INFORMATI~N SERVICES OFFICE DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCY Washington, D.C

Transcription

1 INFORMATI~N SERVICES OFFICE DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCY Washington, D.C '''--- f! SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN UNITED STATES CIVIL DEFENSE HISTORY LISTED CHRONOLOGICALLY, August 29, 1916 Octobe 11, 1916 Apil 6, 1917 Apil 9, 1917 Apil 21, 1917 Novembe 11, 1918 Decembe 2, 1918 May 25, 1940 Council of National Defense ceated by act of Congess (39 Stat. 649; 50 U.S.C. ch.1). Composed of the Secetaies of Wa, Navy, Inteio, Agicultue, Commece, and Labo, Council was chaged with coodination of industies and esouces fo the national secuity and welfae, and with ceation of elations endeing possible in time of need immediate concentation and utilization of esouces of the Nation. Advisoy Commission to the Council of National Defense appointed by the Pesident; composed of seven membes, each chosen fo special knowledge in one of the following fields: tanspotation and communications, manufactuing and industial elations, supplies, aw mateials, mineals and metals, engineeing and education, labo, medicine and sanitation. Council of National Defense established State Council Section to guide gowth and wok of State defense councils. Council Chaiman equested all State Govenos to establish councils of defense. Such councils wee oganized in evey State, and by Novembe 11, 1918, local units numbeed 182,000. Council appointed a Women's Committee to coodinate and stimulate wa activities of Nation's women. Amistice esulted in apid dissolution of State and local defense councils. In esponse to the United States Employment Sevice, Council of National Defense adopted esolution asking State and local defense councils to keep oganizations intact to assist Fedeal agencies in meeting postwa adjustments. Office fo Emegency Management established within Executive Office of the Pesident by administative ode, in B.ccodance with EO 8248 of Sept. 8, OEM had cetain stated functions pefomed unde diection of the Liaison Office fo Emegency Management. (OEM, pimaily a famewok within which vaious civilian wa agencies wee established, is now inactive.) f!

2 It May 29, 1940 I August 2, 1940 August 5, 1940 Novembe 1, 1940 Decembe 1940 Pesident appoved egulation of Council of National Defense that Advisoy Commission povided fo in sec. 2 of act of Aug. 29, 1916 (39 Stat 649) shall be composed of an Advise on Industial Poduction; an Advise on Industial Mateials; an Advise on Employment; an Advise on Fam Poducts; an Advise on Pice Stabilization; and an Advise on Consume Potection. was the beginning of the National Defen~e Pogam of WW II. Realignment of elationships necessitated by expansion of the pogam decentalized the Advisoy Commission by meging its divisions with othe newly ceated national defense units. Agencies which evolved fom the Advisoy Commission, with the exception of Office fo Agicultual Wa Relations and Office of Pice Administation, became units of Office fo Emegency Management. Advisoy Commission to the Council of National Defense appointed by the Pesident, and State Govenos advised to eestablish defense councils. Establishment of Division of State and Local Coopeation by Advisoy Commission to the Council of National Defense announced. Fist egional confeence on civil defense held in New Yok City; followed by confeences in New eleans, Salt Lake City, Chicago, and Memphis. Dafts of model law sent to States fo consideation of legislatue with a view to secuing unifomity of civil defense oganization on the State level. Febuay 24, 1941 Pesident asked Congess to appopiate $150,000,000 "fo the pupose of poviding community facilities made necessay by defense activities." Division of State and Local Coopeation helped to sponso the community facilities bill, which became known as the Lanham Act. May 20, 1941 June 20, 1941 Office of Civilian Defense established within Office fo Emegency Management by EO 8757, to assue effective coodination of Fedeal elations with State and local govenments engaged in futheance of wa pogams; to povide fo necessay coopeation with State and local govenments with espect to measues fo adequate potection of civilian population in wa emegencies; and to facilitate paticipation by all pesons in wa pogams. Mayo Fioello La Guadia of New Yok City named as Diecto, seving on v~luntee basis without compensation. Executive Ode 8799 amended EO 8757 to povide fo a wide and moe effective functioning of the Voluntee Paticipation Committee by inceasing its membeship fom 20 to 45. 2

3 June 28, 1941 June 30, 1941 July 5, 1941 July 10, 1941 July 16, 1941 July 24, 1941 August 1941 Septembe 22, 1941 Octobe 7, 1941 Octobe 15, 1941 Lanham Act appoved by Congess (five weeks afte Division of State and Local Coopeation was supplanted by oed). Fist taining couse given at Edgewood Asenal, Md. (These couses continued weekly theeafte.) Emegency Medical Sevices established with epesentative of U.S. Public Health Sevice as Chief Medical Office. EMS was esponsible fo establishment of necessay emegency medical facilities in communities thoughout the county, including oganization of emegency field units and casualty stations. oed established nine egional offices: Boston, New Yok City, Baltimoe, Atlanta, Cleveland, Chicago, Omaha, San Antonio (late Dallas), and San Fancisco. Executive Ode 8822 amended EO 8757 to include Ameican Red Coss among oganizations invited to designate epesentatives to seve as membes of the Boad fo Civilian Potection in oed. Official CD insignia adopted by OCD; included the basic CD insigne and 15 distinctive identification symbols fo voluntee wokes: Ai Raid Waden, Auxiliay Police, Bomb Squad, Auxiliay Fiemen, -Fie Watche, Road Repai Cew, Decontamination Cops, Staff Cops, Rescue Paty, Medical Cops, Nuses Aides Cops, Messenge, Dives Cops, Emegency Food and Housing, Demolition and Cleaance Cew. The insignia wee developed by Chales T. Coine, consultant on design to Division of Infomation, Office fo Emegency Management, in collaboation. with Col. Walte B. Bun, an OCD staff membe. Duing that month "The United States Citizens Defense Cops" was published. It gave the fist complete and coodinated plan fo local oganization of civilian defense, and was the pototype of all following CD oganizations. Ms. Eleano Roosevelt appointed Assistant Diecto, OCD, heading Voluntee Paticipation activities, to administe the nonpotective aspects of civilian defense. She epoted Novembe- 1, 1941, a.nd esigned Febuay 20, Official CD insigne paten.ted (U.S. Lettes Patent No. D-129,797) by Col. Walte P. Bun, who assigned ights to Govenment. (CD insigne continued by Fedeal Civil Defense Administation unde Public Law 920, the Fedeal Civil Defense Act of 1950.) 11 s;.+/'_,.,. ~I '-CT-J ~.s-' Physical Fitness Division established unde diection of John B. Kelly, with headquates in Philadelphia. Also duing Octobe, OCD initiated active pogam of taining Citizens Defense Cops pesonnel in evey State and city. 3 ijiiiilj A..

