OPERATIONAL CONCEPT DESCRIPTION GUNNERY AND TACTICAL ENGAGEMENT TRAINING SYSTEM GTETS

Transcription

1 1 (55) OPERATIONAL CONCEPT DESCRIPTION FOR GUNNERY AND TACTICAL ENGAGEMENT TRAINING SYSTEM GTETS Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

2 2 (55) Change history Version Date Description First release for. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

3 3 (55) Table of contents 1 Scope Identification System overview High level scope Scenarios for usage Document overview Referenced documents Current system or situation Background, objectives and scope Operational policies and constraints Basic Gunnery Training Firing Drill Basic Tactical Training Larger Combat Training Description of the current system Engagement Simulation Exercise Control, Monitoring and Evaluation Users or involved personnel User roles Support concept Justification Justification of change End of life New training needs Advances in technology System architecture for the future Description of needed changes Urban operations training Full evaluation of dismounted troops International cooperative exercises Joint exercises including land, air and sea forces Interoperability with other simulation systems Live Firing New weapons and vehicles Improved engagement simulation Improved fire and weapon effects representations Logistic functions Improved functions for exercise control, monitoring and evaluation Minimising manual tasks Modularity & Scalability Support concept Priorities among the changes Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

4 4 (55) High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority Changes considered but not included Assumption and constrains Concept for a new or modified system Background, objectives and scope Operational policies and constrains Description of the new or modified system Engagement Simulation Effects Representations Communication Control Monitoring and Evaluation of Exercise Exercise Control Exercise Monitoring Exercise Evaluation Applications Users/affected personnel Support concept Inspections and maintenance levels Operational scenarios Summary of impacts Operational impacts Organizational impacts Impact during development Analysis of the proposed system Summary of advantages Summary of disadvantages/limitations Alternatives and trade-offs considered Notes Acronyms and abbreviations Swedish abbreviations Terms and definitions Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

5 5 (55) List of figures Figure 1 Partial overview of FTETS... 7 Figure 2 Physical and logical communication in current FTETS Figure 3 Example of GRUS-application Figure 4 ADTES Combat Scenario Figure 5 FTETS Capability Model... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat. Figure 6 Soldier Target System Overview List of tables Table 1 Referenced Documents Table 2 Communication in current FTETS Table 3 User Roles in FTETS Table 4 Acronyms and abbreviations Table 5 Swedish abbreviations Table 6 Terms and definitions Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

6 6 (55) 1 Scope 1.1 Identification This document describes the Operational Concepts of a Gunnery and Tactical Engagement Training System, GTETS, or in Swedish, Skjut- och Stridsträningssystem, SSTS. 1.2 System overview The purpose of the GTETS is to provide cost efficient alternatives to Live Firing in basic Gunnery Training and realistic means for Tactical Training. Currently there are a number of cooperating systems that together forms a capability that could be called GTETS. Formally however they are co-operating system. To simplify; the current systems forming the current capability will be referred to as the current version of GTETS. GTETS will be developed from a base of several existing system that from now will be viewed as one system. Further development will modify or replace existing as well as adding new components/subsystem and integrations with external systems. The basis for further development of the system is a need description (TEMU) from the Swedish Armed Forces in the 2030-perspectiv [1]. The systems that constitute the current version of GTETS (and their predecessors) have successfully been in use in the Swedish Armed Forces mainly for the Land arena since the early 1980 s. The main functionality of the system is simulation of fire from a wide range of weapons (from small arms to tanks and artillery) and evaluation of the effect of the simulated fire on various of targets (soldiers and vehicles). The central engagement simulation method is firing laser beams that can be detected by instrumented targets. Methods based on sending engagement information over radio have been in use and will continue to grow in importance. GTETS also contains support for monitoring and evaluating the simulated fire and the effects of it. GTETS supports an escalated training method from individual basic firing drill and gunnery training over small (section/squad-sized) force on target set ups to force on force combat training in squad up to battalion sized units. Combat training exercises range from formal to applied with increasing realism including the facilitation of mission rehearsal of planned live operations High level scope The high level goal is that GTETS can simulate fire from all kind of weapons, direct as well as indirect, fired from all kind of platforms (soldiers, vehicles, ships and air vessels) towards all targets as well as not intended targets which the fire may affect. A subset is illustrated in figure 1. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

7 7 (55) Figure 1 Partial overview of GTETS In this section an overview of the ideal functionality is described without much consideration of what is possible or feasible due to economic, technical or other limitations. Weapons are usually fired by the personnel under training in situations that are as close to combat operations as possible. Some fire (and other functions/effects) can however be introduced by the Exercise Director e.g. when a type of fire that is essential in the combat situation should have been fired by personnel and with weapons not participating in the Combat Training. An example is firing of artillery in a training set up where only infantry is participating. GTETS supports force on target exercises where targets can fight back using simulated shoot back technology. This functionality can be used when the trained unit is using live as well as simulated fire. GTETS is able to evaluate what targets that are affected (e.g. hit) by a specific fire and what probable effect the fire has to such targets. Fire is illustrated to the participating personnel to provide them with information of the ongoing fire. This is done by representing effects of the fire with sound, light, smoke etc. Effects of fire are evaluated towards intended and accidental targets that are participating in the training scenario. It can be soldiers or other human players or platforms as vehicles, ships, air vessels, buildings and fortifications etc. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

8 8 (55) Evaluation of effects, damage analysis, on targets takes into consideration the vulnerability profile of the target, what kind of fire and munitions that is used as well as the terrain in the target area. Evaluation of effects on human players also takes in consideration whether the targets are in the open, inside platforms (houses or vehicles) or if they wear protective equipment etc. Effects of fire which is evaluated to impair participating human players, equipment, vehicles or buildings are signalled to the affected personnel so they become aware that they, including their equipment and platforms, are affected and how. GTETS is also able to impose effects on targets that have been affected by fire, e.g. prevent impaired personnel from firing their weapons, forcing personnel to leave damaged vehicles or buildings etc. GTETS is also able to support realistic logistic environment for Combat Training. This applies primarily to munitions supply, medical treatment and recovery and repair of vehicles damaged by fire. All fire (as well as detonation of mines) and effects of fire are recorded thus enabling evaluation during and after exercise of individual situations as well as the general outcome of the simulated combat. High level of realism is essential for systems like GTETS. If the training directors do not find the system reliable and usable they will not use it the intended way, perhaps not at all. If the soldiers and commanders do not trust the simulation they will not put in serious effort when training with the system. Loss of confidence in the simulation would make the system unusable Scenarios for usage GTETS is used for basic gunnery training, gunnery drill, live firing training (Blue Force Tracking) and Tactical Engagement Training for individual and units of different sizes (group to battalion). Basic gunnery training and gunnery drill is normally done single sided towards artificial targets under close surveillance of instructors. GTETS is primarily used for gunnery training and drill with weapons on combat vehicles and other crew served weapons where the ammunition costs are high. The primary scenario for Tactical Engagement Training is double sided Force-on-Force tactical scenarios. The system can also be used in combinations with live firing towards artificial targets where counter fire is simulated by GTETS. GTETS will be used during basic individual and unit training as well as preparatory or additional training before and during live operations. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

9 9 (55) 1.3 Document overview This document contains a description of existing systems and proposals for improvements. Currently the system consists of several small subsystems that are acquired, maintained and documented separately. This document describes all the subsystems as one system. Chapter 3 describes current functional concepts and is neutral in relation to concrete design and realisation in the current system. In Chapter 4 and 5, improvements are motivated and described. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

