Overview of the History of Nuclear Testing 1945 until today
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1 Overview of the History of Nuclear Testing 1945 until today Presented at the Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons 8 and 9 December 2014 in the Hofburg Palace Vienna, Austria Martin Kalinowski Capacity Building and Training Section International Data Centre Division Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 1200, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
2 Overview I. History of nuclear tests II. History of the CTBT
3 I. Nuclear Testing
4 Trinity - first ever nuclear test 16 July 1945
5 Nuclear Tests today
6 Sites of nuclear explosions Nuclear Weapons used in World War II USA USSR UK France China India Pakistan DPRK
7 2000+ nuclear explosions
8 Scale comparison U.S. B83 bomb 1200 kt Hiroshima 13 kt TNT equivalent Chinese DF-5A warhead 4,5 Mt Soviet Tzar Bomba 50 Mt
9 All atmospheric testing = 29,600 Hiroshima bombs = a Hiroshima bomb twice every day for 35 years
10 II. The CTBT
11 1963: Partial Test Ban Treaty President Kennedy ratifying the PTBT on 7 October 1963.
12 Atmospheric and Underground Nuclear Testing
13 Venting Baneberry 18 December 1970 Nevada Test Site
14 Other partial limits 1961: Antarctic Treaty 1967: Outer Space Treaty 1974: Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) 1976: Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (PNET)
15 The Comprehensive Nuclear -Test-Ban Treaty CTBT Opened for signature on 24 September All five nuclear weapons States, including the United States, China and Russia, signed on the first day.
16 Nuclear Tests today CTBT opened for signature on 24 September 1996.
17 Sites of nuclear explosions Tests after 24 September 1996
18 CTBT today 183 signatures, 163 ratifications
19 Entry into force provision Annex II to the Treaty 44 States whose ratification is required for the Treaty to enter into Force:
20 Entry into force: 8 to go 44 States whose ratification is required for the Treaty to enter into Force:
21 Elements of the CTBT Verification Regime Confidence Building Measures International Monitoring System Consultation and Clarification On-Site Inspection Large chemical Explosions: Prevent misinterpretations and calibrate seismic IMS component 321 stations: seismic, hydro-acoustic, infrasound, radionuclide IDC&GCI Right to clarify matters indicating possible non-compliance IFE Conduct = Integrated of Field Experiment on-site 3 November verification - activities 9 December 2014
22 The complete International Monitoring System: 337 Seismic Primary Array Seismic Primary 3-comp Station Seismic Auxiliary Array Seismic Auxiliary 3-comp Station Hydroacoustic (hydrophone) Station Hydroacoustic (T-phase) Station Infrasound Station Radionuclide Station Radionuclide Lab
23 Demonstrated effectiveness of the International Monitoring System Error Ellipses for 2006, 2009 and 2013 DPRK Announced Nuclear Tests Xenon-131m and xenon-133 Detected at Takasaki, Japan, and Ussuriysk, Russia Estimated date of fission coincides with 12 February 2013 DPRK site identified as possible source using ATM
24 Civil and Scientific Applications International Monitoring System data can be applied for Earthquake monitoring Radiation releases Tsunami warning Sumatra December 2004 Aviation hazards Fukushima March 2011 Meteorites Eyjafjallajokul March 2010 Urals February 2013
25 Emergency Preparedness and Response After Fukushima Accident This picture show time development of detections for each day after the accident. Level 5 = multiple fission products detected, Level 4 = one fission products detected, Level 3 = fission products typical for the station detected. Level 1 and 2 = only natural radioactivity detected CTBTO operates a unique global network of highly-sensitive detectors of atmospheric radioactivity. CTBTO member of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies (IACRNE) since
26 Entry into force It is important to bring the CTBT into force in order to close the door on nuclear testing for good.
27 THANK YOU The figures used in this presentation are approximate and based on official government sources, as well as on information provided by research institutions such as the Natural Resources Defence Council in Washington D.C., and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
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29 Author: Alex Wellerstein
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