunity to serve in the military part-time while maintaining a separate civilian career. The Reserve provides the Coast Guard highly trained and well qualified personnel for active duty in time of war and national emergency, and for augmentation of Coast Guard forces during natural or man-made disasters or accidents. The Coast Guard Reserve provides the Coast Guard surge capacity and flexibility to respond to all threats and all hazards. Nearly 30,000 strong, the men and women of the uniformed all-volunteer U.S. Coast Guard 146

152 Auxiliary spend thousands of hours each year, often on their personal vessels and aircraft, helping to carry out Coast Guard missions. On some waterways, Auxiliaries are the principal Coast Guard personnel serving the public. They are probably best known for their boating safety classes and courtesy vessel safety checks. However, since 1997 they have supported all Coast Guard missions except those involving military operations or law enforcement. The Coast Guard Auxiliary is the only all-volunteer component within the Department of Homeland Security. Altogether, this small service with a very big job numbers only about 83,000 personnel. By comparison, the next smallest U.S. armed force is the Marine Corps with over 198,000 active duty members alone. Operational Force Structure To understand the Coast Guard s operational structure today, it is helpful to categorize Coast Guard field operational units according to three types of forces. These are: Multi-Mission Shore-Based Forces Coast Guard Sector commands focus service delivery on major port regions within the United States and its territories. Sector commands are a consolidation of Coast Guard shore-based field operational units. These include boat stations, aids to navigation teams, and prevention and response forces such as vessel inspectors, port operations forces, communications centers, and mission controllers. Sector Commanders possess specific legal authorities for statutorily defined areas. The most important of these are: Captain of the Port (COTP), with authority over maritime commerce; Federal Maritime Security Coordinator (FMSC), with authority over maritime security; Officer in Charge of Marine Inspection (OCMI), with authority over vessel standards compliance; Search and Rescue Mission Coordinator (SMC), with authority over rescue operations; and Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC), with authority over oil and hazardous material spill response and preparedness. Coast Guard Sector commands are the principal enforcers of ports, waterways, and coastal laws and regulations. As such, they are the Coast Guard s key operational link to federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector partners. Maritime Patrol and Interdiction Forces Coast Guard cutters, aircraft, and their crews make up the second type of forces. These multimission platforms are assigned operations domestically or globally, and enable maritime presence, patrol, response, and interdiction throughout the maritime domain. With their military command, control, and communications networks, they allow the Coast Guard to deter criminal activity and respond to threats and natural or man-made emergencies. The Coast Guard can also provide these uniquely capable forces to the Department of Defense for national security contingencies. Our newest cutters and aircraft are highly adaptable and capable of meeting current and future homeland and national security needs around the world. 147

153 Networked and mobile, cutters and aircraft provide domain awareness and coordinate multimission, interagency operations. Although maritime patrol and interdiction forces work principally in the offshore and international environments, they can also operate near shore or within ports. This is critical following a disaster or major disruption to local command, control, and communications capabilities. As the Nation s only provider of Polar icebreaking capabilities, the Coast Guard enables unique access and capabilities in the Polar Regions. Deployable Specialized Forces Deployable Specialized Forces (DSFs) are rapidly transportable elements with specialized skills in law enforcement, military port security, hazardous spill response, and other such missions. These specialized teams provide the Coast Guard with surge capability and flexibility for both prevention and response. Coast Guard DSFs also work with other DHS components and government agencies to develop integrated, multi-agency, force packages to address maritime threats and hazards. DSF Forces include: Maritime Safety and Security Teams (MSSTs) - include security and boat forces; Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) - specialized capabilities for law enforcement; Tactical Law Enforcement Teams (TACLETs) and Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) - deploy wherever needed for law enforcement missions; Port Security Units (PSUs) - provide expeditionary port security; and National Strike Force (NSF) - provide high-end pollution and hazardous material response. Regional Dive Lockers (RDL) specialize in underwater Search and Rescue (SAR) and ship husbandry. Naval Coastal Warfare (NCW) Coast Guard billets assigned to NCW Groups that support Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) operations. 148

154 Coast Guard Vessels Ship Type WMSL National Security Cutter WHEC High Endurance Cutter WMEC Medium Endurance Cutter Class LEGEND 4500 tons, 418 ft long 54 ft beam 28 kts 148 crew HAMILTON 3200 tons, 378 ft long, 42.8 ft beam, 28 kts speed 170 crew BEAR 1780 tons, 270 ft long, 38 ft beam, 19.5 kts speed, 100 crew No. 3 (5 more planned) Warfare Mission MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Cooperation 5 MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Cooperation 13 MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Cooperation Equipment Frigate type Cutter; MK110 57mm gun; CIWS, Mk53 NULKA, X&S radar; EADS 3D air search radar; SPQ-9B; Mk46 electro-optical/infrared sensor; SLQ-32, HF, VHF, UHF; Two cutter boats (Long Range and/or Short Range); MH-65C or HH- 60T; organic UAV Frigate-type cutter. CIWS, SPS- 40, MK-92 GFCS, MK-75 gun, MK mm gun, shipboard helicopter capable, GCCS-M & NAVMACS, TACAN, SRBOC, WLR-1D, Link 11. Corvette-type cutter. MK-92 GFCS, MK-75 gun, SLQ-32v2, LAMPS III and shipboard helicopter capable, SRBOC, TACAN, NAVMACS, GCCS-M. WMEC Medium Endurance Cutter WPC Fast Response Cutter WPB Patrol Boat CPB Coastal Patrol Boat WLB Buoy Tender WAGB Polar Icebreaker RELIANCE 1007 tons, ft long, 34 ft beam, 18 kts speed, 75 crew SENTINAL 353 tons, 154 ft long, 25 ft beam, 28+knots,crew 24 ISLAND 165 tons, 110 ft long, 21 ft beam, 30 kts speed, 16 crew MARINE PROTECTOR 87 ft long, 19.5 ft beam, 26 kts speed, 10 crew JUNIPER 2000 tons, 225 ft, 46 ft beam 15 kts speed, 47 crew POLAR 13,190 tons, 399 ft, 83.5 ft beam, 18 kts 139 crew 19 (58 planned) 14 MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Cooperation 41 (replaced by WPC) MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Cooperation MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Cooperation 73 MIO, Coastal Sea Control 16 MIO, Coastal Sea Control, Theater Security Coop, MCW support. 1 (1 in layup) Polar operations, marine science, search and rescue. Corvette-type cutter. MK mm gun, shipboard helicopter capable, NAVMACS, GCCS-M. Fast coastal patrol boat. MK-38 25mm gun, 4.50 cal, 5 day endurance Fast coastal patrol boat. Mk mm gun, secure comms, 7-day endurance. Coastal patrol boat..50 cal MG, secure comms, 3 day endurance Multi-mission cutter..50 cal MG, secure comms, ocean going, 4-week endurance. Continuous progress through 6FT of ice at 3 kts. Two HH- 65A. WAGB Icebreaker WLBB Buoy Tender/ Icebreaker HEALY tons, 420 ft, 82 ft beam, 100 crew + 50 sci. MACKINAW 3350 tons, 240ft 58ft beam 1 Arctic Operations, Marine Science, search and rescue 1 Great Lakes Icebreaker, search and rescue Continuous progress through 4.4FT of ice at 3 knots. **The US Coast Guard will soon be replacing the WMEC with the Offshore Patrol Cutter, due for delivery in

155 Coast Guard Aircraft Aircraft Type Total Warfare Mission C-37A GULFSTREAM V 2 The Coast Guard operates two long-range Gulfstream V as its principal Command and Control transport for travel by the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Coast Guard Commandant, and other U.S. Officials. Endurance is 5,500 miles. HC-144A OCEAN SENTRY 18 Medium Range Maritime Patrol & Tactical Airlift. The Ocean Sentry has the capability to perform aerial delivery of search and rescue equipment such as rafts, pumps, and flares, and it can serve as on-scene commander platform for homeland security missions since it is outfitted with the IDS C2 System. Flexible Mission Pallet System, FLIR Star Safire III, DF- 430 UHF/VHF DF, SAAB Transponder Tech AB R4A AAIS. EDO EL/M 2022A(V)3, APN- 241 weather radar. HC-130J SUPER HERCULES 6 w/ 3 on order Long Range Maritime Patrol & Tactical Airlift. The HC-130J aircraft has a unique mission system suite, including a two operator workstation on the flight deck, a nose-mounted EO/IR pod, a bellymounted surface search radar, as well as other comms and surveillance sensors. HC-130H HERCULES 22 Long Range Maritime Patrol & Tactical Airlift. The HC-130H is a mainstay of the USCG air fleet. The four engine, high wing aircraft can carry up to 92 passengers (although the usual number is 44) or 51,000 lbs of cargo, rescue, or oil-pollution control equipment. Operated by a crew of 7, the 130H can airdrop life rafts or dewatering pumps, or dispersants for oil pollution control. HU-25 GUARDIAN X Medium range surveillance fixed wing aircraft. This aircraft is nearly phased out and is being replaced by the HC-144A Ocean Sentry. HH-65 DOLPHIN 100 SAR; Utility; secure comms; NVG compatible Airborne Use of Force (AUF). The H-65 helicopter the Coast Guard s most ubiquitous aircraft is certified for operation in all-weather and night-time operations, with the exception of icing conditions. The H-65 is the primary Coast Guard aircraft used aboard certified cutters during deployments. FLIR, a heads-up display (HUD) and other avionics upgrades are being installed aboard the H-65 as part of the ongoing conversion-sustainment initiative to sustain the airframe for the foreseeable future. The re-designation of Airborne Use of Force (AUF) MH-65Cs reflects the installation of armament and a significantly upgraded communications package. The current transition to the MH- 65D is designed to address obsolete component issues and was slated to be complete by summer of In FY17 the Coast Guard will introduce the MH-65E to the fleet. HH-60J, JAYHAWK 42 SAR; Utility; FLIR equipped; NVG compatible; secure comms. The MH-60 is an all weather, medium-range helicopter (specialized for search and recovery) similar to the Navy MH-60R and MH-60S. There are 42 total MH-60s in the Coast Guard air fleet, with 35 in operational use, most of which have undergone the MH-60T conversion since The MH-60T upgrade consist of a Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS), which provides updated avionics and integrated Electro-optical Sensor System with recording capability via a removable memory module. C-27 J SPARTAN 14 Medium Range Maritime Patrol & Tactical Airlift. **Under the National Defense Authorizaiton Act for FY14, C-27J aircraft are being regenerated from a preserved status at Davis- Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, AZ. As of July 2016, ten aircraft have completed the regeneration process. All aircraft are scheduled to be operational by

156 Coast Guard Port Security Unit (PSU) PSUs are deployable units organized for sustained operations, capable of deploying within 96 hours to establish port operations within 24 hours. PSUs are tasked with providing waterborne and limited land-based port security and force protection of shipping and critical port facilities at sea ports of embarkation/debarkation (SPOE/SPOD). To carry out this mission, each PSU has 6 heavily armed, fast and maneuverable Trailerable Port Security Boats (TPSB). A PSU organizational structure is designed to provide for command and control, waterborne security, shore base security and logistics support as one element within the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force (MESF) organization. Unit Location PSU 301 PSU 305 PSU 307 PSU 308 PSU 309 PSU 311 PSU 312 PSU 313 PSU Training Detachment (TRADET) Cape Cod, MA Ft. Eustis, VA St. Petersburg, FL Gulfport, MS Port Clinton, OH Long Beach, CA San Francisco, CA Tacoma, WA Camp Lejeune, NC PSU composition and assets: VI. Boats: Six (Boston Whaler) 25 TPSBs with 8 beam and 4 nav draft equipped with two 175 HP OMC Outboards, radar, depth sounder machine guns (.50 cal and M60) that are capable of operating within a harbor in seas up to 4 feet. Vehicles: Two F-350 pickup trucks and one F-550 stake-bed truck with trailers, one 16 passenger van. Diesel Generators: (DOD std Tactical Quiet) two 15 KW/60hz and two 5 KW/60 hz generators Containers: 1 portable ISU 90 armory container and ten ISU 90 air/sealift capable containers for gear and equipment shipment. Tents: three Model 6 and two Model 2 Deployable Rapid Assembly Shelter (DRASH) tents and 7 GP mediums for command center, medical/admin, galley and berthing purposes. Water: One 400 gal water Buffalo container. Food: Each PSU deploys with a 30 day supply of operating and support equipment including 30 days of MREs and TRAPAKs. Logistics: Fuel, Potable water, advanced medical assistance, sanitation & shower facilities must be provided by the supported commander. Operational characteristics: Crew: 117 deployable personnel (11officers/106 enlisted) out of 145 (140 RPAL and 5 PAL). Waterborne Security: Each PSU is capable of conducting continuous boat operations with 3 boats underway simultaneously and one boat in a ready response mode. These TPSBs are fully mission capable when operating within a harbor in less than 3 foot seas and 30 kts of wind. During high threat conditions, continuous operations with four boats can be conducted for one 24 hour period. Unit Security: As part of a combat service support unit that deploys in a joint rear area harbor environment, each PSU has a 30 person detachment that provides continuous unit security by a 10 person squad equipped with machine guns and small arms. 151

157 Coast Guard Tactical Law Enforcement Team (TACLET) Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) Tactical Law Enforcement Teams (TACLETs) and Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) perform routine maritime law enforcement and provide specialized law enforcement augmentation to designated elements of other U.S. Government Agencies in support of Coast Guard, national security and law enforcement in the maritime environment. TACLETs/ LEDETs are prepared to support DoD as directed. First designated in 1982, TACLETs were originally designated to augment U.S. Navy ships with a law enforcement team for counter-drug operations while transiting or operating in high drug-traffic transport areas. LEDETs for some years now have also supported West Indies Guard Ship Deployments by embarking upon British and Dutch frigates and oilers. In addition to ongoing counter-drug mission support, LEDETs currently deploy in support of Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Each TACLET is comprised of nine LEDETs, with nine members assigned to each LEDET; they are recognized as the Coast Guard s most highly-qualified law enforcement specialists due to the level of training and sustainment they receive. At the very minimum, a LEDET member will be a qualified Boarding Team Member; most have attained the status of Boarding Officer shortly after assignment to the unit. These units live up to their motto Train-Enforce-Interdict. Unit TACLET South PACTACLET Location Miami, FL San Diego, CA TACLET Composition and Assets TACLETs do not have organic small boats and rely upon the host naval vessel to provide lift to targets of interest. Weapons (Armory) Training - M4 rifles - 9 mm pistols - 12 gauge shotguns - Limited CBR - Vertical insertion - Canine Handling Teams* - Ion Scan Detection Equipment - Close Quarters Combat (CQC) - Maritime Law Enforcement - Limited Language training/ capability** * TACLET South employs K9 Specifically trained to detect drugs but not explosives. ** TACLETs send select members to Spanish Total Immersion Language proficiency training. 152

158 Coast Guard National Strike Force The National Strike Force (NSF) is a vital national asset comprised of a unique, highly trained cadre of Coast Guard professionals who maintain and rapidly deploy with specialized equipment and incident management skills. The NSF is recognized worldwide and has expertises for preparedness and response to mitigate the effects of weapons of mass destruction events, hazardous substance releases, oil discharges and other emergencies on behalf of the American public. Its mandate is to assist and support Lead Agency/Incident Commanders and Federal On-Scene Coordinators in their response and preparedness activities for both crisis and consequence management. In this way, the NSF supports the National Response System and Homeland Security by minimizing the adverse impact to the public and reducing environmental damage from weapons of mass destruction events, hazardous substance releases and oil discharges. Sub-Unit Atlantic Strike Team Gulf Strike Team Pacific Strike Team Location Fort Dix, NJ Mobile, AL Novato, CA Each Strike team is equipped to respond to most chemical and WMD incidents General response equipment Mobile Incident Command Post, Hazardous Substance Response Trailers, Level A, B, and C protective suits, confined space entry and egress gear, decontamination suites, portable weather stations, drum handling equipment, chlorine institute kits, generators (3.0 to 10.0 KW), GPS units, photo/video equipment Chemical, biological, and radiological response equipment Field presumptive detection for biological or chemical warfare agents, radiation detection instruments for alpha, beta, neutron and gamma (include isotopic identification) Oil spill response equipment Vessel of Opportunity Skimming System VOSS, Inflatable 45-inch boom (6,000 ft), Temporary Storage Devices 26,000 gal, inflatable barges and 10,000 gal. dracones. Damage control equipment Oil/Water interface meter, Plugging and patching equipment Vehicles, boats and command posts Tractor/trailer units, All terrain vehicles, Mobile Incident Command Posts, 32 & 24 Munson boats, 15 Inflatable boats, 18 John boats, Monitoring/Detecting Equipment, Organic vapors detection instruments, Multigas meters for toxic and explosive, atmospheres APD 2000, Networked remote atmospheric monitors, Aerosol particulate meters, Hazard categorization kits, Multi-media (air, soil, water) sampling gear, Hand-Held Assays (Bio), PhD Ultra (or MultiRae) CDS Drager Combo-Sets, WMD HazCat Kit, WMD Sampling Kit, SKC pumps (or Personal DataRams), 256 Kit, M-8 / M-9 paper, Radiation Pagers (AN-UDR-13B) Gamma/Neutro, Thermo IdentiFINDER U (isotope identifier), TVA-1000, Drager CMS, AreaRaes HazCat Kit, Ludlum 12/19 w/ pancake probe and all necessary calibration equipment Lightering and pumping equipment Submersible, high-capacity oil, chemical and water pumps, diaphragm and peristaltic small/medium capacity oil, chemical and water pumps, hydraulic prime movers & support equipment, Viscous Oil Pumping System (VOPS) 153