10 10 (55) 2 Referenced documents No Document no Title Date Source :70914 PTEMU för anskaffning av ny STA Swedish Armed Force 2. VO Mark :27378/05 Systemspecifikation BT FMV 3. Bilaga 3 till VO Mark :27378/05 4. Bilaga 16 till systemspecifikation BT46 PRO Mark :67368/03 Gränsytespecifikation mellan BT46 och Strf 9040C FMV System specification OSCMAR Oscmar 5. Preliminary STA - Funktions & Handhavandebeskrivning 6. Enclosure 2 to AI Enclosure 2 to AI8103 Operational Concepts Description for the Swedish Armed Forces Urban Operations Training System System Specification for the Swedish Armed Forces Urban Operations Training System 8. U1348 Rev 0.1 Operational Concept Description for Air Defence Tactical Engagement Simulator (ADTES) 9. RTO-TR-IST-999 Urban Combat Advanced Training Technology 10. OSAG_2_0 Interface specification OSAG. Issue 2.0 Basic. 11. STANAG 4602 Modeling and simulation Architecture Standards: HLA BAE Systems C- ITS FMV FMV FMV NATO Research and Technology Organisation Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Bewaffnung NATO 12. OCD Danger Zone Calculator FMV Table 1 Referenced Documents Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

11 11 (55) 3 Current system or situation 3.1 Background, objectives and scope Simulation of fire has been used within Swedish Armed Force s training since 1982, when the first generation's laser based system was introduced as aid for fire and combat training for combat vehicles (tanks and armoured infantry vehicles). This first generation was referred to as BT41. The method become a revolution for training and resulted in increased training effect for basic fire training as well as combat training. Lack of skills in firing technique, combat technique as well as some technical flaws in weapons systems became obvious. Later laser based fire simulation was introduced also for personal small arms and crew-served weapons as anti-tank guns, anti-tank missiles or machine guns. This meant better means for training of individual soldiers. The trainee received a clear feedback on the performance of their combat actions and a more objective analysis on their survival and success. The technique was subsequently improved, smaller and more accurate until during latter part of the nineties broad acquisition of a second generation systems (BT-46) was done making Tactical Engagement Simulation System a standard training method applicable for a large set of weapons. Two classes of laser-based techniques have been used. The simpler method, one way-system, simply registered a hit if the laser-beam was registered by a detector on the target. The drawback with this method is that the firing players do not have to consider ballistic effects due to distance to the target. As long as they are aiming on the target with a zero distance setup a hit is registered. This flaw was corrected with the so called two-way method meaning that the target reflects the laser beam back to the shooter where the firing system detects the reflected beam thus allowing calculation of the distance between shooter and target. The target sensors can detect where on the target the laser beam hit and the calculated distance can be used to evaluate if a proper distance elevation has been used. Since detection of the beam has to be done over a target surface it also become possible to evaluate the hit position on the target allowing further analysis of probable damage caused by the hit. The same technique could have been used for wind compensation, provided some system had measured the wind along the trajectory. The two-way lasers were bigger and heavier, possible to use on vehicle mounted weapons and most crew weapons. For personal small arms and light machine guns the one-way system was still used. Coding of laser signals was introduced allowing registering of time stamps, the identity and class of the weapon behind a hit, positioning information (based on GPS-receivers) etc. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

12 12 (55) In parallel with the introduction of BT-46, systems for exercise control and evaluation of simulation results, CTC, was introduced. One system, "Stridsutbildningsanläggning Bataljon (STA-Bat) did support exercise evaluation for battalion-sized combat engagement. Datainsamlingsutrustning (DISU) was aimed to platoon sized scenarios. Fire and hit reports was transmitted via radio from shooter and detection systems to data collection centres, stored in databases thus allowing analysis and presentation of aggregated results as well as individual duel situations. The growing information registration enabled detailed firing and hit analysis for laser-based fire simulation. Indirect fire was simulated by registering fire orders to artillery/mortar units and communicating information on this fire to units located in target area. C2-functions were registered by recording order on radio media thus allowing after action review in relation to the combat plan. Support for Ground to Air applications was introduced for some anti-aircraft systems based on BT53 with laser reflectors on airplanes and helicopters. These has however been taken out of service again. The introduction of BT-46 and STA-Bat enabled increased training effects for soldiers as well as commanders mainly since the sequence of actions and skill of personnel could be reviewed based on recordings and consequences of decisions discussed in review with all participants. Support for Urban Operations was implemented on trial basis by instrumenting a building with laser detectors allowing evaluation of effects of fire on and within the building. The experiment revealed system weaknesses, but nevertheless positive training effects. The experiences lead to an acquisition process for an Urban Operations Training System, UOTS which is under development according to specification in [7]. Some of the additional capabilities that are required for UOTS are described as coming in the sections below. The effects of Generation 1 and 2 of the simulation system was beneficial from both economical and safety perspective. Laser shots are both cheaper and less dangerous than live ammunition however still providing training effects well comparable with a corresponding live training. 3.2 Operational policies and constraints The purpose of GTETS is basic firing training, firing drill and Combat Training in a Live Environment. The system is used broadly during basic military training, unit training as well as preparatory and additional training for live missions. It is the main tool for Combat Training and supports scalable exercises from individual competence to battle group scenarios on both land, sea and air arenas. Preparation of equipment before exercise and restoring equipment after exercise needs to be done quickly and with small resources. Training situations according to the following definitions are supported. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

13 13 (55) Basic Gunnery Training This training makes it possible for the trainees to acquire a correct aiming and firing technique. Usually a setup with a number of weapons/trainees on a line and a simple target is used. Training is done without timing constraints and with direct feedback. Instructors evaluate target assessment, aiming, hit results and timing together with the trainee. Instructors use the system to illustrate how the aiming affects hit results and times to effect. Later in training more realistic target setups are used in order for the trainees to realize the limitations of the weapon system Firing Drill This exercise form gives the trainees opportunity to acquire the ability to master aiming technique, firing technique and cooperation within the weapon crew. Target setup is either a moving target in varying directions and distance or a set of fixed targets to practice target switching. Trainees are working individually or in pairs helping each other evaluating the results. Alternatively the whole weapon crew work together, extending the exercise with loading, target selection, fire commands, fire observation and unloading. Tempo is constantly increased to create higher press on the trainees. Instructors are supervising larger group of trainees using evaluation tools to help improving the skills of the trainees Basic Tactical Training The purpose with this training form is practising standard combat tactics, techniques, and procedures on squad and platoon level. The exercises consolidate the different techniques and create understanding for strengths and weaknesses. The exercise form is Force on Force in fairly short periods with emphasis on immediate evaluation and discussion within the team. The instructor uses the evaluation tools to show consequences of behaviour and decisions. Training Management plans the exercises with increasing complexity adding order training, using environmental effects representation as smoke and explosions, indirect fire, CBRN attacks etc. The effects of fire also require actions from the units under training; like medical treatment, retrieval of vehicles or tactical decisions like regrouping or going into defensive position Larger Combat Training The final training form practice combat tactics on company and battalion level including supporting units. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

14 14 (55) The exercise is usually applied Force on Force continued over a long time (days-week). Instructors perform short local During Action Review with parts of the trained units or break for larger Action reviews. After concluded exercise there is usually an After Action Review. This are normally performed with all personnel. 3.3 Description of the current system The current system is basically build based on BT 46 with additions regarding monitoring, control and evaluation (CTC) as well as adaptations of firing and target systems to specific weapons and vehicles. The description is structured in three sections: Engagement Simulation Communication Exercise Control, Monitoring and Communication The laser simulation equipment, Small Arms Transmitter, SAT [4] for personal small arms is delivered by Oscmar (now Cubic). This equipment is adapted to be used together with target equipment within the BT 46 system Engagement Simulation The subsequent sections contain an overview of the main functionality structured as: Firing side functions Target side functions Adaptations to vehicles and weapons Firing side Firing systems The main technique for simulating engagement in BT 46 is the laser system, BT 46 G delivered by Saab. The used version of BT 46 is described in [2]. This system is used for all weapons except small arms and lighter machine guns. This is a two way laser system, i.e. the laser beams is detected in the target system but it is also reflected back to the firing system allowing calculation of distance between weapon an target, thereby calculating time for the simulated projectile to reach the target and the ballistic curve that the real projectile would have taken. When the simulated projectile is at the same distance from the weapon as the target, a firing record is transferred to the target system through information coding in the laser signal. The fire record is represented with a non-standard Swedish coding and contains: Hit position on target Ammunition number Firing unit id Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

