Christine Hallett. Published by Manchester University Press. For additional information about this book

Transcription

1 Nurse Writers of the Great War Christine Hallett Published by Manchester University Press Hallett, Christine. Nurse Writers of the Great War. Manchester University Press, Project MUSE., For additional information about this book No institutional affiliation (10 Dec :10 GMT)

2 accuracy of memories 5 10, 229 see also veracity adventure genre of writing 8 independent women 32, 36 7, 40 1 professional nurses 135, 147 8, 154 volunteer nurses 202, 212, 230, 233 nursing, as independent women 30, 41, 60, 63, 82 professional nurses 111, , 138, 157, 163 volunteer nurses 212, 221 2, 225, 230, pioneer nursing 130 7, 218 American Army Nurse Corps 97, 178, 183 4, 231 establishment 125 American entry into war 97, 178 Andrews, Corinne 10, see also West, Rebecca anti-war texts 4, 8, 125 see also pacifism; propaganda apprenticeships 12, 13, 101, 187 see also training army medical units 33, 48, , ANC policy 178 Backwash of War, The 51, 77 85, 236, 240 Bagnold, Enid 196 7, 229 anti-war sentiment 201, 229, 236 compassion for patients criticisms of professional nurses First Aid Nursing Yeomanry 198 later writings 197, reaction to A Diary without Dates 198, 236 Bedford Fenwick, Ethel see Gordon Fenwick, Ethel Belgium Bongard, Ella Mae 9, 135 Borden Turner, Mary 8 9, 10, 52 3, 56 9, 67 8 Forbidden Zone, The 50 1, , 50 1 establishment 54 5 influence 57 London 53 post-war writing 58 purpose of writing 57 8 Second World War 58 Boylston, Helen Dore 8, 130 1, 134 experience in France pioneer 230 post-war Red Cross work

3 Boylston, Helen Dore (cont.) post-war travelling adventures search for adventure 131, 133 4, Sister 132 3, 135 British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 15 16, 97 professional nursing , Fitzgerald, Alice Luard, Kate British Nurses Association (BNA) 13 British Red Cross see Red Cross Britnieva, Mary 8, , Bolshevik revolution nostalgia 221 relationship with prisoner patients 222 search for adventure Brittain, Vera 2, 8, 193, 240 anti-war propaganda 194 5, 196, 236 disillusionment later writings 194 Oxford years 193 pacifism 194, 236 post-war experiences relationship with prisoner patients relationship with trained nurses 195 Testament of Youth VADs Cellar House see Knocker, Elsie; Chisholm, Mairi Chisholm, Mairi 144 6, 149, 234 Cellar House 149 Convention of the National Nursing Organizations 178 courage of nurses independent women 31 2, 34 9, 41 2 professional nurses 91, 108 9, 117, 158 volunteer nurses 196, 205, 212, 230, 233, cultural background 1, 16, 117, see also social status Defence of the Realm Act (1914) 4 Dent, Olive 214 development of nursing Commonwealth 15 UK apprenticeships 13 BNA 13 French Flag Nursing Corp professionalisation 13 QAIMNS 13 Red Cross nursing 14 training VADs USA formation of base hospitals US Army Nurse Corps (ANC) 15 Diary of a Nursing Sister 106 Diary without Dates, A 197 9, 236 disillusionment and the reality of war 42, 176 9, 181 2, 189, 196 bullying of VADs inexperience of nurses romanticisation of nursing 172, 176, 179, stoicism of patients 189 tensions between trained and untrained 190 undermining propaganda duty 130, patriotic duty 67 education of women 6, 11 Ellison, Grace 14, Farmborough, Florence 9, motivation 216 romanticisation of adventures 218 Russian experiences

4 search for adventure 216 feminism 3, 17, 36 37, 40, 181, 184 link to pacifism 125, 196 rise of Field Hospital and Flying Column 154, 156, 160 1, 233 Finzi, Kate Fitzgerald, Alice BEF 111, 117 leadership skills , shell-shock 116, 232 wartime experience , 232 Flaming Sword in Serbia and Elsewhere, The 37 Flanders and other Fields 147 8, 149 Forbidden Zone, The 50, 52 9, 148, 236 Four Years out of Life freelance operations 16, 27 8, 233 Cellar House 144 Hector Munro Flying Ambulance Corps , 27 8, Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 31 3 French Flag Nursing Corp (FFNC) 14 15, 16 and front-line work Cellar House 144 departure establishment funding relationship with Belgian government 147 Chisholm, Mairi 144 embargo on women on Front Line 144 Knocker, Elsie 144 Fussell, Paul 2 4, 6, 31, 103 romance of volunteer nursing Gordon Fenwick, Ethel 13, 50, 64 5, 124 Green Tent in Flanders, A 51, 90 Haldane Reforms 13, 24n79, 119n14 Hector Munro Flying Ambulance Corps 35 6, 42, heretical writing 196, see also pacifism heroism 8, 17, 89, 105 6, 147, 189, 232, 237 history of war writing cultural history of the war 2 historical re-evaluation 2 3 memoires and letters distinguished 5 6 nurses memoirs 2 second-wave feminism and 3 soldiers memoirs 2 16, 48 9 Borden, Mary 52 9 Mortimer, Maud 51, narratives 50 2, 76 7 variation in 87 9 staffing 49 Warner, Agnes Hôpital d Evacuation 54 5 Hôpital de l Océan 160 1, Hounds of War Unleashed, The 158 humanitarian service x, 37 8, 43, , 124, 222, WSWCC I Saw Them Die independent hospitals xi freelance operations 16, 27 8, 233 Cellar House 144 Hector Munro Flying Ambulance Corps , 27 8, Millicent Sutherland Ambulance

