STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE

Transcription

1 APPENDIX D STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE This appendix provides the tactical standing operating procedures for infantry reconnaissance platoon and squad. The procedures apply unless a leader makes a decision to deviate from them based on the factors of METT-T. In such a case, the exception applies only to the particular situation for which the leader made the decision. D-1

2 STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE (Classification) HEADQUARTERS PLAON (Location) (Date) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TACTICAL STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE (TSOP) SECTION I. GENERAL A. Purpose. The purpose of this TSOP is to establish a common framework for reconnaissance platoons. Items contained within this TSOP should not replace existing platoon procedures. However, reconnaissance platoons without an established TSOP should use this document as a minimum. B. Application/Scope. This TSOP is to be used by all reconnaissance platoon soldiers. It applies to all supporting units working directly with the platoon. All TSOP provisions apply except as modified by operations, orders, and plans. No provision shall replace good judgment and common sense, C. Command Responsibility. The reconnaissance platoon leader is responsible for this TSOP. Ensuring compliance of established TSOPs within the platoon is a command responsibility that is monitored by all leaders. All changes will be submitted to the platoon sergeant. The platoon leader is the approving authority for all changes. SECTION II. PROCEDURES ANNEX A. COMMAND AND CONTROL Appendix 1. Duties and Responsibilities Appendix 2. Orders Warning Orders (Tab A) Operation Orders (Tab B) Fragmentary Orders (Tab C) Appendix 3. Communications ANNEX B. OPERATIONS Appendix 1. Reconnaissance Appendix 2. Security Appendix 3. Movement Appendix 4. Engineer D-2

3 Appendix 5. Air Defense Appendix 6. NBC Defense Appendix 7. Relief in Place Appendix 8. Linkup Appendix 9. Passage of Lines Appendix 10. Assembly Area ANNEX C. FIRE SUPPORT ANNEX D. INTELLIGENCE ANNEX E. OPERATIONAL SECURITY ANNEX F. LOGISTICS ANNEX G. PERSONNEL AND ADMINISTRATION ANNEX H. REPORTS AND REQUESTS Appendix 1. Personnel Reports Personnel Status Report Casualty Feeder Report Witness Statement Serious Incident Report Appendix 2. Intelligence Reports EPW/Captured Materiel Report Intelligence Summary MIJI Report Appendix 3. Operations Reports Results of Contact Report Commander s Situation Report Minefield Report Air Request Support Shelling Report, Mortar Report, Bomb Report Deployment/Redeployment Report Closure Report Appendix 4. Logistics Reports LOGSTAT Battle Loss Resupply Insertion Request Appendix 5. NBC Reports NBC 1 Report NBC 2 Report NBC 3 Report D-3

4 NBC 4 Report NBC 5 Report NBC 6 Report Nuclear Warning/Chemical Warning Effective Downwind Message Chemical Downwind Message ANNEX I. OPSKEDs TASK Appendix 1. Patrol Appendix 2. Actions at Objective (Recon) Appendix 3. Contact Report Appendix 4. Quartering Party Appendix 5. Passage of Lines CODE NAME Ranger Darby Salute Pilot River D-4

5 ANNEX A (COMMAND AND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP FM COMMAND. The platoon leader is responsible for effectively using the platoon s resources and for employing, organizing, and directing the platoon during combat operations. Effective command allows subordinate leaders to exercise their initiative, take risks, and seize opportunities during the mission. a. Succession of Command. During combat, any member of the reconnaissance platoon may be required to assume command. Frequently, the RATELO may need to continue operations and direct the operation until the chain of command can be reestablished. Under normal conditions, the reconnaissance platoon succession of command will be Platoon leader. Platoon sergeant. Main effort squad leader. Supporting effort squad leaders by rank. b. Assumption of Command. When it is necessary for a new leader to assume command of the reconnaissance platoon, if and when the situations allows it, he will accomplish the following tasks: (1) Inform higher headquarters of the change. (2) Reestablish the platoon chain of command and ensure all subordinates are made aware of the change. (3) Check the platoon s security. (4) Check the platoon s equipment and personnel status. (5) Confirm the platoon s location. (6) Assess the platoon s ability to continue the mission. (7) Inform higher command of assessment. (8) Continue the mission. 2. CONTROL. The challenge to the leader is to use the minimal amount of control required to synchronize the operation, while still allowing decentralized decision making. APPENDIXES: 1. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 2. ORDERS 3. COMMUNICATIONS D-5

