"We were wrong, terribly wrong. We owe it to future generations to explain why." McNamara, writing in his 1995 memoir, In Retrospect, on the

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1 "We were wrong, terribly wrong. We owe it to future generations to explain why." McNamara, writing in his 1995 memoir, In Retrospect, on the management of the Vietnam War.

2 3 Major Mistakes Made In Vietnam: 1) The U.S. believed stopping communism from spreading into Vietnam would stop communism from spreading throughout the rest of Asia. 2) The U.S. failed to bomb the Ho Chi Minh trail and stop the transportation of troops and supplies from North Vietnam into South Vietnam. 3) The U.S. underestimated the Vietnamese, used WWII tactics to fight a different war in a different part of the world, and allowed the media full access in reporting on the war.

3 How would you feel if student privileges at FHS-the best classes, schedules, parking, spot in lunch line, etc.-were awarded according to the wealth or prominence of the student s family? What would you do about it?

4 TLW Objectives 1. Explain the reasons for the escalation of the Vietnam War. 2. Explain the draft policies that led to the Vietnam War becoming a working-class war. 3. Describe the military tactics and weapons used by U.S. forces and the Vietcong.

5 PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON President Johnson won the November 1964 election by promising to not escalate the war in Vietnam. In reference to Vietnam he said It s their war. And I will not send American boys to Vietnam to do what Asian boys should do for themselves. However by March of 1965 LBJ will use the Tonkin Gulf Resolution to begin sending U.S. troops to Vietnam. 180,000 sent by end of 1965.

6 TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION LBJ had authorized secret raids to be conducted into North Vietnam. In response to the raids the North Vietnamese twice attack the USS MADDOX in the Gulf of Tonkin on different nights. Torpedoes miss, but according to our government the U.S. navy returns fire and sinks the North Vietnamese boat. Government claims the Maddox was attacked again the next night but there is no evidence of an attack. LBJ gets congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution on August 7, 1964=allows the president of the U.S. to take military action against any armed attack without having to officially declare war.

7 Did the Tonkin Gulf Incident ever occur OR was it faked so that the U.S. had an excuse to go to war?

8 RESULT OF TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION 1) LBJ orders Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965=bombing of North Vietnam by the Air Force. We dropped more bombs in the first month than we did in all of WWII. (ordered to not bomb any North Vietnamese ports or anywhere near China.) 2) In March the first American combat troops arrived in South Vietnam. 3) By June 50,000 U.S. soldiers were fighting the Vietcong.

9 ROBERT MCNAMARA Secretary of Defense McNamara (no previous military training; president of Ford Motor Company) worked closely with LBJ and suggested the use of Operation Rolling Thunder Sent combat troops into South Vietnam even though he did not believe either would work unless we established a stable and secure government in South Vietnam. This guy is totally the wrong guy for the job.

10 PROBLEMS WITHIN THE WHITE HOUSE Members of LBJ s cabinet in the White House all openly disagreed on what to do about the war in Vietnam. The disagreements not only created bigger disagreements within Congress but it made the White House and all other politicians look incompetent. The military also openly disagreed with the war tactics and decisions used by the inexperience in the White House. What does McNamara know? Dissatisfaction spread within the White House Congress-Military-American People.

11 CREDIBILITY GAP 1) Vietnam became known as the living room war because the media was (specifically TV) showing nightly combat footage. 2) The U.S. government kept telling the American people that VC surrender was imminent. However the media was telling a different story. 3) Credibility Gap=Public distrust of statements made by the government.

12 GENERAL WESTMORELAND General Westmoreland was in charge of the Vietnam War. Highly decorated officer from WWII and Korean War. Requested U.S. combat troops to be sent to support the incompetent Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN- South Vietnamese Army). Received 500,000 by Thought the U.S. could break the morale of the Vietcong by racking up a high body count total (Attrition). Claimed the U.S. never lost a battle.

13 SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM (DRAFT) In 1964 the first draft since 1942 was reimplemented. Young men between the ages of were eligible for the lottery. 100,000 young men were drafted in Another 400,000 in 1966.

14 Mock Draft Activity

15 RESISTING THE DRAFT 1) Fail the physical. 2) Change residency. 3) Join National Guard or Coast Guard. 4) Attend college (deferment): white people with $ 5) Conscientious Objector (CO)=morally or religiously don t believe in war. 6) Flee to Canada (Draft Dodger).