5 Knocker, Elsie 9, 11, 234 Cellar House departure establishment funding relationship with Belgian government 147 divorce 145 early life early war service 145 Hector Munro s Flying Ambulance Corps 145, 146 marriage to Baron Harold de T Serclaes 147 memoire pacifism Second World War experience 149 spiritualism 148 La Motte, Ellen 8 9, 78, 79, 183, 230, 240 Backwash of War, The 51 intention 81 pacifism 81 2 China 84 campaigning against exploitation of colonised 84 campaigning against opium trade 84 5, 92 conflict with senior professionals different perceptions horror of war and 82, 230 motivations 79, 83 4 pacifism 82, 91 2, 230, 236 tuberculosis nursing 78 9, 92 Warner s patriotism compared 82 writing Backwash of War, The 51 beginnings later writings 85 Luard, Kate 8, 100 1, Diary of a Nursing Sister on the Western Front first memoir 103 increasing horror of war later writing mobilisation motivation of writing probationary nursing years QAIMNS Reserve 102 resignation and retirement search for adventure 103 Second Boer War 102 Unknown Warriors Macnaughtan, Sarah 41, 235 Armenia 42 death 42 3 Hector Munro s Flying Ambulance Corps 42 Russia 42 Marchant, Bessie 8, 230 Millard, Shirley 177 8, 183 disillusionment I Saw Them Die romanticism 176 Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland see St Clair-Erskine, Millicent (Duchess of Sutherland) Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 30 3, 35 Mortimer, Maud 10, 183 different perceptions Green Tent in Flanders 51 51, motivations for nursing 232 female emancipation 43 humanitarian service 43, nursing as an escape from patriarchal society 162 nursing as an road to adventure 43, pioneers

6 My Beloved Poilus 51 My War Experiences in Two Continents 41 National Union of Women s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) 10 nature of conflict and war impact on education of women 6, 11 impact on women s lives Nightingale, Florence 99 non-vad volunteers Red Cross 212 Nurse at the Russian Front observation 40, 76, 156, 172, 229 see also witnesses Order of St John of Jerusalem 13 14, 27, 29, 153, 160, see also St John s Ambulance Association pacifism x, 82, 91 2, intent of writers x xi, portrayal of German patients from prisoner wards 192 3, 194 Stobart, Mabel St Clair patriotism xi, 82, 91 2 perceptions interpretation of events 91 2 petit paradis des blessés, le see Hôpital Chirurgical Mobile No.1 prisoner wards xi conflict between patriotism and caring relationships between nurses and patients 192 probationer nurses 178, apprenticeships and 101 junior probationers 190 paying probationers senior probationers 143 special probationers training 15 propaganda nurse accounts and promotion of war and 4 undermining propaganda professional nurses 117 animosity towards volunteers elite professional nurses 118, 231 rewarding natures of work shortage in France social status 117 working for Red Cross 14 professionalisation of nursing impact of Boer War 100 impact of US Civil War 99 UK 99 USA 99 purpose of writing 10, exposure of courage of young men exposure of horrors of war 57, 112, 179, 202 pacifism 81 recording events 154, 201, 202 Queen Alexandra s Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) 15, 231 establishment 13, 125 Reserve 13, 49 50, 97, 119n14 Rathbone, Irene 201 horror of war 202, 236 impact on young men and women 202 motivation recognition of work of nurses 202 relationship between VADs and patients stereotyping of professional nurses 203 volunteer experiences We That Were Young

