The Conference Board Reports Online Job Demand Drops 507,000 in December

Transcription

1 News Release For further information: Frank Tortorici (212) Gad Levanon (212) June Shelp (212) For Immediate Release 10:00 AM ET, Wednesday, January 7, 2009 The Conference Board Reports Online Job Demand Drops 507,000 in December Monthly job demand drops below 4 million for 1 st time since summer 2006, reflecting widespread deterioration across the nation Online job demand is 780,000 below December 2007 levels Outlook: U.S. labor market conditions remain quite gloomy for first half of 2009 January 7, 2009 Online advertised job vacancies declined 507,000 to 3,861,000 in December, according to The Conference Board s Help-Wanted Online Data Series (HWOL) released today. The December loss brought the monthly total of online advertised vacancies below 4 million for the first time since July 2006, two and one-half years ago. In 2008, there were on average 170,000 fewer ads each month than in The sharp December drop in online advertised vacancies is another indication that the economy has not reached bottom, said Gad Levanon, Senior Economist at The Conference Board. The widespread nature of the decline in employers demand for workers both across geographies and across occupations does not bode well for an employment upturn in the first half of The gap between the number of unemployed and online advertised vacancies was just short of 6 million in November (Chart 1). With the sharp December drop of a half-million advertised vacancies, and an anticipated increase in the number of unemployed when the Federal unemployment numbers for December are No. Unemployed 11,000,000 Chart 1: Labor Supply vs. Labor Demand U.S. Seasonally Adjusted Data No. of Ads 5,000,000 No. Employed 139,000,000 Chart 2: Employment vs. Labor Demand U.S. Seasonally Adjusted Data No. of Ads 5,000,000 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 Unemployment HWOL SA Dec. '08 4,800,000 4,600,000 4,400,000 4,200,000 4,000,000 3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,200,000 3,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000,000 Employment HWOL SA Dec. '08 4,800,000 4,600,000 4,400,000 4,200,000 4,000,000 3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,200,000 3,000,000, BLS, BLS The release schedule, national historic table and technical notes to this series are available at The Conference Board website, The underlying data for The Conference Board HWOL are provided by Wanted Technologies Corporation. 1

2 released on Friday, we expect that gap to widen substantially, said Levanon. The effect of lower employer demand combined with increasing unemployment makes it more difficult for the unemployed to find jobs. The lower labor demand is also keeping a downward pressure on the employment levels (Chart 2) which turned lower eleven months ago in January REGIONAL/STATE HIGHLIGHTS Advertised vacancies dropped in 49 of the 50 States in December; South Dakota is the only exception Six states (Alaska, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming) continue to have favorable Supply/Demand rates (fewer unemployed persons than advertised vacancies) Table A: State Labor Demand, Selected States, Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads 1 (Thousands) M-O-M Change Supply/ Demand Rate 2 Recent Location Dec-08 Dec-Nov 08 Nov-08 Trend 3 United States 3, /07 NORTHEAST Massachusetts /08 New Jersey /08 New York /08 Pennsylvania /08 SOUTH 1, Florida /07 Georgia /07 Maryland /08 North Carolina /08 Texas /08 Virginia /07 MIDWEST Illinois /08 Michigan /08 Minnesota /08 Missouri /08 Ohio /07 Wisconsin /08 WEST Arizona /07 California /07 Colorado /08 Washington /08 The Conference Board - All rights reserved. 1. Total ads are all unduplicated ads appearing during the reference period. This figure includes ads from the previous months that have been reposted as well as new ads. 2. Supply/Demand rate is the number of Unemployed persons divided by the number of total ads and reflects the latest month for which unemployment data is available. 3. Recent trend is The Conference Board Economists' indication of the direction of the overall trend in online job demand from the date indicated (month/year). 2

