Title: Cold War Atomic Weapons Grade and Subject: 9 th Modern World History Time Allotted: 50 min (2 hour early dismissal day)

Transcription

1 Title: Cold War Atomic Weapons Grade and Subject: 9 th Modern World History Time Allotted: 50 min (2 hour early dismissal day) SOL #: WHII.12 b NCSS Theme: VIII Science, Technology, and Society What is the guiding question for this lesson? How will student understanding be assessed? How have nuclear weapons affected the actions of nations around the world? They will make a Doomsday Clock and explain the current nuclear situation of the world. Key Concept (no definition necessary): Power Deterrence SWBAT: 1.Identify the countries of the world that have nuclear weapons. 2.Explain the environmental and humanitarian issues concerning nuclear weapons. 3.Describe the current global situation with nuclear weapons. Materials (List primary sources and additional materials): Daily Agenda Cold War Quiz Blank clocks (for the Doomsday Clock activity) Just Do It: The class will look at pictures of all of the leaders of the countries who have Nuclear Weapons and they will be asked what the people have in common. (5 min) Obj # Description of Lesson Procedure Check for Evidence of Understanding Students will take a quiz on the events of the Cold War.

2 (10 min) 1, 2, 3 There will be a PowerPoint on the effects of nuclear weapons and the countries who have them. The PowerPoint will also include an introduction to the Doomsday Clock and how it has changed throughout the years. Finally, there will be a brief explanation of the current situation with nuclear weapons. (25 min) 2, 3 The students will be put in pairs and given a blank clock picture and asked to create their own Doomsday clock based on the current world situation. They will have to provide an explanation for why they put the hands of the clock where they did. (10 min) During the PowerPoint the students will continually be asked engaging questions to draw on their previous knowledge and the information from the PowerPoint. The Doomsday Clock will be taken up and graded on the accuracy of information and the use of all of the information discussed in class. Closure: (Ties the lesson together and relates it to the lesson s guiding question) The reasons why students created their clocks the way they did will be discussed to bring all of the information of the world issues concerning nuclear weapons together.

3 March 31, 2006 Daily Agenda Let s Get Started Look at the following pictures of these political leaders and tell me what the people have in common. Today s SOL: WHII. 12 b International Focus: How have nuclear weapons affected the actions of nations around the world? Students Will Be Able To (SWBAT): 1.Identify the countries of the world that have nuclear weapons. 2.Explain the environmental and humanitarian issues concerning nuclear weapons. 3.Describe the current global situation with nuclear weapons. PowerPoint on Nuclear Weapons Doomsday Clock activity Checking for Understanding What are the countries that own nuclear weapons? What does the Axis of Evil mean? What did the fear of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) lead America to do in 2003? What did the S.A.L.T. treaties do? What are the current issues involving nuclear weapons? None. Have a good weekend. Homework

4 Cold War Quiz Name: 1.The Cold War has its roots in 1917 when the United States supported the Whites against the Reds during which event? a. World War I c. World War II b. Russian Civil War d. Great Depression 2.The Soviet Union was expanding its control into Eastern European countries after WWII creating a. Satellite Countries c. Spheres of Influence b. Colonies d. an Empire 3.When the Soviet Union expanded its influence into Eastern Europe it created a military, political, and ideological barrier that prevented the free exchange of ideas and information between the Soviet part of Europe and the democratic part of Europe; also known as a. The Berlin Wall c. The Iron Curtain b. The Blockade d. The Quarantine 4.The United States and the Soviet Union (Russia) were fighting each other in the Cold War for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. U.S. is democratic c. U.S. is capitalistic Soviet Union was Soviet Union was a dictatorship communist b. U.S. went against the communist d. Russia pulled out of World War II leaving in the Russian Civil War the U.S. and the allies alone to fight 5.The United States helped Greece, Korea, and Vietnam fight communist attacks because of the policy of a. Bottling Up c. Anti-Communism b. Preventing Communism d. Containment 6.President Harry Truman proposed the Truman Doctrine to congress in 1947 in order to do what? a. Stop the spread of Communism c. Help depressed countries b. Spread U.S. influence abroad d. Gain allies against the Soviet Union 7.During the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War, which side did the United States fight on? a. North b. South Circle the Correct Answer 8.TRUE or FALSE The U.S. and the Soviet Union formally declared war on each other during the Cold War.

5 9.TRUE or FALSE The during the Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviet Union removed its missiles in return for the U.S. removing its missiles in Turkey. 10.TRUE or FALSE The U.S. and the Soviet Union only competed militarily during the Cold War.

6 Doomsday Clock Names: Why did you put the hands of the clock where you did? What is going on in the world right now with nuclear weapons that influenced your decision?

7 Lecture Notes The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb. Clock changed to three minutes to midnight (-4 change) The United States and the Soviet Union test thermonuclear devices within nine months of one another. Clock changed to two minutes to midnight (-1 change). The first fusion bomb was tested by the United States in Operation Ivy on November 1, 1952, on Elugelab Island in the Enewetak (or Eniwetok) Atoll of the Marshall Islands, code-named "Mike". "Mike" used liquid deuterium as its fusion fuel and a large fission weapon as its trigger. The device was a prototype design and not a deliverable weapon: standing over 20 ft (6 m) high and weighing at least 140,000 lb (64 t) (its refrigeration equipment added an additional 24,000 lb as well), it could not have been dropped from even the largest planes. Its explosion yielded 10.4 megatons of energy over 450 times the power of the bomb dropped onto Nagasaki Not to be outdone, the Soviet Union exploded its first thermonuclear device, designed by the physicist Andrei Sakharov, on August 12, 1953, labeled "Joe-4" by the West In response to a perception of increased scientific cooperation and public understanding of the dangers of nuclear weapons, clock is changed to seven minutes to midnight (+5 change) The United States and Soviet Union sign the Partial Test Ban Treaty, limiting atmospheric nuclear testing. Clock changed to twelve minutes to midnight (+5 change). The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT) (although the latter also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing is necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere France and China acquire and test nuclear weapons (1960 and 1964 respectively), wars rage on in the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, and Vietnam. Clock changed to seven minutes to midnight (-5 change) The U.S. Senate ratifies the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Clock changed to ten minutes to midnight (+3 change).