15 15 (55) Fire reports are created from the firing records and stored in the Firing system as well as sent to Exercise Monitoring System (c.f. section below). The BT 46 G is used both to represent integrated weapons in Combat Vehicles and crewserved weapons (anti-tank guns, anti-tank robots and heavy machine guns). Some crew-served weapons, typically machine guns, can be mounted on vehicles but since there is no deeper integration with the vehicle system it is still not considered as a combat vehicle. Crew-served weapons are automatically associated with the shooter (through his Soldier Target System) by a close range communication. For small arms and light machine guns a simpler one way laser system, OSCMAR from Cubic is used. Being a one way system means that the fire record is delivered directly when a laser beam hits a detector on the target. No calculation of distance between weapon and target is possible. Thus the time for the simulated projectile to reach the target cannot be calculated, with the same consequences for ballistic trajectory and actual hit position. The OSCMAR system is adapted to deliver a firing record of the same format as the BT 46, the content is however fixed with the exception for ammunition number Weapons firing effects representation At the firing side the simulated firing is presented in different ways for different targets groups. Typical sounds from operating the weapon that does not occur in simulation mode can be replayed from recordings to give the weapon crew a realistic view of the firing process. The actual firing of the weapon can be presented both for the opposite side to indicate that someone is firing towards the observer and to the weapons crew. Usually this is done with pyrotechnical devices that often have been developed for the weapon independently of the simulation system. Both sound, flashing light and smoke are important effects to represent. Sometimes the recoil effect is important for the shooter to see how the aiming process is affected by the recoil. For small arms blank ammunition is used. Sometimes fire from larger weapons is represented by using the blank shooting capability of e.g. a light machine gun. For some weapons, typically heavy machine guns, it is essential for the shooter as well as for crew members observing the fire to see the simulated traces from tracer ammunition. For some applications traces are mirrored into the sight for others (heavy machine gun) presented in a parallel sight that is not used in the real system. How the described effects are represented varies greatly depending on the existence of traditional fire markers for the weapon, the type of weapon, the type of sight, whether the weapon is integrated in a combat vehicle etc. Weapons fire effects representation is an important and large part of the adaptation of the general system for the specific weapon/vehicle system. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

16 16 (55) Target side For the target side equipment within the BT 46 system is used. The basic principle is that a fire record is transmitted to the target system indicating that the target is exposed to some fire or other threat capable of damaging the target. The fire record contains information on what kind of threat (usually what kind ammunition) the target is exposed to and the location of the fire in relation to the geometry of the target. The damage effect of the fire on the target is calculated locally in the target system. The target system implements a vulnerability model of the target, i.e. the sensitivity of the target of different kind of ammunition in relation to where on the target the hit is estimated. The vulnerability model can also calculate increased damage due to repetitive hits. The effect ranges from No Effect over different levels of damage to Killed (humans) or complete destruction (vehicles/building). Traditionally and normally the fire record is transmitted by a laser beam from a firing system and received by laser detection sensors in the BT 46 system. This is the normal way to represent direct fire with projectile weapons. Fire records can however also be sent by exercise control (STA) over radio. This method is currently used for indirect fire and other surface covering threats like CBRN or Mine Fields. For the target side two different target systems within the BT46 family is used Vehicle Target System The Vehicle Target System, BT 46 T, consists of several units for calculation and interface units to communications systems and 4 reference modules with laser detectors and reflectors. The reference modules can be used together in a cluster or placed individually in different corners of the vehicle. Extra detectors can, for some vehicle applications, check whether the vehicle is partly masked by ground walls or buildings, allowing hits but with a smaller hit area. Damage Calculations can result in No Effect, Crew Temporarily Disabled, Vehicle Unmovable, Integrated Weapons Disabled, Communication Disabled, and finally Vehicle and Crew Permanently Disabled. Flashing lights are used to indicate to the surrounding units that the vehicle is damaged by a hit. Internally in the vehicle hits and damages can be checked on the control panel and for some applications recorded messages are played over the intercom Soldier Target System The Soldier Target System, BT 46 M, is a torso vest and helmet mount with laser detectors and reflectors. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

17 17 (55) s for calculation and interface to communication systems are attached to the vest. Damage is presented with sound signals. The Soldier Target System can communicate with other BT 46 subsystems, c.f. section below. If the soldier is killed, the crew-served weapon he is serving is disabled. If a soldier is inside (or close-by) a vehicle that is damaged, a fire record is sent to the Soldier Target System for analysis of consequential damages. Communication with Exercise Control and Monitoring (STA/DISU) is relayed by a nearby vehicle. Technically there is a RF module developed for the Soldier System. It is however not used, partly because it is heavy, partly due to lack of bandwidth and finally since there is no GPS for Soldier Target System Communication The logical and physical communication patterns and links used in GTETS are illustrated in Figure 1 below. In section 0 below the main logical information flows are illustrated in a table form. Figure 2 Physical and logical communication in current GTETS Radio Networks Currently there are four types of radio networks used in the BT 46/STA-system. Remote Application Server (RAS) This is a GSM based communication used between Observer/Controllers with a Field Computer and the Exercise Management in STA. Long Range Radio (RF) This communication link is mainly used between the STA/DISU Exercise Control and Vehicles in the exercise. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

18 18 (55) Depending on antenna situation the reach is approximately 15 km. If longer distance is needed between STA and the actual exercise area, radio link (microwave) connection can be used to a RF-antenna more central in the exercise area. This communication subsystem is part of STA. Short Range Radio (KH) The Short Range Radio is used for communication between Human Players and Vehicles. The human player modem (KH-modem) is usually attached to the Soldier Target vest. In the vehicle the functionality is within the RF unit. The reach is up to meters depending on whether the KH-modem is equipped with antenna. This communication subsystem is part of STA. WLN The WLN is a short range network used between Field Computer, Vehicles, Weapons and Soldier Targets Systems. In UOTS building will also be equipped with WLN for Communication to Soldier Target System for sending Fire Records due to Damaged Building. The range is up to approximately 50 m. This communication subsystem is part of BT Infrared communication Within the BT-46 system some older infrared communication subsystems have been used they are however mostly replaced by WLN and are not described. RAD Within UOTS however infrared communication is used for tracking how soldiers are moving in and out of buildings and between rooms within buildings. The infrared beams are not penetrating walls which is an advantage for this purpose. Room Association Devices, RADs, provide the players with tracking data when inside a building. They are placed in passages dividing rooms/areas sending information to the soldiers who enter or leave the room/area. The information is coded as OSAG 2.0 Standard RAD positioning information which currently is transformed to FMV-coding by an interface module attached to BT-46 M. RAD may in the future also be used for registering soldiers moving in and out of vehicles. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

19 19 (55) Communication patterns Source Receiver Exercise Phase Physical Links Content FD V Set-Up WLN, (PC Card) Configuration Data FD CSW Set-Up WLN Configuration Data FD S Set-Up WLN, (RS232) Shooter-Id V STA/DISU In Exercise RF Fire Report, Damage Report V FD In Exercise WLN, (RS232) Fire Report, Damage Report V PC Card In Exercise PC Card Fire Report, Damage Report CSW FD In Exercise (Firing) WLN Fire Report CSW STA In Exercise (Combat) WLN->(S)->KH- >(V)->RF Fire Report V S In Exercise (Combat) WLN Fire Record (Vehicle Damaged) S CSW In Exercise (Combat) WLN Associate Weapon, Disable (Shooter Injured) S STA In Exercise (Combat) KH->(V)->RF Damage report V STA In Exercise (Combat) V->RF Damage report, GPS-position FD STA In Exercise (Combat) RAS Umpire Report STA S In Exercise (Combat) RF->(V)->KH Fire Record (Surface Fire) STA V In Exercise (Combat) RF Fire Records (Surface Fire) STA V In Exercise (Combat) RF Exercise Orientation messages Building S In Exercise RAD Entered room V FD After Exercise WLN, (PC Card, RS232) Event Log CSW FD After Exercise WLN Event Log Table 2 Communication in current GTETS In Table 2 important information exchanges in different phases of an exercise are described. The abbreviations used for sources and receivers in the table are introduced in Figure Applications Applications are adaptations of the general BT 46 components to a specific weapon or vehicle. Applications consist of mounting devices and cables for the physical mounting and connection of general components on and within the vehicle/weapon. Furthermore there are Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

