Cuban Missile Crisis 13 Days that Changed the almost changed World
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1 Cuban Missile Crisis 13 Days that Changed the almost changed World Location Setting the Stage 1. The Truman Doctrine 2. The Marshall Plan 3. Containment 4. The Domino Theory 5. The Berlin Blockade 6. The Berlin Wall Why are these events so important when trying to understand the Cold War? 1
2 What was the background to the events in Cuba? Cuba, small island, 90 miles from coast of Florida US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo) 1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Battista (US-backed dictator), establishing Communist government. Castro enters Havana 1959 How successful were early attempts at containment? The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar! Castro nationalizes (takes over) US businesses January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations April, 1961, Bay of Pigs 1,400 anti-cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel The Bay of Pigs Invasion The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt at invasion following the Cuban Revolution that saw Fidel Castro come to power It was planned and funded by the United States Operation Mongoose The invasion was carried out by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba. This action accelerated a rapid deterioration in Cuban-American relations worsened by the Cuban Missile Crisis the following year. 2
3 Question Why was the U.S. concerned about Castro and Cuba? What was the Bay of Pigs invasion? Why did it fail? The Cuban Missile Crisis The Players Players: Soviet Side Andrei Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs Fidel Castro Premier of Cuba Nikita Khrushchev Soviet Premier Anatoly Dobrynin Ambassador to the U.S. Raul Castro Head of Military Deputy Foreign Minister 3
4 Players: American Side John Kennedy U.S. President Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense Robert Kennedy Attorney General Dean Rusk Secretary of State Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba? Cuba was a new Communist state Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs) Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK Reciprocity: The U.S. has missiles pointing at the Soviets (ie. Turkey) An opportunity to close the missile gap Currently far behind U.S. in terms of number of missiles Khrushchev embraces Castro No real role in decision making Apparently out of touch with the situation Oct. 26: Aggression imminent/imperialist s disregarding world opinion Clearly not the case Khrushchev plays along to some extent but it is clear he disagrees with him ( your suggestion would have started a thermonuclear world war ) Castro s Role 4
5 The Cuban Missile Crisis A Chronology October 14-28, 1962 October 14: U2 recon. flight over Cuba spots sites installing nuclear missiles October 15: Presence of missiles is confirmed October 16-22: President Kennedy is notified, EXCOMM is created and secret deliberations on what should be done begin October 22: Kennedy tells the nation of his plan for blockade and quarantine Missiles & Machines of War USN F-8 Crusader SS-4 "Sandal" 1000 km USAF RF-101 USAF U2 SS-5 "Skean" 2000 km The Missiles: Locations 5
6 Range of Weapons 6
7 The American Response Kennedy and Congress had already passed a resolution stating the placement of nuclear weapons in Cuba would no be tolerated They realized they had to act quickly before the missiles were active They had a number of choices at their disposal This has become known as the Escalation Ladder The Escalation Ladder 1. Do Nothing 2. Go to the United Nations 3. Naval Blockade 4. Strategic Air strike 5. Full Invasion of Cuba Question Which option about Cuba was the best one? Describe why you chose your answer. 7
8 Why was Do Nothing not an option? 1. The Truman Doctrine prevented it 2. The weapons were too dangerous to American safety 3. Kennedy would be perceived as weak by the Soviets This could empower them to make another move on Berlin or another contentious European location 4. Kennedy would be committing political suicide at home Go to the UN? PROS Using the United Nations for diplomacy which is good Validates the United Nation s role in global politics CONS Takes too long Could appear indecisive Too many interest groups Russia and the United States both have veto powers on the Security Council hard to reach a consensus DECISION:Good option in conjunction with another choice Naval Blockade PROS Its not war and it is a show of strength without missiles A Naval quarantine is an effective way of turning away missiles CONS Puts the United States in direct confrontation with the USSR Sinking a soviet ship is an act of war DECISION: Safer than an air strike or full invasion 8
9 Strategic Airstrike PROS CONS Will effectively knock out Soviet missiles Good show of American strength When Soviet missiles are destroyed it is likely that Soviet soldiers will die as well this is an act of war DECISION: Option number two but would prefer not to use it PROS The United States secures Cuba and ensures nuclear safety from the country The United States sends a clear message to the Soviets to stay out of the west Invasion CONS A full invasion would surely kill Soviet soldiers which would be considered an act of war The nuclear consequences could be disastrous DECISION: Too risky, can only be used as a last resort The Missiles: Aerial Photo 1 9
10 The Missiles: Aerial Photo 2 The Missiles: Aerial Photo 3 Chronology Continued October 24: Naval quarantine begins and successfully changes course of many Soviet ships October 25: One Soviet ship challenges naval quarantine; Kennedy lets it pass October 25: At the UN, Adlai Stevenson directly challenges the Soviet ambassador to admit to the existence of missiles When the ambassador refuses, Stevenson wheels out pictures of the missile sites 10
11 Chronology Continued October 26: Soviets raise possibility for a deal: if we withdraw missiles will America promise not to invade Cuba? October 27: Soviets demand that Americans also withdraw missiles from Turkey Major Anderson s plane is missing over Cuba, presumably shot down; U.S. recon plane strays over Soviet airspace Kennedy tells Khrushchev that he will accept the proposal of the 26 th, Kennedy tells his brother to tell the Soviet Ambassador that though the Turkey missiles would not be part of the bargain, they would be removed in time October 28: USSR agrees to withdraw missiles What Happened? On October 26 the Soviet Union offered to withdraw the missiles in return for a U.S. guarantee not to invade Cuba or support any invasion. On October 27 the USSR called for the withdrawal of U.S. missiles from Turkey in addition to the demands of the 26th. The crisis peaked on the 27th, when a U-2 (piloted by Major Rudolph Anderson) was shot down over Cuba and another U-2 flight over Russia was almost intercepted when it strayed over Siberia all the while Soviet merchant ships were nearing the quarantine zone. Kennedy responded by publicly accepting the first deal and then sent Robert F. Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to privately accept the second deal. The fifteen Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed six months later. What Happened? Continued The Soviet ships turned back, and on October 28 Khrushchev announced that he had ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba. The decision prompted then Secretary of State Dean Rusk to comment, "We were eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow just blinked." Satisfied that the Soviets had removed the missiles, President Kennedy ordered an end to the quarantine of Cuba on November 20. Khrushchev removed from power in 1964 Seen as weak by fellow Communists 11
12 Outcome Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed, but without nuclear missiles World saw the futility of the idea of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Supported theory of containment & co-existence because alternatives unimaginable Permanent hotline between White House & Kremlin set up U.S. & U.S.S.R Negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty Question 1. Was it really possible that the USA and the USSR would use nukes? 2. How much of the threat was real and how much of it was fueled by the press and governments? 3. Was this a defining moment in the Cold War? Was there a balance of power shift? 12
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