6 APPENDIX 1 (DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES) ANNEX A (COMMAND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. PLAON LEADER. The platoon leader is responsible for accomplishing the platoon s mission. He is responsible for positioning and employing all assigned and attached assets. a. He leads the platoon in support of battalion missions. b. He keeps the commander informed. c. He plans missions with the help of the platoon sergeant, squad leaders, and other key personnel. d. He stays abreast of the situation and goes where he is needed to supervise, issue FRAGOs, and accomplish the mission. e. He requests logistical support from battalion. f. He directs the platoon sergeant in planning and coordinating the platoon s CSS effort. g. During planning, he receives on-hand status reports from the platoon sergeant and squad leaders. h. He reviews platoon requirements based on the tactical plan. i. He issues guidance concerning the casualty evacuation plan. j. During execution, he checks the work of the platoon sergeant and the squad leaders. k. He ensures the soldier s load is reasonable. 2. PLAON SERGEANT. The platoon sergeant is the senior NCO in the reconnaissance platoon and second in command. a. He supervises and coordinates the logistics, administration, and maintenance activities of the platoon. b. He organizes and controls the platoon alternate CP. c. He receives the squad leaders requests for rations, water, and ammunition. He directs the routing of supplies and mail. d. He maintains platoon strength information, consolidates and forwards the platoon s casualty reports (DA Forms 1155 and 1156) and receives replacements. e. He monitors the morale, discipline, and health of soldiers in the platoon. f. He controls task-organized elements in the reconnaissance platoon during tactical operations. This can include, but is not limited to, quartering parties, security forces in withdrawals, and security patrols. g. He coordinates and supervises platoon resupply operations. D-6

7 h. He ensures that ammunition and equipment are evenly distributed. i. He ensures that the casualty evacuation plan is complete and executed properly by directing the platoon s combat lifesavers, aid and litter teams. 3. SQUAD LEADER. The squad leader is responsible for the squad. a. He controls the movement of his squad. b. He exercises his command through the ASLs. c. He manages the logistical and administrative needs of his squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water, rations, and special equipment. d. He maintains accountability of his soldiers and equipment. e. He completes casualty feeder reports and reviews the casualty reports completed by squad members. f. He supervises the maintenance of the squad s weapons and equipment. g. He conducts inspections of his soldiers and their weapons and equipment. h. He keeps the platoon sergeant and platoon leader informed on his squad s supply status and equipment readiness. i. He ensures that supplies and equipment are internally cross-leveled. D-7

8 APPENDIX 2 (ORDERS) ANNEX A (COMMAND AND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. ORDERS DISSEMINATION. The reconnaissance platoon leader issues the orders to the squad leaders when possible. If not, he adheres to the following priorities: a. Platoon leader to platoon sergeant to squad leaders, and leaders of supporting units. b. FRAGO (platoon CP to squad CP). 2. GRAPHICS. Make graphics as nonrestrictive as possible. Ensure everyone has a copy of the overlays. 3. ORDERS GROUP. For dissemination of platoon orders when tire tactical situation allows maximum participation. The following personnel will attend: Platoon leader. Platoon sergeant. Squad leader. Leaders of attached units. TABS: A - WARNING ORDERS B - OPERATION ORDERS C - FRAGMENTARY ORDERS D-8

9 TAB A (WARNING ORDERS) APPENDIX 2 (ORDERS) ANNEX A (COMMAND AND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. FORMAT. The warning order format should generally follow the five-paragraph operation order. Warning orders give subordinates advance notice of upcoming tactical operations. This gives them time to prepare. The order should be brief, but complete. A sample format follows: SAMPLE WARNING ORDER 1. SITUATION. Brief description of the enemy and friendly situations. Attachments to the reconnaissance platoon. 2. MISSION. Use the restated mission from the mission analysis. 3. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. a. Special teams or task organization within the platoon. b. Uniform and equipment common to all (changes from SOP; for example, take extra meals or carry CPOG). c. Special weapons, ammunition, or equipment (different from SOP). (For example, mines, satchel charges, grappling hooks, drop or pickup NVDs.) d. The tentative time schedule is formed on the basis of mission analysis. It includes at least: (1) Earliest time of move. (2) Time and place of OPORD. (3) Inspection times and items to be inspected. (4) Rehearsal times and actions to be rehearsed. (For example, actions at the objective, special teams; for example, EPWs, or other actions as time allows.) e. Additional general instructions as needed or by SOP. D-9

10 2. CONSIDERATION. The following items should be considered during the preparation of a warning order: Time of early personnel attachments (GSR, engineer squads, and so on). OPORD. Squad leaders briefback to platoon leader. Issue of special equipment, SOI, time, and location. COMMEX times. Test fires and zeros (including NVDs). Rehearsals (squad/platoon). Ammunition distribution (time and location). Initial/final inspections. Platoon meetings/final briefback. JM briefings/initial manifest call/sat/final manifest call/load time/t (airborne units only). Final sanitation of troops. D-10