20 20 (55) Interface units towards Intercom system, communication systems and integration units for firing devices, sights and other vehicle/weapon specific functions. For vehicle applications the general BT 46 units are also powered through the power system of the vehicle. Application specific software and configuration data is needed for downloading in the general BT 46 components. All existing applications are described in Interface Specifications that are attachments to [2]. A couple of them are referenced in the reference list in this document Combat Vehicles Combat vehicles have both firing and target system which are integrated into the vehicle and vehicle weapon system. Status information from the BT system and information messages from Exercise Control (e.g. Indirect Fire) can be presented over the vehicle intercom system. Weapon traces are presented in the ordinary sights, BT46 is interfaced to ordinary trigger system etc. For some applications, adaptations of the vehicle has also been made, e.g. an interface bus with weapon and C2 information data for Strv 122 and Strf Ref [3] is an example of an integration specification of Strf 9040 C and BT 46. Current applications for Combat Vehicles are: Strv 122 Strf 9040 Strf 9040C 1 Lvkv 90 Pbv 302 Patgb 203 RBS 55C on Pvrbbv 2062 Planned for near future and ordered is: Patgb 360A/T (AWV) Other Vehicles Applications for Vehicles without integrated Weapons are currently: Bgbv 120 Bgbv 90 Epbv/Stripbv 90 Tgb11-21/Pbv 401 Ptgb 6 Bv Other combat vehicles that are modified to C version, e.g. Lvkv 90C are not instrumented in a special application. The original intention was that C-versions should not be used in training, only in live missions. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

21 21 (55) Strb 90H Planned for near future and ordered are: Ingbv 120 StriPatgb 360 (AWV) RepPatgb 360 (AWV) SjTpPatgb 360 (AWV) Sjtpb Lb Ptgb Crew-served weapons Current applications for Crew-served weapons are Pskott 86 Grg 48 Tksp 12,7 RBS 55 RBS 56 RBS 57 Planned for near future are Ksp 08 Protector Protector is a general weapon and sensor platform to be used on different vehicles. Different weapons (Tksp, Grspr, Ksp58) can be mounted in the Protector. The Protector will be mounted on top of the vehicles and can be controlled, aimed and fired, from the inside of the vehicle. For GTETS a general Protector application will be developed. The application will be configurable for different weapons Other applications UOTS provides support for: Hand grenades IEDs and Mines Requirements for both fragmentation and concussion are included. Regarding IED/mines the requirements covers a generic device without resemblance to any real life mine. The device is triggered by remote control from a local Observer/Controller and sends a fire record with severity that is configurable. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

22 22 (55) Exercise Control, Monitoring and Evaluation Exercise Control and Monitoring is performed with different CTC systems depending on the type and size of training. The systems are developed as integrations with BT BT46 Field Computer The Field Computer (FD) is based on MIL-Spec rugged PC-hardware from Panasonic (versions CF 19 and CF28 are currently in use) equipped with GSM and WLN communication. The application specific software consists of three programs: BT-SetUp Saab Configuration of laser and target systems WLN or (RS232/PC-Card) Logg-hämtning Saab Collection of firing and damage reports WLN during exercise (PC-Card or RS232 after exercise) GRUS BAE-CITS Graphical presentation of collected information for exercise evaluation A semi-rugged hardware version from Durabook will be introduced. The Field Computer is the main tool for evaluation in basic Firing Training. It is also used for configuration and by Observer/Controllers in combat training Exercise Setup The Field Computer has functions for Set-Up of BT Components that is used before all types of Exercises. Weapons, Vehicles and Soldier Targets Systems participating in the exercise are configured with exercise specific configuration data. The configuration data is prepared in the Field Computer and then communicated to the individual weapon normally through WLN. Physically moving PC Cards is also possible Event logging This part of the FD is collecting events from weapons and target systems. WLN is the normal communication method collecting information in real time during the exercise. Post exercise information gathering is also possible through serial cable or moving PC Cards. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

23 23 (55) Graphical Monitoring System The Graphical Monitoring System (GRUS) is an application from BAE Systems C-ITS for monitoring firing and damage results. This part of the system is mostly used for Basic Firing Training and Firing Drill where the instructor can follow the results of a set of shooters. An example from a tank duelling set up is illustrated in figure 2 below. Figure 3 Example of GRUS-application STA STA is a mobile CTC system developed by BAE Systems C-ITS for the Swedish Armed Forces. The STA is described in [5]. STA is used for large Force-on-force exercises. Participating units can be monitored and their locations presented on tactical plots. Laser based fire simulations can be monitored and damages effects of fire traced and presented. Elements of Indirect fire, Close Air Support, CBRN-contamination and virtual Mine Fields can be introduced and Fire Records sent to affected Players. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

24 24 (55) Functional description STA has a large library of maps and elaborated function for maps overlays for tactical plots. Exercise Set-Up is done based on a library of standard military units and adapted to the real exercise organisation. Call Signs for the top level units are chosen by Exercise Management. STA then proposes an exercise setup with all Call Signs, unit names, and Identity numbers for all RF-modems and for all Firing and Target Systems. Virtual mine fields can be Set-Up and activated. Mining process can be simulated and mine logistics checked. During exercise the location of active Mine Fields are compared to the location of participating units by STA. If risk evaluation leads to a hit decision a fire record is sent. Mine Clearing can also be simulated. Collection of information is done over radio in real time and monitoring can be done continuously. After action more information can be collected and After Action Reviews (AAR) carried out. The RF-modems can be positioned with differential GPS technique providing an accuracy of approximately 5 meters. Photos and Video sequences taken by camera teams or Observer/Controllers and reports from Observer/Controllers can be transmitted to STA. Radio traffic over tactical radio networks can be recorded at STA. All this information can be used in exercise evaluation. Thus the Exercise Management can have information allowing them to monitor and intervene in ongoing parts of the exercise. Fire orders for indirect Fire are sent by Fire Control Officers as PC-Dart-messages and received by STA. STA analyses what units that are affected by the fire and sends fire records Physical structure There are two STA instances that can be used separately or together. Each is located in an expandable trailer with nine networked workstations and a central server and a central radio modem for communication with the vehicles and soldiers participating in the exercise. There is also a separate transportable rack with two workstations and other equipment. This can be used in a larger room used for AAR and connected to a trailer with a fibre-optic cable. Each STA trailer is capable of handling approximately 100 RF-modem units STA Organisation The STA s are a central resource in the Swedish Army. They are used for large scale exercises, moving to different exercise fields. Part from the CTC trailers, the organisation also carries some target equipment for the participating troops. The main part of the simulator equipment comes from the troop s home regiment. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

25 25 (55) DISU DISU is functionally similar to STA but scaled for squad/platoon sized exercises. DISU has a capacity of RF-modem s. There are in total six DISU in different physical arrangements. They are described in section 3.5 below. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

26 26 (55) 3.4 Users or involved personnel This paragraph defines the system requirements related to the personnel who will use and support the system User roles User Role Job description Note Trainee The target audience for training includes soldiers and commanders participating in training. Swedish: Övad Exercise Director The Exercise Director Observer/Controller System Operator - Identifies the training needs and defines the training objectives for exercises. - Plans the collection of data to support conclusions regarding Trainee performance. - Leads the exercise evaluation. The Observer/Controller - Monitors the behaviour of trainees, draws conclusions and informs the System Operator about events to analyse. - Intervenes in the exercise when needed in order to prevent negative training - Supports the Exercise Director during the evaluation of Trainees. - Conducts safety checks. The System Operator - is responsible for operating the system - sets up the system to support exercise according to Exercise Director's wishes. - operates and monitor the system during exercise - compiles and creates AAR information in cooperation with Exercise Director Table 3 User Roles in GTETS Swedish: Övningsledare Swedish: Instruktör Swedish: Systemoperatör All roles are not manned by separate individuals. The exercise organization is decided by the Exercise Director depending on the size and type of exercise. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

