Policing in 2015: Addressing Use of Force and Other Cri;cal Issues. Chuck Wexler Execu-ve Director

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1 Policing in 2015: Addressing Use of Force and Other Cri;cal Issues Chuck Wexler Execu-ve Director

2 About PERF

3 Why was PERF founded? Founded by 10 chiefs in 1976 Dedicated to ques-oning the conven-onal thinking in policing Conducts research on best prac-ces and policies PERF is governed by a member- elected President and Board of Directors and a Board- appointed Execu-ve Director. A staff of approximately 30 full- -me professionals is based in Washington, D.C.

4 Who are PERF members? PERF members include chief execu-ves of large and smaller police agencies in the United States and around the world; execu-ves below the rank of chief; researchers and scholars; and others interested and involved in the criminal jus-ce field. All members must be commited to PERF s founding principles and must possess a four- year college degree.

5 What does PERF do? Research Publica-ons Management Services Execu-ve Searches Senior Management Ins-tute for Police

6 Mee-ngs with chiefs from across the country Senior Management Ins-tute for Police

7 PERF s Interna-onal Work

8 PERF in the News

9 PERF Publica-ons

10 A Cri-cal Issue for Police Chiefs: Handling Defining Moments

11 Defining Moments: Key Issues Transparency aaer a cri;cal incident When to release an officer s name When to take disciplinary ac-on against an officer Going upstream

12 Defining Moments: Key Issues How to approach mass demonstra;ons Start with a so`er approach Be prepared in case the situa-on gets worse

13 Defining Moments: Other Key Issues How to build closer -es with the community How to address internal issues in an agency Ways to beter work with the news media

14 Strengthening Police- Community Rela-onships

15 Acknowledging the Problems Millions are gebng their impressions of police from controversial use of force incidents happening na-onally. Officers today are not responsible for past injus-ces of police, but they must understand that history. Uses of force that are legally jus-fied may not always be seen as morally jus-fied by the community.

16 Establishing Community Trust Give the community a voice in developing policy Ci-zen Advisory Councils Police and Community Rela-ons Councils Community Mee-ngs Officer interac-on with the community Fair and impar-al policing/procedural jus-ce

17 Establishing Community Trust Working to remove bad apples from the force Transparency Build rela-onships during non- crisis -mes Recruit officers with the right goals in mind

18 PERF s guidelines for police body- worn cameras

19 Body- worn cameras: Policy issues When to turn cameras on Who gets to see the footage How long to retain data Cost concerns storage costs can be substan-al

20 Research on Body- Worn Cameras An early study from California found a 60% reduc-on in officer use of force incidents a`er they started using body cameras. Ci-zen complaints against officers also declined.

21 Research on Body- Worn Cameras Other early reports suggest cameras are having a posi-ve impact. Birmingham, AL implemented cameras in June. In July and August they saw a 34% decrease in use of force and a 70% decrease in ci-zen complaints. PERF and others are currently conduc-ng addi-onal research into body- worn cameras.

22 Re- Engineering Use of Force

25 PERF s Re- Engineering Use of Force Survey The survey was conducted to obtain informa-on about current training prac-ces and approaches regarding use- of- force policy, training, and supervision 281 agencies responded Results provide a snapshot of police recruit and in- service training

26 Basic Recruit Training Which of the following best describes your use- of- force training for recruits? Linear or "Matrix" Use of Force Con-nuum 7% 35% Circular: officer levels of force are linked to subject levels of resistance, but around a circle 43% Circular: with not link between officer levels of force and levels of subject resistance "Objec-ve Reasonableness" 4% 22% Other (combina-on) Source: Police Execu-ve Research Forum Survey

27 Basic Recruit Training (cont.) What style of learning best describes your recruit training program? 2% 12% Para- military based learning only 17% Adult based/collegiate learning only (no military influence) Combina-on of para- military and adult based/collegiate learning (explain) 60% Other Source: Police Execu-ve Research Forum Survey