4 Novembe 1941 Decembe 7, 1941 Decembe 8, 1941 Januay 3, 1942 Januay 6, 1942 Januay 12, 1942 Januay 27, 1942 Januay 28, 1942 Januay 31, 1942 Febuay 4, 1942 Duing that month fist consolidated epots fom States showed ove one million voluntees tained, o in taining; fist egionwide test blackout was held in OCD Region 1 (New England); final definitive test of waning devices was held at Abedeen Poving Gound, Md., and selection of appoved type was made. Japanese attack on Peal Habo. Diecto La Guadia announced establishment of Civil Ai Patol (CAP) unde OCD. (In Apil 1943, CAP was tansfeed fom OCD to Wa Depatment and opeated as an auxiliay of the Amy Ai Foce.) Boy Scouts of Ameica accepted assignment of messenge taining; ove one million messenges wee tained fo CD. Ameican Wate Woks, Ameican Hotel, and National Retail Dy Goods Association accepted assignments fom OCD to ecommend potection pogams fo thei membe institutions. Special 10-day couse fo 150 Reseve and National Guad offices, assigned to egional and State offices, began at Edgewood Asenal, Md.; conducted by Chemical Wafae and OCD offices. James M. Landis, Dean of Havad Law School, appointed Special Assistant to the Pesident to devote full time to executive wok of OCD. Congess appoved act to "povide potection of pesons and popety fom bombing attacks in the United States," which authoized an appopiation not to exceed $100,000,000 to enable the Diecto of OCD to povide such potection. Fist schools in emegency CD duties of egula police and duties of auxiliay police opened in 46 cities by FBI in coopeation with OCD. Melvyn Douglas (Hesse1beg), acto, named Diecto of OeD At Council, to mobilize voluntee activities of Nation's wites, atists, musicians, and actos fo Division of Civilian Paticipation pogam; seved without compensation; esigned Decembe 5, 1942, to ente Amy. Joint Committee on Evacuation (intedepatmental) ceated. (Appaently abolished pio to July 1, No efeence to it afte that date.) Febuay 10, 1942 La Guadia esigned as Diecto of OCD. (His last day in office was Febuay 11, 1942.) Febuay 12, James M. Landis took ove as Diecto of OCD. f! coutesy of Tbe,

5 Febuay 21, 1942 Apil 15, 1942 May 19, 1942 May 28, 1942 June 17, 1942 * August 25, 1942 Septembe 8, 1943 Octobe 4, 1943 Octobe 18, 1943 Congess appoved act appopiating $100,000,000 to OCD, specifying that no pat of the money be used fo lithe employment of pesons, the ent of facilities o the puchase of equipment and supplies to pomote, poduce o cayon instuction o diect instuction in physical fitness by dances, fan dancing, steet shows, theatical pefomances o othe public entetainment." Executive Ode 9134 expanded functions of OCD Diecto by authoizing him to maintain a cleainghouse of infomation on State and local defense activities in coopeation with appopiate Fedeal depatments and agencies; and eplaced both the Boad of Civilian Potection and the Voluntee Paticipation Committee by a single Civilian Defense Boad to advise and assist the Diecto James M. Landis eceived official appointment as Diecto of OCD at a salay of $10,000 a yea. Executive Ode 9165 established Facility Secuity Division fo potection of essential facilities fom sabotage and othe destuctive acts, and placed esponsibility fo facility secuity pogam upon OCD. Wa Emegency Radio Sevice (WERS) authoized by Defense Communications Boad (name changed to Boad of Wa Communications by EO 9183, June 15, 1942) fo civilian defense, Civil Ai Patol, and State guad systems, to pemit licensing fo defense puposes limited numbe of amateu shotwave stations, all of which had been closed the fist of the yea fo secuity easons. By end of 1944, 250 licenses (coveing 5,213 adio tansmittes) wee issued to civilian defense stations. Confeence on emegency CD Dive Taining at Yale Univesity launched pogam in which Ameican Automobile Assn. tained 800,000 dives fo CD. Landis named Liaison Office to Civil Defense of Canada fo coodination of policies, ai aid signals, equipment, etc. Diecto Landis esigned and ecommended abolition of OCD. John B. Matin, deputy, became Acting Diecto. Wa Depatment announced that Aicaft Waning Sevice would be placed on standby basis. Executive Ode 9389 expanded authoity of OCD Diecto to pemit him to, povide fo the intenal oganization and management of OCD, and to delegate authoity to cay out his powes and duties to such agencies and officials as he might designate. 5