159 Coast Guard Maritime Safety and Security Team (MSST) The Maritime Safety and Security Team (MSST) is a specialized response unit created to ensure maritime mobility and security, safeguard the public, protect vessels, harbors, ports, facilities, and cargo from destruction, loss or injury and respond to medium threat security incidents, assisting in the restoration of a safe and secure environment in designated ports and other locations as directed, in order to enhance the maritime security of the United States. When directed, MSSTs directly support Defense Readiness by conducting port operations that include security and defense activities in Seaports of Embarkation and Debarkation and protecting strategic shipping and naval vessels operating in harbors, ports and anchorages to ensure the uninterrupted flow of strategic cargo to Combatant Commanders. In addition to general law enforcement training provided to all Coast Guard boarding personnel, these units complete weapons and special boat tactics training. MSSTs are capable of rapid, nationwide deployment via air, ground or sea transportation in response to changing threat conditions and evolving Maritime Homeland Security (MHLS) and Maritime Homeland Defense (MHLD) requirements. Like most Coast Guard units, MSSTs are multi-mission capable, and can be called upon if necessary to conduct search and rescue and routine law enforcement activities in addition to their security responsibilities. MSSTs are divided into 12 units which are located at dispersed sites within the United States. MSST Composition and Assets Boats: Six (SAFE Boats) 25 RB-HS with 8 beam and 4 navigational draft equipped with Two 225 HP Honda Outboards, radar, depth sounder, DGPS, and machine guns (two mounted M240B). Vehicles: Four F-350 pickup trucks and four F-550 stake-bed truck with trailers, three 15-pax van. Food and Water: Must be provided by the supported commander. When deployed, berthing, fuel, sanitation and shower facilities must be provided by the supported commander. Operational characteristics 25-foot Safe Boat Weapons (Armory) - Crew of 3, plus max of 7 pax - M4 rifles - 9 mm pistols - Twin outboard engines capable of 40+ knots - M240B mounted automatic weapons - 12 gauge shotguns (with less than - VHF/FM marine radio lethal rounds) (encrypted) - running gear entangling systems - AN/PRC 117V2 Tri-band - Raytheon radar - Differential GPS (DGPS) - Two M240B machine guns - AN/PRC 7C NVG 154 Training - Limited CBR - Vertical insertion - Canine Handling Teams - Limited Underwater Port Security Detection Equipment - Advanced Port Security Tactics - Close Quarters Combat (CQC) - Maritime Law Enforcement - Basic Scuba

160 Coast Guard Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) The Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) ensures maritime mobility and security through the conduct of high-threat, high-risk advanced interdiction and Counter-Terrorism (CT) operations to safeguard the public and protect vessels, harbors, ports, facilities, and cargo from destruction, loss or injury and responds to security incidents, assisting in the restoration of a safe and secure environment in designated ports and other locations as directed, in order to enhance the maritime security of the United States. The MSRT is prepared to support DoD as directed. The MSRT is the immediate response force to high-threat, high-likelihood-of-violence maritime law enforcement and terrorist situations. Their primary tasks are accomplished as part of a skill set known as Advanced Interdiction, which involves the use of the advanced skills and special equipment organic to the MSRT. The levels of violence employed by terrorist organizations dictates a special skill set and advanced training methods in order to effectively counter the threat and risk to public safety. The members of the MSRT are highly specialized, trained and tasked-organized in order to act as the Coast Guard s premier Counter Terrorism unit able to conduct advanced tactical response operations in a CBRNE environment. MSRT members are trained in advanced Tactics, Techniques and Procedures to include but not limited to: close quarters combat, high and low freeboard climbing, mechanical breaching as well as tactical vertical insertion (FAST ROPE). In high-risk situations of demonstrated terrorist intent or intelligence indications, the MSRT may be deliberately employed due to their advanced level of training and specialized skills to deal with the critical threat. Situations involving highly suspect, unknown circumstances or high-threat, violent response during migrant interdiction, counter-drug and anti-piracy efforts are also consistent with the advanced training and specialized equipment employed by the MSRT. Unit MSRT1 Location CHESAPEAKE, VA MSRT Composition and Assets* Organic Boat Section Dedicated Aviation Branch 155

161 Commandant (CG-00) Director Civil Rights (CG-00H) MCPOCG (CG-00B) Chief Administrative Law Judge (CG-00J) Chaplain of the Coast Guard (CG-00A) Vice Commandant (CG-09) Asst Comdt for Resources (CG-8) Government & Public Affairs (CG-092) Judge Advocate General & Chief Counsel (CG-094) CG Investigative Service (CG-CGIS) Deputy Comdt for Operations (DCO) Deputy Commandant for Mission Support (DCMS) Director of Operational Logistics (DOL) Mission Support Units (Bases) Atlantic Area Pacific Area Asst. Comdt for Intelligence and Criminal Investigations (CG-2) Asst. Comdt for Response Policy (CG-5R) Asst. Comdt for Prevention Policy (CG-5P) Asst. Comdt for Capability (CG-7) Asst. Comdt for Human Resources (CG-1) Personnel Service Center Asst. Comdt for Engineering & Logistics (CG-4) Aviation Logistics Center Asst. Comdt for C4IT (CG-6) C4IT Service Center Asst. Comdt for Acquisition (CG-9) Force Readiness Command (CG FORCECOM) Training Centers Districts (D1, D5, D7, D8, D9) Mission Execution Units Districts (D11, D13, D14, D17) Mission Execution Units Surface Forces Logistics Center Gray shaded organizations are CG Headquarters Units. The reporting relationship (Technical Control) is described within their respective functional statements and is reflected here via dashed lines. Shore Infra Logistics Center Approved: CCG 2008 Modified: FC to DCMS: VCG 11 Nov 2010 Modified: CG-2 to DCO: CG Aug 2014 Modified: CGIS to VCG: VCG 6 Oct 2014 Deleted: CG-095 Approved 22 Oct

162 COAST GUARD SNAPSHOT Workforce Totals Military Active 36,235 Military Reserve - 7,351 Civilian 7,064 Auxiliary 29,620 Active Retired 35,570 Reserve Retired 6,915 Contract Employees 32,814 State Asset Totals Boats 1,523 Cutters Aircraft Operational Statistics Search and Rescue Missions 17,504 Aids to Navigation Serviced 42,781 Waterborne Commerce - 2,845,937 twenty foot equivalents (cargo containers) Budget Allocations Operating Expenses - $6,784,807,000 Acquisition Construction & Improvement - $1,375,635, 000 Environmental Compliance & Restoration - $13,164,000 Key Leaders Department of Homeland Security Secretary: Jeh C. Johnson Coast Guard Commandant: Admiral Paul F. Zukunft Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard: Master Chief Steven Cantrell 157

163 COAST GUARD SNAPSHOT In 2014, our active duty members, reservists, civilian employees, and volunteer Auxiliarists: Responded to over 17,000 Search and Rescue cases, saved 3,430 lives and more than $47 million in property. Removed 90,997 kilograms of cocaine and 108,535 pounds of marijuana bound toward the U.S. via the Transit Zone; worth over an estimated $3 billion dollars in wholesale value. Continued the deployment of six Patrol Boats and 400 personnel to protect Iraqi critical maritime oil infrastructure and train Iraqi naval forces. Conducted 189 escorts and patrols to support 67 domestic U.S. military cargo out-loads. Conducted 25,393 container inspections, 3,643 facility safety and marine pollution related inspections, and 1,366 cargo transfer monitors to ensure safety and environmental stewardship of the maritime domain. Conducted 623 boardings of high interest vessels designated as posing a greater-than-normal risk to the United States. Interdicted more than 7,747 undocumented migrants attempting to illegally enter the United States. Conducted 4,891 safety and security exams on vessels operating on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. Completed over 8,200 Safety of Life At Sea safety exams on foreign vessels. Conducted 5,856 investigations for reportable marine casualties involving commercial vessels. Conducted over 43,700 recreational vessel boardings, issued over 11,000 citations, and visited 426 recreational boat manufacturers to provide education and ensure compliance Conducted over 5,928 fisheries conservation boardings, encountering 149 significant fishery violations Conducted 102 boardings of foreign vessels to suppress IUU fishing on the high seas and in the EEZs of partner nations. Facilitated, with the Canadian Coast Guard, the safe movement of 30 million tons of dry bulk (iron ore, coal, stone, cement) and 7,960,000 BBLs of liquid (gasoline, diesel, heating oil) cargoes during the ice season. Responded to 8,905 pollution incident reports. Managed 400 federal cleanup projects under the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) fund, totaling $25 million. Assessed the effectiveness of anti-terrorism measures in over 169 port facilities in 57 of our maritime trading partners. Screened over 212,000 vessels, including over 126,000 commercial vessels and 30 million crewmembers and passengers prior to arrival in U.S. ports. Issued 51 permits for bridge projects valued at $10.3 billion. CGC POLAR STAR conducted the first deployment to McMurdo, Antarctica in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) in seven years. POLAR STAR escorted one tanker and one cargo resupply ship through Antarctic ice. In addition, the cutter assisted in the resupply of the aviation fuel depot at Marble Point, Antarctica. Identified 1,546 icebergs and assisted North Atlantic mariners make more than 2,200 commercial transits around iceberg laden waters during an above average ice year. Maintained over 49,000 aids to navigation, including over 15,000 unlighted buoys marking the US Western Rivers System. Serviced 15,125 aids and responded to and corrected over 7,600 discrepancies providing a 98.2% Aid Availability Rate to ensure the safe transit of $3.2T worth of commerce transiting over 25,000 miles of U. S. waterways. Established 52 Automatic Identification System (AIS) aids to navigation (ATON). 158

164 SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES (SOF) I. Mission United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) has a two-fold mission: (1) Provide fully capable special operations forces to defend the United States and its interests; and (2) Synchronize planning of global operations against terrorist networks. USSOCOM Commander priorities are: Win the current fight o Sustain persistent global activities o Unify SOF efforts in Afghanistan o Transition to sustainable Afghan capability Expand the global SOF partnership o Obtain appropriate authorities o Strengthen the Theater Special Operations Commands o Strengthen regional interaction o Align enterprise to support the network Preserve the force and families o Institutionalize resiliency o Strengthen force and families o Maximize readiness o Strengthen command communications Responsive resourcing o Balance and focus resourcing o Increase acquisition agility o Achieve auditability II. Organization The Department of Defense (DOD) activated U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) April 16, 1987, at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla. DOD created the new unified command in response to congressional action in the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 and the Nunn-Cohen Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act of Congress mandated a new four-star command be activated to prepare Special Operations Forces (SOF) to carry out assigned missions and, if directed by the president or secretary of defense (SECDEF), to plan for and conduct special operations. To enable USSOCOM to carry out its mission, Congress gave the new command specific authorities and responsibilities: Title 10 Authorities and Responsibilities Develop special operations strategy, doctrine and tactics Prepare and submit budget proposals for SOF Exercise authority, direction and control over special operations expenditures Train assigned forces Conduct specialized courses of instruction 159

165 Validate requirements Establish requirement priorities Ensure interoperability of equipment and forces Formulate and submit intelligence support requirements Monitor Special Operations officers promotions, assignments, retention, training and professional military education Ensure Special Operations Forces combat readiness Monitor Special Operations Forces preparedness to carry out assigned missions Develop and acquire special operations-peculiar equipment, materiel, supplies and services In addition to the service-like authorities of developing training and monitoring readiness, some of the authorities Congress gave USSOCOM are unique responsibilities for a unified command. USSOCOM is not dependent on the Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Air Force for its budget or to develop and buy new equipment, supplies or services for the command. USSOCOM has its own budgetary authorities and responsibilities through a specific Major Force Program (MFP-11) in DOD s budget. Additionally, USSOCOM has its own acquisition authorities, so it can develop and buy special operations-peculiar equipment, supplies or services. Before the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, USSOCOM s primary focus was on its supporting command mission of organizing, training and equipping SOF and providing those forces to support the geographic combatant commanders and U.S. ambassadors and their country teams. The president further expanded USSOCOM s responsibilities in the 2004 Unified Command Plan. The Unified Command Plan assigned USSOCOM responsibility for synchronizing DOD plans against global terrorist networks and, as directed, conducting global operations. USSOCOM receives reviews, coordinates and prioritizes all DOD plans that support the global campaign against terror, and then makes recommendations to the Joint Staff regarding force and resource allocations to meet global requirements. USSOCOM s components are U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), Naval Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM), Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) and the Joint Special Operations University. USSOCOM also has a sub-unified command, Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). USSOCOM has approximately 67,000 active duty, Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines and DOD civilians assigned to the headquarters, its components, and subordinate unified command. Special Operations Components SOF is composed of specially selected, trained and equipped Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel. Each Military Department has established a major command to serve as their respective service component of USSOCOM. Army: The approximately 30,000 member United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) includes active and reserve Special Forces (SF), Special Operations Aviation, Ranger, Military Information Support Operations (MISO) and active Civil Affairs (CA) units. 160

166 Navy: The Naval Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM) is composed of 9,700 active and reserve operational and support personnel, which include active and reserve Naval Special Warfare Groups (NSWG), Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) Teams, Special Boat Teams (SBT), and an active SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Team. Air Force: The 15,000 member Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is composed of: active, reserve and Air National Guard wings, groups and squadrons of special operations configured fixed and rotary wing aircraft; special tactics units; a foreign internal defense squadron; and a combat weather squadron. Marine Corps: The 3,000 member Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) is composed of Marine Special Operations Battalions, Marine Special Operations Advisory Groups (MSOAG), a Marine Special Operations Support Group (MSOSG), and a Marine Special Operations School (MSOS). US Air Force, 26% US Navy, 15% US Marines, 5% US Army, 52% US SOCOM COMPONENT COMPARISON Other USSOCOM subordinate organizations Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) JSOC is a joint headquarters designed to study special operations requirements and techniques, ensure interoperability and equipment standardization, plan and conduct special operations exercises and training, and develop joint special operations tactics. Theater Special Operations Commands (TSOC) Each geographic combatant command has a Special Operations component commander just like it has a ground, air and naval component commander. TSOCs are special operational headquarters designed to provide the geographic combatant commanders with the capability to plan and control joint SOF in their theater. TSOCs were originally sub-unified commands under their respective Geographic Combatant Commanders (GCCs), however in February 2013 the Secretary of Defense assigned the TSOCs to USSOCOM (COCOM) giving USSOCOM the 161

167 responsibility to organize, train, and equip TSOCs. GCCs continue to have operational control (OPCON) of the TSOCs. The TSOCs ensure SOF capabilities are considered throughout the entire planning process and that SOF are fully integrated into both peacetime and wartime planning. The TSOC commander is responsible to the geographic combatant commander for planning and conducting joint Special Operations in the theater, ensuring SOF capabilities are matched to mission requirements, exercising operational control of SOF for joint Special Operations, and advising the geographic combatant commander and component commanders in the theater on the proper employment of SOF. Additionally, the SOCs can provide the GCC a standing Joint Task Force (JTF) that can respond immediately to regional emergencies and be built onto or transitioned to a larger force as needed. Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT), headquartered at MacDill AFB, Fla., is a subordinate unified command of U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM). It is responsible for planning Special Operations throughout the USCENTCOM area of responsibility (AOR); planning and conducting peacetime joint/combined Special Operations training exercises; and orchestrating command and control of peacetime and wartime Special Operations as directed. SOCCENT exercises operational control of assigned and attached SOF that deploy for the execution of training and for operational missions in the USCENTCOM AOR as directed by the USCENTCOM commander. When directed by the USCENTCOM commander, SOCCENT forms the nucleus of a JSOTF. Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) headquarters is located at Patch Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany. SOCEUR is a subordinate unified command of U.S. European Command exercising operational control of theater Army, Navy and Air Force Special Operation Forces. SOCEUR is responsible to the commander of USEUCOM and the Supreme Allied Commander Europe for SOF readiness, targeting, exercises, plans, joint and combined training, NATO/partnership activities, and execution of counterterrorism, peacetime and contingency operations. Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC), located at Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii, is a sub-unified command and serves as the SOF component command for the U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM). The AOR of the commander in chief, U.S. Pacific Command, represents the largest geographic area of the unified commands. It covers over half of the earth s surface with more than 105 million square miles and nearly 60 percent of the world s population. Distance, diversity, and change characterize the USPACOM AOR. Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH) is a sub-unified command of U.S. Southern Command, SOCSOUTH is the theater functional component for Special Operations. It is responsible for all Special Operations Forces in the theater to include Civil Affairs and Information Operations Forces. SOCSOUTH s headquarters is located at Homestead Air Reserve Base, Fla. SOCSOUTH is composed of a joint headquarters, three permanently assigned operational units, and CONUS-based deployed SOF. The command manages more than 200 SOF deployments per year with an average of 42 missions in 26 countries at any time. 162

