Seminar on Advanced Topics in National Security Law I: Legal and Policy Issues of the Indochina War. Reading Assignments

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1 Seminar on Advanced s in National Security Law I: Legal and Policy Issues of the Indochina War Reading Assignments John Norton Moore Fall 2018 Walter L. Brown Professor of Law and Wednesdays 7-9 pm Director, Center for National Security Law University of Virginia University of Virginia School of Law Robert F. Turner Professor (General Faculty) and Associate Director, Center for National Security Law University of Virginia Texts for Reading Assignments Readings: Required: Selected Readings on Vietnam, Volumes 1-3 and materials on reserve the collection of selected documents compiled for this seminar by Professors John Norton Moore and Robert F. Turner. The Readings are available from the Law School Copy Center, and reserve materials (as indicated in assignments) may be checked out from the Reserve section of the Law School library. Required: THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR: REFLECTIONS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER THE FALL OF SAIGON, edited by John Norton Moore and Robert F. Turner (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2002) (ISBN: ); VIETNAM by SPENCER TUCKER, Available at Courts and Commerce Bookstore. Optional: VIETNAM: A HISTORY, by STANLEY KARNOW, 2 nd ed (a one-volume overview of the conflict); A BETTER WAR: THE UNEXAMINED VICTORIES AND FINAL TRAGEDY OF AMERICA'S LAST YEARS IN VIETNAM, by LEWIS SORLEY; TRIUMPH FORSAKEN, by MARK MOYAR; and DERELICTION OF DUTY: JOHNSON, MCNAMARA, THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF, AND THE LIES THAT LED TO VIETNAM, by H.R. MCMASTER, All are available at Courts and Commerce Bookstore and are on reserve in the library. August 29 I. Historical Overview A. Setting the Stage: Ho Chi Minh, the French Indo-China War, and the Origins of the American Commitment Required Readings book SPENCER TUCKER, VIETNAM (1999) Chapters 1-3 4

2 Readings, Volume 1: 1-17, 1 PENTAGON PAPERS (The Senator Gravel Edition) (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971) (Hereinafter PENTAGON PAPERS) pp. 1-7, 18-19, 42-52, , , , , , , , August 29 (continued) ROBERT F. TURNER, VIETNAMESE COMMUNISM: ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1975) (Hereinafter VIETNAMESE COMMUNISM) pp Robert F. Turner, Vietnam Chronology #1 ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, THE BITTER HERITAGE: VIETNAM AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1967) Chapter 1, How We Got There, pp #2 Morality and Vietnam It s not just a matter of MIAs, PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER (Aug. 24, 1993) at 5 Skim per your interest: book MARK MOYAR, TRIUMPH FORSAKEN, chapters 1-13 (OPTIONAL READING) B. Vietnam and the Cold War Context Readings, Volume 1: NSC Norman Graebner, The Question of Ends and Means: American Policy in Vietnam, in THE VIETNAM DEBATE (John Norton Moore ed. 1990) pp (Hereinafter THE VIETNAM DEBATE) #4 ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: THE NOVIKOV, KENNAN, AND ROBERTS LONG TELEGRAMS OF 1946 (Kenneth M. Jensen ed.) (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace) pp #5 John Lewis Gaddis, The Tragedy of Cold War History: Reflections on Revisionism, in FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Jan.-Feb. 1994) pp #6 LESLIE H. GELB & RICHARD K. BETTS, THE IRONY OF VIETNAM: THE SYSTEM WORKED (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1979) Chapter 7, Domestic Political Stakes, pp September 5 C. The 1954 Geneva Conference, SEATO, the Tonkin Gulf Incident, the Coup against Diem, and the American Military Buildup in South Vietnam Readings, Volume 1: GEORGE KAHIN & JOHN W. LEWIS, THE UNITED STATES IN VIETNAM, Chapter 3, The Geneva Conference, pp (New York: Dial Press 1967) Hereinafter KAHIN & LEWIS 5