6 '* June Decembe 30, 1943 Febuay 1944 Apil 1944 Apil 18, 1944 July 1, 1944 May 4, , 1945 August 6, 1945 August 9, 1945 Novembe 25, 1946 July 26, 1947 A ugus t 29, 1947 Febuay 15, 1948 Mach 27, 1948 Six Amy offices who had been section o unit chiefs in Potection Banch elieved to go oveseas to oganize Passive Ai Defense fo the invasion of Nomandy, unde SHAEF. (Left in Febuay 1944.) Lt. Gen. William N. Haskell (Retied) assumed duties as Diecto of OCD. Gadual liquidation of OCD began. Executive Ode 9437 abolished Facility Secuity Pogam assigned to OCD by EO OCD egional offices abolished. Pesident Tuman signed Executive Ode 9562 calling fo temination of OCD on June 30, OCD abolished. action was followed by the disbanding of most State and local civil defense oganizations. All potective popety acquied unde act of Januay 27, 1942, and act of Febuay 21, 1942, was tansfeed to Depatment of Commece; liquidation of OCD fiscal affais assigned to Teasuy Depatment. Atomic bomb dopped on Hioshima. Atomic bomb dopped on Nagasaki. Wa Depatment Memoandum established WD Civil Defense Boad (Bull Boad, headed by Maj. Gen. Haold R. Bull) to study poblem of civil defense. Public Law 253 (Unification Act) appoved; law established National Secuity Resouces Boad (NSRB) National Convention of Ameican Legion at New Yok City adopted epot of Legion's Civil Defense Commission, uging the Pesident to establish a civil defense planning agency unde diection of a civilian, and outlining minimum equiements fo civil defense. epot, when pesented to the Pesident, became the basis fo establishment of the Office of Civil Defense Planning. Wa Depatment Civil Defense Boad (Bull Boad) submitted its epot. "A Study of Civil Defense," a pamphlet pesenting conclusions and ecommendations of the Boad, was e1eas~d that monch. It was the fist epot on a civil defense pogam fo the, United States. The Office of Civil Defense Planning established by the Secetay of National Defense. 6 f!

7 ( Octobe 1, 1948 Mach 3, 1949 Mach 29, 1949 June 3, 1949 Office of Civil Defense Planning submitted Hopley (Maj. Gen. Russell J. Hopley) Repot, "Civil Defense ~o National Secuity," to the Secetay of National Defense; eleased publicly at the same time. Pesident assigned to National Secuity Resouces Boad pimay esponsibility fo civil defense planning. Acting Chaiman of NSRB (W. Stuat Symington) equested Diecto, Office of Mobilization Pocedues and Oganization, to initiate a study of poblems and submit a epot. Acting Chaiman, NSRB, equested: (a) Administato, Fedeal Woks Agency 'which late became Geneal Sevices Administation), to assume esponsibility fo "watime civil disaste elief planning," including activities and supplies, escue, evacuation, demolition, egulation of tanspotation, communications, and estoation of ode; (b) Secetay of National Defense to adsume esponsibility fo planning civilian paticipation in active defense, including detection, obsevation, and identification of aicaft, ai-aid-waning systems, bode patol, antiaicaft defense, civil ai p~tol, camouflage, and potective constuction. June 6, 1949 Repot equested by NSRB on Mach 29 submitted. as NSRB Document 112.) (Known August 1, 1949 August 23, 1949 Septembe 1949 Depatment of Defense established position of Assistant fo Civil Defense Liaison. Geneal Sevices Administation submitted planning pospectus to Acting Chaiman, NSRB. Depatment of Defense held "Opeation Lookout" in 10 notheasten States to test ai defenses. Septembe 23, 1949 Pesident Tuman announced that Russians had exploded thei own atomic bomb in the Soviet Union. Octobe 5, 1949 Octobe 24, 1949 A statement of policy fo elations with State and local govenments, the fist in a seies of Civil Defense Planning Advisoy Bulletins (Doc. 121), sent fom NSRB to all State Govenos. Senato Bian McMahon, Chaiman, Joint Committee on Atomic Enegy, announced that public heaings on poblem of civil defense would be held ealy duing next session of Congess 7

8 Decembe 1, 1949 Januay 13, 1950 Januay 31, 1950 Febuay 3, 1950 Mach 1, 1950 Mach 3, 1950 The second of NSRB Civil Defense Planning Bulletins (Doc. l21/l) sent to all State Govenos. Bulletin outlined Fedeal Govenment's objectives in planning, set foth infomation on planning activities in pogess, made ecommendations fo State and local action, and equested infomation on specific questions elating to State civil defense pogams. NSRB Doc. 121/2, "Medical Aspects of Atomic Weapons," sent to all State Govenos. Pesident diected Atomic Enegy Commission to study possibilities of building themonuclea (hydogen) bombs. NSRB Doc. 121/3, announcing taining couses in adiological monitoing and medical aspects of civil defense against atomic attack, sent to all State Govenos. Paul J. Lasen appointed Diecto, Civilian Mobilization Office, NSRB. Heaings on civil defense wee begun by the Joint Congessional Committee on Atomic Enegy and the Senate Amed Sevices Committee. Mach 17, 20, 23, Heaings on civil defense continued by Joint Congessional 30, Ap. 3, 1950 Committee on Atomic Enegy. Mach 23, 1950 Mach 27, 1950 Apil 10, 1950 May 1, 1950 May 18, 1950 June 29, 1950 Stat of testimony on civil defense befoe Joint Congessional Committee on Atomic Enegy and Senate Amed Sevices Committee. Radiological monitoing and medical and health couses sponsoed by NSRB began; continued though July Nomination of W. Stuat Symington as Chaiman of NSRB confimed by the Senate. (Took oath of office on Ap. 26.) NSRB Doc. 121/4 tansmitted to State Govenos. Suggested couse of action fo States, descibed adiological and medical taining activities, suggested appoach to civil defense, and defined esponsibility fo civil defense planning. NSRB Doc. 121/5, defining ole of Ameican Red Coss in civil defense, tansmitted to all State Govenos. Atomic Enegy Commission disclosed that "geat steps" had been achie'.ted in developing the hydogen bomb. 8 coutesy ot The