3 In December, labor demand declined in all four regions of the nation the Northeast, South, Midwest and the West (Table A) with the most populous states in all of the regions posting declines. Among the larger states in the South, there were some notable changes, said Levanon. In Maryland, job demand was down 12,400 in December and the trend shifted to essentially flat. Texas was down 37,400 in December and the trend for the state shifted to negative. The recent trend in job demand in North Carolina and Virginia is essentially flat, although their December numbers were both down (-14,300 and -14,100, respectively). Florida and Georgia continued their downward trend with December declines of 22,900 and 15,100, respectively. Among the larger states in the Northeast region, New York posted the largest decline in labor demand (-35,700). Massachusetts, which had been essentially flat, dropped for the second consecutive month (-14,600 in December and -10,200 in November) and joins the other large states in the region with an overall downward trend in labor demand. Job demand in Pennsylvania dropped 17,600, while advertised vacancies in New Jersey were down 18,300 in December. In the West, Colorado (-13,500) and Washington (-12,300) have shifted to negative. Arizona and California both continued to decline. Arizona was down 10,800 and California declined 49,100. In the Midwest region, Ohio had the largest drop in December (-19,500), after posting a small increase in November. Illinois was down 17,400 in December. Looking at Illinois over this past year, job demand has trended downward since August a situation similar to Missouri, which was down 8,100 in December. In the other large states in the region, while they showed losses in December Minnesota (-12,600), Michigan (-12,300) and Wisconsin (-13,400) the overall trend remains relatively flat. Among the states with smaller populations, only South Dakota posted a gain in advertised vacancies in December (+1,500). Two other states that were basically unchanged in December were Vermont (-200) and Montana (-400) (Table 3). The downward trend in employer demand, coupled with the monthly increases in unemployment, is creating a widening gap in the supply/demand balance in most States and making it increasingly difficult for the unemployed to find jobs. The Supply/Demand rate for the U.S. has been increasing and in November (the latest month for which unemployment numbers are available) was at 2.36, up from 2.27 in October, or over 2 unemployed for every online advertised vacancy. The rate is expected to rise further when the December unemployment numbers are released. The highest Supply/Demand rate is in Michigan (5.09), or over 5 unemployed people for every advertised vacancy. States where there are over 3 unemployed for every advertised vacancy include Mississippi (4.11), Indiana (3.45), Kentucky (3.54), Ohio (3.10), California (3.26), North Carolina (3.38), South Carolina (3.20), Illinois (3.08), Georgia (3.38) Tennessee (3.03) and Florida (3.37) (Table 4). It should be noted that the Supply/Demand rates only provide a measure of relative tightness of the individual state labor markets and do not suggest that the occupations of the unemployed directly align with the occupations of the advertised vacancies (see Occupational Highlights section). 3

4 OCCUPATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS Labor demand down over 20% from year ago levels for a wide range of occupations Job Demand is hard hit in Construction; Transportation & Material Moving; Management; Business & Finance; and Food-related work Health Support occupations post modest gain over the year The widespread nature of the downturn in the economy is evident in the large number of occupations where online advertised vacancies in December were 20 percent or more below levels in December The list of occupations experiencing a decline in labor demand included both high-paying occupations such as Management, where wages average over $46.00/hour, to lower-paying occupations such as Construction at $19.53/hour and food service jobs averaging $9.35/hour. In December, there were 409,100 online advertised vacancies for management positions a decline of 147,200 or 26% from year ago levels. Demand for computer and mathematical positions dropped 106,200 to 450,600, and were 19% below the December 2007 level. (Table B & Table 7). Office and administrative support job ads were down 47,600 to 391,700 over the same period. Other categories showing declines included construction (-14,300); architecture and engineering (-49,400); sales and related jobs (-45,500); and production work (-20,300). In the healthcare field, where job demand has remained positive over the last few months, the number of online advertised job vacancies for healthcare practitioner and technical occupations was down 49,200 over the year to 523,600 in December. Job demand for healthcare support workers was up slightly (+2,900) to 87,200. Other categories that posted modest over-the-year gains were arts, design, entertainment, sports and media, up 5,600 to 87,700. Farming, fishing and forestry, which has a relatively small number of advertised vacancies on line, also showed a modest gain of 300 ads to 4,100 in December. Table B: U.S. Top Ten Demand Occupations and Pay Levels, Not Seasonally Adjusted Y-O-Y Total Ads Change Unemployed Supply/ Average (Thousands) (Thousands) (Thousands) Demand Rate 1 Hourly Occupation Dec-08 Dec Nov-08 Nov-08 Wage 2 Healthcare practitioners and technical $31.26 Computer and mathematical $34.71 Management $46.22 Office and administrative support , $15.00 Sales and related , $16.94 Business and financial operations $30.01 Architecture and engineering $33.11 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media $23.27 Healthcare support $12.31 Transportation and material moving $14.75 The Conference Board - All rights reserved. 1. Supply/Demand rate is the number of Unemployed persons divided by the number of total ads and reflects the latest month for which unemployment data is available. 2. BLS Occupational Employment Statistics - May 2007 estimates. 4