168 Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAFRICA) is a subordinate unified command of U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM), and is currently headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. SOCAFRICA leads, plans, coordinates, and as directed, executes the full spectrum of special operations by, with, through, or in support of U.S. government departments and agencies, partner nations and other organizations as part of an integrated theater strategy, in order to promote regional stability, combat terrorism, and advance U.S. strategic objectives in the AFRICOM AOR. SOCAFRICA s approach is different from the traditional approach to special operations headquarters. SOCAFRICA will fully integrate interagency partner nation capabilities into planning and execution of operations. SOCAFRICA will support, facilitate, and/or leverage existing civilian and military capabilities and actors in the AFRICOM AOR. Special Operations Command North (SOCNORTH) is a subordinate unified command of USSOCOM under the Operational Control of USNORTHCOM located at Peterson AFB, Colorado. SOCNORTH is the lead component for USNORTHCOM s support to counterterrorist and terrorist-counter weapons of mass destruction activities and provides USNORTHCOM with access to the global special operations intelligence network to support USNORTHCOM s defense in-depth concept. SOCNORTH supports Allied and partner nation SOF capacity and capability to disrupt enemy threat networks through a coordinated effort. Additionally, SOCNORTH provides a single commander for DoD specialized capabilities to enable the USNORTHCOM Civil Support mission. In the event of a natural disaster requiring specialized capabilities, not resident inside the civil or conventional force, SOCNORTH provides a command and control capability to ensure the effective integration of SOF into the overall effort. Special Operations Command Korea (SOCKOR), located at Camp Kim in Yongsan, Korea, is the Theater SOC responsible for Special Operations on the Korean peninsula and, when established, the Korean Theater of Operations (KTO). The KTO and SOCKOR exist because there has never been a peace treaty officially ending the Korean War. Military forces on the Korean Peninsula maintain a heightened state of readiness to respond to the resumption of hostilities with little or no warning. III. Special Operations Special operations are those operations requiring unique modes of employment, tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment, often conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments and characterized by one or more of the following: time-sensitive, clandestine or covert nature, low visibility, working with and/or through indigenous forces, requiring regional orientation and cultural expertise, and a high-degree of risk. Special operations provide JFCs and chiefs of mission (COMs) with discreet, precise, and scalable military activities or operations that can be synchronized with activities of other interagency partners to achieve USG objectives. These operations are designed to assess, shape, and influence foreign political and military environments unilaterally, or by working with host nations (HNs), multinational partners, and indigenous populations in a culturally attuned manner that can be both immediate and enduring to prevent and deter conflict or prevail in war. Special operations can be conducted independently; however, most require a networked approach in conjunction with operations by conventional forces, other USG departments and agencies, and multinational partners, and may include working with indigenous, insurgent, or irregular forces. Special operations may differ from conventional operations in degree of strategic, physical, and political 163

169 risk; operational techniques; modes of employment; and dependence on intelligence and indigenous assets. SOF Core Activities are: Direct Action (DA): Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions taken to seize, destroy, capture or recover in denied areas. Special Reconnaissance (SR): Acquiring information concerning the capabilities, intentions and activities of an enemy. Unconventional Warfare (UW): Operations conducted by, through and with surrogate forces that are organized, trained, equipped, supported and directed by external forces. Foreign Internal Defense (FID): Providing training and other assistance to foreign governments and their militaries to enable the foreign government to provide for its country s national security. Civil Affairs (CA) Operations: Activities that establish, maintain or influence relations between U.S. forces and foreign civil authorities and civilian populations to facilitate U.S. military operations. Counterterrorism (CT): Measures taken to prevent, deter and respond to terrorism. Military Information Support Operations (MISO): Operations that provide truthful information to foreign audiences that influence behavior in support of U.S. military operations. Information Operations (IO): Operations designed to achieve information superiority by adversely affecting enemy information and systems while protecting U.S. information and systems. Counterproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CP): Actions taken to locate, seize, destroy or capture, recover and render such weapons safe. Security Force Assistance (SFA): Unified action by joint, interagency, intergovernmental and multinational community to sustain and assist host nation or regional security forces in support of a legitimate authority. Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations: Those military, paramilitary, political, economic, informational and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency. Activities Specified by the president or SECDEF 164

170 IV. SOCOM Components U.S. Army Special Operations Forces U.S. Army Special Operations Forces consist of approximately 30,000 personnel represented by Special Forces (SF), Rangers, Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), Military Information Support Operations (MISO) and Civil Affairs (CA) units. Army SF conducts missions deep within the enemy s rear, far ahead of the forward limits of conventional forces. SF units plan, conduct, and support special operations throughout the spectrum of conflict. Their principal core tasks are UW, FID, DA, SR, and CT. Each SF Group is regionally focused on a particular geographic area. The fundamental operating element is the 12-man SF Operational Detachment-Airborne (ODA) although smaller elements are routinely employed in response to specific mission requirements. Geographically oriented, culturally attuned and language trained, SF personnel excel in teaching: basic combat infantry tactics, light weapons, demolitions, field communications, combat intelligence, and paramedical support. As an elite light infantry force, the Army Rangers are organized into one regiment consisting of three battalions and a headquarters company. Together they employ over 2,400 personnel who operate independently, with other SOF, or in support of conventional forces. They specialize in quick strike DA, airfield seizures, deep penetration raids, urban combat, non-combatant evacuation operations and recovery of personnel and/or equipment. The SOAR provides dedicated tactical mobility for SF and other SOF. Comprised of one active regiment, their mission is to provide a night, all-weather, medium range insertion, extraction and resupply capability in hostile or denied areas. They specialize in selected rescue and recovery missions, medical evacuations, armed attack, deep penetration and command and control. Inventories include MH-60K/L/M BLACK HAWK, MH-47E CHINOOK, and AH/MH-6M special operations configured helicopters. MISO units develop, produce and disseminate information to foreign audiences in support of U.S. national and political objectives. Used during peacetime, contingency operations and declared war, MISO is a force multiplier that relies on nonviolent means in often violent environments. Persuading rather than physically compelling, they rely on logic, fear, desire or other motivational factors to promote specific emotions, attitudes or behaviors. The mission of information operations is to influence foreign audiences, advise a supported commander, provide public information to foreign populations, serve as the commander s voice to foreign populations and/or counter enemy propaganda. Civil Affairs support military commanders during peacetime, contingency operations and war by working with civil authorities and civilian populations in the commander s area of operations. Civil Affairs specialists identify critical requirements needed by local citizens in war or disaster situations. They also locate civilian resources to support military operations, help minimize civilian interference with operations, support national assistance activities, plan and execute noncombatant evacuations, support counterdrug operations and establish and maintain liaison with civilian aid agencies and other nongovernmental organizations, provide functional expertise for foreign internal defense operations, unconventional warfare operations and direct-action 165

171 missions. The Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC) may be established to enhance coordination between the military, inter-agency and non-governmental organizations. Naval Special Warfare Forces Naval Special Warfare (NSW) forces number approximately 9,700 SEALs, Combatant Craft Crewmen and support technicians that conduct maritime special operations in support of joint and naval operations. Principal core tasks are SR, DA, FID and CT. Naval Special Warfare Groups are major commands that train, equip and deploy components of NSW squadrons to meet the exercise, contingency and wartime requirements of geographic combatant commanders, Theater Special Operations Commands, and numbered fleets located around the world. NSWTG and NSWTU are task organized force packages deployed to joint and fleet commanders to plan, coordinate, command and conduct NSW operations. A NSWTG is task organized to provide command and control of one or more NSWTU. A NSWTU is composed of a command and control element, a support element, and a combination of one or more SEAL or SDV platoons, and/or special boat detachments. Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) teams are CONUS-based commands established to train, equip, deploy and support SEAL platoons to conduct NSW. SEALs conduct clandestine missions infiltrating their objective areas by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, Navy surface ships, combatant craft, submarines and ground mobility vehicles. 166

172 Special Boat Teams (SBT) are manned by Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) who operate and maintain state-of-the-art surface craft to conduct coastal patrol and interdiction and support special operations missions. Focusing on infiltration and exfiltration of SEALs and other SOF, SWCC s provide dedicated rapid mobility in shallow water areas where larger ships cannot operate. They also bring to the table a unique SOF capability, the ability to deliver combat craft via parachute drop (Maritime Combatant Craft Aerial Delivery System). The SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) team comprises specially trained SEALs and support personnel who conduct undersea operations from SDVs and Dry Deck Shelters (DDS). DDS deliver SDVs and specially trained forces from modified submarines. When teamed with their host submarines, the ASDS and SDV platforms provide the most clandestine maritime delivery capability in the world. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NAVSPECWARDEVGRU) provides centralized management for the test, evaluation, and development of current and emerging technologies applicable to NSW. It also develops maritime, ground, and airborne tactics for NSW. Training, tactics and doctrine development occurs at the Naval Special Warfare Center (NAVSPECWARCEN). The Center also provides instruction and training in NSW for selected allied military personnel. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is a major command and the Air Force component of U.S. Special Operations Command, a unified command located at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla. AFSOC has approximately 15,000 active-duty, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian personnel. The command's five active-duty and five Reserve component 167

173 flying units are composed of more than 160 fixed-wing aircraft, including the AC-130H/U, C- 130, EC-130J, HC-130, MC-130E/H/W, MC-130P, HH-60, U-28A and the CV-22. The command also contains both a predator (MQ-1) and reaper (MQ-9) squadron. AFSOC provides Air Force special operations forces worldwide deployment and assignment to regional unified commands. AFSOC's core tasks have been grouped into four mission areas: forward presence and engagement, information operations precision employment and strike, and special operations forces mobility. AFSOC is responsible to USSOCOM for the readiness of Air Force special operations forces for worldwide deployment. The command's SOF are composed of highly trained, rapidly deployable airmen who are equipped with specialized aircraft. These forces provide global ability to conduct special operations missions ranging from precision application of firepower, to infiltration, exfiltration, resupply and refueling of SOF operational elements. AFSOC's unique capabilities include airborne radio and television broadcast for information operations, as well as combat aviation advisors to provide other governments military expertise for their internal development. The command's special tactics squadrons combine combat control, combat weather and pararescuemen to ensure air power is integrated and operable with special operations and conventional forces. AFSOC forces missions include close air support, infiltration, exfiltration, resupply, aerial refueling, aviation foreign internal defense, intelligence support to special operations (including unmanned aerial surveillance), and airborne radio and television broadcast in support of information operations. Special Tactics, AFSOC s Battlefield Airmen, is comprised of combat control, pararescue and special operations weather, and tactical air control party personnel capable of providing terminal guidance for weapons, control of assault zone aircraft, fire support, mission planning, medical and weather support. Special Tactics Teams frequently operate with Navy SEALs, Army Rangers and Special Forces in direct action, airfield seizure and personnel recovery missions in hostile territory. Combat Controllers (CCT) are Special Operators and certified air traffic controllers who are an integral part of the Air Force Battlefield Airmen team. CCT are often the first deployed into restricted environments by air, land or sea assigned with the mission of establishing assault zones (a drop zone for parachute operations, a landing zone for fixed wing or helicopter operations, or an extraction zone for low altitude re-supply). The CCT s establish navigational aid equipment anywhere in the world to guide aircraft for landing on makeshift runways without the benefit of a tower or large communication system. CCT also control air attacks from all military services aircraft, provide vital command and control, intelligence gathering, surveying capabilities, limited weather observations and are qualified in demolition to clear hazards and obstructions from runways and landing zones. Combat Aviation Advisors (CAA) help U.S. global partners to wield airpower. These Air Commandos are culturally savvy, linguistically trained and politically astute Airmen, hand selected for their skill, maturity and professionalism to advise foreign forces in rotary and fixed- 168

174 wing combat aviation, maintenance, base support, security and tactics. They execute the aviation foreign internal defense (FID) mission and train foreign units in specialized and unconventional tactics. Pararescuemen (PJ) are the only DOD specialty specifically trained and equipped to conduct conventional and unconventional recovery operations. A PJ s primary function is as a personnel recovery specialist, with emergency trauma medical capabilities in humanitarian and combat environments. They deploy in any available manner, from any available platform, to include airland-sea tactics, into restricted environments to contact, authenticate, extract, treat, stabilize and evacuate injured personnel, while acting in an enemy-evading, recovery role. PJs participate in combat search and rescue, peacetime search and rescue, and protection of the president of the United States, and conduct other operations at the commander s direction. Special Operations Weathermen are trained meteorologists with forward ground combat capabilities. They interpret weather data and provide intelligence from deployed locations. Working with Special Operations teams, they collect localized weather intelligence, assist mission planning, generate accurate and mission-tailored target and route forecasts in support of global special operations, conduct special weather reconnaissance and train foreign national forces. AFSOC's forces are organized under two active-duty wings, one Reserve wing and one National Guard wing, two overseas groups and several direct report units. The command operates two major active-duty bases. The 1st Special Operations Wing (SOW) is located at Hurlburt Field and is primarily responsible to U.S. Central, Joint Forces, and Southern commands, but also provides augmentation forces to AFSOC groups forward deployed in Europe and the Pacific. The 27 th SOW is located at Cannon AFB, NM. The primary mission of the 27th Special Operations Wing is to plan and execute specialized and contingency operations using advanced aircraft, tactics, and air refueling techniques to infiltrate, exfiltrate, and resupply special operations forces and provide intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and close air support in support of SOF operations. The 352nd Special Operations Group, at Royal Air Force Mildenhall, England, is the Air Force component for Special Operations Command Europe. The 353rd Special Operations Group, at Kadena Air Base, Japan, is the Air Force component for Special Operations Command Pacific. The 720th Special Tactics Group at Hurlburt Field provides combat controllers, combat weathermen and pararescuemen. The Air Force Special Operations Training Center is a primary support unit of AFSOC. The training center mission is to recruit, assess, select and conduct AFSOC-specific training, including aircrew qualification, special tactics, Combat Aviation Advisor and courses conducted at the Air Force Special Operations School. 169

175 The 19th Special Operations Squadron is an advanced weapons instruction and mission rehearsal unit and is AFSOC s formal school for AC-130H, AC-130U, MC-130E, U-28 and Combat Aviation Advisors. The 18th Flight Test Squadron at Hurlburt Field, conducts operational and maintenance suitability tests and evaluations for equipment, concepts, tactics and procedures for employment of special operations forces. The 919th Special Operations Wing at Duke Field, Fla., is the command's only Special Operations Reserve Wing. It provides MC-130E and MC-130P aircraft that support helicopter refueling requirements to USSOCOM. The 193rd Special Operations Wing at Harrisburg International Airport, Pa., provides the only airborne information operations platform in the Department of Defense with the EC-130 Commando Solo. U. S. Marine Corps Special Operation Forces As the Marine component of USSOCOM, MARSOC is tasked to train, organize, equip and when directed by commander of USSOCOM, deploy task organized U.S. Marine Corps Special Operations Forces worldwide in support of combatant commanders and other agencies. Commander, USSOCOM assigns MARSOC missions based on USSOCOM priorities. MARSOC core tasks are Foreign Internal Defense (FID), Special Reconnaissance (SR), Information Operations (IO), Unconventional Warfare (UW), Direct Action (DA), and Counterterrorism (CT). Marine Special Operations Battalions (MSOB) are organized, trained and equipped to deploy for worldwide missions as directed by MARSOC. First MSOB is headquartered at Camp Pendleton, California, while 2nd MSOB is headquartered at Camp Lejeune, N.C. Each battalion consists of four Marine Special Operations Companies (MSOC) and is task-organized with personnel uniquely skilled in special equipment support, intelligence and fire-support. Each MSOC is commanded by a Marine major and capable of deploying task-organized expeditionary Special 170