9 August 8, 1950 Septembe 8, 1950 AEC issued "The Effects of Atomic: Weapons," pedecesso to "The Effects of Nuc1e3. Weapons," which was issued in 1957 and evised in Apil (Book was pepaed by Defense Atomic Suppot Agency of the Depatment of Defense in coodination with othe cognizant govenmental agencies and published by the U.S. Atomic Enegy Commission.) NSRB Doc. 128, "United States Civil Defense" (Symington Repot), poposing a national civil defense plan, tansmitted to the Pesident. (Exhibit C of Doc. 128 is poposed bill "To authoize a Fedeal Civil Defense Pogam and fo othe puposes.") Paul J. Lasen esigned NSRB office; succeeded by James J. Wadswoth. Septembe 18, 1950 Pesident Tuman sent Symington Repot to Congess fo consideation; H.R intoduced in the House of Repesentatives. Septembe 30, 1950 Public Law' 875 (81st Congess), "To authoize Fedeal assistance to States and local govenments in majo disastes, and fo othe puposes," vested in Pesident authoity to coodinate activities of Fedeal agencies in poviding disaste assistance. Septembe 30, 1950 NSRB Doc. 128/1.tansmitted to all State Govenos. Discussed Mutual Aid and Mobile Suppot Systems with Citical Aea,Map of hypothetical State of Columbia. Octobe 18, 1950 Octobe 29, 1950 Decembe 1, 1950 Decembe 4, 1950 NSRB Doc. 121/6 announced taining couses fo pofessional nuses. NSRB Doc. 130,!'Suvival Unde Atomic Attack," published: fist of a seies designed to instuct the public in individual potection against special weapons. Executive Ode ceated Fedeal Civil Defense Administation (FCDA) within Office fo Emegency Management, Executive Office of the Pesident. On same day Pesident Tuman appointed Millad F. Caldwell, J., fome Goveno of Floida, as Administato, succeeding James J. Wadswoth, Acting Diecto, Civil Defense Office, NSRB. (M. Wadswoth was named Deputy Administato.) Heaings on poposed civil defense legislation wee begun by the Joint Congessional Committee on Atomic Enegy, the Senate Amed Sevices Committee, and the House Amed Sevices Committee. Decembe 12, 1950 FCDA announced that model intestate civil defense and disaste compact had been submitted to all State Govenos and civil defense diectos as a legal basis fo mutual aid and mobile suppot among the Scates in the event of enemy attack. It applied paticulaly to use of fie, police, medical, and escue pesonnel and equipment.... 9

10 Decembe 13, 1950 NSRB Doc. 132, "Fie Effects of Bombing Attacks," eleased. Pepaed fo NSRB by the Civil Defense Liaison Office and Office of the Secetay of Defense, booklet sent to all State Govenos as backgound infomation on fie poblem. Decembe 15, 1950 A basic code of public ai aid waning signals, to be used by all States and cities in event of attack, announced by FCDA. Code was developed by a panel consisting of epesentatives of FCDA, the Depatment of Defense, State and city civil defense authoities, and sound enginees. (The two-stage waning code, "Red Alet" and "All Clea," is still in use.) Decembe 16, 1950 Decembe 28, 1950 c:j( Januay 12, 1951 Januay 17, 1951 Febuay 12, 1951 Febuay 21, 1951 Executive Ode established Office of Defense Mobilization within Executive Office of the Pesident to diect, contol, and coodinate all mobilization activities of the Govenment, including poduction, pocuement, manpowe, stabilization, and tanspot activities. FCDA eleased a "248-page volume on "Civil Defense Health Sevices and Special Weapons Defense." Pepaed fo FCDA by Health Resouces Office of NSRB with assistance and technical advice of numbe of Fedeal and pivate agencies, booklet gave detailed infomation equied by State and local plannes fo civil defense health sevices against atomic, biological, and chemical wafae. Pesident Tuman "signed the Fedeal Civil Defense Act of 1950 (Public Law 920, Blst Congess), establishing FCDA as an independent agency in the executive banch of the Govenment. Designation of cetain amateu fequencies fo civil defense use by licensed amateu adio ope~tos, afte any suspension of nomal amateu activity, announced jointly by FCDA and Fedeal Communications Commission; ~de possible fo State and local civil defense authoities to plan fo utilization of Nation's amateu opeatos fo civil defense puposes. FCDA announced at a national meeting of State civil defense diectos that matching Fedeal funds would be made available fo constuction of individual o family-type sheltes,. but that no contibutions would be made fo sheltes outside citical taget aeas. Meeting of United States and Canadian civil defense officials in Ottawa fo futhe infomal exploation of possible ageements on mutual civil defense poblems. Discussions coveed intestate-povincial and intenatinal mutual aid ageements, exchange of medical sevices, and standadization of civil defense supplies and equipment; also possible exchange of ci.vil defense pesonnel betv]een United States and Canada. 10 ~ /O'Zf;;)/ ",