5 METRO AREA HIGHLIGHTS 49 of top 52 Metro areas posted over-the-year declines in job demand in December Only 2 metro areas Washington, D.C. and Salt Lake City -- have more advertised vacancies than the number of unemployed Table C: MSA Ranked by Most Ads, Highest Rates and Lowest S/D Rates, Not Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads (Thousands) Total Ads Rate (Percent) Supply/Demand Rate 1 Dec-08 Dec-08 Nov-08 New York, NY Washington, DC 4.58 Salt Lake City, UT 0.65 Washington, DC Baltimore, MD 3.99 Washington, DC 0.81 Los Angeles, CA Salt Lake City, UT 3.86 Honolulu, HI 1.07 Chicago, IL Milwaukee, WI 3.85 Milwaukee, WI 1.08 Boston, MA San Jose, CA 3.49 Baltimore, MD 1.09 San Francisco, CA San Francisco, CA 3.44 Oklahoma City, OK 1.16 Dallas, TX Hartford, CT 3.34 Boston, MA 1.22 Philadelphia, PA Seattle-Tacoma, WA 3.32 New Orleans, LA 1.28 Seattle-Tacoma, WA Boston, MA 3.20 Seattle-Tacoma, WA 1.35 Houston, TX Honolulu, HI 3.10 Hartford, CT 1.40 The Conference Board - All rights reserved. 1. Supply/Demand rate is the number of Unemployed persons divided by the number of total ads and reflects the latest month for which unemployment data is available. In December, 49 of the 52 metropolitan areas for which data are reported separately posted declines in the number of online advertised job vacancies from last December. Honolulu, with 14,200 ads, was well above levels of last year. Oklahoma City, with 17,000 ads, gained 3,500 ads compared to last year. Providence, RI, at 16,400, was basically unchanged (up 200). The New York metro area, while it continued to post the largest number of advertised vacancies (199,770), had 64,600 fewer ads than in December Washington, D.C., an area that has exhibited strength over the last few months, was down slightly (-6,700). (Table C & Table 5). The two metro areas in which the respective number of advertised job vacancies exceeded the numbers of unemployed were Salt Lake City and Washington, DC. On the other hand, metro areas in which the respective number of unemployed are substantially above the number of online advertised vacancies are Riverside, CA, where there are over 7 unemployed people for every advertised vacancy (7.4), Detroit (5.3), Miami (3.4), Tampa (3.3), Sacramento (3.3), Los Angeles (3.2), and Atlanta (3.1). (Table C & Table 6). 5

6 PROGRAM NOTES The Conference Board Help-Wanted Online Data Series measures the number of new, first-time online jobs and jobs reposted from the previous month on more than 1,200 major Internet job boards and smaller job boards that serve niche markets and smaller geographic areas. Like The Conference Board s long running Help-Wanted Advertising Index of print ads (which was published for over 55 years and discontinued in July 2008, but continues to be available for research), the new online series is not a direct measure of job vacancies. The level of ads in both print and online may change for reasons not related to overall job demand. With the October 1, 2008 release, HWOL began providing seasonally adjusted data for the U.S., the 9 Census regions and 50 States. This data series, for which the earliest data is May 2005, continues to publish not seasonally adjusted data for 52 large metropolitan areas and occupations. It is The Conference Board s intent to provide seasonally adjusted data for both large metro areas and occupations in the future. People using this data are urged to review the information on the database and methodology available on The Conference Board website and contact the economists listed at the top of this release with questions and comments. Background information and technical notes on this new series are available at: The underlying data for this series is provided by Wanted Technologies Corporation. Additional information on the Bureau of Labor Statistics data used in this release can be found on the BLS website, The Conference Board Non-partisan and not-for-profit, The Conference Board is the world s leading business membership and research organization. The Conference Board produces The Consumer Confidence Index and the Leading Economic Indicators for the U.S. and other major nations. These barometers can have a major impact on the financial markets. The Conference Board also produces a wide range of authoritative reports on corporate governance and ethics, human resources and diversity, executive compensation and corporate citizenship. Our conference and council programs bring together more than 10,000 senior executives each year to share insights and learn from each other. Visit The Conference Board s website at WANTED Technologies Corporation. WANTED is a leading supplier of real-time sales and business intelligence solutions for the media classified and recruitment industries. Using its proprietary On-Demand data mining, lead generation and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) integrated technologies, WANTED aggregates real-time data from thousands of online job boards, real estate and newspaper sites, as well as corporate Web sites on a daily basis. WANTED s data is used to optimize sales and to implement marketing strategies within the classified ad departments of major media organizations, as well as by staffing firms, advertising agencies and human resources specialists. For more information, please visit: 6

7 Publication Schedule, Help Wanted Online Data Series Data for the Month Release Date January, 2009 February 2, 2009 February, 2009 March 2, 2009 March, 2009 March 30, 2009 April, 2009 May 4, 2009 May, 2009 June 1, 2009 June, 2009 June 29, 2009 July, 2009 August 3, 2009 August, 2009 August 31, 2009 September, 2009 September 28, 2009 October, 2009 November 2, 2009 November, 2009 December 2, 2009* December, 2009 January 6, 2010* *Wednesday release due to holidays or data availability. 7

8 Table 1: National/Regional Total Ads and New Ads (Levels), Seasonally Adjusted M-O-M Change M-O-M Change Total Ads 1 (Thousands) (Thousands) New Ads 2 (Thousands) (Thousands) Location 3 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec-Nov 08 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec-Nov 08 United States 4, , , , , , New England Middle Atlantic South Atlantic East North Central East South Central West North Central West South Central Mountain Pacific Total ads are all unduplicated ads appearing during the reference period. This figure includes ads from the previous months that have been reposted as well as new ads. 2. New ads are all unduplicated ads which did not appear during the previous reference period. An online help wanted ad is counted as "New" only in the month it first appears. 3. Regions are as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Table 2: National/Regional Total Ads and New Ads Rates, Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads Rate 1 New Ads Rate 1 (Percent) (Percent) Location 2 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 United States New England Middle Atlantic South Atlantic East North Central East South Central West North Central West South Central Mountain Pacific Ads rates are calculated as a percent of the most currently available BLS civilian labor force data. Ads rates represent the number of ads per 100 participants in the civilian labor force. 2. Regions are as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. 8