3 Sept. 5 (cont d) September Jane Fonda s Radio Hanoi Broadcast to U.S. Troops in Vietnam on the 1954 Geneva Accords, reprinted in FBIS (Asia & Pacific) (July 24, 1972) at K PENTAGON PAPERS, pp , , , AGREEMENT ON THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES IN VIETNAM and FINAL DECLARATION OF THE GENEVA CONFERENCE (July 20, 1954) VIETNAMESE COMMUNISM, pp , , Security Council Hears U.S. Charge of North Vietnamese Attacks: Statement of Adlai E. Stevenson, U.S. Representative to the U.N. Security Council (August 5, 1964) 51 Dep t. of State Bulletin (August 24, 1964) at pp PENTAGON PAPERS, pp Douglas Pike, What Really Happened in the Gulf of Tonkin, WASHINGTON POST BOOK WORLD at 10 (May 3, 1987) EDWARD J. MAROLDA & OSCAR P. FITZGERALD, THE UNITED STATES NAVY AND THE VIETNAM CONFLICT VOL. II: FROM MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO COMBAT (Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Naval Historical Center, 1987) pp book R.A. Fisher, The Kennedy Administration and the Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem: What Happened, Why Did it Happen, and Was It a Good Idea? in TO OPPOSE ANY FOE: THE LEGACY OF U.S. INTERVENTION IN VIETNAM pp book TUCKER, VIETNAM, chapters 4-5 #7 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, MANDATE FOR CHANGE (Garden City: Doubleday, 1963) pp #8 U.S. GRANT SHARP, STRATEGY FOR DEFEAT: VIETNAM IN RETROSPECT (San Rafael: Presidio Press 1978) pp #9 ROBERT F. RANDLE, GENEVA 1954: THE SETTLEMENT OF THE INDO- CHINESE WAR (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969) pp , , , , #10 I.F. Stone, International Law and the Tonkin Bay Incidents THE VIET-NAM READER (Marcus G. Raskin & Bernard B. Fall eds.) (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) pp #10A MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE OF VIETNAM, VICTORY IN VIETNAM: THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE S ARMY OF VIETNAM, , pp Skim per your interest: book MARK MOYAR, TRIUMPH FORSAKEN, chapters book H.R. MCMASTER, DERELICTION OF DUTY: JOHNSON, MCNAMARA, THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF AND THE LIES THAT LED TO VIETNAM, chapters War, Peace, and War Again: Searching for Peace in the Vietnam War, Guest Participant: George J. Veith 6

4 September 19 D. Political Warfare, the Tet Offensive, and the Anti-War Movement THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR B.G. Burkett, Stolen Valor: The "History" That Never Was, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp John Mueller, Public Support for Military Ventures Abroad, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp Robert F. Turner, How Political Warfare Caused America to Snatch Defeat From the Jaws of Victory in Vietnam, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp book TUCKER, VIETNAM, chapter 6 Readings, Volume 1: b V.I. LENIN, "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile Disorder (Books for Socialism, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, April 1920) Hanoi Four Points, from KAHIN & LEWIS, Appendix 14, pp Washington's Fourteen Points, from KAHIN & LEWIS, Appendix 16, pp (Cf. PARIS AGREEMENTS) Manifesto of the South Viet Nam National Front for Liberation, in VIETNAMESE COMMUNISM, (pp ) 306 Miscellaneous Editorials ( ) Viet Cong Propaganda Leaflets Readings, Volume 2: Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet-Nam, (signed in Paris Jan. 27, 1973) TIAS 7542; 24 UST 1 Readings, Volume 3: Articles from THE VIETNAM DEBATE PART 7: Peter Braestrup, A Look Back at Tet, pp Arnaud de Borchgrave, The Role of the Media in the Vietnam War, pp Donald Oberdorfer, Jr. Tet as the First Big Event p Barry Zorthian, The Tet Offensive and Christmas Bombing as Case Studies, pp Robert Elegant, How to Lose a War, ENCOUNTER 73 (Aug. 1981) #11 SUN TZU, THE ART OF WAR (Samuel B. Griffith trans.) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press 1963) pp , 66-84, 167 #12 JEAN-FRANÇOIS REVEL, HOW DEMOCRACIES PERISH (Garden City: Doubleday, 1984) pp (Hereinafter, HOW DEMOCRACIES PERISH) #13 Stephen J. Morris, Ho Chi Minh, Pol Pot, and Cornell, in THE 7