16 Vietcong Tactics "The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue. The imaginative use of booby-traps by the NVA and VC caused many casualties amongst their opponents. Between January 1965 and June 1970, 11% of the fatalities and 17% of the wounds among U.S. Army troops were caused by booby traps and mines. To give one historical example, Charlie Company of the First Battalion, 20th Infantry sustained over 40% casualties in 32 days. They scarcely saw the enemy and took the casualties mainly from booby-traps and snipers. The effect on morale was such that these losses in men and the fact that they included virtually all of the experienced NCO's was said to have been more than partly responsible for the My Lai massacre that occurred.

17 Guerilla Warfare The guerilla army wins by NOT losing. The traditional army loses by NOT winning.

18 BELL QUIZ: USE PAGES ) What is the Vietnamese holiday of Tet? 2) How many cities in South Vietnam and how many U.S. air bases were attacked in the Tet Offensive? 3) Why did American support for the Vietnam War change after the Tet Offensive? 4) What did President Johnson mean when he said, If I ve lost Walter Cronkite, then it s over. I ve lost Mr. Average Citizen. 5) What % of Americans supported the Vietnam War after the Tet Offensive?

19 BELL QUIZ ANSWERS 1) New Years Eve: January 30 2) Over 100 towns and 12 U.S. air bases were attacked. 3) It appeared to Americans that Vietnam was not in control and chaos reigned. Approval for the war dropped. Unwinnable? 4) Walter Cronkite was the evening news anchor. Cronkite s news reports would quickly change public opinion against the War U.S. citizens will listen and follow Cronkite. 5) 40% (1968)

20 Write the following statements in your notes ( 2 slides): 1) War Powers Act: Passes in November Amendment to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. This is the power the President currently possesses. A) President must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending troops into battle without a declaration of war. B) The troops may remain there no longer than 90 days unless Congress approves the president s actions or declares war.

21 Partner Up: Use your technology to fill Vietcong Fighting Tactics Bouncing Betties Toe Poppers Punji Stake Pit Punji Bear Trap Non-Explosive Trips Wires Explosive Trip Wires Tunnels Hanging onto the belts Vietcong What is it? out the chart: Effective? Why or why not? U.S. Fighting Tactics U.S. firepower and technology Strategic Hamlet Program Search and Destroy Large Scale Bombings Helicopters Zippo Raids Attrition Napalm and Agent Orange

22 Bouncing Betty

23 Toe Popper

24 Punji Stake Pit

25 Punji Bear Trap

26 Explosive Trip Wires

27 Nonexplosive Trip Wires

28 Vietcong Tunnels

29 VIETCONG TUNNELS

30 VIETCONG TUNNELS

31 VIETCONG TUNNELS 1) The Vietcong used guerilla warfare fighting tactics to frustrate the Americans. Most VC stayed in the tunnels during the day but came out at night to attack the U.S. soldiers. 2) The VC used elaborate tunnels to connect villages throughout the country side. 3) They also used the tunnels to withstand air strikes and to launch surprise attacks and then disappear quickly. 4) The VC also laced the terrain with booby traps and land mines. 5) Today 3.5 million mines remain active in Vietnam, causing 160 civilian casualties each month.

32 The Battle for Hearts and Minds Napalm-gas bomb dropped from airplanes to set fire to the jungle (40,000 tons used in the Vietnam War). Agent Orange-toxic leaf killing chemical sprayed from airplanes. Found to cause cancer and birth defects. South Vietnamese civilians turned against the U.S.

33 Effects of Agent Orange

34 VIDEO CLIP: WE WERE SOLDIERS 1:34

35 9 year old Kim Phuk was burned by American Napalm. She suffered 3 rd degree burns and endured 17 grueling operations.

36 Review 1) What executive power did President Johnson use to send troops into Vietnam without declaring war? 2) Why was the Vietnam war referred to as the living room war? 3) How did General Westmoreland try to break the morale of the Vietcong? Why didn t it work? 4) What effect did the search and destroy missions have on the civilians of South Vietnam?

"We were wrong, terribly wrong. We owe it to future generations to explain why." McNamara, writing in his 1995 memoir, In Retrospect, on the

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