9 Table 3: State Total Ads and New Ads (Levels), Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads 1 (Thousands) (Thousands) New Ads 2 (Thousands) (Thousands) Location Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec-Nov 08 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec-Nov 08 United States 4, , , , , , Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Maryland Maine Michigan Minnesota Missouri Mississippi Montana North Carolina North Dakota Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Nevada New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont Washington Wisconsin West Virginia Wyoming New ads are all unduplicated ads which did not appear during the previous reference period. An online help wanted ad is counted as "New" only in the month it first appears. M-O-M Change M-O-M Change 1. Total ads are all unduplicated ads appearing during the reference period. This figure includes ads from the previous months that have been reposted as well as new ads. 9

10 Table 4: State Labor Supply/Labor Demand Indicators, Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads Rate 1 Unemployment Unemployed Total Ads Supply/ (Percent) Rate 2 (Thousands) (Thousands) Demand Rate 3 Location Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 United States , , Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California , Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Maryland Maine Michigan Minnesota Missouri Mississippi Montana North Carolina North Dakota Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Nevada New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont Washington Wisconsin West Virginia Wyoming Total ads rate is calculated as a percent of the most currently available BLS civilian labor force data. Ad rates represent the number of ads per 100 persons in the civilian labor force. 2. Unemployment data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Statistics and Local Area Unemployment Statistics programs. 3. Supply/Demand rate is the number of Unemployed persons divided by the number of total ads and reflects the latest month for which unemployment data is available. 10

11 Table 5: MSA Total Ads and New Ads (Levels), Not Seasonally Adjusted Percent Change Total Ads 1 (Thousands) Y-O-Y New Ads 2 (Thousands) Y-O-Y Location 3 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Dec Birmingham, AL % % Phoenix, AZ % % Tucson, AZ % % Los Angeles, CA % % Riverside, CA % % Sacramento, CA % % San Diego, CA % % San Francisco, CA % % San Jose, CA % % Denver, CO % % Hartford, CT % % Washington, DC % % Jacksonville, FL % % Miami, FL % % Orlando, FL % % Tampa, FL % % Atlanta, GA % % Honolulu, HI % % Chicago, IL % % Indianapolis, IN % % Louisville, KY % % New Orleans, LA % % Baltimore, MD % % Boston, MA % % Detroit, MI % % Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN % % Kansas City, MO % % St. Louis, MO % % Las Vegas, NV % % Buffalo, NY % % New York, NY % % Rochester, NY % % Charlotte, NC % % Cincinnati, OH % % Cleveland, OH % % Columbus, OH % % Oklahoma City, OK % % Portland, OR % % Philadelphia, PA % % Pittsburgh, PA % % Providence, RI % % Memphis, TN % % Nashville, TN % % Austin, TX % % Dallas, TX % % Houston, TX % % San Antonio, TX % % Salt Lake City, UT % % Richmond, VA % % Virginia Beach, VA % % Seattle-Tacoma, WA % % Milwaukee, WI % % 1. Total ads are all unduplicated ads appearing during the reference period. This figure includes ads from the previous months that have been reposted as well as new ads. 2. New ads are all unduplicated ads which did not appear during the previous reference period. An online help wanted ad is counted as "New" only in the month it first appears. 3. Metropolitan areas use the 2005 OMB county-based MSA definitions. Percent Change 11

12 Table 6: MSA Labor Supply /Labor Demand Indicators, Not Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads Rate 1 Unemployment Unemployed Total Ads Supply/ (Percent) Rate 2 (Thousands) (Thousands) Demand Rate 3 Location 4 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 Birmingham, AL Phoenix, AZ Tucson, AZ Los Angeles, CA Riverside, CA Sacramento, CA San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA San Jose, CA Denver, CO Hartford, CT Washington, DC Jacksonville, FL Miami, FL Orlando, FL Tampa, FL Atlanta, GA Honolulu, HI Chicago, IL Indianapolis, IN Louisville, KY New Orleans, LA Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Detroit, MI Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Kansas City, MO St. Louis, MO Las Vegas, NV Buffalo, NY New York, NY Rochester, NY Charlotte, NC Cincinnati, OH Cleveland, OH Columbus, OH Oklahoma City, OK Portland, OR Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Providence, RI Memphis, TN Nashville, TN Austin, TX Dallas, TX Houston, TX San Antonio, TX Salt Lake City, UT Richmond, VA Virginia Beach, VA Seattle-Tacoma, WA Milwaukee, WI Total ads rate is calculated as a percent of the most currently available BLS civilian labor force data. 2. Unemployment data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPS and LAUS programs. 3. Supply/Demand rate is the number of Unemployed persons divided by the number of total ads and reflects the latest month for which unemployment data is available. 4. The Conference Board uses the OMB county-based MSA definitions for its data whereas the Bureau of Labor Statistics uses the OMB alternative NECTA (New England City and Town Areas) MSA definition. This will result in small comparison differences for some metropolitan areas in New England states. 12