176 Operations Forces for special reconnaissance and direct-action missions in support of the geographic combatant commanders. The Marine Special Operations Advisor Group (MSOAG), which consists of a Headquarters Company and 3rd and 4th Marine Special Operations Battalions, provides tailored military combat-skills training and advisor support for identified foreign forces in order to enhance their tactical capabilities and to prepare the environment as directed by USSOCOM. Marines and Sailors of the MSOAG train, advise and assist friendly host-nation forces including naval and maritime military and paramilitary forces to enable them to support their governments internal security and stability, to counter subversion and to reduce the risk of violence from internal and external threats. MSOAG deployments are coordinated by MARSOC, through USSOCOM, in accordance with engagement priorities within the Global War on Terrorism. The Marine Special Operations Support Group (MSOSG) is located at Camp Lejeune and provides combat support and combat service support to MARSOC Units, to include: logistics, communication and intelligence. The Marine Special Operations School (MSOS), also located at Camp LeJeune, screens, assesses, selects, trains and certifies Marine personnel as special operations forces and has responsibility for doctrine development. 171

177 STRATEGIC LIFT I. Mission, Organization, and Resources The ability of the U.S. military to successfully carry out its assigned tasks per our National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy depends greatly on its capability to deploy forces, equipment, and sustainment to a theater of operations within a given period of time. While logistics includes all those supporting activities required to sustain a deployed force, strategic mobility defines that part of the logistics process which transports people, equipment, supplies, and other commodities by land, sea, and air, to enable military force projection. In fact, the operational commander must have a clear understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the strategic mobility process if he or she is going to successfully execute a major operation or campaign. Force selection, phasing of operations, and risk assessment are directly tied to the ability to project forces and support from the United States to the area of responsibility, area of operation, or theater of war. United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) USTRANSCOM provides full-spectrum global mobility solutions and related enabling capabilities for supporting customers requirements in peace and war. USTRANSCOM provides the synchronized transportation, distribution and sustainment, which make possible projecting and maintaining national power where needed with the greatest speed and agility, the highest efficiency and the most reliable level of trust and accuracy. USTRANSCOM has six major missions as identified in the Unified Command Plan: Single Manager for Transportation - the DOD single manager for transportation. Responsible for aligning traffic management and transportation single manager responsibilities to achieve optimum responsiveness, effectiveness, and economy. Establishes and maintains relationships between DOD and the commercial transportation industry Distribution Process Owner - SecDef designated CDRUSTRANSCOM as the DOD distribution process owner (DPO). The DPO s role is to coordinate, synchronize, and oversee the DOD distribution system to provide interoperability, synchronization, and alignment of DOD-wide end-to-end distribution. Joint Enabling Capabilities Provider - Joint Enabling Capabilities Command (JECC), one of the four component commands of USTRANSCOM fills this responsibility serving as a quick reaction force supporting Joint Task Forces when they are activated. Single Manager for Global Patient Movement- The Global Patient Movement Requirements Center (GPMRC) manages world-wide aeromedical patient movement, or as often called, Air Evac. Mobility Joint Force Provider - Exercise responsibility for planning, resourcing, and operating a worldwide defense transportation system in support of distribution operations, to include reviewing taskings and analyzing supported CCDR s requirements for transportation feasibility, and advising on changes required to produce a sustainable force deployment. Global Distribution Synchronizer - (a) Synchronize efforts between global and theater distribution plans (TDPs), (b) Identify potential gaps, threats, and vulnerabilities to distribution operations, along with opportunities to mitigate these risks, (c) Produce a comprehensive, integrated understanding of distribution that informs posture planning, (d) 172

178 Leverage security cooperation opportunities to sustain and enhance the global distribution network, (e) Build relationships, improving distribution infrastructure, and enhancing access as required to enable distribution operations, (f) Enhance distribution capabilities. Actual movement is executed by three of USTRANSCOM component commands (TCCs): Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC-Army), Military Sealift Command (MSC-Navy), and Air Mobility Command (AMC-Air Force). The Department of Transportation s Maritime Administration (MARAD) bridges MSC, U.S. flag commercial companies, and U.S. unions for sealift procurement and operations. Each element of the strategic mobility triad (airlift, sealift, and prepositioning) has distinct advantages and disadvantages in terms of response time, availability of carrying assets, carrying capacity and throughput, financial costs and vulnerability. Air Mobility Command (AMC) 3 Air Mobility Command, a major command headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, IL, was created June 1, AMC provides America's Global Reach. This rapid, flexible and responsive air mobility promotes stability in regions by keeping America's capability and character highly visible. As the Air Force component command of USTRANSCOM, AMC provides air lift, air refueling, and aeromedical evacuation services for deploying, employing, sustaining, and redeploying U.S. forces worldwide. Additionally, AMC is the worldwide aerial port manager and, where designated, operator of common-user aerial ports of embarkation (APOEs) and aerial ports of debarkation (APODs). AMC operationally directs the use of domestic and international airlift services, including the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) Program. Unique airlift capabilities include Channel, Worldwide Express (WWX), Category A, Category B, Patriot Express, General Services Administration (GSA) City Pairs, International Air Tenders, and Special Assignment Airlift Missions (SAAMs). 3 The information in this section is extrated directly from USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2, Understanding the Defense Transportation System. Some of the information has been editied specifically for this audience. 173

179 Channel Airlift: Channel airlift missions support passengers and cargo moving over established worldwide routes (combatant commander or Service-validated) that are served by scheduled DOD aircraft under AMC control or commercial aircraft contracted and scheduled by AMC. These missions provide routine and express airlift channel services to meet customer needs. AMC provides service from APOE to APOD and measures performance using metrics which are outlined in DOD Series (DOD Supply Chain Material Management Regulation). There are approximately 225 AMC channels comprised of cargo/passenger, aeromedical evacuation, and passenger gateways. Category A: Category A (CAT A) is a contract between AMC and the commercial air carrier industry allowing cargo to be individually way billed between CONUS and overseas stations or between overseas stations. Rates are negotiated for each channel with a guaranteed minimum weight break for the carrier. Category B: Category B (CAT B) is a contract between AMC and the commercial air carrier industry for dedicated use of cargo or passenger airlift between points, usually aerial ports. CAT B service may meet recurring requirements such as Patriot Express and augmentation of AMC channels or single requirements such as Special Assignment Airlift Mission (SAAM) movements. AMC makes payment to the carrier via contract. Users then reimburse AMC at the established common-user rate which is a forecast of special category and exercise cargo, a specified rate per person per airplane, or by pound for cargo. Patriot Express: Patriot Express is an AMC-procured planeload charter on commercial aircraft. Passengers move in full planeload lots on an aircraft chartered from the commercial air industry. Payment is made to the carrier via contract with AMC. Users reimburse AMC at the established common-user rate which is a forecast of special category and exercise cargo, a specified rate per person per airplane, or by pound for cargo. General Services Administration City Pairs: General Services Administration (GSA) City Pairs is contract air service for official Government travel. Policy mandates its use by government employees. Fares apply one-way between specific airports and are considered to be the greatest value available to the Government. Worldwide Express: Worldwide Express (WWX) is a fast, reliable, time-definite, international, express small package service for high priority, non-hazardous packages weighing 150 pounds or less and similar premium international service for heavyweight packages weighing pounds (International Heavyweight Express-IHX). AMC partnered with DOD to leverage CRAF-qualified express-carriers for this international express delivery service. Features of the service include door-to-door pick-up and delivery; time-definite delivery; customs clearance; and visibility through the Global Transportation Network (GTN). Shippers must provide shipment information and a viable fund citation for acceptance/movement via WWX carriers. DOD is a mandatory user for all shipments that fall under the scope of this contract. 174

180 International Air Tenders: In accordance with Defense Transportation Regulation (DTR), Part II, Defense Transporation System (DTS) users may not negotiate directly with commercial carriers for service. However, if all other DTS options have been exhausted, agreements between USTRANSCOM and supported commands may allow DTS users to negotiate services directly with AMC-approved tender carriers to establish rates, charges, rules, and accessorial services. Tenders are AMC-approved offers by a qualified CRAF carrier to provide international cargo movement under a negotiated rate schedule for specific traffic lanes. The DTS customer executes AMCapproved tenders through Commercial Bills of Lading, Government Bills of Lading, Electronic Bills of Lading, or local payment procedures. Tender service and performance are based on commercial carrier capabilities into geographic areas or lanes. AMC approves tenders based on USTRANSCOM validation of combatant command and Service requirements. The shipper has flexibility to choose an AMCapproved tender carrier based on cost, performance, and capabilities. Special Assignment Airlift Mission: Special Assignment Airlift Missions (SAAM) perform special pickup or delivery at points other than established AMC routes or channels. Service is from origin to destination. Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) 4 A unique and significant part of the nation's mobility resources is the Civil Reserve Air Fleet. Selected aircraft from U.S. airlines, contractually committed to CRAF, support Department of Defense airlift requirements in emergencies when the need for airlift exceeds the capability of military aircraft. The CRAF has three main segments: international, national and aeromedical evacuation. The international segment is further divided into the long-range and short-range sections and the national segment into the domestic and Alaskan sections. Assignment of aircraft to a segment depends on the nature of the requirement and the performance characteristics needed. The long-range international section consists of passenger and cargo aircraft capable of transoceanic operations. The role of these aircraft is to augment the Air Mobility Command's long-range intertheater C-5s and C-17s during periods of increased airlift needs, from minor contingencies up through full national defense emergencies. Medium-sized passenger and cargo aircraft make up the short-range international section supporting near offshore airlift requirements. The aeromedical evacuation segment assists in the evacuation of casualties from operational theaters to hospitals in the continental United States. These aircraft are also used to return medical supplies and medical crews to the theater of operations. Kits containing litter stanchions, litters and other aeromedical equipment are used to convert civil B-767 passenger aircraft into air ambulances. The airlines contractually pledge aircraft to the various segments of CRAF, ready for activation when needed. To provide incentives for civil carriers to commit aircraft to the CRAF program and to assure the United States of adequate airlift reserves, the government makes peacetime 4 This information in this section is extrated directly from the Official United States AIR FORCE WEBSITE Fact Sheet Civil Reserve Air Fleet and the USTRANSCOM Handbook

181 airlift business available to civilian airlines that offer aircraft to the CRAF. DoD offers business through the International Airlift Services. For fiscal 2007, the guaranteed portion of the contract is $379 million. To Join CRAF, carriers must maintain a minimum commitment of 30 percent of its CRAFcapable passenger fleet and 15 percent of its CRAF-capable cargo fleet. Aircraft committed must be U.S. registered and carriers must also commit and maintain at least four complete crews for each aircraft. As of May 2007, 37 carriers and 1,364 aircraft were enrolled in the CRAF. This includes 1,273 aircraft in the international segment (990 in the long-range international section and 283 in the short-range international section), and 37 and 50 aircraft, respectively, in the national and aeromedical evacuation segments, and four aircraft in the Alaskan segment. These numbers are subject to change on a monthly basis. Three stages of incremental activation allow for tailoring an airlift force suitable for the contingency at hand. Stage I is for minor regional crises, Stage II would be used for major theater war and Stage III for periods of national mobilization. The commander, U.S. Transportation Command, with approval of the secretary of defense, is the activation authority for all three stages of CRAF. During a crisis, if AMC has a need for additional aircraft, it would request the commander of USTRANSCOM to take steps to activate the appropriate CRAF stage. Each stage of the CRAF activation is only used to the extent necessary to provide the amount of civil augmentation airlift needed by DOD. When notified of call-up, the carrier response time to have its aircraft ready for a CRAF mission is 24 to 48 hours after the mission is assigned by AMC. The air carriers continue to operate and maintain the aircraft with their resources; however, AMC controls the aircraft missions. CRAF Stage I, Committed Expansion. This stage involves DOD use of civil air resources that air carriers will furnish to DOD to support substantially expanded peacetime military airlift requirements. This stage supports regional crises or small-scale contingencies. CRAF Stage II, Defense Airlift Emergency. This stage involves DOD use of civil air resources that the air carriers will furnish to DOD in time of a defense airlift emergency. This stage supports major regional conflicts or a major theater war. CRAF Stage III, National Emergency. This stage involves use of civil air resources owned by a US entity or citizen that the air carriers will furnish to DOD in time of declared national defense-oriented emergency or war, or when otherwise necessary for the national defense. This stage supports multiple theaters of war and national mobilization. This stage has never been activated. 176

182 Military Sealift Command (MSC) 5 Military Sealift Command is responsible for up to 120 active and reserve noncombatant, civilian-crewed ships that replenish U.S. Navy ships at sea, conduct specialized missions, preposition combat cargo at sea around the world, perform a variety of support services and move military equipment and supplies to deployed U.S. forces. During the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, more than 90% of the U.S. combat equipment and logistics support were sent via sealift. As the Navy component of USTRANSCOM, MSC provides high quality, efficient and costeffective ocean transportation for DOD and other federal agencies during peacetime and war. MSC utilizes a mix of government-owned and long-term chartered ships and tankers, as well as shortterm time chartered ships to meet sealift requirements. During contingencies, MSC will look first to contracts for commercial shipping to meet lift requirements, and then utilize either its government owned surge sealift fleet of Large Medium Speed Roll-On/Roll Off (LMSR) ships or ships from the Martime Administration (MARAD)Ready Reserve Force (RRF) fleet of ships. These ships, owned and maintained in reduced operating status by MARAD, come under MSC control when activated. Large Medium Speed Roll-On/Roll off Ships (LMSR). MSC s largest government owned cargo ships are the LMSRs, which are nearly the size of an aircraft carrier and capable of lifting more than 300,000 sqft of rolling stock and containerized cargo, traveling at speeds of up to 24kts. LMSRs have a slewing stern ramp and a movable ramp that services two side ports, making it easy to drive vehicles on and off the ship. Cargo can also be loaded by shipboard cranes. One LMSR can move an Army Brigade Combat Team. Ready Reserve Force (RRF). U.S Department of Transportation s Maritime Administration (MARAD) maintains 46 ships in a reduced operating status (ROS) that when activated are operationally transferred to MSC. A more detailed discussion on MARAD and the RRF follows later in this chapter. Afloat Prepositioning Force 6 Prepositioning is an essential element in the U.S. military s readiness strategy. Afloat prepositioning strategically places military equipment and supplies onboard ships located in key ocean areas to ensure rapid availability during a major theater war, a humanitarian operation or other contingency. Fourteen (14) Maritime Prepositioning Force ships carry equipment and supplies for the U.S. Marine Corps. MPS shipping was discussed in detail in the USMC section of this guide. One squadron of MPF ships can provide approximately 70% of the equipment and supplies to support a U.S. Marine Expeditionary Brigade of about 5 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003, and Military Sealift Command fact sheets. 6 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from U.S. Navy Military Sealift Command Fact Sheet dtd June 2011 accessed at 177

183 15,000 personnel for 30 days. The ships are capable of off- loading at piers or offshore with special lighterage equipment. Each ship has roll-on/roll-off capability and a flight deck for helicopter operations. Seven (7) Army Prepositioned Stocks-3 ships provide afloat prepositioning for the equipment, munitions and supplies to support U.S. Army combat units that would deploy to potential contingency sites. APS-3 stocks strategically place U.S. Army combat equipment at sea to supply and sustain deployed U.S. troops during national crises. Five of the APS-3 ships are LMSRs which are ideal for the rapid loading and off-loading of Army wheeled and tracked vehicles, as well as other outsized Army equipment. A series of internal and external ramps makes this possible, and shipboard cranes allow cargo to be lifted without relying on local port infrastructure. In addition to LMSRs, APS-3 ships include two container ships that store ammunition at sea for the Army. Four (4) ships support the Navy, USMC and Air Force by prepositioning Air Force ammunition, Marine Corps aviation support equipment and Navy munitions. In addition to strategically placing gear at sea, the prepositioning force also has one ship, USNS WHEELER, which serves as an offshore petroleum distribution system ship which can deliver fuel from up to eight miles offshore, and its supporting tender vessel. U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) The U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) is an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation. Its programs promote the viability of the U.S. Merchant Marine and the seamless integration of waterbourne transportation with other segments of the transportation system. MARAD s programs involve ships and shipping, shipbuilding, port operations, vessel operations, national security, environment and safety. MARAD also maintains the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) comprised of the Ready Reserve Force (RRF), a fleet of cargo ships in reserve to provide surge sealift during war and national emergencies, and Special Mission ships that are comprised of two Missile Range Instrumentation Ships and seven training ships that support training at the nation s maritime academies. In addition, MARAD is responsible for disposing of obsolete ships in their fleet and other non-combatant government ships. Ready Reserve Force (RRF) 7 MARAD s fleet of 46 government owned RRF ships supplement the sealift capacity of the MSC surge sealift fleet. The RRF consists of roll on/roll off ships, fast sealift ships, auxiliary crane ships, heavy lift ships, an offshore petroleum discharge system tanker and aviation maintenance ships. RRF ships are maintained in a 5- or 10-days readiness status (ROS-5 or ROS-10), and when activated they are fully crewed and placed under the operational control of MSC in support of U.S. wartime, humanitarian and disaster-relief operations and military exercises. MARAD maintains the RRF ships at ports around the US East Coast, Gulf Coast and West Coast in close proximity to potential military loading sites. 7 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March and Military Sealift Command fact sheets

