History 1302 U.S. From Unit 2 Lecture 1 ~
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1 History 1302 U.S. From 1877 Unit 2 Lecture 1 ~ The Imperial Republic
2 America at 1890: Population explosion: Lower fertility /1K / /1K /1K Lower death rate 16.5/1K lowest in world Large and rising immigration K 10%+ of population Still young country 124 years old World leader: Leading steel producer - 30% higher than Germany 30% of world s railroads with 167K miles Highest per-capita p annual earnings in world ($569) Most literate in world with 90% literacy 2,200 newspapers p 1K colleges, 100K High School grads Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
3 America at 1890 II: Southern blacks losing votes and rights East and Midwest had 45% of population South still impoverished after Civil War West was, essentially, empty Manifest Destiny still thrived United States was special Country had a God Given Mission US Expansionist from the beginning Social Darwinism - Victory of Successful Self-image inflation Pledge of Allegiance written in Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
4 Imperialism: Imperialism: One sovereign people subjugating and controlling an alien, formerly sovereign, people. World Competitiveness: Technology defeating oceanic barriers European (especially German) industrialization Arms / Technology race steam & steel European tradition of economic competition for dominance (survival?) Herbert Spencer s Social Darwinism Supply & Demand instead of Fin & Claw European competition for colonies (markets and resources) might/ will restrict America s future Pacific Destiny new customers Pressure on size and stature of American diplomacy, military and navy Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
5 Imperialism II: Depression of 1893 Triggered by foreign economies Exports were important for American economy 70% of cotton, 40% of wheat, 15% of Steel, etc was $393M / $1.4B 10% of manufacturing & 17% of agricultural goods exported America saw itself as peer if not above of Europe Anglo Saxon dominance already a fact but we were not participants American Exceptionalism What is good for America is good for the world. Cure for America s present frustrations Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
6 Imperialism III: Naval supremacy means world supremacy Only guarantee of Independence US emulating the Mother Country Partisan issue: Expansionist Republicans and Isolationist Democrats Lodge & Roosevelt v Bryan & Schurz Cure for present ills or wasteful distraction Fleet Building priority ( rd in world) Long financial commitment Constant increase & expansion through obsolescence & competition Protection of markets & materials & routes circular relationship Monroe Doctrine hemisphere hegemony Blaine SoS 1880s Latin America 1895 Cleveland defends Venezuela v GB 1889 Pan Am Congress US trade primal Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
7 America s fledgling Empire: 1840s American (ex-pat?) dominance of economy and politics 1875 Hawaiian Sugar duty free 1887 Naval base at Pearl Harbor 1890 Sugar act repeals 1893 American Hawaiians rebelled and asked US for protection 1898 Hawaii brought into US as a Territory Samoa 1878 Treaty for naval base at Pago Pago US as spokesperson for Islands 1899 Formal acquisition and division between US, Britain and Germany Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
8 Spanish American War (1898): Controversy over Cuba Polk offer to buy 1851 unsuccessful Filibuster invasion 1854 Franklin Pierce attempt Lack of US support blamed for 1868 failure 1895 Revolt has serious US involvment $50M American investment t in Sugar yet Sugar Tariff of 1894 wrecks Cuban economy Cuba Libre Émigrés in US from 1868 / Joseph Marti led insurrection and declares independence General Valeriano Weyler Concentration Camps Popular Yellow press Hearst / Pulitzer circulation war stirs America 1896 Republican platform called for Free Cuba Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
9 Spanish-American War II: February 1898 Loma letter Maine battleship in Havana Harbor March 1898 to protect interests / Balance German presence US public blames Spanish for destruction Congress votes $50M preparations Popular pressure v Gov t realism McKinley offers to mediate peace and independence Spain refused - War declared but with Teller Amendment Splendid Little War April to August 98 No impact on social or economic life Seen as Civil War healing US Military unpreparedness: Army 28K men few modern weapons National Guard and Volunteer Units 200K volunteering / Rough Riders Civil War Model of Army building Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