5 NATIONAL INTEREST (Summer 1989) pp #14 Marcus G. Raskin, A Citizen s White Paper on American Policy in Viet-nam and Southeast Asia, in RASKIN & FALL, THE VIET- NAM READER (New York: Vintage Books), pp Sept. 19 (cont d) #15 Hawks/Doves Through History, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REP T. (Nov. 20, 1967) #16 MARGUERITE HIGGINS, OUR VIETNAM NIGHTMARE (New York: Harper & Row, 1965) pp #16a The ABC s of Draft Dodging, TIME (Aug. 6, 1965) #30 Michael Mandelbaum, Vietnam: The Television War, DAEDALUS (Jan. 19, 1983) #32 Morley Safer, Spying for Hanoi, NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE (March 11, 1990) September 26 II. Issues of International Law A. The UN Charter Framework and the Norms of Intervention THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR Debate: RESOLVED: That the Basic U.S. Commitment to Defend South Vietnam Was Lawful Under Both International and Constitutional Law, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp B. Competing Views: Aggression from the North or Civil War - Aggression from the North? - Civil War Inside South Vietnam? - Civil War Between North and South Vietnam? C. Collective Defense and the Scope of Permissible Response Readings, Volume 2: 1-13 KAHIN & LEWIS, Chapter 5, The Origins of the Civil War, pp Quincy Wright, Legal Aspects of the Viet-Nam Situation, 60 AM. J. INT L L (1966) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Aggression from the North: The Record of North Viet-Nam s Campaign to Conquer South Viet-Nam (White Paper) Wolfgang Friedmann, Law and Politics in the Vietnamese War: A Comment, 61 AM. J. INT L L (1967) Richard A. Falk, International Law and the United States Role in the VietNam War, 75 THE YALE LAW JOURNAL (1966) (Cf. JOHN NORTON MOORE, LAW AND THE INDO- CHINA WAR, Chapters VII-X, pp ) Richard A. Falk, International Law and the United States Role in Viet Nam: A Response to Professor Moore, 76 THE YALE LAW JOURNAL (1967) Senate Debate on Morse Amendment to Repeal the Tonkin Resolution (excerpts), 112 CONG. REC. pt. 4, pp (March 1, 1966) 8

6 Douglas Pike, The Origins of the War: Competing Perceptions in THE VIETNAM DEBATE, pp Gunther Lewy, Evidence of Aggression from the North and the State Department White Papers, in THE VIETNAM DEBATE, pp book JOHN NORTON MOORE, LAW AND THE INDO-CHINA WAR (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1972) (Hereinafter LAW AND THE INDO-CHINA WAR) pp , , #17 MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE OF VIETNAM, VICTORY IN VIETNAM: THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE S ARMY OF VIETNAM, , pp September 26 (cont.) D. The 1970 Cambodian Incursion Readings, Volume 2: Richard Nixon, The Situation in Southeast Asia: The President=s Address to the Nation (April 30, 1970), from, 6 WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS, pp Richard Nixon, A Report on the Conclusion of the Cambodian Operation, from THE VIETNAM WAR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE WIDENING CONTEXT Vol. 3 pp. 872, Richard A. Falk, The Cambodian Operation and International Law, 65 AM. J. INT L L 1-25 (1971) John Norton Moore, Legal Dimensions of the Decision to Intercede in Cambodia, in THE VIETNAM WAR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE WIDENING CONTEXT Vol. 3, pp #18 LAWRENCE VELVEL, UNDECLARED WAR AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; THE AMERICAN SYSTEM IN CRISIS (New York: Dunellen Pub. Co. 1970) pp. vii-xvi E. The 1973 Paris Accords F. Breaking the Peace: The 1975 Invasion of South Vietnam Readings, Volume 2: 365 Cooper-Church Amendment, Public Law 93-52; 87 Stat. 130 (1973) President Nixon s Secret Letters to President Thieu in 4 THE VIETNAM WAR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE WIDENING CONTEXT, pp President Thieu s Resignation Speech in 4 THE VIETNAM WAR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE WIDENING CONTEXT, pp ) U.S. Calls on North Viet-Nam to End Military Offensive, in 4 THE VIETNAM WAR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE WIDENING CONTEXT, pp ) 9