27 27 (55) 3.5 Support concept For training systems a short support chain is used: Trainees prepare exercises and clean up afterwards. Equipment for GTETS is placed and maintained at: Life Guard Regiment (LG) in Kungsängen South Skåne Regiment (P 7) in Revingehed 1 st Marine Regiment (Amf 1) at Berga Norrbotten Regiment (I19) in Boden Göta Engineers Regiment (Ing 2) in Eksjö Skaraborg Regiment (P4) in Skövde Life Regiment Husars (K3) in Karlsborg Each regiment has a Simulator Detachment responsible for maintaining the equipment and advising/supporting the troops preparing and carrying for exercises. The two STA systems are formally placed at P4 but on lease to Land Warfare Centre (MSS) in Skövde/Kvarn who runs a central resource planning and supporting large exercises with different Regiments participating. To be used at the larger exercises together with the STA there is a set of 600 Soldier Target systems and some Field Computers. Otherwise simulator equipment from the participating units is used. For medium sized exercises (Platoon) at the different Regiments DISU can be used for Exercise Control and Monitoring. P4 does not have a DISU, they use STA. P7, Amf 1 and I 19 has the DISU equipment in one expandable container (like STA) with space for AAR. At LG the DISU is placed at the Level 2 MOUT facility. Ing 2 and K3 put their DISU equipment in small cabin/container with seating only for a few operators. The Regiment Simulator Department is the main facility for repair. They keep spares and replace broken equipment. They also repair cables and equipment. Broken electronics is replaced. FMV usually signs a support contract with the training systems contractor, or if the contractor is foreign and turn-around times is expected to be too long, with an in-country supplier in cooperation with the contractor. This support agency supports software, keeps the level of spare parts cost effective and repair or replaces severely damaged equipment. Once a year the training equipment undergoes a preventive maintenance check. Worn out parts are replaced to keep the equipment in high standards for the next coming year. The Simulator Departments at the regiments are using a simple web-application BT- Logistik to keep track of repairs and periodic preventive actions. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

28 28 (55) 4 Justification 4.1 Justification of change There are a number of factors that justify improvement of the current system. Several of them may affect the same subsystems or components and one factor may require changes in many system functions and components End of life Several of the components/subsystems forming the current system are old and limited with respect to needed improvements. This is particularly true for the soldier target system BT 46 M which is becoming worn out, difficult to repair and almost impossible to further develop. Even the smallest functional addition must be tweaked into the system. Other subsystems are old in architecture and IT Integration technology New training needs The major new functionality needed is the ability to track the position and events affecting not only vehicles but also every individual human player. This functionality leads to requirements for changes in several areas. The number of monitored entities in the larger exercises is increasing from hundreds to thousands and the capacity requirements for long range radio communication are also increased by factors. It also leads to that human players need to be equipped with long range radio and positioning devices without making the equipment to heavy or obstructing. Other needed functionality is expanding the field of use to combined exercises with the maritime and air arenas. This leads to need for new applications and engagement types. Since some weapon platforms, especially aircraft, are expensive to use they can seldom be participating live. On the other hand there are simulators for aircraft that then need to be integrated with the GTETS system. An increasing need is joint international exercises. This requires (unless for countries that happens to use the equipment) that the engagement simulators are using international standards for the coding of fire records. Possibilities for Integration between Exercise Evaluation systems are also useful. Some weapons that should be possible to handle within GTETS are not using classical direct fire that is suitable to simulate with laser. This applies to new weapon types on the land arena as well as to weapons from the new arenas that will need to be included. Technology improvements are now at hand that makes such applications feasible Advances in technology Technology has advanced since generation two of the system was purchased. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

29 29 (55) For GTETS this is most noticeable in the following areas. First, sensors, computing devices and memory have become smaller, lighter, more capable and less energy consuming. Secondly improved battery technology and possibilities for complementing batteries with solar cells should even further increase operating times for devices that do not have external power supply. These factors together should make it possible to improve functionality of carried equipment as human instrumentations systems, Small Arms Transmitters and Crew Served Weapons instrumentation systems. Sensors (e.g GPS and direction indicators) and long range radio should also be feasible as carried equipment with reasonable operating times. General improvements in IT technology, not least modern gaming technology, allow for further functional improvements. This applies to geometric pairing techniques where laser pairing is replaced by or complemented by engagement post over radio for weapons that are not suitable for traditional direct laser simulation. Geometric pairing generally also requires direction sensors on weapons. Modern computer gaming technology makes it possible to provide more realistic effects representations through overlay in sights or special goggles, an example of so called augmented reality System architecture for the future To achieve a future proof system, i.e. a system that can be developed and extended in the year 2030 perspective it is necessary to start treating GTETS as one system. The system components and subsystems forming GTETS must follow international standards and interfaces between them must be available for use in purchase processes when extending the system. Modern IT architecture allows for modular development with clear and extendable interfaces descriptions and modern IP based interface technology allowing products from different vendors to work together. Modern mobile communication technology based on cellular techniques and with increasing focus on data communication enables scalable and adaptive radio networks This enables an extendable, and scalable system not least regarding message interfaces and long range radio used for both control, reporting and increasingly for simulated fire. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

30 30 (55) 4.2 Description of needed changes Urban operations training Urban combat training that through many years have been hampered by a fair amount of limitations may now be trained faster and with better results with modern training equipment. The new operational policy that no unit will be sent abroad without advanced training in the urban environment enforces that company and battalion size training must be conducted. It has been concluded that it is not possible to fulfil the operational training demands to reach advanced level of urban warfare because of the lack of training environments. The need for support for Urban Operations Training has led to an acquisition process resulted in the procurement of the Urban Operations Training System (UOTS). Some identified needs and requirements related to general GTETS functionality were not included in the initial UOTS procurement, these are remaining as need for changes for GTETS. Specifically the positioning in UOTS only addresses combat inside buildings. Advancing towards and attacking the urban area is left to be controlled and monitored with STA. Inside buildings; the UOTS handle consequential damages. If fire is directed from outside with heavy weapons there is a vulnerability model for the building and calculations on which soldiers inside the building that will be affected. Another area specially emphasized for Urban Training is simulation of hand grenades and IED s. Those weapons are part of the UOTS. The basic need for Urban Operations Training will be satisfied by the delivery of UOTS. Some needs are however not covered by this delivery, for example: Integration between general CTC and UOTS CTC Outdoors positioning Full evaluation of dismounted troops Currently troops without vehicles or moving away from the vehicles cannot be monitored as individual players since communication is done through the RF-radio on the vehicle. Neither does the individual Soldier target equipment have GPS. It is essential to get full evaluation of battalion size exercises also for non-vehicle-bound troops. There is a need to be able to monitor and evaluate the movements, status, actions and events of individual human player. This need is driving changes in many functions. All participants will be complete players Firing records must be send even from small arms All players need Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

31 31 (55) Communication to the CTC. Position monitoring Player identity Need for increased communication capacity and review of communication patterns Better support for Control, Monitoring and Evaluation of individual soldiers and small teams International cooperative exercises The international arenas the Swedish Armed Forces now have entered have shown that most real operations are done in close cooperation with other countries, even down to soldier level. This makes it important to train together with other nations as preparation to upcoming missions. The Swedish BT system uses unique laser coding and vulnerability calculations that make it impossible to train together with other countries forces even if they use the SAAB BT system themselves. There is a need to be able to train together with international forces using equipment similar to GTETS and have the systems cooperating. The UCATT report [9] has investigated necessary provision for co-operative exercises with participants from different countries and with different Tactical Engagement Simulation Systems. The report is targeted to urban operations but the result is generally applicable to TESS in general. The recommendation is to use a defined functional architecture as the basis for developing and procuring TES and to use international standards. There is a need to introduce international standards (OSAG 2, [10]) for laser coding and to OSAG 2 recommendation for vulnerability models Joint exercises including land, air and sea forces Current GTETS mainly supports actions on the ground arena. Combat boat 90 can be instrumented as target (an application is developed) and the heavy machine gun in rotatable mounting onboard the boat can be equipped with BT 46 G, otherwise it is all ground to ground. There was support for simulated Anti-aircraft fire in BT53. The fire could be reflected by reflectors that could be used on a range of aircrafts, but that equipment is decommissioned. There is a need to introduce support for simulated warfare including all arenas. However the following is most important in the GTETS scenario: Ground and ship based Air Defence Close Air Support Ship to ground Ground to Ship Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