13 Table 7: National Labor Supply/Labor Demand by Occupation 1, Not Seasonally Adjusted Total Ads Unemployed 3 Supply/ Average (Thousands) (Thousands) Demand Rate 4 Hourly Occupation 2 Dec-07 Nov-08 Dec-08 Nov-08 Nov-08 Wage 5 Total 4, , , , $19.56 Management $46.22 Business and financial operations $30.01 Computer and mathematical $34.71 Architecture and engineering $33.11 Life, physical, and social science $29.82 Community and social services $19.49 Legal $42.53 Education, training, and library $22.41 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media $23.27 Healthcare practitioners and technical $31.26 Healthcare support $12.31 Protective service $18.63 Food preparation and serving related $9.35 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance $11.33 Personal care and service $11.53 Sales and related , $16.94 Office and administrative support , $15.00 Farming, fishing, and forestry $10.89 Construction and extraction , $19.53 Installation, maintenance, and repair $19.20 Production $15.05 Transportation and material moving $14.75 Other/Uncoded N/A 1. Approximately 95% of all ads are coded to the 6-digit SOC level. 2. Occupational categories use the 2000 OMB Standard Occupational Classification system (SOC definitions). 3. Unemployment data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Statistics program. 3. Supply/Demand rate is the number of Unemployed persons divided by the number of total ads and reflects the latest month for which unemployment data is available. 5. Wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program's May 2007 estimates. 13

14 Table 8: State Occupational Demand and Pay 1, Not Seasonally Adjusted Management and Business/Financial Professional & Related Service Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Location Dec-08 Wage 2 Dec-08 Wage 2 Dec-08 Wage 2 United States $ $ $11.50 Alabama 6,810.0 $ ,812.0 $ ,653.0 $9.52 Alaska 2,714.0 $ ,727.0 $ ,744.0 $14.00 Arizona 10,835.0 $ ,084.0 $ ,111.0 $11.44 Arkansas 4,019.0 $ ,106.0 $ ,017.0 $9.47 California 76,470.0 $ $ ,918.0 $12.71 Colorado 11,586.0 $ ,986.0 $ ,835.0 $11.90 Connecticut 11,562.0 $ ,704.0 $ ,385.0 $13.44 Delaware 2,680.0 $ ,531.0 $ $11.98 Florida 26,763.0 $ ,310.0 $ ,233.0 $11.30 Georgia 17,258.0 $ ,212.0 $ ,043.0 $10.49 Hawaii 2,636.0 $ ,912.0 $ ,928.0 $13.12 Idaho 2,191.0 $ ,951.0 $ ,975.0 $10.27 Illinois 28,506.0 $ ,977.0 $ ,466.0 $12.16 Indiana 8,134.0 $ ,187.0 $ ,400.0 $10.36 Iowa 6,328.0 $ ,599.0 $ ,985.0 $10.19 Kansas 4,901.0 $ ,094.0 $ ,774.0 $10.17 Kentucky 5,105.0 $ ,223.0 $ ,304.0 $9.94 Louisiana 6,179.0 $ ,736.0 $ ,603.0 $9.50 Maine 2,320.0 $ ,136.0 $ ,608.0 $11.14 Maryland 18,320.0 $ ,824.0 $ ,700.0 $12.37 Massachusetts 23,478.0 $ ,866.0 $ ,686.0 $13.54 Michigan 12,833.0 $ ,973.0 $ ,131.0 $11.65 Minnesota 13,795.0 $ ,691.0 $ ,198.0 $11.86 Mississippi 2,614.0 $ ,440.0 $ ,317.0 $9.27 Missouri 10,591.0 $ ,255.0 $ ,709.0 $10.41 Montana 1,588.0 $ ,377.0 $ ,759.0 $9.94 Nebraska 4,882.0 $ ,916.0 $ ,186.0 $10.10 Nevada 5,576.0 $ ,184.0 $ ,936.0 $11.72 New Hampshire 2,478.0 $ ,133.0 $ ,434.0 $11.73 New Jersey 26,581.0 $ ,309.0 $ ,053.0 $13.87 New Mexico 3,571.0 $ ,189.0 $ ,944.0 $9.86 New York 44,989.0 $ ,089.0 $ ,114.0 $13.55 North Carolina 13,577.0 $ ,581.0 $ ,091.0 $10.34 North Dakota 1,468.0 $ ,740.0 $ ,388.0 $9.96 Ohio 18,830.0 $ ,037.0 $ ,689.0 $10.97 Oklahoma 6,075.0 $ ,866.0 $ ,754.0 $9.62 Oregon 6,704.0 $ ,831.0 $ ,831.0 $11.85 Pennsylvania 23,560.0 $ ,602.0 $ ,209.0 $11.27 Rhode Island 2,694.0 $ ,076.0 $ ,360.0 $12.37 South Carolina 6,054.0 $ ,729.0 $ ,966.0 $9.87 South Dakota 1,584.0 $ ,651.0 $ ,068.0 $9.50 Tennessee 8,938.0 $ ,617.0 $ ,305.0 $10.04 Texas 41,943.0 $ ,703.0 $ ,604.0 $10.02 Utah 5,407.0 $ ,197.0 $ ,688.0 $10.50 Vermont 1,482.0 $ ,443.0 $ ,069.0 $11.77 Virginia 25,256.0 $ ,817.0 $ ,156.0 $11.38 Washington 16,678.0 $ ,606.0 $ ,055.0 $13.29 West Virginia 2,378.0 $ ,734.0 $ ,048.0 $9.19 Wisconsin 11,567.0 $ ,554.0 $ ,618.0 $11.18 Wyoming 1,082.0 $ ,601.0 $ $ The six occupational categories in tables 8 and 9 are the SOC manual's Intermediate and High-Level Aggregations. 2. Wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics program's May 2007 estimates. The OES major occupational group wage data has been weighted to form the higher level aggregates. 14