184 The U.S. Flag Fleet 8 By law and policy, MSC must first look to the U.S. flagged commercial ship market to meet its sealift requirements. Government owned ships are only utilized when commercially contracted ships are not available or there is a military necessity to use a government owned vessel. Nearly all peacetime DOD cargo is carried by U.S. flagged commercial ships. During time of war or other contingency, MSC has the flexibility to also charter international (foreign flag) commercial ships to move cargo as needed. When an expansion of government requirements occurs such that voluntary U.S. and foreign flag charters as well as MSC and RRF surge shipping can no longer meet the requirements, it is the U.S. flag fleet that is expected to respond to meet the requirements. There are three acquisition processes, not counting voluntary chartering, available for DOD acquisition of additional U.S. flag shipping to meet national defense and security requirements. They are the Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA) the Maritime Security Program (MSP) and requisitioning of U.S. owned commercial shipping which serve as the DOD break glass in case of emergency maritime transportation reserve. Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA). VISA is a joint DoD/DoT (MARAD) program that provides a coordinated, seamless transition from peacetime to wartime for the acquisition of commercial sealift and related global intermodal services required to augment DoD s organic sealift capabilities. Carriers commit all or specified portions of their fleet to meet time-phased DOD contingency requirements in exchange for a preference to receive DOD contracts for ocean transportation. A high percentage of the military useful vessels in the U.S. flagged fleet are committed to the VISA program. VISA is a commercial sealift mobilization program that provides the advantage of no direct peacetime cost to DoD and already pre-negotiated contracts that accelerate the process needed to acquire the vessels. The VISA program is administered by Maritime Administration (MARAD) authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 with the stated goal of providing assured access to U.S.-flag commercial dry cargo sealift capacity, global infrastructure and intermodal shipping services, terminal facilities and related management services to includes mariners, vessels, vessel space, intermodal systems and equipment, terminal facilities and related management services. The VISA program exists in three stages: Stage I: 15% of the total U.S. flag capacity is utilized Stage II: 40% of the total U.S. flag capacity is utilized Stage III: 50% of the total U.S. flag capacity, or 100% of the Maritime Security Program fleet is utilized VISA is activated upon approval of the Secretary of Defense. Stage I will be activated by the Commander, USTRANSCOM, with the approval of the Secretary of Defense, when voluntary and organic capacity commitments are insufficient to meet DOD requirements. Stage II will be activated when contingency requirements exceed Stage I. Stage III requires the Secretary of Transportation to allocate capacity based on DOD requirements. 8 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from the MARAD homepage located at 179

185 A joint planning advisory group (JPAG) is central to the successful implementation of VISA and is comprised of representatives from USTRANSCOM, SDDC, MSC, DLA, MARAD, and intermodal industrial transportation representatives. The JPAG provides USTRANSCOM and its components with recommendations as how to best resolve critical transportation issues during periods of heavy demand or crisis. Maritime Security Program (MSP). The MSP requires the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to establish a fleet of active, commercially viable, military useful, privately owned vessels to meet national defense and other security requirements. The MSP provides payments of approximately $3 million per ship per year to the companies of the 60 ships enrolled in the program. In exchange for that payment, the vessel operating companies must make their vessels and commercial transportation resources available, upon request by the Secretary of Defense, during times of war or national emergency. They meet that requirement by enrolling their ships in VISA, with the MSP accounting for a large part of the overall VISA capacity (Each ship in MSP is enrolled in VISA, but not every ship in VISA is part of the MSP). MSP ship capacity is approximately 118,000 TEU (twenty foot equivalent unitsshipping containers) and 2.2 million square feet of militarily useful deck space. This program gives DOD assured access to those commercial U.S. flagged ships and the carriers global transportation networks without having to own and operate the ships. These networks include not only the vessels, but also logistics management services, infrastructure, terminals, facilities and U.S. citizen merchant mariners to crew the ships. Requisitioning. The Secretary of Transportation is authorized to requisition any vessel which is majority owed by U.S. citizens, whether registered under the U.S. or Foreign flag, whenever the POTUS proclaims that the security of the nation makes it advisible, or during any national emergency declared by the proclamation of the POTUS (and/or concurrent resolution of the Congress) under the authority of Section 902 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 (46 US Code (USC) 1242). Military Surface Deployment & Distribution Command (SDDC)9 SDDC is an Army major supporting command headquartered at Scott AFB, IL. As an Army component of USTRANSCOM, SDDC provides common-user ocean terminal, commercial ocean liner service, and traffic management services to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basis. SDDC also provides global deployability engineering and analysis to support national security requirements and influence national engineering policies, serves as the single port manager to the GCC, and develops integrated traffic management systems. SDDC also executes VISA contracts for ocean liner service. Additionally, SDDC is the seaport manager under the SPM concept for all common-user seaports of embarkation (SPOEs) and/or seaports of debarkation (SPODs). When designated (e.g., using stevedoring services contracts or host-nation support (HNS)), SDDC will also serve as the port operator. SDDC s Transportation Engineering Agency (SDDCTEA) provides deployment engineering, research, and analytical expertise to improve the deployability of the Armed Forces of the United States. 9 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003, with the exception of SDDC's name. The SDDC's previous name was the Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC). 180

186 SDDCTEA executes surface transportation engineering policy matters assigned by the Office of the Secretary of Defense on behalf of USTRANSCOM and SDDC headquarters (HQ). SDDCTEA also provides a focal point for developing DTS-related modeling and simulation tools. SDDCTEA s primary functions are: Execute the highway, railroads, and ports for national defense programs; Conduct force deployability, transportation infrastructure, and operations and/or exercise analyses; Assess the capability of power projection platforms and seaports to meet deployment requirements; Ensure that the transportability design influence, criteria, and critical movement considerations are integrated in the DOD acquisition process; Formulate movement procedures for existing and future material; Develop deployability analysis techniques and transportation models and simulations; and Manage the acquisition and distribution of authoritative transportation data in support of deployment requirements. Deployment Distribution Operations Center10 The USTRANSCOM Deployment Distribution Operations Center (DDOC) serves as the focal point to orchestrate and optimize DTS operations in support of the Combatant Commanders and other customers. This group, comprised of command center elements at USTRANSCOM and each TCC, is organized by Customer Service Teams and linked by a real-time communications system (formerly referred to as Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems (C4S) ). This communications system provides the DDOC with visibility of all DTS movement requirements and information on the location, status, and capabilities of forces worldwide. The DDOC provides C2 of global mobility forces and other assets, and is organized under the Operations and Plans Directorate (TCJ3). The DDOC is the single focal point for customers at the Commander and major shipper level, including the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Joint Staff, AAFES, DLA, and the Services. In January 2004, USTRANSCOM established the first Joint DDOC (JDDOC) in the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility (AOR). Since then, all Geographic Combatant Commands have established JDDOCs to synchronize and optimize strategic and operational multimodal resources to improve distribution, force deployment, and sustainment within their AOR. Port Operations11 Critical components of the DTS are military and commercial ports supporting the air and maritime movement of unit and non-unit personnel, equipment, and cargo. These ports could be owned and operated by SDDC, AMC, a Service, geographic combatant commanders, or commercial or HN authorities. They may be either sophisticated fixed locations or heavily dependent on deployable mission support forces or joint logistics over-the-shore (JLOTS) assets to accomplish the mission. The significant surface and air cargo handling capabilities that exist 10 The information in this section is extracted directly from USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2, Understanding the Defense Transportation System. 11 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March

187 in the Services should be used jointly rather than in isolation to maximize the throughput capability of these essential transportation modes. The extensive use of containers and 463L pallets makes container handling equipment (CHE) and material handling equipment (MHE) essential elements of the DTS. Ensuring that these assets are available early allows for the efficient loading and unloading of ships and aircraft and increases the rate at which a port can be cleared. Without these assets, the DTS may come to a halt. Single Port Manager Manager (SPM): The SPM performs those functions necessary to support the strategic flow of deploying and redeploying forces, unit equipment, and sustainment supply in the Seaports of Embarkation (SPOEs) and Aerial ports of Embarkation (APOEs) and hand-off to the geographic combatant commander in the Seaports of Debarkation (SPODs) and Aerial ports of Debarkation (APODs). The Department of Defense uses the SPM approach for all worldwide common-use aerial and seaport operations. As outlined in the Unified Command Plan, USTRANSCOM has the mission to provide worldwide common-user aerial and seaport terminal management and may provide terminal services by contract. Thus USTRANSCOM, through AMC and SDDC, will manage common-use aerial ports and seaports for the geographic combatant commander. In areas not served by a permanent USTRANSCOM presence, USTRANSCOM will deploy an air mobility squadron and/or aerial port mobile flight and tanker air mobility control element and an SDDC port management cell to manage the ports in conert with a designated port operator. SDDC: As USTRANSCOM s surface TCC, SDDC performs SPM functions necessary to support the strategic flow of the deploying forces equipment and sustainment supply in the SPOE and hand-off to the geographic combatant commander in the SPOD. SDDC has port management responsibility through all phases of the theater port operations continuum, from a bare beach (e.g., JLOTS) deployment to a commercial contract fixed-port support deployment. When necessary, in areas where SDDC does not maintain a manned presence, a deployment support team will be established to direct water terminal operations, including supervising movement operations, contracts, cargo documentation, CONUS security operations, arrange for support, and the overall flow of information. As the single seaport manger, SDDC is also responsible for providing strategic deployment status information to the combatant commander and to manage the workload of the SPOD port operator based on the combatant commander s priorities and guidance. SDDC transportation groups and other SDDC units operate ports that use contracted labor. If Army stevedores are used, transportation groups assigned to the combatant commander operate the port. The specific roles and functions of both the port manager and port operator are summarized in JP , Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Transportation Terminal Operations. AMC: As USTRANSCOM s air TCC, AMC performs SPM functions necessary to support the strategic flow of the deploying forces equipment and sustainment supply in the APOE and hand-off to the geographic combatant commander in the APOD. AMC has port management responsibility through all phases of the theater aerial port 182

188 operations continuum, from a bare base deployment to a commercial contract fixed-port support deployment. AMC is the single aerial port manager and, where designated, operator of common-user APOEs and/or APODs. 12 Joint Task Force-Port Opening 13 Joint Task Force-Port Opening (JTF-PO) provides a rapid and worldwide deployable entity designed to support geographic combatant commanders throughout the range of military operations as they conduct their mission of supporting our nation s interests abroad. JTF-PO is designed to reverse the historic shortcomings associated with the rapid opening of ports worldwide, including ad hoc C2 and lack of continuous visibility of cargo moving from the ports of debarkation through the theater of operations. Consistent and deliberate joint training, a robust C2 suite, to include in transit visibility (ITV); and dedicated surface movement control units enable JTF-PO to effectively and efficiently address previous deficiencies of global transportation movement. The JTF-PO APOD combines fielded Air Force and Army units to open an airport and prepare it for logistics operations in as little as 72 hours. Similar to the APOD, USTRANSCOM has developed, and is in the process of fielding, the SPOD capability which will provide the rapid opening of a seaport in support of logistics operations. JTF-PO s joint training, rapid deployment, and state of the art communications systems will provide full accountability of cargo, greater dissemination of information to decision makers, overall improved systems processes and, most importantly, increased support to the warfighter. II. Concept of Operations for Strategic Deployment 14 The deployment and redeployment of U.S. forces in support of combatant commander (CCDR) requirements are a series of operational events enabled by logistics. These activities are planned and executed by both the supported and supporting commanders. The capability to deploy forces to the operational area (OA) and rapidly integrate them into the joint force as directed by the joint force commander (JFC) is essential. Mission requirements define the scope, duration, and scale of deployment and redeployment operations. These operations involve the efforts of numerous commands, agencies, and processes and as such, unity of effort becomes paramount for the effective and efficient mission accomplishment. The deployment and redeployment of U.S. forces in support of combatant commander (CCDR) requirements are a series of operational events enabled by logistics. These activities are planned and executed by both the supported and supporting commanders. The capability to deploy forces to the operational area (OA) and rapidly integrate them into the joint force as directed by the joint force commander (JFC) is essential. Mission requirements define the scope, duration, and scale of deployment and redeployment operations. These operations involve the efforts of numerous commands, agencies, and processes and as such, unity of effort becomes paramount for the effective and efficient mission accomplishment. Timely response to crisis situations is critical to U.S. deterrent and warfighting capabilities. The 12 For additional information see JP , Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Transportation Terminal Operations. 13 The information in this section is extracted directly from USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2, Understanding the Defense Transportation System. 14 The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 3-35, Deployment and Redeployment Operations, Washington DC: 31 January

189 timeliness of U.S. response is a function of U.S. forward deployed forces and pre-positioned assets, forces with organic movement capability, and adequate strategic and intratheater mobility capability assets. The combination of organic force movement and rapid mobility, bolstered by pre-positioned assets, provides the supported JFC with flexible mobility options that can be tailored to meet any crisis situation. Deployment operations normally involve a combination of organic and common-user lift supported movements using land (road and rail), sea, and air movement resources, as necessary. Successful movement depends on the availability of sufficient transportation capabilities to rapidly deploy combat forces, sustain them during an operation, and redeploy them to meet changing mission requirements or to return them to home and/or demobilization stations upon completion of their mission. The joint deployment and redeployment processes consist of four phases: planning, predeployment/pre-redeployment activities, movement, and joint reception, staging, onward movement, and integration (JRSOI). Both processes are similar; however, each has unique characteristics. See Figure I-1 for a depiction of the phases. These phases are iterative and may occur simultaneously throughout an operation. (1) Deployment and redeployment planning is the first phase of the process and occurs during deliberate planning and crisis action planning (CAP) currently as part of the JOPES and APEX process. It is conducted at all command levels and by both the supported and supporting commanders. (2) Predeployment and pre-redeployment activities are actions taken by the joint planning and execution community (JPEC), before actual movement, to prepare to execute a deployment or redeployment operation. This includes training, organizing and equipping the force to be able to perform the mission specified in the force requirement. (3) Movement includes the activities to physically move joint forces from origin to destination. It includes three segments: origin to port of embarkation (POE), activities at the POE, and POE to port of debarkation (POD) including movement and transit through intermediate locations as required. However, in order for joint deployment to produce a seamless, end-to-end deployment movement process, consideration should be given to JRSOI. (4) JRSOI, the final phase, is the essential process that transitions deploying or redeploying forces, consisting of personnel, equipment, and materiel arriving in theater, into forces capable of meeting the CCDR s operational requirements, or completes the redeployment of forces to home or demobilization station as a result of end-of-mission or rotation. Redeployment is the transfer of deployed forces and accompanying materiel from one OA to support another JFC s operational requirements within a new OA or home/demobilization station as a result of end-of-mission or rotation. Similar to deployment operations, redeployment planning decisions are based on the OE in the OA at the time of redeployment. As already described, the redeployment process consists of four phases; redeployment planning, preredeployment activities, movement, and JRSOI. The supported geographic combatant commander (GCC) is responsible for redeployment planning in the area of responsibility (AOR). This planning should be considered at the outset of an operation and continually be refined as the operation matures. The individual activities within each phase of redeployment are similar to 184

190 those described in the deployment process; however, significant differences exist during the JRSOI phase. The Strategic Mobility Triad. Successful deployment and redeployment of forces and capabilities in military operations depends on sufficient port throughput capacity coupled with the availability of sufficient mobility assets to rapidly deploy operational forces, sustain them as long as necessary to meet U.S. military objectives, and reconstitute and redeploy them to meet changing mission requirements or return to home and/or demobilization stations upon completion of their mission. To meet this challenge, the United States Transportation Command s (USTRANSCOM s) transportation component commands (TCCs), Air Mobility Command (AMC), Military Sealift Command (MSC), and Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) exercise command and control (C2) of assigned, allocated, apportioned, or chartered transportation assets for use by all DOD elements and, as authorized, other USG departments and agencies or other approved users. Deployment operations normally involve a combination of land (road and rail), sea (including inland waterways), and air movement augmented, as necessary, by pre-positioned assets. 185