7 October 3 III. Fighting the War A. The Air War in Vietnam and the Laws of War NOTE: All section III. A readings on the air war are OPTIONAL, read per your interest Readings, Volume 2: W. Hays Parks, Rolling Thunder and the Law of War, AIR UNIVERSITY REV (Jan.-Feb. 1982) W. Hays Parks, Linebacker and the Law of War, AIR UNIVERSITY REV (Jan.-Feb. 1983) Articles from THE VIETNAM DEBATE: Jacksel M. Broughton, Rolling Thunder from the Cockpit, pp Terry Emerson, Making War Without Will: Vietnam Rules of Engagement, pp John W. Vogt, Jr., A Commander s View of the Vietnam War, pp Charles G. Cooper, "The Day it Became the Longest War," Proceedings, May McNamara Response to Letter from Robert F. Turner, 15 Oct Greene Response to Letter from Robert F. Turner, 27 Oct Military Assistance Command Vietnam [MACV]: Rules of Engagement for the Employment of Firepower in the Republic of Vietnam (Reprinted from the Unclassified contents published in 121 CONG. REC. pt. 14, June 6, 1975, at pp Hague Convention VIII on Mine Warfare (1909) B. War Crimes and the Law of Armed Conflict: My Lai, Son Thang, Hue, and Related Issues Guest Participant: Gary Solis The REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR William G. Eckhardt, My Lai: An American Tragedy, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp (Optional) Gary D. Solis, Military Justice, Civilian Clemency: The Sentences of Marine Corps War Crimes in South Vietnam, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp Readings, Volume 3: 1-18 Jeffrey Addicott & William Hudson, The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of My Lai 139 MILITARY LAW REVIEW, (Winter 1993) Howard Levi & Jack Grunawalt, The Laws of War and Neutrality, in NATIONAL SECURITY LAW, 2 ND Ed. (John Norton Moore & Robert F. Turner eds., 2005) Chapter 6, pp William Wilson, I Had Prayed To God That This Thing Was Fiction, AMERICAN HERITAGE, (Feb. 1990) 10

8 Lt. Col. Gary D. Solis, USMC, MARINES AND MILITARY LAW IN VIETNAM: TRIAL BY FIRE (Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1989) pp #24 Gabriel Kolko, War Crimes and the Nature of the Vietnam War, in VIETNAM HISTORY: DOCUMENTS AND OPINIONS ON A MAJOR WORLD CRISIS (Marvin E. Gettleman ed.) (New York: New American Library, 1970) pp #25 R.J. RUMMEL, DEATH BY GOVERNMENT (New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1994) pp *** Fall Break October 8-10, 2018*** October 17 C. Defeating a Communist Insurgency: Vietnamese Nationalism and the American CORDS Program Guest Participant: Stephen Young October 24 IV. A Military Historian Reflects on Vietnam* Guest Participant: Dr. Lewis Sorley Book LEWIS SORLEY, A BETTER WAR (Harcourt Brace, 1999), chapters one & two, pp 1-30 #19 CARL VON CLAUSEWITZ, ON WAR (Michael Howard & Peter Paret eds. and trans.) (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1976) Book Eight #20 GELB & BETTS, Chapter 13, The Lessons of Vietnam. #21 HARRY G. SUMMERS, ON STRATEGY (Novato Ca.: Presidio Press, 1982) pp. 1-32, #22 STRATEGY FOR DEFEAT, Chapter 28, The December 1972 Bombing Campaign Against North Vietnam, pp ; Chapter 29, Was it Peace with Honor, pp ; Chapter 30, How Did It Happen, Will it Again? pp ; Appendix A, pp ; Appendix F, pp #23 MAJOR GENERAL JOHN K. SINGLAUB, HAZARDOUS DUTY, Chapter 10 Indochina (Summit Books, 1991) pp (Optional) 11