32 32 (55) The following scenario is taken from an OCD for Air Defence Tactical Engagements System (ADTES) [8] that was developed but never put to acquisition Figure 4 ADTES Combat Scenario. The actions and objects in this sample scenario are as follows: Hostile air units (1) attacking primary surface targets (2) and air defence units (3) defending the primary targets. Audio and visual effects generated by at firing (4). Audio and visual effects generated by ADTES close to the target generated at time of hit (5). ECM a/c (7) jamming defence radars (8) and ADTES conveying info on ECM modes, An ADTES combat training centre (9) where supervision of the exercise is carried out. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

33 33 (55) ADTES connection to the ground combat training centre STA BAT (10). The ground combat training system STA BAT sending indirect fictive fire (11) towards ADTES units. ADTES hw/sw displaying result of fire/combat to all concerned units. For Anti-aircraft actions there are today no means to: Simulate fire beyond 3000 m. Simulate ground to air fire and vice versa. Evaluate air defence forces and air forces actions from actual effect. Draw any conclusion from actions taken in a timely manner. (e.g. while troops are still interested and are willing to learn) Let all the soldiers in an exercise to take lessons from the big picture evaluation. Those need are still valid but can be evaluated in a potentially larger scope of change than when the ADTES descriptions was developed. This specially applies to: Introducing simulation of weapons for Air Defence, Close Air Support and Support Fire from sea vessels Treating Air and Sea vessels as targets for simulated fire Support for Exercise Evaluation in a complex exercise arena Interoperability with other simulation systems There is a need to interact with other simulation systems. One example is that Close Air Support where live attack planes may be a scarce resource. Instead the flights can be simulated in separate system based using target information from GTETS sending back fire records and aircraft position to GTETS. Another example is a simulation of an UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) during a live exercise, the UAV simulation can be fed with exercise status from the Exercise CTC (e.g. position of all units) using this information to create a synthetic output from the camera that can be presented to the operator of the UAV. In order to support co-operation and exchange of information between different simulation environments support for High Level Architecture (HLA) [11] should be included in GTETS Live Firing When training firing with live ammunition, the Firing Simulation subsystem can be used to keep track of position and orientation of weapons, checking against and reporting violations of Arcs of Fire. To increase realism in live firing training, GTETS capabilities can be used to let targets shoot back with simulated fire. For weapons where it may be feasible to have simulation laser mounted during live firing, the simulator can be used for following the aiming process. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

34 34 (55) To support Live Firing with GTETS the following is needed Means to monitor all weapons for position, direction and safety status are needed. Means for retrieving actual arcs of fire from Skjutgränsdatorn, DZC [12] It should also be possible to equip live fire targets with laser instrumentation, in order to permit the targets to shoot back. The possibility to have simulation laser mounted during live firing should be investigated and documented for different weapons New weapons and vehicles There is a flow of new weapons, weapon platforms, combat vehicle and other vehicles that need to be instrumented with lasers and/or detectors. Some are identified, a few decided and ordered. More will follow. The Protector (Swedish: Vapenstation 01) is a remotely operated weapon and sensor station that can be installed on vehicles of different types. It enables aiming and firing from inside the vehicle through computer screen based sight and general aiming devices. The Protector can be equipped with different weapons like light and heavy machine gun or grenade launcher. There is a need for a general instrumentation for the Protector Improved engagement simulation There is a need for higher fidelity in the simulated engagement. Today s systems are emanating from the late nineties (i.e. previous millennium); techniques for engagement and effects representation that was not feasible then may now be available Indirect heavy fire There is a need to extend the simulating of indirect fire from artillery and mortars to take into consideration effects of weather and other atmospheric data Indirect fire from light weapons There is a need to provide engagement models for high and low velocity grenade launchers (e.g underslung launchers for assault rifles) and other light weapons that can fire indirect fire with a high ballistic trajectory. This task have challenges since laser based line-of-sight aiming does not match the way the weapons are used, whereas traditional geometric pairing techniques for indirect fire is more difficult to apply to these lighter weapons where azimuth and elevation angles can be hard to measure Obstructed line of sight It is recognised that the laser based engagement system has the drawback that soldiers can take cover behind structures that would not protect them from fire in a real situation. This is clearly negative training and has to be dealt with. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

35 35 (55) Another problem with similar challenges is suppressive fire from e.g. machine guns towards e.g. a defence position behind some vegetation. Laser simulation would hardly result in hit but some means are needed in order to provide feedback to soldiers that do not act correctly (and stay in cover) but uses the shielding vegetation as cover Other Weapons effect It is easy to deliberately or accidentally mask detectors. Means to detect that detectors are masked are needed. With current placement of laser reflectors and detectors fire from above or below is hard to detect. Such aspect angles may occur in close range engagement situations if there are height differences in the scenario, e.g. fire from high buildings or vehicles crossing a wall. Many weapons have risk zones close to the weapon. The muzzle blast from tank gun or the back blast of an antitank gun is dangerous. These dangers are generally not simulated. On the other hand soldiers are not promoted by taking protective action. Lying down, using helmet or body armour should reduce probability for damage. Vulnerability model for human players need to take into account whether the player is in a vehicle or building and the protective power of the container. On the other hand humans located in protecting containers can be indirectly affected by fire directed to the container (consequential damages). On short ranges the laser beam from a small arm is very thin. This means that many detectors per area is needed on short ranges, otherwise the shot must be aimed directly to the detector Small arms Current laser simulator for personal small arms are one-way simulations not requiring correct distance elevation, wind correction and not providing hit accuracy. There is a need for full ballistic simulation also for small arms, at least for snipers firing at long ranges. Currently there is no monitoring of firing with small arm. This means that hit percentages cannot be calculated and no overview on how small arms are used can be obtained. There is a need to monitor firing of small arms. It should also be possible to disable small arms from being fired when the associated shooter is wounded. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

36 36 (55) Human Instrumentation System The current Soldier Target system BT 46 M is old. It cannot be extended with new functionality and it is not suited for use together with the soldier carrying equipment of today and there is a need to instrument non-military players. The most important improvement is the need to support tracking of the individual human player as described in section above. However many other needs indicated in section 4.2 affects the human instrumentation system. The Soldier Target system will become more than a target system and it will be used for other human players than soldiers. Thus it will be called Human Instrumentation System. Currently there are light signals on the Soldier Target system that can reveal the soldier during night exercises. This is very annoying for the soldiers and should be avoided by a new system Training mines and IED Currently there is support for virtual mine fields, i.e. mine fields that are only present in the STA computer. When vehicles are entering the mine field this is matched in the STA and a radio fire record is sent to affected vehicles. There have been experiments with physical training mines that are deployed like real mines. There is a need to introduce this capability. UOTS provides a generic mine/ied-device with effects representation. It is however only triggered by remote control from an Observer/Controller. Triggering mechanisms resembling real mines or IED are needed. There is also a need to make these mines more like real mines from a laying or clearing perspective Protective actions against CBRN Using gas mask when a C-weapon is used should reduce risk for damages. Taking a shot with an auto injector after being exposed to a nerve agent should increase probability to survive Training smoke Currently it is not, due to safety regulations, possible to use close range protective smoke during exercises. This limitation applies to both smoke grenade launchers mounted on vehicles and to manually thrown smoke grenades. There is a need for smoke grenades that are possible to use in training from a safety perspective while still shielding targets behind the training smoke making precision fire towards them more difficult. Since the shielding effect of an acceptable smoke is likely to be less than for an operational smoke, there is probably a need for the simulating system to detect the use of training smoke and lower the probability for hitting targets that are behind smoke. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