10 Spanish American War III: Aims of regional stability / US investment Ass t Sec. of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Mahan Internationalist America s Moment Orders to Havana / Cuban Blockade Orders Commodore Dewey for Manila Bay Resigned to lead Rough Riders Miraculous victory at Manila Bay in May Philippine independence declared Invaded Philippines starting in Sept Cuban Campaign: Santiago Bay Naval battle & blockade Military drive to Santiago Kettle / San Juan Hill heroics & exploits Logistical / Political nightmare Puerto Rico simply taken in July 1898 War Victory in July 1898 Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
11 Philippines: US fought to Civilize and Christianize Advancing freedom, Christian Benevolence, Prosperity Aguinaldo s Insurrection (war of liberation) US Debate over the Philippines: Location was not important to America Markets and materials? Profit or loss? Philosophical questions of empire World power & prestige ~ Mahan Filipinos not fit to rule, but who better? Emigrants further pollute the population? William Jennings Bryan wanted it as an election issue (badly mistaken) Treaty of Paris 1898 paid $20 million to Spain for islands Election in 1900 showed intense popularity of Empire & Colonies Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
12 The Problems of Empire: Blessings of US can be accomplished in other lands Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Alaska Self governed as Territories with road to statehood (?) Residents became US Citizens Navy ruled Guam, Wake and Tutuila as (departments) simply possessions Cuba - War was for their liberty & independence Gen. Leonard Wood stayed till 1902 prepare island for independence. Public works and improvements Further US investment Platt Amendment 1901: Cuban Protectorate Cuba can t make international treaties US can intervene to solve internal problems US military on Cuban soil Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
13 The Problems of Empire II: Compartmentalized but increasingly problematic for Roosevelt 5K American deaths / Approximately 200K Philippine Ath Arthur MacArthur Ath used danti-indian tii tacticsti Increasingly brutal up to 100K US troops seen as racial/indian war. 45 cal automatic pistol for jungle war Concentration camps Media soured public opinion Emilio Aguinaldo captured and in 1901 came over 1901 Civilian control under William H. Taft provided public works & local autonomy Balanced against harsh military regime Language and religion safe First Filipino legislature 1907 / all legislative power by 1916 Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
14 Closing the 19 th Century: September 98 McKinley / Hayes use Open Door note to block European exclusion of US trade Boxer Rebellion 1900 ended Chinese public support across Europe & America Elihu Root, Sec of War in 1900 Military reform and expansion a European style army / staff, etc. Army / Navy Board to facilitate joint operations Fed. Standards for National Guard Theodore Roosevelt s Foreign Policy: Speak softly and carry a big stick Stick was US Navy Divided world into Civilized & Uncivilized Provide stability and order so undeveloped could evolve US needed to develop transportation ability and the Military to defend it Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
15 Roosevelt s Foreign Policy: 1902 Spooner Act allowing US to pay French $40M if Columbia cedes land 1903 Hay Herran Treaty pays $10M and $250K per year Columbia rejected Nov 1903: US navy off-shore and Marines block RR while Panama City fireman declare independence US Recognized 2 days later 1904 Canal begun / Non US labor 1914 Wilson pays Columbia $25 to settle sovereignty dispute before canal opens Russo Japanese War Roosevelt gets Nobel Peace Prize1906 for role in negotiating end of war Secret Japanese treaty 1907 re Open Door and Japanese dominion areas Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
16 Latin America: US military interventions 1902 Venezuela debt crisis v Germany Dominican Republic ports & tariffs Haiti on and off occupation but established a financial protectorate Cuba occupied , Nicaragua , , Taft s Dollar Diplomacy: Economic ties more effective and better than military Spurred military occupation Lodge Corollary to Monroe Doctrine No foreign power or corporation could obtain strategic land or position in Western Hemisphere US Bought Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1915 to keep Europe out Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
17 The Mexican Adventure: US supports Huerta (anti-madero) under Taft Huerta murders Madero Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta and supports Carranza Wilson lands Marines in Veracruz and Carranza forces take Mexico city. Carranza didn t take US direction Wilson briefly supports Villa but Carranza wins Villa kills and raids Americans Pershing leads US military expedition into Mexico against him. Carranza gets recognition in 1917 and US takes troops out in time for WWI Unit 2 lecture 1 Hollinger
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