11 t Mach 2, 1951 Mach 27, 1951 Apil 5, 1951 Apil 15, 1951 Apil 28, 1951 Apil 30, 1951 May 5, 1951 May 7-8, 1951 May 24-25, 1951 Executive Ode authoized Housing and Home Finance Administato to act fo Pesident in caying out povisions of P.L. 875, to assist States and local govenments in majo disastes. Canada and United States effected a civil defense mutual aid ageement. Fist issue of THE CIVIL DEFENSE ALERT, official monthly publication of FCDA, distibuted to all FCDA pesonnel and all CD staff membes in States, cities, and teitoies to keep them cuently and unifomly infomed on civil defense activities, plans, and pogams; and to help maintain the teamwok and moale essential to the FCDA pogam. Fist FCDA motion pictue, "Suvival Unde Atomic Attack," eleased: 16mm, one-eel, sound, black and white; poduced by United Wold Films, Inc., and distibuted by Castle Films. Fist meeting of Joint United States-Canadian Civil Defense Committee held in Washington, D.C. Eight Canadian epesentatives, headed by Paul Matin, Ministe of National Health and Welfae, and six U.S. officials took pat in confeence. National Civil Defense Taining Cente established at Olney, Md., consisting of Staff College fo taining in civil defense administation and opeations, and the Rescue School fo taining in escue opeations and elzted skills. Fist FCDA Advisoy Council (12 membes) appointed by the Pesident. Appointment of Council membes was in accodance with section 102 of the Fedeal Civil Defense Act. Civil Defense Confeence, Washington, D.C.; called to mobilize oganizational leadeship of Nation to suvival; attended by some 1,200 leades of State ~nd local civil defense oganizations and epesentatives of about 300 national associations whose membeship numbeed ove 50 million. A seies of foums on civil defense oganization, voluntee technical sevices, public education, health and welfae sevices, sheltes, attack waning and communications, taining, and othe pogam activities wee held duing the confeence. Fist meeting of FCDA Technical Committee on Steet and Highway Taffic held at Evanston, Ill., since FCDA had selected the Taffic Institute of Nothwesten Univesity in that city to develop the taffic taining pogam. Mattes concening egulation and contol of taffic in elation to CD wee consideed. 11

12 June 6, 1951 June 14, 1951 June 22, 1951 July 2, 1951 July 3, 1951 July,13, 1951 July 27, 1951 '\ugust 2, 1951 FCDA Easten Taining Cente established at Olney, Md. was in addition to Staff College and Rescue School established Apil 30, 1951 FCDA eleased summay of system to be used fo detemining amount of shelte fom atomic attack needed in a given aea and amount of suitable shelte space available in existing buildings in that aea. A confeence to discuss system was held at FCDA Staff College, June 14-15, Among confeees wee State enginees, Staff College technicians, and epesentatives of the Bueau of the Census and Lehigh Univesity Institute of Reseach. Release of system fo detemining shelte in existing buildings maked the fist phase of the shelte pogam. FCDA announced distibution to State and local diectos of an illustated bulletin containing a suggested oganizational patten fo the communications section of municipal contol centes, to be used as official guide. Second meeting of FCDA Technical Committee on Steet and Highway Taffic held at Nothwesten Univesity, Ivanston, Ill. Committee eached ageement on oveall objectives of taffic handling duing CD emegencies. FCDA announced distibution to State and local diectos of bulletin coveing plans and specifications fo civil defense attack waning systems. Bulletin set foth specifications and methods fo installing well-engineeed and economical attack waning systems, and included tables and chats fo detemining aea coveage of sound devices, with map showing layout of a public sound waning system fo a typical city. Fist couse fo local civil defense instuctos in midwesten States opened at Oklahoma A&H College, Stillwate, Okla. was fist taining cente fo local instuctos in the county, and continued opeating fo about one yea. (Closed August 15, 1952.) Manual on "Shelte fom Atomic Attack in Existing Buildings," sent to State and local civil defense diectos; povided method fo detemining census of pesons in given locations and unifom evaluation of shelte space in existing buildings. James J. Wadswoth, Deputy Administato, announced that St. May's College of Califonia, stategically located about 20 miles east of the San Fancisco Bay aea, had been selected as the Westen Taining Cente of FCDA. (Cente opened Sept. 4, 1951; discontinued Sept ) 12 f!

13 Septembe 9, 1951 FCDA Emegency Welfae Sevices Advisoy Committee concluded its fist meeting, a 2-day session. Duing meeting Committee eviewed welfae poblems befoe and afte an attack, including emegency sheltes, food supply, emegency mass feeding, pesonal identification, notification of nextof-kin, and post-disaste legislation. Septembe 13, 1951 FCDA announced that five States (Califonia, Connecticut, Delawae, Mayland, New Yok) would shae in the initial allocation of funds fom a $20,000,000 Congessional appopiation fo civil defense fist aid stations and stockpiling of medical supplies and equipment. Septembe 20, 1951 FCDA eleased Advisoy Bulletin No. 69 to funish advice and guidance to States egading a unifom method of issuing identification tags fo civilians. Octobe 26, 1951 Novembe 2, 1951 Novembe 9,,1951 Novembe 15, 1951 Initial meeting of new goup, Advisoy Council fo Women's Paticipation, held at FCDA building (Gelmac Towes), 1930 Columbia Road, N.W., Washington. Its mission was to assist Ms. John L. Whitehust, Assistant Administato, in aleting and oganizing Ameican women fo civil defense. Beginning of Massachusetts Regional Poject, a laboatoy study of uban aea taget analysis and State and egional plan, coopeatively undetaken by FCDA, City of Boston, State of Massachusetts, and the Amed Foces. FCDA published Advisoy Bulle.tin No. 79, infoming State diectos of geogaphic boundaies of nine egional offices: Region 1, Boston, Mass. (New Jesey, New Yok, Vemont, Maine, New Hampshie, Mass., Conn., Rhode Island); Region 2, Richmond, Va. (Pa., W.Va., Va., Del., Md., N.C.); Region 3, Atlanta, Ga. (Tenn., Miss., Ala., Ga., S.C., Fla.); Region 4, Cleveland, Ohio (Mich., Ohio, Ky.); Region 5, Chicago, Ill. (Ind., 111., Wis., Iowa, N.D., S.D.); Region 6, Dallas, Tex. (Tex., Okla., Ak., La.); Region 7, Denve, Col. (Wyo., Col., N.Mex., Neb., Kansas, Mo.) Region 8, Bekeley, Cal. (Cal., Nev., Utah, Aiz.); Region 9, Seattle, Wash. (Wash., Mont., Oegon, Idaho). FCDA announced the oiginal catoon chaacte "Bet the Tutle" as the "sta" of "Duck and Cove," an FCDA catoon film poduced by Ache Poductions, Inc., New Yok City, in coopeation with the National Education Association and FCDA. A tutle was chosen as the sta of a childen's civil defense campaign because his ability to duck and cove into his &~all illustates the basic pinciple of self-potection.sa.e.\ \ 13