15 Table 8: State Occupational Demand and Pay, Not Seasonally Adjusted - continued Sales and Office Construction and Maintenance Production and Transportation Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Location Dec-08 Wage 1 Dec-08 Wage 1 Dec-08 Wage 1 United States $ $ $14.90 Alabama 12,787.0 $ ,599.0 $ ,957.0 $13.58 Alaska 4,203.0 $ $ $20.95 Arizona 14,355.0 $ ,020.0 $ ,317.0 $14.71 Arkansas 7,226.0 $ ,252.0 $ ,756.0 $13.45 California 80,423.0 $ ,470.0 $ ,046.0 $14.87 Colorado 14,020.0 $ ,643.0 $ ,697.0 $15.67 Connecticut 11,595.0 $ ,489.0 $ ,477.0 $16.08 Delaware 2,990.0 $ $ $15.22 Florida 40,603.0 $ ,558.0 $ ,565.0 $13.89 Georgia 17,085.0 $ ,804.0 $ ,469.0 $14.08 Hawaii 5,275.0 $ $ $15.86 Idaho 4,027.0 $ $ $13.67 Illinois 26,126.0 $ ,636.0 $ ,642.0 $15.40 Indiana 12,603.0 $ ,639.0 $ ,991.0 $15.37 Iowa 10,422.0 $ ,543.0 $ ,931.0 $14.42 Kansas 7,553.0 $ ,434.0 $ ,924.0 $14.76 Kentucky 7,973.0 $ ,127.0 $ ,826.0 $14.49 Louisiana 11,100.0 $ ,211.0 $ ,586.0 $15.06 Maine 3,278.0 $ $ $14.42 Maryland 17,510.0 $ ,258.0 $ ,374.0 $15.68 Massachusetts 18,615.0 $ ,495.0 $ ,923.0 $16.18 Michigan 17,229.0 $ ,178.0 $ ,912.0 $17.07 Minnesota 13,959.0 $ ,974.0 $ ,466.0 $15.77 Mississippi 4,652.0 $ ,025.0 $ ,308.0 $13.03 Missouri 15,224.0 $ ,418.0 $ ,757.0 $14.78 Montana 3,232.0 $ ,007.0 $ $14.52 Nebraska 7,988.0 $ ,810.0 $ ,217.0 $15.05 Nevada 9,380.0 $ ,456.0 $ ,423.0 $14.47 New Hampshire 3,575.0 $ $ $15.15 New Jersey 24,707.0 $ ,150.0 $ ,480.0 $15.43 New Mexico 6,121.0 $ $ $14.42 New York 45,813.0 $ ,005.0 $ ,997.0 $16.09 North Carolina 17,642.0 $ ,903.0 $ ,443.0 $13.68 North Dakota 3,364.0 $ ,215.0 $ ,085.0 $14.78 Ohio 25,036.0 $ ,597.0 $ ,125.0 $15.19 Oklahoma 10,050.0 $ ,585.0 $ ,082.0 $13.76 Oregon 8,679.0 $ ,542.0 $ ,918.0 $14.95 Pennsylvania 25,518.0 $ ,012.0 $ ,544.0 $15.11 Rhode Island 3,101.0 $ $ $14.51 South Carolina 9,797.0 $ ,991.0 $ ,563.0 $13.93 South Dakota 3,366.0 $ ,121.0 $ ,171.0 $12.80 Tennessee 13,040.0 $ ,768.0 $ ,022.0 $13.99 Texas 49,833.0 $ ,067.0 $ ,895.0 $14.01 Utah 10,519.0 $ ,847.0 $ ,203.0 $14.50 Vermont 2,336.0 $ $ $15.00 Virginia 18,155.0 $ ,305.0 $ ,081.0 $14.94 Washington 15,679.0 $ ,022.0 $ ,961.0 $17.02 West Virginia 5,311.0 $ ,300.0 $ ,316.0 $14.01 Wisconsin 14,759.0 $ ,014.0 $ ,642.0 $15.17 Wyoming 2,056.0 $ $ $ Wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics program's May 2007 estimates. The OES major occupational group wage data has been weighted to form the higher level aggregates. 15