11 TAB B (OPERATION ORDERS) APPENDIX 2 (ORDERS) ANNEX A (COMMAND AND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP The operation order is used to give subordinate leaders the essential information needed to execute an operation. The platoon leader is responsible for preparing the OPORD with the assistance of the PSG and other selected individuals. 1st Squad prepares a terrain model for all platoon OPORDs. The platoon leader prepares a concept sketch. The terrain model and the concept sketch are visual aids that assist the platoon leader in explaining the OPORD. Squad leaders familiarize themselves with the terrain model before the platoon leader issues the OPORD. The platoon sergeant briefs the terrain analysis by using the factors of OAKOC. The platoon leader briefs the OPORD orally from notes that follow the five-paragraph format. At the completion of the OPORD, each squad leader briefbacks his mission-essential tasks. All notes taken by the squad leaders are given to the PSG for destruction after completion of the platoon rehearsal. (See Figure D-1 for an example of an oral OPORD [five-paragraph format].) D-11

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21 TAB C (FRAGMENTARY ORDERS) APPENDIX 2 (ORDERS) ANNEX A (COMMAND AND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. USE. FRAGOs are used to change specific missions or to provide timely changes to existing orders. 2. BREVITY. Only those items that are changed from the original OPORD are included in the FRAGO. 3. FORMAT. FRAGOs follow the standard five-paragraph order. Items not required are deleted. SAMPLE FRAGMENTARY ORDER 1. SITUATION. 2. MISSION. 3. EXECUTION. a. Concept of operation. b. Maneuver. c. Fires. d. Intelligence and electronic warfare. e. Obstacles, mines, and fortifications. f. Unit tasks. g. Coordinating instructions. 4. SERVICE SUPPORT. 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL. D-21

22 APPENDIX 3 (COMMUNICATIONS) ANNEX A (COMMAND AND CONTROL) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. NETS. a. Platoon Net. This net, which maybe secure, is used by the platoon leader to control the tactical situation/flow of maneuver. Traffic of an administrative or logistic nature maybe transmitted on the platoon net, depending on the tactical situation. b. Battalion Operations and Intelligence. The platoon leader or squad leader, when necessary, uses this net to report information and inform the command group of changes in the tactical situation. 2. FREQUENCY CHANGES (other than standard SOI periods). a. Directed Frequency Changes. These changes are made IAW the supplemental instructions in the SOI. (1) The NCS directs the frequency change in the following manner: (a) A frequency is determined unusable. (b) A net call is made and codeword is given to switch to alternate frequency. (c) All stations acknowledge. If no one can be reached on a primary frequency, then the RATELO switches to an alternate frequency until contact is made. If two radios are available, he leaves one on the old frequency until he establishes contact on the alternate or primary frequency. (2) The NCS makes a net call on the new frequency, calling every five minutes thereafter to try to reach stations not answering on the new frequency. b. Automatic Frequency Changes. These changes are made only IAW the supplemental instructions to the battalion SOI. (1) Stations make an automatic frequency change only if the original frequency is unusable. (2) All other means of alternative communications are tried before an automatic frequency change is made. 3. VINSON PROCEDURES. (If platoon net has secure net capability.) a. TEKs are changed weekly at 0001Z unless the OPORD states otherwise. TEKs are updated by MK/AK functions as required. When feasible, TEKs are physically transferred between operators. D-22

23 b. Automatic keying functions allow rapid, automatic keying of the entire net, the preferred method of changing the TEK (talk variable). Stations that miss the AK function can be keyed by a second attempt. If this fails, the station must be manually keyed. 4. RADIO. Radio is the least secure means of communication. Radio is susceptible to interception and jamming. Proper radio procedures must be used to reduce the enemy s opportunity to hamper radio communications. a. Radio procedures: (1) Change frequencies and call signs IAW SOI. (2) Use varied transmission schedules. (3) Use established formats to expedite transmissions such as SA- LUTE. (4) Encode messages or use secure voice. (5) Use brevity codes when possible. (6) All RATELOs will have trouble shooting card taped to their radio. (7) The head of the OE254 or RC292 will be carried by the platoon leader s RATELO. (8) If faced with the possibility of being captured, RATELOs and or leaders will ensure that SOI information is destroyed and radios zeroized. b. Actions if jamming is suspected: (1) Continue to operate. (Do not let the enemy know that he is having any affect on communications.) (2) Disconnect the antenna. If interference stops, communications are probably being jammed. (3) Switch to highest power. (4) Relocate the radio. Terrain may mask the enemy s jamming signal. (5) Use a directional antenna. (6) Turn the squelch off. D-23