14 Novembe 29, 1951 Ameica's butches, bakes, goces, and milkmen called upon by FCDA and the Depatment of Agicultue to help set up immediate plans fo nationwide emegency civil defense feeding in event of attack. Call fo help was in fom of an announcement that FCDA and USDA had eached ageement on detailed plans to povide adequate food fo the Nation unde emegency attack conditions. Decembe 2, 1951 Decembe 9, 1951 Decembe 10, 1951 Decembe 16, 1951 Januay 5, 1952 Januay 7, 1952 A l6-page illustated booklet, "Duck and Cove," issued by FCDA fo distibution by the States and teitoies. Thee million copies wee sent out. FCD Administato Millad Caldwell, on completion of his fist yea in office (appointed Dec. 1, 1950), announced that ove a million and a half voluntees wee on guad as pat of the gowing homefont amy fo civil defense. Communications expets fom thoughout the Nation joined FCDA officials in a 6-day session to discuss technical details of a communications system fo civil defense in a national emegency. The meeting, devoted chiefly to use of adio facilities, was held at FCDA Staff College, Olney, Md. Among the 120 delegates wee epesentatives of 19 associations and such oganizations as the Ameican Telephone and Telegaph Company, Westen Union, Motoola, Geneal Electic, and Radio Copoation of Ameica. FCDA established new office of voluntee manpowe fo ecuiting. Ms. John L. Whitehust of Baltimoe, Md., appointed Assistant Administato in chage of its activities. Peviously, Ms. Whitehust had seved as Assistant Administato in chage of Women's Paticipation. Pupose of new office was to "affod the necessay impetus and coodination essential to inceased public paticipation in ecuitment of additional voluntees fo the gowing U.S. Civil Defense Cops." FCDA launched seies of nationwide adio pogams to pomote civil defense oganizations in the county, featuing officials of FCDA, Atomic Enegy Commission, and top senatoial and militay leades.. "Alet Ameica" Convoy. Exhibit opened to public at Intedepatmental Auditoium, Constitution Ave., Washington. Exhibit pesented vaious aspects of civil defense and easons why Ameica needed a well-tained civil defense oganization. Afte Washington showing, "Alet Ameica" toued majo U.S. cities to encouage public suppot and paticipation in civil defense. National Civil Defense Advisoy Council, ceated by Pesident Tuman, met in Washington to attend exhibit, to eview fist yea's pogess of FCDA, and to discuss plans fo

15 Januay 9, 1952 Febuay 4, 1952 Apil 17, 1952 Octobe 1952 Januay 16, 1953 Mach 1953 June 12, 1953 June 18, 1953 State, teitoial, and FCDA egional civil defense diectos held 3-day confeence at Wadman Pak Hotel (now Sheaton Pak) to map 1952 pogam. About 65 State epesentatives, seven State deputies, thee teiotial, and nine egional diectos paticipated in discussions designed to pesent cuent policies of Atomic Enegy Commission, Depatment of Defense, and FCDA. The thee teitoial diectos epesented Hawaii, Alaska, Pueto Rico; Guam and Vigin Islands did not send epesentatives. Foemost on agenda wee '"!iscussions on civil defense voluntee ecuiting pogams, which called fo 17.5 million wokes, o one out of evey lz Ameicans, to meet minimum manpowe equiements thoughout county. Top consideation also was given to gants-in-aid, fiscal elations between Fedeal and State govenments, public infomation, and taining and education of civil defense voluntees. Confeence was open to membes of pess and adio. FCDA Technical Taining School opened at Ogontz, Pa.; educed funds foced closing and move to Olney, Md., July 28, Executive Ode enjoined Fedeal depatments and agencies to develop, in coodination with FCDA, civil defense emegency plans pusuant to sec. 302 of Public Law 920, the Fedeal Civil Defense Act of M. Caldwell esigned and M. James J. Wadswoth, fomely Deputy Administato, designated Acting Administato. Executive Ode gave FCDA esponsibility fo poviding assistance to localities sticken by majo disastes unde Public Law 875, and evoked Executive Ode 10221, which had assigned esponsibility to Housing and Home Finance Administato. M. Val Peteson, fome Goveno of Nebaska, appointed Administato, FCDA. Reoganization Plan No. 3 of 1953 established a ne''; Office of Defense Mobilization which assumed functions of fome ODM, the National Secuity Resouces Boad, and citical mateial~ stockpiling functions fomely vested in the Secetaies of the Amy, Navy, Ai Foce, and Inteio, and of the Amy and Navy Munitions Boad. Executive Ode edefined functions of ODM, as povided in Reoganization Plan No. 3 of 1953, including functio~s of oiginal ODM and those unde Defense Poduction Act of