37 37 (55) Improved fire and weapon effects representations There is a general need to improve how fire is represented and other environmental effects. This applies to effects at firing weapon, representing the projectiles trajectories in the air and representing the effect at impact. Effects when firing the weapons applies both to the firing unit and to other players that need to see from where there is fire. There are potential techniques for presenting augmented reality through overlays on displays used in vehicles or goggles worn by soldier, electronic hearing protections, and wall projectors etc. that can be utilised for different presentation needs. Techniques for generating overlays in sights for vehicles and weapons is proven and used in GTETS-like systems in other countries as well as in firing trainers Some effects that need to be represented are: Mine Explosions Fire from simulated Airplanes or Helicopters Indirect fire (replacing manual firing of pyrotechnical effects) Suppressing machine gun fire Damages on buildings Projectile hits on vehicles Improved presentation of fire, weapons effect and wounds by Human Instrumentation System Logistic functions During Combat Training GTETS also should support training of logistic functions, primarily first aid, Medicare, ammunition supply, recovery and repair of vehicles. To increase the realism in exercises and make the need for logistic support processes obvious there is a need to add the logistic view in the simulations. Below there are descriptions of shortcomings in logistic processes that need improvements Ammunition Supply Ammunition supply is partly catered for. For small arms the laser shot is triggered by a blank shot, thus requiring a supply process of blank ammunition. For Combat Vehicles there is usually a way of registering the ammunition supply in the Vehicle at exercise start. It can be noted how many rounds of different kinds that are stored in different magazines. If application specific software is developed, the simulator calculator is able to trace rounds used preventing firing more rounds than available. Ammunition supply from TOLO-vehicles can however not be simulated by the supply chain actors only, an Observer/Controller is needed to manually reset to standard supply level (RU). Ammunition levelling between vehicles is likewise not supported. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

38 38 (55) Medical simulation capability Currently soldiers that are hit by simulated fire or wounded in some other way are stopped from participating in the combat for some time or revived based on some arbitrary decisions from a Observer/Controller. Medic process umpires usually randomly select participants to be wounded and the kind of wound and starts a medic treatment chain. A more pedagogic mean would be to create wound based on probable outcome of hits, instrumenting a life model with increasing effect or the wound unless treatment is done Recovery and repair There is a need to demonstrate that recovery and repair of vehicles will be necessary consequences of combat. Vehicles deemed to be damaged should not be revived based on arbitrary decisions of a Observer/Controller. Instead they should be revived after necessary repair has been performed which in turn often requires that the vehicle is recovered from front line Improved functions for exercise control, monitoring and evaluation Several of the needs from sections above affect the CTC. One specific need is to interface not only tactical voice radio but also digital information sent over the battalion C 3 I systems to use that information in combat evaluation. Today there is no efficient mean to evaluate small combat exercises, platoon level, when it is not feasible to use STA/DISU. It is too tedious to collect information from Soldier Target system and there is no tool to support evaluation. Generally there is a need for an improved evaluation process and more streamlined functions when following a combat process showing information from different sources. A review of CTC functionality developing a complete set of requirements is needed. It need to respond to many need identified in this document and in UOTS and ADTES documents [6], [7] and [8] Minimising manual tasks Preparation for an exercise do require manual configuration of Soldier target systems, individual vehicles and weapons. There is a need to minimise such manual tasks. Exercise Management need to be more effective. Improvements should be done regarding: Aligning lasers with sights of weapons Configuring player system with exercise specific data Reducing need for manual fire effects representations Collection of AAR data that has not been continuously sent to CTC Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

39 39 (55) Modularity & Scalability It must be possible to evolve the system, over time. Old system components must be able to co-operate with new. It must be possible to replace a subsystem and to add new subsystem. The System Specification for GTETS must identify and specify internal interfaces that makes it possible to keeps components from the existing generation while allowing replacements of others and addition of new ones. The CTC and Communication requirement set need to recognize the need for supporting combat exercises of different scales acknowledging that different aspects are monitored and evaluated depending on the exercise scale Support concept The current trend in the Swedish Armed Force organisation is that there will be less support personnel available in the training organisation. Today there is a simulator department responsible for the simulator equipment and for support to the leaders of the trained units at each regiment Currently there is a special organisation at Land Warfare Centre (MSS) for manning the STA s and supporting Exercise Directors for large Exercises. In-sourcing from industry is a trend in many areas, and specifically for Combat Training Centres there are many examples from other countries where the industry is responsible for Exercise Fields with Simulator Equipment, supporting visiting troops with planning and carrying out exercises etc. Changes in the support concept affects technical requirement on the systems. Hence it is important to indicate the valid support concept before acquisition of larger subsystem. There is a general requirement that an Internet web solution named RAMtr@ck should be used for monitoring the availability performance of training equipment. The user reports to the system the start and end of the exercise and faults that may occur. The maintenance personnel also keep track of downtime as result of repairs. Each year the data is analysed and preventive actions are conducted. For military equipment a classified system named LIFT is used for the same purpose. There is a need to replace BT-Logistik with this system. 4.3 Priorities among the changes Priorities for new weapons and vehicles must be evaluated for each new application High Priority CTC review and upgrade CTC scalability Full evaluation of dismounted troops Communication patterns and capabilities Direct communication with CTC Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

40 40 (55) Close range communication for small arms Human Instrumentation System Integration with UOTS OSAG 2 More automated preparation of exercises Medium Priority Logistic functions Air Defence Support for HLA Protector RWS Geometric pairing for Grenade Launchers Shielded line of sight Vulnerability models and detection from above Damage calculation regarding indirect fire should consider ground and snow conditions Muzzle and back blast risk zones Two-way laser for some small arms, at least Psg 90 Improved fire and weapon effects representation Physical Training Mines Low Priority Close Air Support Sea Forces Support for monitoring of live fire Masking detectors Vulnerability models and detection from below Training smoke 4.4 Changes considered but not included The following areas have been considered but will not be included at this point Air to air combat training Naval specific combat training Improved ballistic simulation of artillery and mortars including weather and atmospheric influences Improved detection when firing small arms on short distance 4.5 Assumption and constrains No specific assumptions and constraints are noted. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

41 41 (55) 5 Concept for a new or modified system 5.1 Background, objectives and scope The modified system has basically the same objectives and scope as the current. 5.2 Operational policies and constrains Change of Support Concept may result in changes of operational policies and constrains. It should be possible to use (parts of) GTETS in arenas of operation. 5.3 Description of the new or modified system The identified needed changes from section 4.2 are sorted into functional areas. The GTETS subsystems will be procured in several steps over the next years Engagement Simulation New techniques and more realistic fire and weapons effects representations will be introduced Weapons Fire The possibility to have simulation laser mounted during live firing should be investigated and documented for different weapons. By using OSAG 2 laser fire record coding engagement situations between players of different nationalities can work. Laser and laser detectors BT46 will be modified to use new fire record coding according to OSAG 2[10]. New two-way laser firing system for small arms may be acquired for some weapons e.g. Psg 90. For broadly used small arms a new one-way laser transmitter system will be specified and added to GTETS. Several new applications where laser is not the main engagement simulator will be introduced. Radio transmitted fire records will also be used as complement to laser. JAS 39 Gripen and different helicopters need to be able to engage ground and marine forces with simulated fire. There is a need for simulating fire from Grenade Launcher (40 mm), and Gun Grenades to AK 4 and 5. Some physical training mines will be introduced with the UOTS delivery. They need to be modified to support triggering mechanisms resembling real mines or IED. There is also a need to make these mines more like real mines from a laying or clearing perspective. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