9 October 31 V. Issues of Constitutional Law A. Constitutional War Powers: Congress, Vietnam, and the War Powers Resolution Readings, Volume 3: 380 Paul Findley, South Vietnam and Laos, from 107 CONG. REC (1961) Supplementary Military and Procurement Authorization, Fiscal 1966, 112 CONG. REC. pt. 4 pp , , 4404 (1966) Statement of Arthur M. Schlesinger in the Special Subcommittee on War Powers, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 100th Cong. 2d Sess. The War Power After 200 Years: Congress and the President at a Constitutional Impasse, pp The War Powers Resolution, Public Law [H.J. Res. 542] 87 Stat. 555, 50 U.S.C Richard Nixon, Presidential Letter Concerning an End to American Bombing in Cambodia, in 4 THE VIETNAM WAR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE WIDENING CONTEXT, ROBERT F. TURNER, THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION (Philadelphia Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1983) Douglas Pike, Congress and the Indo-China War, 11 GEORGE MASON UNIV. LAW REV. pp (Fall 1988) National War Powers Commission, Executive Summary (2008), James Baker & Warren Christopher, Co-Chairs book ROBERT F. TURNER, REPEALING THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION (Brasseys 1991) #27 LAWRENCE R. VELVEL, UNDECLARED WAR AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: AMERICA IN CRISIS pp #28 JOHN HART ELY, WAR AND RESPONSIBILITY, pp. 1-46, #29 Forward from J.W. FULBRIGHT, OLD MYTHS AND NEW REALITIES (New York: Vintage 1964) pp. v-viii (Cf. Cooper-Church Amendment reading on Sept. 26) November 7 VI. Could the War Have Been Won? A. Win-ability and the Lessons of Vietnam. A PowerPoint presentation by John Norton Moore for the CIA Historical Conference B. Human Consequences of the Communist Victories: Repression and Democide Readings, Volume 3: Rudy Rummel, The Hell State: Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge THE VIETNAM DEBATE, PART V: Jacqueline Desbarats, Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation pp Richard B. Lillich, The Development of International Human 12

10 Rights Law and Practice in the Aftermath of Vietnam and its Application to the Central American Context pp George S. Weigel, Jr., Vietnam and the Transformation of the American Catholic Debate on War and Peace, pp Paul Hollander, Alienation and Judgments About the United States and Its Adversaries, in THE VIETNAM DEBATE pp HOW DEMOCRACIES PERISH, Chapter 25, Two Kinds of Memory, pp THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR John Norton Moore and Robert F. Turner, Postscript: Could the War Have Been Won?, in THE REAL LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, pp Book TUCKER, VIETNAM, chapter 7 book Gary R. Lawson, Anatomy of a Failure: the Silencing of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Adoption of Gradualism, in TO OPPOSE ANY FOE, pp #33 PAUL HOLLANDER: POLITICAL PILGRIMS (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America 1990) Chapter 2, Intellectuals, Politics and Morality, pp #34 WILLIAM E. COLBY, LOST VICTORY: A FIRSTHAND ACCOUNT OF AMERICA S SIXTEEN-YEAR INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM (Chicago: Contemporary Books 1989) Part Six: Victory Won, pp ; Part Seven: Victory Lost, pp ; Part Eight: A Better Way, pp #35 ROBERT S. MCNAMARA, IN RETROSPECT: THE TRAGEDY AND LESSONS OF VIETNAM (New York: Times Books 1995) preface, pp. xv-xviii; Chapter 11, The Lessons of Vietnam, pp Skim per your interest: book H.R. MCMASTER, DERELICTION OF DUTY: JOHNSON, MCNAMARA, THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF AND THE LIES THAT LED TO VIETNAM, chapters 8-15 November 14 VII. Strategic Assessment from Kennedy to Nixon Guest Participant Dr. Marin J. Strmecki *** Thanksgiving Recess, November 21-23, 2018*** November 28 Student Presentations December 5 Student Presentations 13