191 III. Movement in Support of Homeland Defense and Civil Support Deployments within the homeland follow the same processes as outlined in the preceding paragraphs however the timelines can be extremely compressed. The national importance of these missions is reflected in the elevated movement priorities that can be invoked by the President or Secretary of Defense. USTRANSCOM can quickly assemble aircraft and flight crews for operations where expedited passenger movement is required. Surface transportation (commercial and organic) can be a viable option in those situations where the distance between the home station and the operational area is relatively short. 186

192 OPERATIONAL COMMAND AND CONTROL15 I. Introduction Command and Control (C2) enhances the commander s ability to make sound and timely decisions and successfully execute them. A critical consideration in operational planning, the organizations and relationships established are based on the operational design, complexity of the operation, and the degree of control required. When properly established, the C2 organization allows for decentralized execution of centralized, overarching plans. C2 is the means by which a Joint Force Commander (JFC) synchronizes and/or integrates joint force activities. The Joint definition of C2 is The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. Joint Pub 1 identifies ten C2 tenets which should be factored into planning in order to maximize the effective C2 of joint operations (see JP 1, p. V-14-17). Clearly defined authorities, roles and relationships Mission Command Information management and knowledge sharing Communication (Commander s intent & mission-type orders) Timely decision making Coordination mechanisms Battle rhythm discipline Responsible, dependable and interoperable support systems Situational awareness Mutual trust Additionally, the following four principles of C2 should guide the C2 organization (see JP 1, p. V-18). Simplicity Span of control Unit integrity Interoperability Whatever the scope or intensity of any particular action, the joint force commander must consider how best to organize a force in order to enable unity of command/effort, centralized direction and decentralized execution. Critical to achieving these goals is the determination of command relationships and a command organization which are tailored to the objectives and the operational 15 Extracted from JP 1, JP 3-0, JP 3-05, JP 3-13, JP 3-16, JP 3-30, JP 3-31, JP 3-33 and JAWS Operational Art and Campaigning Primer AY

193 design. The establishment of command relationships includes determining the types of subordinate commands and the degree of authority to be delegated to each. Clear definition of command relationships further clarifies the intent of the combatant commander and contributes to decentralized execution and unity of effort. II. Command Relationships and Levels of Authority The specific command relationship combatant command (command authority) (COCOM), operational control (OPCON), tactical control (TACON), and support will define the level of authority a commander (CDR) has over assigned or attached forces. A CDR can also have authority when coordinating authority, administrative control (ADCON), and direct liaison authorized (DIRLAUTH) relationships have been specified. An overview of command relationships is shown in the figure below: The CCDR exercises combatant command (command authority) (COCOM) over forces assigned or reassigned by the President or Secretary of Defense. Forces are assigned or reassigned when the transfer of forces will be permanent or for an unknown period of time, or when the broadest level of C2 is required or desired. Operational control (OPCON) of assigned forces is inherent in COCOM and may be delegated within the combatant command by the CCDR. Subordinate joint force commanders (JFCs) will exercise OPCON over assigned or reassigned forces. The CCDR normally exercises operational 188

194 control (OPCON) over forces attached by the SecDef. Forces are attached when the transfer of forces will be temporary. Establishing authorities for subordinate unified commands and joint task forces (JTFs) normally will direct the delegation of OPCON over forces attached to those subordinate commands. In accordance with the assignment tables in the Global Force Management Implementation Guidance (GFMIG) and the Unified Command Plan (UCP), except as otherwise directed by the President or the SecDef, all forces operating within the geographic area assigned to a specific CCDR shall be assigned or attached to, and under the command of that CCDR. Transient forces do not come under the chain of command of the theater CCDR solely by their movement across operational area boundaries, except when the CCDR is exercising tactical control (TACON) for the purpose of force protection. Unless otherwise specified by the SecDef and with the exception of the United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM) area of responsibility (AOR), a CCDR has TACON for exercise purposes whenever forces not assigned to that CCDR undertake exercises in that CCDR's AOR. Summary of U.S. Command Relationships Combatant Command (Command Authority) (COCOM) COCOM is the authority of a combatant commander to perform those functions of command over assigned forces to include: Organizing and employing commands and forces. Assigning tasks. Designating objectives. Giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations and joint training Logistics. 189

195 COCOM should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally, this authority is exercised through subordinate JFCs and Service and/or functional component commanders; however, it cannot be delegated to subordinate commanders. COCOM provides full authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the combatant commander considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions. Operational Control (OPCON) OPCON is the command authority exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of COCOM and can be delegated or transferred. OPCON is inherent in COCOM and is the authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving: Organizing and employing commands and forces. Assigning tasks. Designating objectives. Giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. OPCON includes authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations and joint training necessary to accomplish missions assigned to the command. It should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations; normally, this authority is exercised through subordinate JFCs and Service and/or functional component commanders. OPCON normally provides full authority to organize commands and forces and employ those forces necessary to accomplish assigned missions. It does not include authoritative direction for logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. The combatant commander delegates these elements. OPCON does include the authority to delineate functional responsibilities and geographic JOA of subordinate JFCs. The superior commander gives commanders of subordinate commands and JTFs OPCON of assigned or attached forces. Tactical Control (TACON) TACON is the command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands, or a military capability or forces made available for tasking. It is limited to the detailed and usually local direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks. TACON may be delegated to and exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of COCOM. TACON is inherent in OPCON. Support Support is a command authority. A support relationship is established by a superior commander between subordinate commanders when one organization should aid, protect, complement, or sustain another force. Support may be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of COCOM. This includes the President and/or SecDef designating a support relationship between combatant commanders as well as between subordinate commands in a single CCDR. The designation of 190

196 supporting relationships is important as it conveys priorities to commanders and staffs that are planning or executing joint operations. The support command relationship is a flexible arrangement. The establishing authority is responsible for ensuring that both the supported and supporting commanders understand the degree of authority granted the supported commander. The supported commander should ensure that the supporting commander understands the assistance required. The supporting commander provides the assistance needed, subject to the supporting commander's existing capabilities and other assigned tasks. When the supporting commander cannot fulfill the needs of the supported commander, the establishing authority is notified by either the supported or supporting commander. The establishing authority is responsible for determining a solution. An establishing directive is normally issued to specify the purpose of the support relationship, the effect desired, and the action to be taken. Other authorities outside the command relationships delineated above are described below. Administrative control (ADCON) ADCON is the direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations with respect to administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations. ADCON is synonymous with administration and support responsibilities identified in Title 10, United States Code (USC). This is the authority necessary to fulfill Military Department statutory responsibilities for administration and support. ADCON may be delegated to and exercised by CDRs of Service forces assigned to a CCDR at any echelon at or below the level of Service component command. ADCON is subject to the command authority of CCDRs. ADCON may be delegated to and exercised by CDRs of Service commands assigned within Service authorities. Service CDRs exercising ADCON will not usurp the authorities assigned by a CCDR having COCOM over CDRs of assigned Service forces. 191

197 Coordinating authority CDRs or individuals may exercise coordinating authority at any echelon at or below the level of combatant command. Coordinating authority is the authority delegated to a CDR or individual for coordinating specific functions and activities involving forces of two or more Military Departments, two or more joint force components, or two or more forces of the same Service (e.g., joint security coordinator exercises coordinating authority for joint security area operations among the component CDRs). Coordinating authority may be granted and modified through a memorandum of agreement to provide unity of command and unity of effort for operations involving Reserve Component (RC) and Active Component (AC) forces engaged in interagency activities. The CDR or individual has the authority to require consultation between the agencies involved but does not have the authority to compel agreement. The common task to be coordinated will be specified in the establishing directive without disturbing the normal organizational relationships in other matters. Coordinating authority is a consultation relationship between CDRs, not an authority by which command may be exercised. It is more applicable to planning and similar activities than to operations. Coordinating authority is not in any way tied to force assignment. Assignment of coordinating authority is based on the missions and capabilities of the commands or organizations involved. Direct liaison authorized (DIRLAUTH) DIRLAUTH is that authority granted by a CDR (any level) to a subordinate to directly consult or coordinate an action with a command or agency within or outside of the granting command. DIRLAUTH is more applicable to planning than operations and always carries with it the requirement of keeping the CDR granting DIRLAUTH informed. DIRLAUTH is a coordination relationship, not an authority through which command may be exercised. III. Joint Command Organization A JFC has the authority to organize assigned or attached forces with specification of OPCON to best accomplish the assigned mission. The organization should be sufficiently flexible to meet the planned phases of the contemplated operations and any development that may necessitate a change in plan. The JFC will establish subordinate commands, assign responsibilities, establish or delegate appropriate command relationships, and establish coordinating instructions of the component commanders. Sound organization should provide for unity of command, centralized planning and direction, and decentralized execution. The figure below illustrates possible components in a Joint Force. 192

198 The composition of the JFC s staff will reflect the composition of the joint force to ensure that those responsible for employing joint forces have a thorough knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of assigned or attached forces. All joint forces include service components, through which administrative and logistic support is provided. Service forces may be assigned or attached to subordinate joint forces without the formal creation of a respective service component command of that joint force. The JFC also may conduct operations through the service component commanders or, at lower echelons, service force commanders. This relationship is appropriate when stability, continuity, economy, ease of long-range planning, and the scope of operations dictate organizational integrity of service forces for conducting operations. Typical service component commander responsibilities are as follows: Making recommendations to the CJTF on the proper employment of the forces of the service component. Accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. Assuming responsibility for areas of operations, if assigned (land and maritime forces). Coordinating sustainment support through service channels. Informing the CJTF of planning for changes in logistic support that would significantly affect operational capability. Retaining responsibility for certain service-specific functions such as internal administration, training, logistics, and service component intelligence operations. Conducting joint training. 193

199 Selecting and nominating specific units of the parent service component for assignment to other subordinate forces. Providing, as directed, supporting joint operation and exercise plans. Establishing combat identification standing operating procedures and other directives based on CJTF guidance. Planning and coordinating operations and employing service forces in support of CJTF's concept of operations. Issuing planning guidance. Analyzing various courses of action. Coordinating with other JTF component and subordinate task forces to ensure that the most effective support is provided to the CJTF. Evaluating the results of operations. Focusing on operational-level service core capabilities. Functioning as a supported and supporting commander, as directed by the CJTF. Integrating base operating support and providing common-item support to elements of the joint force when directed by the supported combatant commander. Coordinating safe and effective airfield operations when assigned as the senior airfield authority by the supported combatant commander. Assessing and mitigating risk. The JFC may establish functional component commands to conduct operations. Functional component commands are appropriate when forces from two or more Military Departments must operate within the same mission area or geographic domain or there is a need to accomplish a distinct aspect of the assigned mission. Joint force land, air, maritime, and special operations component commanders are examples of functional components. (NOTE: Functional component commanders are component commanders of a joint force and do not constitute a joint force command with the authorities and responsibilities of a JFC, even when employing forces from two or more Military Departments.) When a functional component command employs forces from more than one service, the functional component commander s staff should include service representatives from each of the employed service forces to aid in understanding those capabilities and maximizing the effective employment of forces. Joint staff billets for needed expertise and individuals to fill those billets should be identified. Those individuals should be used when the functional component command is formed for exercises, contingency planning, or actual operations. Normal functional component commands include the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC), Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC), Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC), Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force (JCMOTF) and Joint Military Information Support Task Force (JMISTF). Typical responsibilities for each of these functional component commanders are as follows: Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) tasks: Develop daily anticipatory guidance for construction of the air operations directive Develop a joint air operations plan to best support the joint force commander s (JFC s) concept of operations 194

200 Recommend to the JFC apportionment of the joint air effort, after consulting with other component commanders Allocate and task air capabilities/forces made available based upon the JFC s air apportionment decision Provide oversight and guidance during execution of joint air operations Coordinate joint air operations with operations of other component commanders and forces assigned to or supporting the JFC Assess the results of joint air operations Perform the duties of the airspace control authority (ACA) and/or the area air defense commander (AADC) unless a separate ACA and/or AADC is designated Perform the duties of the space coordinating authority when designated Accomplish various mission areas to include, but not limited to: o Counterair o Strategic attack o Airborne intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance o Air interdiction o Control intratheater and coordinate intertheater air mobility o Close air support Note: The joint force air component commander normally is the supported commander for the JFC's overall air interdiction effort, while land and maritime component commanders are supported commanders for interdiction in their area of operations. Major Commands The USAF has two types of major commands: lead majcom and component majcom (CMajcom). (Some major commands are both lead majcoms and C-Majcoms.) A C-Majcom is the USAF component to a unified combatant command. The commander of a C-Majcom is the commander of air forces (COMAFFOR) and may function as a theater joint force air and space component commander (JFACC) when required. A C-Majcom has one or more component NAFs (C-NAFs) through which it presents its forces to the combatant commander. Numbered Air Force A numbered air force, that level of command directly below a major command, provides operational leadership and supervision to its subordinate units (wings, groups, and squadrons). A C-NAF supports the COMAFFOR at the operational and tactical level. USAF has designated some C-NAFs, rather than a majcom, as the Air Force component to a unified combatant command. In that role, the C-NAF functions at the strategic level as well as the operational and tactical levels and will have a broader staff. If the Air Force possesses the preponderance of air forces in a JFC's area of operations, the COMAFFOR will normally serve as the Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC). However, if the Air Force is not the main effort, the Air Force component can, with GCC approval: (a) Designate a JFACC for each JFC subordinate to the GCC. A GCC normally establishes a subordinate JTF to conduct operations, and forces are normally attached as needed, with specification of OPCON to the subordinate JFC. This option 195

201 will place dedicated air assets and independent C2 capability under the OPCON of the JFC for whom they are performing the mission. It provides unity of command over the forces employed within the assigned JOA and greater direct control and predictability as to which air assets are available. (b) Theater JFACC. A GCC may establish multiple JTFs within the area of responsibility (AOR), but decide to retain C2 of joint air forces at the GCC level. Joint air forces will be controlled to support the multiple JTF commanders according to the JTF commanders objectives and the GCC's AOR- wide priorities. In this situation, joint air forces are controlled at the theater level, under the direction of the theater JFACC, subordinate to the GCC. The theater level JFACC provides flexibility in managing limited air assets to meet the requirements of the GCC and multiple JTFs. 1. The theater JFACC will be the supporting commander to the GCC s subordinate JTF commanders joint air operations within their respective JOAs. Per JP 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, an establishing directive should be promulgated to clearly delineate support command relationships. Unless limited by the establishing directive, the supported JTF commanders will have the authority to exercise general direction of the supporting effort (General direction includes the designation and prioritization of targets or objectives, timing and duration of the supporting action, and other instructions necessary for coordination and efficiency). 196

202 2. The theater JFACC, as the supporting commander, determines the forces, tactics, methods, procedures, and communications to be employed in providing this support. The JFACC will advise and coordinate with the supported JTF commanders on matters concerning the employment and limitations (e.g., logistics) of such support, assist in planning for the integration of such support into the supported JTF commanders efforts as a whole, and ensure that support requirements are appropriately communicated within the JFACC s organization. When the JFACC cannot fulfill the needs of the Command and Control of Joint Air Operations supported JTF commander, the GCC will be notified by either the supported JTF commander or JFACC. The GCC is responsible for determining a solution. For their operations, these JTF commanders as JFCs - will exercise approval authority for products normally generated for JFC approval (including products generated by the theater JFACC for their JOA). 3. The theater JFACC may deploy one or more Joint Air Component Coordination Elements (JACCEs) to the JTF headquarters and other component headquarters as needed to ensure they receive the appropriate level of joint air support. The JACCE will provide on-hand air expertise to the JTF commanders and the direct link back to the theater JFACC and the JAOC. A JACCE is a small team of airpower experts that can be used to facilitate coordination between a JFACC and other component commanders or the JFC. The JACCE is intended as a facilitator, and should not be used in place of existing, more formal methods of coordination. The JACCE will not bear any responsibilities of the JAOC nor will it replace any JAOC processes or sub-processes. The JFACC may simultaneously deploy multiple JACCEs as liaisons to the JTF, subordinate joint forces, or Services, while operating from home station or a deployed location. 197