42 42 (55) Improved fidelity There is a need to get a realistic damage results for simulated fire even if there is vegetation or other thin shielding material stopping a laser beam. New techniques, especially combinations of laser with geometric pairing, can reduce this kind of problems. Deliberate or accidental masking of laser detectors and reflector needs to be detected to prevent cheating. There is a need for two-way laser simulator from small arms. This is especially important for Psg 90 fired by sniper on long range Effect in Target OSAG 2 defines common practice for vulnerability models that need to be followed. Damage models for indirect fire should consider snow and ground conditions. Vulnerability models of vehicles need to be extended with vertical aspect angles for fire against roof or bottom. Laying down, taking cover, wearing body arms, protection masks etc should reduce the risk for damage from relevant weapons. Being inside vehicles or building should reduce the risk for damage depending on the protection of the container. Risk zones close to weapons need to be simulated and communicated to players in the risk area. This applies to both muzzle blast and back fire blast from anti tank weapons. Using gas mask when exposed to C-weapon is used should reduce risk. Taking a shot with an auto injector after being exposed to a nerve agent should increase probability to survive Combat Service Support The Human instrumentation system needs to be designed so that no revealing light can be seen, visible to the eye or by using night vision devices. Simulation of logistical functions according to the sections below needs to be supported. Ammunition Supply For weapons (vehicle mounted or carried) where firing a blank is not a requirement for firing a simulated shot there are the following needs: ordinary crew need to simulate ammunition levelling between weapons TOLO-personnel need to be able to fill up local ammunition supply Exercise Management should also be able to change ammunition supply level by radio control. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

43 43 (55) Medical simulation capability The purpose of this functionality is to train and measure the medical treatment ability among the trainees. The medical treatment is limited to actions taken between the battlefield and the combat aid station (i.e. pre hospital treatment) including buddy aid, medic first aid, medic stabilization and transportation. Regarding medical treatment, there is a need of a distinction between two levels of treatment. One consists of buddy aid meaning basic medical actions e.g. check pulse and breathing, stop bleeding etc. The other level of medical treatment consists of more advanced actions taken by combat medical personnel. The time factor and medical actions taken as well as the lack of actions should in a relevant way reflect the consequences of the simulated wound and further the status of the soldier/trainee. Vehicle Recovery and repair Vulnerability models for vehicles need to be complemented with Damage Descriptions that can be communicated to Recovery Vehicle. Thus the retrieval/repair personal can do actions that will make it possible to revive the damaged vehicle again Effects Representations Weapons Fire There is a need for introducing general techniques for representing effects e.g. with personal goggles, electronic hearing protections, wall projectors, overlays on operational displays. Some effects that need to be represented are: Mine Explosions Fire from simulated Airplanes or Helicopters Indirect fire (replacing manual firing of pyrotechnical effects) Suppressing machine gun fire Damages on buildings There is a need for the Human system to offer alternative ways to present information to the soldiers/trainees concerning for example simulated status, system status and environmental information. Language and ways of presentation should be of the user s choice to admit adjustments according to given conditions at any time. There is a need for The Soldier target system to be able to represent fire, weapons effects and wound effects in general through different kinds of displays (text or picture) or through Audio, Synthetic Speech or light signals. For text or speech signals it should be possible to choose the language Tracer visualisation For some weapon systems, such as heavy machine guns, where the aiming process is highly dependent on the monitoring of fired tracers, the tracer effect must be visualized in some way. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

44 44 (55) Fire Impact Effects There is a specific need to represent effects when projectiles hit vehicles. Weapons firing effects equipment for combat vehicles has been modified to support more than one marker type. The vehicle target system logic has been modified to fire the second kind of marker when the vehicle is hit. There is however still no suitable marker patron for representing a hit Environment There is a need to vary the visualization depending on the weather, sight conditions etc Communication Wide Area Communication When all human participants become players the consequence will be higher demands for communication bandwidth. Communication patterns may also need to be changed. CTC may need to broadcast fire records to all players for e.g. indirect fire; such fire records will contain the location area of the fire. All target system then needs to be able to compare the affected area in the received fire record with its own position in order to decide if damage evaluation is to be done Personal-Neighbourhood Area Network Currently there are some different methods for close range communication. There will be a consolidation towards using the BT 46 WLN. New functionality needing short range communication will only be developed using WLN other methods will eventually be phased out. Infrared communication currently used for indoor positioning (RAD) may be extended to positioning in vehicles as well. All players, even individual humans without vehicle, need to have a communication path to the CTC. Small arms should be equipped with a short range communication (WLN) that allows communication with the HIS of the user of the weapon Control Monitoring and Evaluation of Exercise Exercise Control Currently there is a lack of Player Identities in Fire Records according Swedish coding. E.g. for small arms fire, all shooters have the same identity and individual shooters cannot be differentiated. By introducing e.g. OSAG 2 laser coding [10], all players can have its own identity. The GTETS CTC will need to integrate with or include the functions of the UOTS CTC. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

45 45 (55) A review of CTC functionality developing a complete set of requirements is needed. It need to respond to many need identified in this document and in UOTS and ADTES documents [6], [7] and [8]. The CTC requirement set need to recognize the need for supporting combat exercises of different scales acknowledging that different aspects are monitored and evaluated depending on the exercise scale System preparation Aligning lasers with the sight of weapons is also a process that needs to be more efficient and less time-consuming. After preparing an exercise in CTC or Field Computer all configuration data should automatically be transmitted to several receivers System Control Some weapon effects representation like indirect fire need that an exercise observer/controller goes to place of impact and manually fires a pyrotechnic device form a special gun Simulated Control In order to support co-operation and exchange of information between different simulation environments support for High Level Architecture (HLA) [11] should be included in GTETS AV Monitoring & Recording There is a need for new video surveillance methods like person mounted cameras and cameras on new platforms C 2 Monitoring & Recording There is a need to treat the battalion C 3 I-system like tactical radio regarding recording and using it in evaluation. There is a need to send exercise related messages over the battalion C 3 I-system Exercise Monitoring Position All players, even individual humans, need to have a positioning device and means to communicate its position to CTC. It must be possible to monitor units approaching an urban target, during the breach into the buildings and to follow the advance through buildings. Positioning of players must allow the players move in and out of houses and still keeping track on their position. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

46 46 (55) Support for keeping track of position and orientation of weapons when training firing with live ammunition imply that weapons are monitored for position, direction and safety status. Directions measurement for small arms is needed Location The Human system will associate itself to vehicles that it enters or is close to and likewise to buildings Status and equipment Small arms need to be monitored regarding Association with a users of the weapon, Firing reports to CTC via the users WAN-link Disabling/enabling weapon simulation depending on shooter status. After an exercise collection of data is not fully automated Exercise Evaluation The Exercise Evaluation relies on status reports, 3D-visualisation, photos, video, statistics and results, recorded sound and radio traffic, sections from safety regulations and movies. The presentation is created by minimal efforts and provides the trained forces with a pedagogic overview of the events from the exercise. The CTC needs better support for evaluation of individual soldiers and small teams. This can apply to monitoring how their fire followed orders, the group firing patterns etc. Specifically in the context of joint land, sea, air exercises: providing the evaluators with the expected performance compared to actual performance evaluating forces perceived situation compared to true situation. support of close to action debriefing of troops scattered over a large exercise area. When supporting live firing and weapons are ready to be fired; checking against and reporting violations of Arcs of Fire should be supported. This may involve communication with DZC [12] for retrieving actual arcs of fire. The AAR also needs to contain measurable quantities such as Time to formation Execution of orders Friendly fire events Statistics regarding fire events and hit data. Such measures can be used to compare the trained unit with others, and with previous exercises. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc

47 47 (55) Applications Applications are instrumentations of different objects with equipment that supports several functions like engagement simulation, effects representation, communication, monitoring, positioning etc. Applications are developed for human players, combat and other vehicles and crew served weapons Human Instrumentation System A new Human system will be acquired to support that the individual human is treated as a player and other needs. Figure 5 Soldier Target System Overview New application areas due to joint exercises Simulation of new kind of weapons is needed when support for joint exercises are supported Air Defence applications The Air Defence application requires target and Weapons applications for RBS 70 and 97 and UndE 23, PS 90 and PS91 as targets. Operational Concepts Description GTETS-1.0-.doc.doc