7 Red Cross 13, 162 support of freelance operations 27 Hôpital Chirurgical Mobile No.1 49 Hôpital de l Océan trained teaching nurses 178 9, 187 voluntary hospitals 13 14, 50 volunteer nurses 175 6, 212 VADS 13 14, 29, 171 romance of volunteer work disillusionment 172, 176, 179 see also adventure of nursing; disillusionment and the reality of war St Clair-Erskine, Millicent (Duchess of Sutherland) 30 1, 223, 230, 239 Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 31 3, 35 St John s Ambulance Association VADS 13 14, 187 Sandes, Flora 36 7, 43 Second Boer War 175, 234 impact of professionalisation of nursing 100 volunteer nurses 13 Serbia Sandes, Flora 36 7 Stobart, Mabel St Clair Women s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps Sister 131 3, 135 Smith, Lesley , 230 social class see cultural background; social status social reform domestic freedom 11 professional freedom 11 sexual emancipation 11, 12 women s suffrage social status 6, 7, 10 11, 13 14, 30, 31 2, 50, 108, 117, 125, 128, 231 impact of the First World War 3, 118, 125 volunteer nurses 212, 236 soldiers memoirs 2, 8, 196, Stimson, Julia birth and early years 126 Chief Nurse of American Red Cross 130 Director of Nursing Services of the American Expeditionary Force 130 education leadership skills 127, 130 letters home concern for staff 128 courage of patients 129 nursing experience in France nursing experience in US 127 pioneer 230 Stobart, Mabel St Clair 37 8, 230 feminism 40 pacifism 40, Women s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps style of writing see writing style Tayler, Henrietta Territorial Force Nursing Service 13, Testament of Youth Text Book of War Nursing, A 160 Thurstan, Violetta 8, 150 3, 233 articles for BJN 154 Belgian experience matron of Hôpital de l Océan Red Cross break-down deportation to Denmark Macedonia 161 memoires 154 National Union of Trained Nurses

8 post-war experience 161 Second World War Spanish Civil War 161 return to England 159 romanticism Russian experiences 154 5, search for adventure 157 technical writings 151 nursing in Russia and England compared training 150 1, 153 probationary nursing 152 uncertainty of veracity of experience VAD experience 153 volunteer nursing 152 trained nurses see professional nurses training apprenticeships 12, 13, 101, 187 US nurse volunteers 29, 175 6, lack of training VADs (voluntary nurses) 171, apprenticeships basic training Tylee, Claire 4, 11 Unknown Warriors US nurses 124 5, Borden, Mary 52 9 Boylston, Helen Dore French Red Cross 175 Millard, Shirley Stimson, Julia Warner, Agnes USA Army Nurse Corps (ANC) 15, 97 entry into war 97, 178 formation of base hospitals independent hospitals professionalism of nurses nurse volunteers 29, 175 6, lack of training women s suffrage VADs (volunteer nurses) 171, acceptance to military hospitals 171 apprenticeships basic training romantic ideas of nursing 172 witnesses, as 205 6, 225, 234, veracity 229 nurses as witnesses 6 7, 205 6, 225, truth-value 6 7 uncertainty of veracity of experience War Nurse and see also accuracy Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADS) (movement) 13, 187 voluntary hospitals 12, 48, 171 see also freelance operations; Order of St John of Jerusalem; Red Cross volunteer nurses 171 US nurses Millard, Shirley West, Rebecca freelance operations 27 8 memoirs 16 see also VADS (voluntary nurses) War Nurse , 236 War Nurse s Diary, A 33 6 Warner, Agnes 9, 59, 61, 67 awards 66 51, 62 6 different perceptions la Mottes pacifism compared 82 My Beloved Poilus 51, 60 1 patriotic fervour 82, 91 post-war activities 66 7 training

9 We That Were Young wealth 117, 143, 188, 244n31 freelance operations 27, 29 Borden, Mary 52 9, 67, 238 St-Clair-Erskine, Millicent 30 3 volunteer nurses and 175, West, Rebecca 10, 183, 229 American Ambulance, Neuilly disillusionment 179, feminism 181 horror of war 179, 182 3, 236 War Nurse questioned veracity 180 1, 240 witnesses 5, 10, 85 90, 106, 176 nurses as 6 8, 172, 189, 202, 205 6, 225, recording events 154, 201, 202 Woman s Diary of the War, A 41, 42 Women s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps (WSWCC) Women s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 10 women s suffrage 10 12, 53, 239 writing style adventure 8 independent women 32, 36 7, 40 1 professional nurses 135, 147 8, 154 volunteer nurses 202, 212, 230, 233 anti-war 4, 8, 125, 194 5, 196, 201, 229, 236 heretical 186, pacifist 82, 91 2, intent of writers x xi, portrayal of German patients from prisoner wards 192 3, 194 Stobart, Mabel St Clair patriotic xi, 82, 91 2 conflict between patriotism and caring propagandist nurse accounts and promotion of war and 4 undermining propaganda