203 4. Between these two options presented there can be other potential organizational variations. See JP 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations for more detail. Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC) Advising the CJTF on the proper employment of land forces/capabilities made available for tasking. Developing the land operation plan (OPLAN) or operation order (OPORD) in support of the CJTF's concept of operations and optimizing the operations of task-organized land forces. The JFLCC issues planning guidance to all subordinate and supporting elements and analyzes proposed courses of action. The intent is to concentrate combat power at critical times and places to accomplish operational or strategic goals. Directing the execution of the land OPLAN/OPORD as specified by the CJTF, which includes making timely adjustments to the tasking of forces/capabilities made available. The JFLCC coordinates changes with affected component commanders as appropriate. Coordinating the planning and execution of land operations with the other components, and other supporting agencies. Evaluating the results of land operations to include the effectiveness of interdiction operations and forwarding these results to the CJTF to support the combat assessment effort. Synchronizing and integrating movement and maneuver (including lines of communications, movement control, and deconfliction), fires, and interdiction in support of land operations. Designating the target priorities, effects, and timing for joint land operations. Providing mutual support to other components by conducting operations within the land area of operations, such as suppression of enemy air defenses and suppression of threats to maritime operations. Coordinating with other functional and Service components in support of accomplishing the CJTF objectives. Providing an assistant deputy area air defense commander for land-based joint theater air and missile defense operations as determined by the CJTF. Supporting the CJTF's information operations (IO) by developing the IO requirements that support land-control operations and synchronizing the land force IO capabilities when directed. Establishing a standing operating procedure and other directives based on CJTF guidance. Providing inputs into the CJTF-approved joint area air defense plan and the airspace control plan. Integrating the JFLCC's communications system resources into the supported combatant commander's communications system architecture and synchronizing the JFLCC's communications system capabilities in the joint planning and execution process. Integrating special operations into overall land operations. Providing a joint security coordinator, when directed. Establishing a personnel recovery coordination cell to account for and report the status of isolated personnel and to coordinate and control land component personnel recovery 198

204 events; and, if directed by the CJTF, establish a separate joint personnel recovery center for the same purpose in support of a joint recovery event. See JP 3-31, Command and Control for Joint Land Operations, for more detail. Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC) Develop a joint maritime operations plan to best support joint force objectives. Provide centralized direction for the allocation and tasking of forces/capabilities made available. Request forces of other component commanders when necessary for the accomplishment of the maritime mission. Make maritime apportionment recommendations to the CJTF. Provide maritime forces to other component commanders in accordance with CJTF apportionment decisions. Control the operational level synchronization and execution of joint maritime operations, as specified by the CJTF, to include adjusting targets and tasks for available joint forces/capabilities. The JFC and affected component commanders will be notified, as appropriate, if the joint force maritime component commander JFMCC changes the planned joint maritime operations during execution. Act as supported commander within the assigned area of operations (AO). Assign and coordinate target priorities within the assigned AO by synchronizing and integrating maneuver, mobility and movement, fires, and interdiction. The JFMCC nominates targets located within the maritime AO to the joint targeting process that may potentially require action by another component commander s assigned forces. Evaluate results of maritime operations and forward combat assessments to the CJTF in support of the overall effort. Support information operations with assigned assets, when directed. Function as a supported and supporting commander, as directed by the CJTF. Establishing a personnel recovery coordination cell to account for and report the status of isolated personnel and to coordinate and control maritime component personnel recovery events; and, if directed by the CJTF, establish a separate joint personnel recovery center for the same purpose in support of a joint recovery event. See JP 3-32, Command and Control for Joint Maritime Operations, for more detail. Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC) Advising the CJTF on the proper employment of special operations forces (SOF) and assets. Planning and coordinating special operations (SO) and employing designated SOF in support of the CJTF's concept of operations. Issuing planning guidance. Analyzing various courses of action. Coordinating the conduct of SO with the other joint task force component commanders and subordinate task forces. Evaluating the results of SO. Focusing on operational-level functions and their control. Synchronizing sustainment for SOF. 199

205 Establishing a combat identification standing operating procedure and other directives based on CJTF guidance. Establishing an unconventional assisted recovery coordination cell to coordinate and control nonconventional assisted recoveries (including unconventional assisted recoveries) and recovery mechanisms in support of joint personnel recovery center and personnel recovery coordination cell. Functioning as a supported and supporting commander, as directed by the CJTF. See JP 3-05, Special Operations, for more detail. Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force (JCMOTF) Advising the CJTF on policy, funding; multinational, foreign, or host-nation sensitivities; and their effect on theater strategy and/or campaign and operational missions. Providing command and control or direction of military host-nation advisory, assessment, planning, and other assistance activities by joint U.S. forces. Assisting in establishing U.S. or multinational and military-to-civil links for greater efficiency of cooperative assistance arrangements. Performing essential coordination or liaison with host-nation agencies, country team, United Nations agencies, and deployed US, multinational, and host-nation military forces and supporting logistic organizations. Assisting in the planning and conduct of civil information programs to publicize positive results and objectives of military assistance projects, to build civil acceptance and support of U.S. operations, and to promote indigenous capabilities contributing to recovery and economic-social development. Planning and conducting joint and combined civil-military operations training exercises. Advising and assisting in strengthening or stabilizing civil infrastructures and services and otherwise facilitating transition to peacekeeping or consolidation operations and associated hand-off to other United States Government (USG) agencies, international organizations, or host-nation responsibility. Assessing or identifying host-nation civil support, relief, or funding requirements to the CJTF for transmission to supporting commanders, Military Services, or other responsible USG agencies. See JP 3-57 Civil-Military Operations, for more detail. Joint Military Information Support Task Force (JMISTF) Advise the CJTF on military information support operations (MISO). Conduct MISO planning and execution. Issue planning guidance. Advise the CJTF on the targeting process regarding MISO, MISO enabling actions, and targeting restrictions. Provide public information to foreign audiences within the JTF operational area. Assist in countering propaganda, misinformation, and opposing information to correctly portray friendly intent and action to foreign target audiences. Analyze various courses of action. 200

206 Develop, produce, distribute, and disseminate MISO products and actions to achieve MISO objectives. Coordinate with the other subordinate task forces and components to synchronize operation plans and MISO efforts in support of CJTF objectives. Conduct MISO dissemination operations. Evaluate the change in behavior of the target audience. Conduct liaison with host-nation agencies and other USG organizations. Coordinate and synchronize all MISO public information activities with public affairs. Provide defense support to public diplomacy efforts through a military information support team in the U.S. embassy. See JP , Military Information Support Operations, for more detail. Joint forces are usually organized with a combination of service and functional component commands with operational responsibilities. Normally, a service component will be dualhatted when appointed a functional component. Additionally, service components are normally selected for functional command based upon the weight of their contribution to the effort. Due to their ability to sustain a theater operation, the Army, more often than not, will perform the JFLCC role. However, the Marine Corps may prove the best option for the JFLCC depending upon the given circumstances. For large scale conflicts, the Air Force will normally draw the JFACC role, just as the Navy and perhaps the Marine Corps could be JFACCs in smaller scale contingencies when access to host nation basing is an issue. For the same reasons, the Navy will normally be the JFMCC. The JFC has full authority to assign missions, redirect efforts, and direct coordination among subordinate commanders. JFCs should allow Service tactical and operational assets and groupings to function generally as they were designed. The intent is to meet the needs of the JFC while maintaining the tactical and operational integrity of the Service organizations. IV. Multinational Command Organization US commanders should expect to conduct military operations as part of a multinational force (MNF). These operations could span the range of military operations and require coordination with a variety of USG agencies, military forces of other nations, local authorities, IGOs, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Much of the information and guidance provided for unified action and joint operations remains applicable to multinational operations. However, commanders and staffs must account for differences in partners laws, doctrine, organization, weapons, equipment, terminology, culture, politics, religion, and language. Fusing a coalition together is much more complex, therefore attaining unity of effort can be very challenging. Although nations will often participate in multinational operations, they rarely, if ever, relinquish national command of their forces. As such, forces participating in a multinational operation will always have at least two distinct chains of command: a national chain of command and a multinational chain of command (see Figure below). 201

207 National Command As Commander and Chief, the President always retains and cannot relinquish national command authority over U.S. forces. National command includes the authority and responsibility for organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling, planning employment, and protecting military forces. The President also has the authority to terminate U.S. participation in multinational operations at any time. Multinational Command Command authority for a MNC is normally negotiated between the participating nations and can vary from nation to nation. Command authority could range from operational control (OPCON), to tactical control (TACON), to designated support relationships, to coordinating authority. Multinational Command Structures No single command structure meets the needs of every multinational command but one absolute remains constant; political considerations will heavily influence the ultimate shape of the command structure. However, participating nations should strive to achieve unity of command for the operation to the maximum extent possible, with missions, tasks, responsibilities, and authorities clearly defined and understood by all participants. While command relationships are fairly well defined in U.S. doctrine, they are not necessarily part of the doctrinal lexicon of nations with which the United States may operate in coalition or combined operations. The basic structures for multinational operations fall into one of three types: integrated, lead nation, or parallel command. 202

208 Integrated Command Structure Multinational commands organized under an integrated command structure provide unity of effort in a multinational setting (see Figure below). A good example of this command structure is found in NATO where a strategic commander is designated from a member nation, but the strategic command staff and the commanders and staffs of subordinate commands are of multinational makeup. The key factors in an integrated combined command are: A designated single commander. The staff is composed of representatives from all member nations. Subordinate commands and staffs are integrated into the lowest echelon necessary to accomplish the mission. Parallel Command Structure Under a parallel command structure, no single force commander is designated (see Figure below). The political factors present in coalition building often preclude integrated C2 organization in which case unity of effort must be achieved through coordination and cooperation (CO2) vice C2. The coalition leadership must develop a means for this coordination among the participants in order to attain unity of effort. This can be accomplished through the use of coordination centers. Nonetheless, because of the absence of a single commander, the use of a parallel command structure should be avoided if at all possible. 203

209 Lead Nation Command Structure A lead nation structure exists when all member nations place their forces under the control of one nation (see Figure below). The lead nation command can be distinguished by a dominant lead nation command and staff arrangement with subordinate elements retaining strict national integrity. A lead nation command may also be characterized by an integrated staff and multinational subordinate forces. Integrating the staff allows the commander to draw upon the expertise of allied or coalition partners in areas where the lead nation may have less experience. Rotational command, a variation of lead nation command sometimes found in combined commands, allows each participating nation to be the lead nation in turn. To be effective, command tour lengths should be adjusted so that participating nations may alternate exercising the authority of the lead nation. However, command tours should not be so short to be operationally meaningless. 204

210 V. U.S. and Alliance Command Relationships. The figure below offers a comparison between U.S. command relationships and the two alliance command relationships of NATO and CFC/USFK. 205

211 APPENDIX A SERVICES' INSIGNIA **Coast Guard insignia are identical to Navy. A-1

212 A-2

213 A-3

214 **Coast Guard insignia are identical to Navy. A-4

215 Length: Miles Miles Miles Nautical miles Meters Kilometers Inches Feet APPENDIX B CONVERSION TABLE To convert A to B, multiply A by C. To convert B to A, multiply B by D Unit Factor Unit A C D B 63,360 b 5,280. b , Inches Feet Kilometers Miles Feet Feet Centimeters Fathom Surface: Square miles Square miles Acres Acres Square inches Square meters 27,878, b 43,560 b 4, Square feet Acres Square feet Square meters Sq centimeters Square feet Volume: Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet U.S. gallons U.S. gallons Imperial gallons Fluid ounces U.S. Barrel Velocities: Miles per hour Meters per second Meters per second ,728 b b Tons (shipping) Cubic inches Cu. centimeters Cubic feet U.S. gallons Imperial gals. Liters Cubic inches Liters U.S. gallons Cubic inches U.S. gallons Feet per second Feet per second Miles per hour Pressure: Atmos. (mean) Atmos. (mean) Lbs. per sq inch Feet of water Lbs per sq in In. of mercury In. of mercury Lbs. per sq foot B-1

216 APPENDIX B CONVERSION TABLE (CONTINUED) Weight: Ounces Pounds Pounds 7,000 b Grains (avoir.) Kilograms Pounds Short tons 2, Pounds Long tons b Short tons Angular Measure: Circle Degrees Degree 60.0 Minutes Degree Mils Mil a Minutes Minute 60. Seconds NOTE: a A mil is the angle subtended by an arc of 1 unit on a radius of 1,000 units (an angle the tangent of which is approximately (small angles) 1/1,000). The arbitrary value of the mil adopted by the United States Army is 1/6,400 of a circle b Exact values. B-2

217 APPENDIX C Navy Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) Concept The CWC Concept was developed in concert with the defense in depth concept during the Cold War. It was designed to permit the Carrier Battle Group (CVBG) Commander to fight fleet on fleet engagements across multiple warfare areas simultaneously against the Soviet Union. The key operational assumption was that the CVBG would fight simultaneously in all three dimensions (air, surface, subsurface) within roughly 200 to 300 miles of the aircraft carrier (CV). The prevailing thought was that the CVBG Commander would be overwhelmed with so much simultaneous information that it would impact speed of command and tactical proficiency. Therefore, the Navy developed the CWC Concept and implemented its two central tenets: command by negation, and decentralized control. The CVBG has evolved into the Carrier Strike Group (CSG) and integrated into the joint operational domain. The Navy s CWC Concept shares similarities with the joint force command and control construct, albeit with a more tactical focus. Under the CWC architecture, the Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) delegates command authority in tactical warfare areas to subordinate commanders within his organization. Subordinate commanders then execute assigned tasks within those warfare areas with assigned assets based on the OTC s guidance. The CWC concept is the Navy s C2 construct for tactical execution. This construct, though designed for tactical level maritime operations, is not unlike the construct utilized by Joint Force Commanders (JFC), who employ decentralized execution and a form of command by negation in directing the operational execution of subordinate component commanders. The relationship between the JTF Commander and his subordinate component commanders is similar to the relationship between the CWC/OTC and his subordinate warfare commanders. The CWC retains responsibility and accountability for the conduct of CSG (or ARG) operations and delegates authority for employing forces to his principle warfare commanders. In order to decide the assignment and location of subordinate warfare commanders and coordinators, the CWC must take into account the tactical situation, force size, and capabilities required to cope with an expected threat. Principle warfare commanders employ forces assigned to them by the CWC and respond to threats according to the CWC s guidance. The CWC s guidance is promulgated via a naval message called the operation general matter (OPGEN). The OPGEN describes the operational environment, assigns warfare commanders and warfare areas, allocates assets, outlines mission priorities, defines command relationships, and provides commander s guidance. The OPGEN also provides a common framework (and battle rhythm) which allows warfare commanders to manage their specific warfare areas and control their assets. Therefore, the CWC does not become overwhelmed with the volume of detail associated with CSG operations. Regardless of the delegation of command authority, the CWC ultimately retains overall responsibility. As stated above, warfare commanders control their individual warfare specialties; however, the CWC may intervene by negating the warfare commander s orders or tactics. C-1

218 CWC / OTC: The CWC (aka Bravo ) is the central command authority and overall commander. The CWC is usually a Rear Admiral (O-7/O-8) in command of a CSG (Carrier Strike Group Commander) who is embarked in the aircraft carrier (CVN) along with a support staff (or a Navy O-6 Amphibious Squadron Commodore (PHIBRON) embarked aboard the amphibious assault ship (LHA or LHD as part of an Amphibious Ready Group (ARG)). Under the CWC architecture, the Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) (aka Alpha ) delegates command authority in particular warfare areas to subordinate commanders within the CWC organization. Usually, the OTC is also the CWC, but in certain situations the CWC and OTC may be separate officers, e.g. if the OTC is the NFC or JFMCC (callsign Alpha Alpha ). The OTC has the option to delegate overall coordination of defensive warfare areas to a CWC and can retain direct command in any one (or more) warfare area(s) if desired. Because this rarely occurs, the terms CWC and OTC are usually interchangeable. However, great care must be exercised when applying the CWC or OTC distinction to coalition operations. In a coalition environment, misunderstanding the CWC/OTC relationship may either facilitate or hinder warfare integration with joint or coalition partners. Subordinate to the CWC are principal warfare commanders to include: Sea Combat Commander (SCC), Surface Warfare Commander (SUWC), AntisubmarineWarfare Commander (ASWC), Air and MissileDefense Commander (AMDC), Information Operations Warfare Commander (IWC), and Strike Warfare Commander (STWC). Principle Warfare Commanders: Principle warfare commanders are usually individual ship Commanding Officers (COs) or embarked Commanders (Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) or Carrier Air Wing (CAG). They usually exercise tactical control (TACON) of all assets assigned to their warfare area. Each principle warfare commander reports directly to the CWC. The following warfare commander descriptions were taken from NWC 5050 (Mark McManus, United States Navy Command and Control Organization, Newport, RI: Naval War College, October 2011, Appendix A): SCC: The SCC (aka Zulu ) is normally the DESRON Commander (a Navy O6) and is embarked on the CVN. Originally conceived as a combination of Surface Warfare (SUW) and Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW); SCC s operational reach has expanded to include (MIWC) and other supporting functions as well. At the discretion of the SCC (with the CWC s concurrence), the SCC may divest warfare area responsibilities to other commanders in the CSG or to coalition partners. The SCC integrates ASW and SUW warfare tasks under one commander; this is an optional position within the composite warfare commander structure. In addition to SUW and ASW, other warfare tasks that may be assigned to the SCC are: HEC, MIWC, SC, SOCA, and MIOC. When activated, the SCC plans, directs, monitors, and assesses CWC tasks in support of the NFC s/jfmcc s maritime support plan for sea control. C-2