28 Basic Recruit Training (cont.) Hours Spent on Use- of- Force Topics for Basic Recruit Training (median values) Firearms 58 Defensive Tac-cs 49 Con Law/Legal Issues 40 UoF Scenario- Based Training 24 Basic first- aid 16 Communica-on Skills 10 UoF Policy De- escala-on Crisis Interven-on Baton ECW OC Spray Hours Source: Police Execu-ve Research Forum Survey

29 Basic Recruit Training (cont.) Percent of Agencies Repor;ng Greater than 20 Hours of Basic Training in... Firearms 72% Defensive Tac-cs 62% Con Law/Legal Issues 49% UoF Scenarios 42% Basic first- aid 30% Communica-on Skills Crisis Interven-on UoF Policy 15% 14% 17% De- escala-on 10% Baton 6% OC Spray ECW 2% 2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Percent of Agencies Source: Police Execu-ve Research Forum Survey

30 In- Service Training Agencies with Use- of- Force In- Service Training in... Firearms 93% UoF Policy 90% Defensive Tac-cs 87% Baton ECW Basic first- aid UoF Scenario- Based Training Con Law/Legal Issues 82% 82% 82% 81% 81% OC Spray 71% Crisis Interven-on 69% De- escala-on 65% Communica-on Skills 62% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Percent of responding agencies Source: Police Execu-ve Research Forum Survey

31 In- Service Training (cont.) Hours Spent on Use- of- Force Topics for In- Service Training (median values) Firearms 8 Defensive Tac-cs 5.5 Con Law/Legal Issues UoF Scenario- Based Training Crisis Interven-on Basic first- aid ECW UoF Policy De- escala-on Communica-on Skills Baton OC Spray Hours Source: Police Execu-ve Research Forum Survey

32 Na-onal Decision Model (NDM) Gather Information and Intelligence Take Action and Review what happened Assess Threat and Risk and Develop a working strategy Code Of Ethics Identify Options and Contingencies Consider Powers and Policy

33 Controversial Use of Force Incidents North Charleston, SC Cleveland Dallas Pasco, WA Albuquerque

34 Issues with use of force in the United States Not enough training -me is spent on de- escala-on and communica-on Training is conducted in silos 21- foot rule Changing policy won t necessarily change culture Cops want to take charge and resolve things quickly

35 Use of Force Recommenda-ons

36 Use of Force Policy Include language about use of de- escala-on tac-cs Ban shoo-ng at moving vehicles Implement a duty to intercede policy for officers witnessing unreasonable use of force Mandate the provision of medical aid when possible

37 Use of Force Policy (con-nued) Stress the sanc-ty of human life throughout your policy Supervisors should respond to the scene when use of force occurs Fully inves-gate all officer- involved shoo-ngs regardless of outcome

38 Training Warrior vs. Guardian Use scenario- based training that includes de- escala-on Go beyond state mandated in- service training hours to spend more -me on decision making and communica-on skills Use department- wide training to set agency expecta-ons and policy changes

39 Training (con-nued) Train call- takers and dispatchers to iden-fy and handle mental health crises Rethink training on police tac-cs and decision making to include concepts like tac-cal retreats Integrate training to avoid training in silos: de- escala-on, communica-on skills, nego-a-on skills, tac-cs, legal concepts should be included in all blocks of instruc-on

40 Training (con-nued) Discuss actual cases during training learning from incidents is not second- guessing Train supervisors to inves-gate use of force Ensure your academy is teaching your philosophies

41 Crisis Interven-on/Mental Illness Consider implemen-ng a specialized CIT unit Train a percentage of officers in crisis interven-on Partner with public mental health agencies/ providers Train officers to recognize signs of mental health crisis

42 Chuck Wexler

AGENDA Thursday, October 12, :00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. Breakfast/Registra on/vendors 9:00 a.m. to 9:15 a.m. Opening Remarks/Bureau Update 9:15 a.m.

AGENDA Thursday, October 12, :00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. Breakfast/Registra on/vendors 9:00 a.m. to 9:15 a.m. Opening Remarks/Bureau Update 9:15 a.m. 2017 Annual Leadership Conference Collabora ve Problem Solving with Challenging Students with Ross W. Greene, Ph.D School Threat /Risk Assessment with Eric Frazer, Psy. D October 12-13, 2017 Har ord/farmington