Entering the New Frontier

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1 Entering the New Frontier Kennedy Doctrine Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

2 Flexible Response wanted variety of options to deal with problems De-emphasized nuclear weapons Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

3 Nuclear Missile Buildup ICBMs * US 2 nd Strike Capability

4 Conventional Buildup Defense Spending -15% increase

5 Foreign Aid Alliance for Progress

6 Diplomacy

7 Covert Operations

8 Green Berets -carry out covert operations

9 Peace Corps

10 Flexible Response Tool Box Different tools for different problems

11 The Space Race YURI GAGARIN APRIL 12, 1961 ALAN SHEPARD MAY 5, 1961

12 Bay of Pigs (April 17, 1961) Operation Bumpy Road Cuban Exiles 1,453 Cubans 2,500 Troops 200,000 Militia

13 The Bay of Pigs Disaster

14 Operation Mongoose

15 Berlin Crisis A Free City June 15 December 31, 1961

16 East German Exodus

17 Temporary Border

18 Berlin Wall Born August 13, 1961

19 Checkpoint Charlie October 27, 1961

20 Checkpoint Charlie After 16 hours of negotiations, the Soviets agreed to withdraw: 5-10 meters

21 The Berlin Wall: 96.3 miles miles on East Berlin border miles around East Germany border August 13, 1961 November 9, 1989

22 Satellite Image of the Wall

23

24 Berlin Wall

25 JFK and the Wall It s not a very nice solution but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war.

26 JFK in Berlin June 26, 1963

27 JFK A Berliner (June 26, 1963) "Ichbin einberliner"

28 JFK in Berlin June 26, 1963 "Ich bin ein Berliner" "Ich bin Berliner"

29 South Vietnam is the cornerstone of the free world in Southeast Asia. JFK and Vietnam Advisers ,000 Green Berets Aid $1.5 billion

30 Cuban Missile Crisis October 14 28, 1962

31 Cuban Missile Crisis Background United States deployed 15 Jupiter missiles in Turkey could hit Moscow in 16 minutes Khrushchev needed to respond Missile Gap United States 27,297 Soviet Union 3,332 Reports of Russian buildup summer of 1962 September 12 Khrushchev personally communicated with JFK no offensive weapons in Cuba June 17 October 22 Shipments 24 launching pads, 42 rockets, and 45 nuclear warheads

32 October 14, 1962 (U-2 Pictures)

33

34 Increased Soviet First Strike Capability: 70%

35 Soviet Missile Range Each missile has the equivalent of 50 Hiroshima bombs

36 Options October Air Strike not 100% 2. Invasion Nukes ready and Berlin 3. Buy / Trade missiles -appeasement 4. Blockade / Quarantine JFK: I know how Tojo felt when he was planning Pearl Harbor.

37 October 22 Over 100 million watched the speech JFK demanded the immediate removal of the missiles 180 warships would make up the quarantine

38 October 22 Quarantine Line

39 October 22 Over 100 million watched the speech JFK demanded the immediate removal of the missiles 180 warships would make up the quarantine Operation ORTSAC

40 Operation Ortsac

41 Operation Ortsac

42 October 22 Over 100 million watched the speech JFK demanded the immediate removal of the missiles 180 warships would make up the quarantine Operation ORTSAC DEFCON 3

43 Defense Condition Ladder DEFCON 5: Peacetime military readiness DEFCON 4: Increased intelligence and heighten national security measures DEFCON 3: Force readiness DEFCON 2: Further force readiness DEFCON 1: Maximum readiness

44 October 23 Khrushchev s Warning US actions could lead to nuclear war

45 October 24: 19 Soviet Ships

46 October of 19 ships changed course We re eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just blinked. -Dean Rusk (Sec. of State)

47 October 25: DEFCON 2

48 Defense Condition Ladder DEFCON 5: Peacetime military readiness DEFCON 4: Increased intelligence and heighten national security measures DEFCON 3: Force readiness DEFCON 2: Further force readiness DEFCON 1: Maximum readiness

49 October 26 USS Beale vs. B-39 Soviet Sub

50 CMC: Nuclear War Scenario Soviet sub destroys US ship with nuke US nukes Cuba Soviets nuke Western Europe (Berlin) US nukes Soviet Union US wins!!!!

51 Agreement: October 28 Soviet Union Public Will remove missiles from Cuba United States Public Pledged not to invade Cuba Private Will remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey

52 November 11 Last Soviet Supplies Removed

53 Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis United States Cold War victory -missiles out of Cuba JFK approval increased -77% Jupiter missiles removed from Turkey Stepped up Operation Mongoose

54 Soviet Union Cold War loss Soviet Union looked weak Beginning of the end for Khrushchev Jupiter missiles removed from Turkey

55 Cuba Seen as a pawn / puppet

56 NATO Allies Angered almost dragged into nuclear war with no input

57 Soviet-American Relations No nuclear war now talking Hot Line established Limited Test Ban Treaty Wheat sales increased

58 A Confident Kennedy

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