16 August 5, 1953 FCDA Advisoy Bulletin No. 146 announced ev~s1on of egional aeas. Fo economic easons, numbe of egions was educed to seven: Region 1, Boston, Mass. (No change.) Region 2, Philadelphia, Pa. (Pa., Del., Md., Va., W.Va., Ky., Ohio); Region 3, Atlanta, Ga. (N.C., S.C., Ga., Fla., Tenn., Ala., Miss.); Region 4, Chicago, Ill. (Ill., Ind., Wis., Minn., Iowa, N.D., S.D.); Region 5, Dallas, Tex. (N.Mex., Tex., Okla., Ak., La.); Region 6, Denve, Col. (Wyo., Col., Neb., Kansas, Mo.); Region 7, San Fancisco, Cal. (Cal., Nev., Mont., Idaho, Utah, Aiz., Wash., Oegon). Apil 22, 1954 Septembe 1, 1954 Octobe 1, 1954 May 11, 1955 June 14, 1957 June 19, 1957 Octobe 29, 1957 Executive Ode authoized FCDA to coodinate paticipation by Fedeal employees in State and local civil defense peemegency taining pogams. FCDA moved to Battle Ceek, Mich., leaving only a small liaison staff, including the Administato, in Washington, D.C. Move included Staff College fom Olney, Md., except Rescue School, which continued at Olney until its closing in Except fo Region 6, which emained nea Denve, Col., FCDA egional offices moved to safe locations in keeping with national policy of locating civil defense headquates outside aeas of expected heavy damage: Region 1, Newton Cente, Mass.; Region 2, West Cheste, Pa.; Region 3, Thomasville, Ga.; Region 4, Joliet, Ill.; Region 5, Denton, Tex.; Region 6, Denve, Col.; Region 7, Santa Rosa, Cal. Thee wee no changes in egional boundaies. (Duing 1955 Region 2 was moved to Olney, Md., and Region 4 to Battle Ceek, Mich.) Executive Ode established Civil Defense Coodinating Boad, to assist in the development of an odely, integated plan fo paticipation of all Fedeal depatments and agencies in the civil defense of the Nation, and to epot to Pesident on pogess of such plan. M. Val Peteson esigned and M. Lewis E. Bey designated Acting Administato. M. Leo A. Hoegh, fome Goveno of Iowa, appointed Administato, seving in that capacity until July 1, 1958, when he was named Diecto of Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, late edesignated Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM). Executive Ode expanded functions of FCDA in administeing disaste elief unde Public Law ~( iiiil!f.:fa.:... COutesy of The

17 Apil 24, 1958 June 9, 1958 July 1, 1958 August 8, 1958 August 26, 1958 Septembe 6, 1958 Pesident Eisenhowe tansmitted to the Congess Reoganization Plan No. 1 of Unde this plan all nonmilitay defense functions of the Fedeal Govenment wee tansfeed to the Pesident. These included coodinating and conducting the Nation's inteelated defense mobilization and civil defense functions. The plfn also consolidated the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Fedeal Civil Defense Administation in the Executive Office of the Pesident. new office (Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization) was made esponsible fo diecting and coodinating the pepaedness activities of the Fedeal depatments and agencies and fo poviding unified nonmilitay defense guidance and assistance to State and local govenments. FCDA Easten Instucto Taining Cente opened at Manhattan Beach, Booklyn, New Yok. Executive Ode delegated to the Diecto, Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, all functions tansfeed to the Pesident by Reoganization Plan No. 1 of (EO had the effect of tansfeing to the Diecto of new agency cetain authoities delegated by Executive Odes 10219, 10242, 10260, 10296, 10312, 10346, 10421, 10427, 10460, 10480, 10494, 10524, 10529, 10560, 10590, 10601, 10634, 10638, f0655, 10660, 10700, 10705, and EO evoked Executive Odes 10224, 10276, 10293, 10350, 10475, 10611, and sec. 102 of ) Public Law amended Public Law 920 to vest esponsibility fo civil defense jointly in Fedeal Govenment and the States and thei political subdivisions, and to authoize: (1) financial contibutions to States and thei political subdivisions fo necessay and essential pesonnel and administative expenses, commonly efeed to as the P&A pogam; (2) eimbusement towad expenses of students attending civil defense schools, known as the Student Expense Pogam. Public edesignated the new oganization as the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM). (Note: was done to estoe the "CD" identity.) Executive Ode amended Executive Ode by deleting the wods "Defense and Civilian Mobilization" and inseting theefo the wods "Civil and Defense Mobilization," as authoized by Public Law Mach 1, 1959 By Inteim Diective No. 45, dated Febuay 27, 1959, OCDM established Region 8, Eveett, Wash., with juisdiction ove Alaska, Wash., Oegon, Montana, Idaho. (Region 8 was moved to Bothell, Wash., in Decembe 1968, upon completion of undegound facility.) - 17

18 Novembe 1959 OCDM Westen Instucto Taining Cente established at Alameda, Cal. Januay 20, 1961 M. Leo A. Hoegh esigned as Diecto of OCDM. (Fo about one week afte esignation, M. John S. Patteson, fome Deputy Diecto, seved as Acting Diecto; then M. Lewis E. Bey was designated Acting Diecto and seved as such until appointment of new Diecto.) Mach 9, 1961 Mach 25, 1961 July 20, 1961 August 14, 1961 August 30, 1961 Febuay 16, 1962 Fank B. Ellis, fome Goveno of Louisiana, took oath of office as Diecto, OCDM. Pesident Kennedy, in a special message to the Congess, announced that unde authoity of Reoganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 he was assigning esponsibility fo civil. defense to the top civilian authoity aleady esponsible fo continental defense, the Secetay of Defense; and that the OCDM would be econstituted as a small staff agency to assist in the coodination of these functions, unde the name of Office of Emegency Planning. Executive Ode 10952, effective August 1, 1961, tansfeed to the Secetay of Defense cetain civil defense functions unde the Fedeal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended, and etained in the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization functions which had fomely been assigned to the Office of Defense Mobilization, and natual disaste functions unde Public Law 875. (Name of OCDM was changed by Public Law , appoved Septembe 22, 1961, to Office of Emegency Planning.) Executive Ode delegated esponsibility fo civil defense food stockpiles to the Secetay of Agicultue, and fo civil defense medical stockpiles to the Secetay of Health, Education, and Welfae. M. Steuat L. Pittman named by Pesident Kennedy to be Assistant Secetay of Defense (Civil Defense). (DoD Diective coveed functions of ASD(CD).) Pesident Kennedy signed vaious Executive odes assigning to othe depatments and agenci'es cetain emegency pepaedness functions in..fields elated to thei activities: EO 10997, Secetay of the Inteio EO 10998, Secetay of Agicultue EO 10999, Secetay of Commece EO 11000, Secetay of Labo EO 11001, Secetay of Health, Education, and Welfae EO 11002, Postmaste Geneal EO 11003, Fedeal Aviation Agency EO 11004, Housing and Home Finance Administato EO 11005, Intestate Commece Commission 18