16 Table 9: MSA Occupational Demand and Pay 1, Not Seasonally Adjusted Management and Business/Financial Professional & Related Service Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Location Dec-08 Wage 2 Dec-08 Wage 2 Dec-08 Wage 2 United States $ $ $11.50 Birmingham, AL 1,925.0 $ ,218.0 $ ,100.0 $10.00 Phoenix, AZ 6,825.0 $ ,236.0 $ ,995.0 $11.51 Tucson, AZ 1,837.0 $ ,257.0 $ ,294.0 $11.27 Los Angeles, CA 27,397.0 $ ,861.0 $ ,123.0 $12.44 Riverside, CA 3,034.0 $ ,265.0 $ ,975.0 $12.04 Sacramento, CA 3,998.0 $ ,605.0 $ ,480.0 $12.61 San Diego, CA 6,503.0 $ ,946.0 $ ,459.0 $11.89 San Francisco, CA 19,294.0 $ ,783.0 $ ,320.0 $14.19 San Jose, CA 6,754.0 $ ,924.0 $ ,094.0 $13.24 Denver, CO 7,072.0 $ ,682.0 $ ,428.0 $12.16 Hartford, CT 4,183.0 $ ,848.0 $ ,206.0 $13.44 Washington, DC 32,909.0 $ ,893.0 $ ,631.0 $13.20 Jacksonville, FL 2,830.0 $ ,360.0 $ ,240.0 $10.95 Miami, FL 8,527.0 $ ,628.0 $ ,221.0 $11.94 Orlando, FL 3,773.0 $ ,776.0 $ ,352.0 $10.84 Tampa, FL 4,352.0 $ ,036.0 $ ,371.0 $10.87 Atlanta, GA 11,868.0 $ ,001.0 $ ,740.0 $11.12 Honolulu, HI 2,110.0 $ ,820.0 $ ,508.0 $12.83 Chicago, IL 22,826.0 $ ,962.0 $ ,055.0 $12.50 Indianapolis, IN 3,724.0 $ ,403.0 $ ,401.0 $11.01 Louisville, KY 2,332.0 $ ,176.0 $ ,061.0 $10.39 New Orleans, LA 2,207.0 $ ,386.0 $ ,631.0 $10.02 Baltimore, MD 8,919.0 $ ,154.0 $ ,690.0 $11.17 Boston, MA 18,700.0 $ ,660.0 $ ,704.0 $13.78 Detroit, MI 5,610.0 $ ,058.0 $ ,109.0 $12.11 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN 11,066.0 $ ,937.0 $ ,005.0 $12.38 Kansas City, MO 4,597.0 $ ,038.0 $ ,070.0 $11.06 St. Louis, MO 5,710.0 $ ,931.0 $ ,258.0 $11.00 Las Vegas, NV 3,867.0 $ ,575.0 $ ,628.0 $11.89 Buffalo, NY 2,048.0 $ ,685.0 $ ,076.0 $11.56 New York, NY 49,519.0 $ ,145.0 $ ,308.0 $14.26 Rochester, NY 1,673.0 $ ,555.0 $ $11.61 Charlotte, NC 4,561.0 $ ,150.0 $ ,571.0 $10.97 Cincinnati, OH 4,685.0 $ ,697.0 $ ,623.0 $11.20 Cleveland, OH 5,175.0 $ ,233.0 $ ,206.0 $11.59 Columbus, OH 4,352.0 $ ,381.0 $ ,770.0 $11.44 Oklahoma City, OK 2,477.0 $ ,390.0 $ ,442.0 $10.09 Portland, OR 4,257.0 $ ,721.0 $ ,945.0 $12.29 Philadelphia, PA 14,018.0 $ ,547.0 $ ,247.0 $12.45 Pittsburgh, PA 5,428.0 $ ,568.0 $ ,626.0 $10.72 Providence, RI 2,812.0 $ ,168.0 $ ,561.0 $12.34 Memphis, TN 2,439.0 $ ,969.0 $ $10.44 Nashville, TN 3,069.0 $ ,264.0 $ ,430.0 $10.60 Austin, TX 3,800.0 $ ,644.0 $ ,688.0 $10.35 Dallas, TX 14,325.0 $ ,946.0 $ ,951.0 $10.92 Houston, TX 12,673.0 $ ,584.0 $ ,106.0 $10.11 San Antonio, TX 3,682.0 $ ,758.0 $ ,165.0 $9.72 Salt Lake City, UT 3,384.0 $ ,969.0 $ ,950.0 $11.03 Richmond, VA 2,734.0 $ ,405.0 $ ,106.0 $11.12 Virginia Beach, VA 2,510.0 $ ,091.0 $ ,366.0 $10.56 Seattle-Tacoma, WA 11,884.0 $ ,645.0 $ ,810.0 $13.85 Milwaukee, WI 5,128.0 $ ,691.0 $ ,652.0 $ The six occupational categories in tables 8 and 9 are the SOC manual's Intermediate and High-Level Aggregations. 2. Wage data are from the BLS OES program' s May 2007 estimates. The OES major occupational group wage data has been weighted to form the higher level aggregates. 16