8 The United States and the Soviet Union sign the SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Clock changed to twelve minutes to midnight (+2 change). SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Agreement. SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled India tests a nuclear device (Smiling Buddha), SALT II talks stall. Clock changed to nine minutes to midnight (-3 change). SALT II was a second round of talks from 1972 to 1979 between the U.S. and Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. It was a continuation of progress made during the SALT I talks. An agreement to limit strategic launchers was reached in Vienna on June 18, 1979, and was signed by Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter. Six months after the signing, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, and as such the treaty was never ratified by the United States Senate. Its terms were nonetheless honored by both sides Further deadlock in US-USSR talks, increase in nationalist wars and terrorist actions. Clock changed to seven minutes to midnight (-2 change) Arms race escalates, conflicts in Afghanistan, South Africa, and Poland add to world tension. Clock changed to four minutes to midnight (-3 change). Russia had invaded Afghanistan to stop a rebellion to Soviet rule. The U.S. supported the Taliban in their fight Further escalation of the arms race under the U.S. policies of Ronald Reagan. Clock changed to three minutes to midnight (-1 change). The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), commonly called Star Wars after the popular science fiction movies, was a system proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 [1] to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the previous strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction. Though it was never fully implemented, the research and technologies of SDI paved the way for the Anti-ballistic missile systems of today. Ronald Reagan was told of Hagelstein's breakthrough by Teller in 1983, which prompted Reagan's, on March 8, 1983 "Star Wars" speech. Reagan announced, "I call upon the scientific community who gave us nuclear weapons to turn their great talents to the cause

9 of mankind and world peace: to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete." This speech, along with Reagan's Evil Empire speech on March 23 in Florida, ushered in the last phase of the Cold War, bringing the nuclear standoff with the Soviet Union to its most critical point before the collapse of the Soviet Union later that decade The U.S. and the Soviet Union sign treaty to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear forces, relations improve. Clock changed to six minutes to midnight (+3 change) Fall of the Berlin Wall, success of anti-communist movements in Eastern Europe, Cold War nearing an end. Clock changed to ten minutes to midnight (+4 change) United States and Soviet Union sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. Clock changed to seventeen minutes to midnight (+7 change). START, officially the STrategic Arms Reduction Treaty was a strategic arms limitation treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. The treaty was initially proposed by United States President Ronald Reagan. It was retroactively named START I when the second START treaty, START II began to be discussed and later went into effect. It was signed on July 31, 1991, five months before the collapse of the Soviet Union. The treaty placed limits on the number of various types of vehicles and attributed warheads that could be deployed by either side. It remains in effect, as a treaty between the US and Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have since totally disarmed their strategic arms capabilities Global military spending continues at Cold War levels; concerns about post-soviet nuclear proliferation of weapons and brainpower. Clock changed to fourteen minutes to midnight (-3 change) Both India and Pakistan test nuclear weapons in a tit-for-tat show of aggression; the United States and Russia run into difficulties in further reducing stockpiles. Clock changed to nine minutes to midnight (-5 change) Little progress on global nuclear disarmament; United States rejects a series of arms control treaties and announces its intentions to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty; terrorists seek to acquire nuclear weapons. Clock changed to seven minutes to midnight (-2 change). On December 13, 2001, President George W. Bush gave Russia notice of the United States' withdrawal from the treaty, in accordance with the clause that requires six months notice before terminating the pact. This was the first time in recent history the United States has withdrawn from a major international arms treaty.

10 Supporters of the withdrawal argued that it was a necessity in order to test and build a limited National Missile Defense to protect the United States from nuclear blackmail by a rogue state. The withdrawal had many critics as well as supporters. John Rhinelander, a negotiator of the ABM treaty, predicted that the withdrawal would be a "fatal blow" to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and would lead to a "world without effective legal constraints on nuclear proliferation." Reaction to the withdrawal by both Russia and the People's Republic of China was much milder than many had predicted, and followed months of discussion with both Russia and China aimed at convincing both that development of a National Missile Defense was not directed at them. In the case of Russia, the United States has stated that it intends to discuss a massive bilateral reduction in the numbers of nuclear warheads, which would allow Russia to reduce its spending on missiles. In the case of China, statements by Condoleezza Rice, U.S. Secretary of State, appeared to some observers to suggest that the United States would not object to an expansion of China's nuclear arsenal in a manner that would allow it to overwhelm American anti-ballistic capabilities. The U.S. withdrawal from the ABM treaty was followed shortly thereafter by the signing of the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow on 24 May 2002, potentially the largest ever cut in deployed strategic nuclear warheads. The Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), better known as the Moscow Treaty, is a 2002 treaty between Russia and the United States limiting their nuclear arsenal to operationally deployed warheads each. It was signed in Moscow on May 24, The treaty has been criticized for various reasons: There are no verification provisions. The reductions are not required to be permanent; warheads may be placed in storage and later redeployed. The reductions are required to be completed only by the time the treaty expires, namely December 31, Current Situation