19 Septembe 27, 1962 Executive Ode 11051, pescibing esponsibilities of the Office of Emegency Planning in the Executive Office of the Pesident. Apil 1, 1964 (a) Effective Apil 1, 1964, Secetay of Defense tansfe~ed all functions assigned to him by EO to the Secetay of the Amy, with authoity to ede1egate. (DoD Diective , Mach 31, 1964, and Fedeal Registe notice published Apil 10,1964 (29 F. R. 5017).) (b) Concuently, Secetay of the Amy established in his immediate office an Office of Civil Defense, headed by a Diecto of Civil Defense, edelegating to the Diecto of Civil Defense all functions assigned to the Secetay of the Amy by the Secetay of Defense. (Also published in the Fedeal Registe Apil 10, 1964, 29 F.R ) (c) M. William P. Dukee named to seve as Diecto of Civil Defense. Novembe 1, 1965 Octobe 11, 1966 Easten and Westen Instucto Taining Centes closed; activities combined with Staff College, Battle Ceek, Mich. Executive Ode (sponsoed by Office of Emegency Planning) assigned emegency pepaedness functions to the Attoney Geneal. Decembe 31, 1966 M. William P. Dukee esigned; M. Joseph Romm designated Acting Diecto of Civil Defense, effective Januay 1, May 22, 1968 Octobe 21, 1968 May 20, 1969 Octobe 28, 1969 May 5, 1972 M. Romm swon in as Diecto of Civil Defense. Office of Emegency Planning edesignated by sec. 402 of Public Law (82 Stat. 1194) as Office 2f Emegency Pepaedness. M. John E. Davis, fome Goveno of Noth Dakota, swon in as Diecto of Civil Defense by Secetay of Defense Melvin R. Laid. Pesident Nixon signed Executive Ode (sponsoed by Office of Emegency Pepaedness) assigning emegency pepaedness functions to Fedeal depatments and agencies and supeseding pevious Executive odes on subject. Secetay of Defense Melvin R. Laid established independent DoD agency, Defense Civil Pepaedness Agency, headed by a Diecto epoting diectly to the Secetay of Defense. John E. Davis continued as Diecto. Office of Civil Defense abolished. (DCPA chate coveed in DoD Diective , "Defense Civil Pepaedness Agency (DCPA). ") 19 coutesy ot The

20 Januay 1973 Febuay 1, 1973 Reoganization Plan No. 1 of 1973 poposed abolishment of Office of Emegency Pepaedness as of June 30, 1973, with tansfe of esponsibilities to HUD (disaste functions), GSA (ce~ain functions unde Fedeal Civil Defense Act of 1950 and Defense Poduction Act of 1950), and Teasuy (impot investigations unde Tade Expansion Act of 1962). DCPA established two egional suboffices: DCPA Region One Suboffice: New Yok City; esponsible fo New Yok, New Jesey. DCPA Region Six Suboffice: Kansas City, Mo.; esponsible fo Iowa, Kansas, Missoui, Nebaska. Kentucky tansfeed fom Region 4 to Region 3 Ohio tansfeed fom Region 2 to Region 4 Utah tansfeed fom Region 7 to Region 6 June 27, 1973 July 1973 Executive Ode 11725, "Tansfe of Cetain Functions of the Office of Emegency Pepaedness," effective July 1, 1973, tansfeed to HUD, Teasuy, and GSA functions of OEP as of July 1, All delegations peviously issued by Pesident to OEP wee to emain in effect until supeseded o canceled by succeeding agencies. As authoized by Executive Ode 11725: (a) Fedeal Disaste Assistance Administation (FDAA) established by Secetay of Housing and Uban Development to administe natual disaste functions. (b) Office of Pepaedness (OP) established by Administato, Geneal Sevices Administation, to develop and coodinate civil pepaedness policies and plans. Decembe 10, 1973 May 22, Executive Ode 11749, "Consolidating Disaste Relief Functions Assigned to the Secetay of Housing and Uban Development." Sec. 3 established National Council on Fedeal Disaste Assistance, composed of HUD (Chaiman) and epesentatives fom DoD (Amy and DCPA), Inteio, AgicultuLe, Commece, Labo, HEW, Tanspotation, Small Business Administation, and Office of Economic Oppotunity. Supeseded Council established by EO 11526; also supeseded EO 11526, 11575, 11662, 11678, and sec. 1 of EO Congess enacted Public Law , entitled "Disaste Relief Act Amendments of 1974" (shot title: "Disaste Relief Act of 1974), epealing the Disaste Relief Act of 1970 (P.L as amended by P.L ), except sections 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 301, 302, 303, and 304. The povisions of this Act (P.L ) wee etoactive to Apil 1, 1974.,

21 July 11, 1974 Executive Ode 11795, "Delegating Disaste Relief Functions Pusuant to the Disaste Relief Act of 1974," effective May 22, 1974, to: (1) Secetay, Housing and Uban Development, with authoity to edelegate to head of any agency of executive banch all powes vested in Pesident, except sections 202c, 301, 313, 401, 409, and 412; (2) Secetay of Defense, povisions of section 202c concening utilization of Fedeal civil defense communications system fo disaste wanings; and (3) Secetay of Agicultue, all authoity unde section 409 concening food coupons and distibution. Compiled by May U. Hais, Infomation Sevices, DCPA, Febuay 7, 1975, with the help of Caol Wanne, White House Office Libay, fomely the libay of Office of Emegency Pepaedness and pedecesso agencies, including the National Secuity Resouces Boad and the Office fo 'I Emegency Management, Executive Office of the Pesident, within which the Wold Wa II effice of Civilian Defense was established. 21