17 Table 9: MSA Occupational Demand and Pay, Not Seasonally Adjusted - continued Sales and Office Construction and Maintenance Production and Transportation Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Total Ads Average Hourly Location Dec-08 Wage 1 Dec-08 Wage 1 Dec-08 Wage 1 United States $ $ $14.90 Birmingham, AL 3,776.0 $ $ $13.93 Phoenix, AZ 8,583.0 $ ,178.0 $ ,475.0 $14.97 Tucson, AZ 2,585.0 $ $ $13.63 Los Angeles, CA 30,603.0 $ ,553.0 $ ,845.0 $14.05 Riverside, CA 4,776.0 $ $ ,246.0 $14.33 Sacramento, CA 4,341.0 $ $ $15.41 San Diego, CA 7,956.0 $ ,239.0 $ ,494.0 $14.72 San Francisco, CA 13,366.0 $ ,864.0 $ ,141.0 $17.79 San Jose, CA 4,248.0 $ $ $16.76 Denver, CO 6,710.0 $ ,419.0 $ ,392.0 $16.15 Hartford, CT 4,426.0 $ $ ,042.0 $16.70 Washington, DC 18,053.0 $ ,665.0 $ ,139.0 $16.78 Jacksonville, FL 4,411.0 $ $ $14.83 Miami, FL 11,149.0 $ ,225.0 $ ,215.0 $14.53 Orlando, FL 6,773.0 $ $ $13.51 Tampa, FL 5,362.0 $ $ $13.25 Atlanta, GA 8,528.0 $ ,237.0 $ ,664.0 $15.24 Honolulu, HI 4,411.0 $ $ $15.96 Chicago, IL 17,036.0 $ ,282.0 $ ,283.0 $15.73 Indianapolis, IN 5,673.0 $ $ ,061.0 $15.48 Louisville, KY 3,606.0 $ $ $15.73 New Orleans, LA 3,559.0 $ $ $15.33 Baltimore, MD 9,565.0 $ ,733.0 $ ,876.0 $16.05 Boston, MA 13,532.0 $ ,762.0 $ ,618.0 $16.51 Detroit, MI 6,230.0 $ $ ,148.0 $18.78 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN 9,831.0 $ ,399.0 $ ,558.0 $16.55 Kansas City, MO 6,663.0 $ $ ,425.0 $15.53 St. Louis, MO 6,349.0 $ $ ,571.0 $16.08 Las Vegas, NV 6,631.0 $ $ $14.17 Buffalo, NY 4,100.0 $ $ $15.76 New York, NY 41,718.0 $ ,355.0 $ ,834.0 $16.35 Rochester, NY 2,381.0 $ $ $14.56 Charlotte, NC 4,789.0 $ $ ,065.0 $14.82 Cincinnati, OH 6,534.0 $ $ ,323.0 $15.15 Cleveland, OH 5,796.0 $ $ ,927.0 $15.84 Columbus, OH 5,011.0 $ $ ,195.0 $14.56 Oklahoma City, OK 4,638.0 $ ,019.0 $ ,157.0 $13.81 Portland, OR 4,863.0 $ $ ,237.0 $15.65 Philadelphia, PA 11,792.0 $ ,682.0 $ ,507.0 $16.00 Pittsburgh, PA 6,696.0 $ ,126.0 $ ,865.0 $15.13 Providence, RI 3,666.0 $ $ $14.34 Memphis, TN 4,000.0 $ $ $14.30 Nashville, TN 3,834.0 $ $ $14.97 Austin, TX 4,394.0 $ $ $13.30 Dallas, TX 13,720.0 $ ,364.0 $ ,299.0 $14.38 Houston, TX 11,919.0 $ ,096.0 $ ,726.0 $15.02 San Antonio, TX 4,807.0 $ $ $12.53 Salt Lake City, UT 6,097.0 $ $ ,291.0 $14.97 Richmond, VA 3,080.0 $ $ $14.56 Virginia Beach, VA 3,355.0 $ $ $14.93 Seattle-Tacoma, WA 8,794.0 $ ,516.0 $ ,620.0 $17.93 Milwaukee, WI 5,897.0 $ ,170.0 $ ,000.0 $ Wage data are from the BLS OES program' s May 2007 estimates. The OES major occupational group wage data has been weighted to form the higher level aggregates. 17