219 SUWC: The SUWC (aka Sierra ) conducts operations to destroy or neutralize enemy naval surface forces and merchant vessels. These operations typically include planning and directing surface surveillance mission and war-at-sea-strikes. These missions may be either offensive or defensive in nature and may employ ships, submarines, aircraft or missiles. The SUWC should be the most qualified surface warfare commander embarked on a ship within that task force/task group. Within a CSG, this responsibility is normally assigned to the commanding officer of the destroyer squadron. The destroyer squadron commander, referred to as commodore, has authority over all ships within that group that are commanded by Navy Officers with the rank of O-5 and below. Within an ARG, SUWC is normally the amphibious squadron commodore, or the commanding officer of the ARG flagship. The requirement of a robust communications system to provide C2 to multiple vessels simultaneously requires that the SUWC normally embark on an aircraft carrier or amphibious assault ship. Due to the combined arms nature of surface warfare, the staff of the SUWC is augmented by a qualified submarine officer and representatives from different aviation communities such as attack, airborne early warning, ship-based helicopter, and land-based maritime patrol reconnaissance aircraft. ASWC: ASWC (aka X-ray ) is responsible for the defense of the force against submarine threats. The ASWC is responsible for collecting, evaluating, and disseminating antisubmarine surveillance information as well as planning, directing, monitoring and assessing the employment of antisubmarine resources. The ASWC should be an experienced commander with a staff and a command center capable of maintaining sufficient tactical awareness to manage antisubmarine warfare for the force. Typically, the destroyer squadron commodore is assigned ASWC responsibilities within a CSG. Much like SUWC, the staff of the ASWC requires augmentation from fixed and rotary wing ASW squadrons, qualified submarine officers as well as naval oceanographic analysis team personnel. AMDC: The AMDC (aka Whiskey ) conducts all actions and measures to defend the maritime force against airborne weapons launched from ships, submarines, aircraft, and/or land-bases locations. When operating in a joint environment, the AMDC coordinates efforts with other coordination centers involved in this mission area such as the JTF Joint Operations Center or Air Operations Center. The AMDC is responsible for planning, directing, monitoring, assessing and employing AMD assets. The AMDC is responsible for defense from ballistic missile threats unless a separate Ballistic Missile Defense Commander (BMDC) has been designated. Navy doctrine specifies that the AMDC should be an experienced commander with the capability to manage the forces dedicated to this mission and provide sufficient tactical awareness to the force. Generally the commanding officer of a guided-missile cruiser (O-6) or guided-missile destroyer (O-5) is assigned this responsibility. Other ships capable of this assignment include aircraft carriers, command ships and amphibious assault ships. IWC: The IWC (aka Quebec ) is responsible to the CWC to create effects and operationally desirable conditions in order to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp the decision making of C-3

220 adversaries and potential adversaries while protecting friendly forces and to assess the information environment to support warfare commanders objectives in accordance with CWC direction. The IWC should be an experienced commander with a staff and a command center capable of providing sufficient tactical awareness to manage information operations for the force (could be CVN CO, CSG staff N6 (dual hatted) or dedicated CSG staff IW community officer (O-6)). This command center coordinates with the EW module, intelligence directorate; ship signals exploitation space personnel, and other IO elements supporting the force. The IWC additionally supports operational level efforts to achieve electromagnetic spectrum control. The primary means to gain operational electromagnetic spectrum control are electromagnetic operating environment (EMOE) sensing and exploitation, electromagnetic agility, and electromagnetic fires. When assigning the IWC, the OTC or CWC should consider the ability to shape and assess the information environment, achieve and maintain information superiority, develop and execute IO effects in support of CWC objectives, and support other warfare commanders. Close coordination is vital to IO plan integration and combat operation monitoring and assessment. Given the strategic and operational implications associated with this warfare area, the IWC is typically a senior commander with tactical and operational experience integrating information-related capabilities into the Navy planning process. The alternate IWC should be assigned to a commander not already assigned warfare or functional group command responsibilities who has access to Special Intelligence circuitry and possesses a firm understanding of IO. STWC: The STWC (aka Papa ) is responsible for all manner of operations conducted to neutralize or destroy targets ashore. This warfare area includes attacks against any target from which the enemy is capable of conducting (or supporting) air, surface, or subsurface operations against friendly forces. The STWC works in close coordination with JTF coordination centers such as the Joint Operations Center or Air Operations Center. The STWC plans, directs, monitors, and accessing airborne power projection ashore with the exception of two mission areas. The first is Tomahawk cruise missile missions which are assigned to the Tomahawk Launch Area Coordinator. The second is naval surface fire support missions which are routinely planned and controlled by the Naval Surface Fires Support Coordinator. These missions are coordinated either at the JFMCC MOC or the JTF Operations Center/Air Operations Center. The STWC should be a senior commander with strike planning capabilities and dedicated intelligence support. Typically, the carrier airwing commander (CAG) is the STWC for a CSG. The amphibious squadron commanding officer, commonly called commodore, is routinely the STWC for amphibious groups. The amphibious squadron commodore has authority over the ships that make-up the ARG. The alternate STWC is normally assigned to either a commanding officer of a Tomahawk capable ship or in the event two aircraft carriers are operating together, the carrier airwing commander on the second carrier. Functional Group Commanders: Subordinate to the warfare commanders are the functional group commanders (may be a dualhatted role, e.g. the SCC may assume the MIOC or MIWC). These commanders provide a specialized tasks and purposes (or functions as the name connotes) to support the CWC. C-4

221 Ballistic Missile Defense Commander (BMDC) The ballistic missile defense mission consists of those measures taken to defend forces and designated locations ashore from ballistic missile attack. Due to the joint nature of this mission, the BMDC (aka Uniform ) must closely coordinate with the JFMCC s ballistic missile defense center and any joint C2 nodes involved in this mission area. The responsibilities of the BMDC include collecting and evaluating ballistic missile defense surveillance and engagement information and disseminating that information to the force. The BMDC also plans, directs, monitors, and assesses the employment of ballistic missile defense resources assigned to the CWC. For these reasons, the BMDC must have a robust C2 system to provide sufficient tactical awareness to manage missile defense for the force. The BMDC responsibilities normally are assigned to the commanding officer of the most capable ballistic missile defense ship. This is normally a guided-missile cruiser or guidedmissile destroyer. Maritime Interception Operations Commander (MIOC) The act of intercepting suspect vessels to determine if they are transporting goods or persons prohibited by a sanctioning agency is referred to as maritime interception operations (MIO). Tactical actions involved in maritime interception operations as defined in Navy Warfare Publication 3-56 Composite Warfare Doctrine include: Sending armed boarding parties to visit vessels bound to, through, or out of a defined regional area. Examining boarded ship s crewmembers papers, documentation, and cargo. Searching for evidence of contraband to include weapons of mass destruction or material required in the production of these weapons. Diverting vessels failing to comply with the guidelines set forth by the sanctioning body or nation. Seizing suspect vessels and their cargo that refuse to divert. Destroying vessels and cargo, if necessary. MIOs are conducted under the C2 of the MIOC (aka Juliet ), normally the destroyer squadron or amphibious squadron commodore. The MIOC is normally embarked on a ship with the capability to develop and maintain situational awareness and possesses adequate communications capability to provide C2 to the units conducting the mission. Mine Warfare Commander (MIWC) The MIWC (aka Golf ) is the principal advisor to the OTC on matters pertaining to mine warfare and is responsible for coordinating the laying of minefields as well as coordinating mine countermeasure operations. Due to the unique nature of mine warfare, assigning MIWC responsibilities within the task force/task group usually requires the augmentation of additional mine warfare expertise; usually in the form of a mine warfare detachment to assist with planning and execution. Screen Commander (SC) C-5

222 Screens consist of multiple ships protecting protect high-value units by placing themselves between the adversaries and the high-value units. This creates a layered defense around the high-value units. The SC (aka November ) is a functional group commander who normally controls the movement of the ships in the screen in accordance with recommendations received from the warfare commanders. Ships in the screen normally operate TACON to the SC. Designation of SC responsibilities is normally mission dependent. When the convoy is comprised of military vessels, the OTC is normally on the flagship; a high value unit being screened. Therefore, the SC is normally the senior commanding officer within the escorting force. For a merchant convoy, the OTC is typically the senior commander of the escort ships and the OTC retains SC command functions. Within a CSG, SC duties are normally assigned to the destroyer squadron commodore. Underway Replenishment Group Commander (URG CDR) Naval operations rely on replenishment-at-sea to accomplish protracted underway missions. To complete this replenishment, the Navy utilizes vessels designed to resupply, refuel and rearm the ships of the force at sea. The URG CDR is the individual who controls the scheduling of these resupply vessels to ensure optimal readiness of naval combatants. The URG CDR is normally the senior commander of the underway replenishment vessels attached to the task force/task group. Coordinators: Coordinators do not employ forces. They serve specific roles to facilitate collaboration/interoperability, the execution of policy, and the management assets and resources. Airspace Control Authority (ACA) The ACA develops policies and procedures for airspace control and the coordination required among units within the OA. Airspace control includes coordination, integration, and regulation of airspace for the purposes of increasing operational effectiveness. An ACA is only assigned when naval forces are operating independently of joint forces. No ACA is assigned when the naval force is part of a joint force that already includes an ACA for the joint operations area or theater. ACA duties are normally dual-hatted with the officer assigned as the AMDC. Air Resource Element Coordinator (AREC) The AREC (aka Romeo ) allocates and apportions sea-based, fixed-wing air assets and aircraft carrier based helicopters for the CWC. The AREC provides assets to the warfare commanders to accomplish the myriad of naval missions in support of the CWC. When operating as part of a joint force, the AREC identifies sorties that are available for tasking outside of the CWC organization; these sorties are normally dedicated to support the JFMCC or joint force air component commander (JFACC). The AREC is also responsible for identifying aviation asset shortfalls within the task force/task group. When this occurs, the CWC requests air assets from the JFMCC who may provide them from other Navy forces or request them from the JFACC. An additional responsibility of the AREC is the promulgation of the Maritime Air Plan which includes operational, training and maintenance flights as well as any aircraft alert requirements within the task force/task group. When operating within a C-6

223 joint force with a JFACC established, the AREC s Maritime Air Plan and JFACC air tasking order should be drafted concurrently, with coordination via liaison officers. AREC responsibilities are assigned to the commanding officer of the aircraft carrier in a CSG and the tactical air control squadron commanding officer in an ARG. Common Tactical Picture Manager (CTPM) The CTPM is responsible for establishing, and maintaining the fused all-source tactical picture. The CTPM collects the both operations and intelligence information available via various methods and fuses that information into a single link among the task force/task group. That link is the Global Command and Control System-Maritime (GCCS-M) system. CTPM responsibility can be assigned to any unit that the required personnel and communications connectivity to receive the all-source data feeds required to provide most accurate picture possible. In most cases either the CWC retains this responsibility or assigns it to the SCC. Cryptologic Resource Coordinator (CRC) The CRC is the officer assigned responsibility for management of the assets, personnel, plans and other aspects of cryptologic operations. CRC is assigned to an officer experienced in cryptologic operations located on a ship with cryptologic capabilities. Ideally the CRC is collocated with the CWC staff and works directly under the staff s Intelligence Officer. Force Track Data Coordinator (FTC) The FTC is responsible for maintaining an effective datalink between maritime assets and management of the information that is transmitted over that datalink. The FTC manages connectivity issues and resolves issues in track data, such as invalid or duplicate tracks, between task force/task group assets. The goal of the FTC is to ensure situational awareness is maintained by the task force. Helicopter Element Coordinator (HEC) The HEC (aka Lima ) allocates and apportions helicopters that are embarked on task force/task group ships other than the aircraft carrier. The HEC balances the requirements of the warfare commanders and functional commanders with the maintenance readiness of the aircraft. The focus of the HEC is the effective utilization of force helicopters. In many ways the HEC parallels the responsibilities of the AREC. HEC duties are normally assigned to the destroyer squadron commodore, the CSG staff or the commanding officer of a helicopterequipped ship. Submarine Operations Coordination Authority (SOCA) Due to the unique nature of submarine operations, coordination must be thorough, therefore, the JFMCC appoints one individual as the submarine operating authority for the OA. The submarine operating authority is responsible for coordination of all submarine activities and waterspace management issues within the OA. The SOCA functions as the single point of contact in the CWC construct between the submarine operating authority and the individual submarines supporting the CWC. Normally the CWC retains this duty or assigns this authority to the ASWC/SCC. Submarine Element Coordinator (SEC) In the event submarine operations are integrated into task force/task group operations; a qualified submarine officer is normally forward deployed to assist the SOCA. The SEC is normally assisted by a small staff C-7

224 called the submarine advisory team (SAT). While the SEC and SAT are not considered part of the CWC organization, they are vital members to ensure the proper employment of submarines in the task force/task group. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Launch Area Coordinator (LAC) The LAC is responsible for planning Tomahawk missions. In addition to missile targeting responsibilities, the LAC is responsible for the deconfliction of the missile flight path. The LAC works closely with the Tomahawk strike coordinator, an organization within the JFMCC and coordinates Tomahawk missions between the task force/task group and the staffs of the JFC and JFACC. The LAC is normally the CSG commander, the destroyer squadron commodore or possibly the senior commanding officer of a Tomahawk capable ship. The CWC Concept and Amphibious Operations: When a CSG is tasked to support an amphibious operation the command and control environment is challenging. Conducting amphibious operations in a joint environment with coalition partners adds another layer of complexity. The command and control challenges are both positional and sequential. The first challenge is the command relationship between the CSG Commander and the Amphibious Ready Group Marine Expeditionary Unit (ARG- MEU) Commander. The second challenge is within the ARG-MEU between the Commander Amphibious Task Force (CATF) and the Commander of the Landing Force (CLF). The CWC concept is relevant to the first challenge. The CWC architecture allows for the establishment of two separate CWC organizations; one for the CSG, the other for the ARG- MEU or a combined CWC which encompasses the entire force. Another solution could be to apply the support command relationship to the conduct of an amphibious operation when both the CSG and ARG-MEU are operating in the same battle space. For example, during the transit to the area where the amphibious landing will be conducted, the CSG Commander will be the supported commander. Once amphibious operations begin, the ARG-MEU Commander will be the supported commander. Summary: Supporting coordinators differ from the warfare commanders in one very important respect. Warfare commanders have TACON of resources assigned and may employ forces. The supporting coordinators execute policy and are resource/asset managers, but do not employ forces. The CWC concept provides a command structure which facilitates operations at the tactical level. Command by negation and decentralized control allow subordinate warfare commanders to support the conduct of CSG operations within their warfare areas. The CWC Concept permits the CWC to perform effective command and control (C2) over his forces regardless of the operational disposition: offensive, or defensive wartime, or in peacetime. C-8

225 Source: Navy Warfare Publication (NWP) 3-56 C-9

226 Los An Hawaii 11 Appendix D AIR ROUTE TIMES (HOURS) Route NM Kts Kts Kts Anchorage SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN New York Iceland 12 geles Lima Rio de Janeiro Buenos Aires 13 NORTH Moscow ATLANTIC OCEAN SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN Frankfurt 26 Cairo Lagos Kuwait 29 Nairobi Johannesburg Delhi Seoul Beijing Diego 35 Singapore Garcia Tokyo Okinawa 36 INDIAN OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN 1 45 Perth Guam 6 Sydney Route NM Kts Kts Kts D-1 1 Heavy Bomber 2 Heavy Airlift, Tanker, Ferrying Fighter 3 Intra-Theater Airlift Reference: Great Circle Distance Calculator 5/2/02 D-1

227 SEA ROUTE TIMES (DAYS) Route I 6 7 I 8 I 9 10 I 11 I 12 I 13 I I 16 I I 21 I 22 III77 NM KTS KTS NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 14 ARCTIC OCEAN SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN Route I 41* I NM KTS KTS 1 SEALIFT CONVOY 2 CARRIER STRIKE G ROUP Reference: "Distances Between Ports" OMA Pub. 151 dated 1995 *Estimated 5/2/02 D-2