24 ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP PURPOSE. To standardize selected routine operational procedures within the reconnaissance platoon. APPENDIXES: 1. RECONNAISSANCE 2. SECURITY 3. MOVEMENT 4. ENGINEER 5. AIR DEFENSE 6. NBC DEFENSE 7. RELIEF IN PLACE OPERATIONS 8. LINKUP OPERATIONS 9. PASSAGES OF LINES 10. ASSEMBLY AREAS OPERATIONS D-24

25 APPENDIX 1 (RECONNAISSANCE) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. All tactical situations are unique and dependent upon METT-T. In every situation, however, you must establish security and remain undetected. 2. ORGANIZATION. The reconnaissance platoon organizes according to the information requirements needed by battalion. When required to reconnoiter more than one area, zone, or route, the platoon organizes into three reconnaissance elements. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant accompanies two of the reconnaissance elements. When necessary, the platoon leader remains as a separate element. 3. REQUIREMENTS. The platoon leader receives the information requirements from battalion S2. The platoon leader coordinates all available support while at the main CP. This includes but is not limited to the following: a. Exact information requirements. Start/stop time. b. Movement times/routes. Transportation. c. Linkup times/signals. d. Attachments/special equipment. e. Fire support. f. Communications plan. g. Reporting time/instructions. h. Logistics, resupply, MEDEVAC. i. Contingencies, if compromised. j. Enemy situation. k. Concept of battalion mission. l. Insertion/extraction methods available. m. Drop time information no longer required. 4. PLANNING. The platoon leader is responsible for the planning of all missions. He directs members of the platoon to assist as required. a. Platoon Leader: Issues warning order. Develops/briefs plan. Supervises rehearsals. Coordinates as required. D-25

26 b. Platoon Sergeant: Assists platoon leader. Prepares paragraph 4 of OPORD. Coordinates logistic/transportation requirements. Briefs paragraph 4. c. Squad Leader: Assists platoon leader/sergeant, as required. Prepares sand table. Briefs squad members. Conducts inspections/rehearsals. 5. EXECUTION. Execution is the accomplishment of the mission. Execution begins once the order has been issued and the platoon completes the actions necessary for the execution. The actions include rehearsals, movement, establishing the ORP, leader s reconnaissance, reconnaissance, withdrawing from the objective, and dissemination and reporting of information. a. Rehearsals. At a minimum, always conduct actions at the objective. All platoon members and attachments will attend. At a minimum, attended by the platoon leader, the platoon sergeant, and the squad leaders. b. Movement. Routes (primary, alternate), graphic control measures (rally point, phase lines, contact points). Movement formations, techniques. Azimuth, distance. c. Objective Rally Point. Designated by terrain feature and grid coordinates in operations area. Platoon halts 200 to 400 meters before reaching the ORP. ORP reconned at a minimum by three-man element. Movement into and establishment of ORP. Platoon ORP occupation lead squad occupies 12 to 4; middle squad occupies 4 to 8; trail squad occupies 8 to 12. Squad ORP occupation-as directed by the squad leader. Platoon leader, platoon sergeant, and RATELOs locate in the center of the ORP. D-26

27 Squad leaders prepare equipment for reconnaissance. Platoon leader issues contingency plan for the platoon while he is conducting the leader s reconnaissance. Platoon leader assembles individuals for the leader s reconnaissance. d. Leader's Reconnaissance. Purpose of the leader s reconnaissance is to pinpoint the objective and confirm or deny assumptions made during operation order. Issue contingency plan to the platoon sergeant. Select a release point, if necessary, for additional control during the leader s reconnaissance. Establish surveillance. Place out security. Select subordinate element positions and show to the appropriate element leaders. Confirm the withdrawal plan, to include confirming the Location of the ORP or rendezvous point if different. Maintain surveillance of the objective once the leader s reconnaissance has been initiated. Issue a fragmentary order upon return to the ORP, if needed. e. Reconnaissance. Reconnaissance will be area, zone, or route. Techniques are based on factors of METT-T and include fan, successive sector, converging routes, and stationary. Stay alert to observe any information about the enemy or terrain. Record information on paper or make a sketch. Maximum stealth and patience are fundamentals of success. Use night vision devices, LCMS, and binoculars to assist with observation. Use battlefield noises to cover sound of movement when in close proximity to the enemy. To prevent being compromised, do not take unnecessary risks. f. Withdrawal. The platoon leader selects a rally point or rendezvous point, Occupy the same as the ORP. The first element to arrive establishes security. D-27

28 g. Dissemination of Information. Information gathered is recorded under the SALUTE Format-size, activity, location, unit, time, equipment. Squad leaders collect information from their squads. Squad leaders report all information to the platoon leader. Platoon leader collects all squad information. Squad leaders disseminate all other information obtained from other squads to their squad members. Platoon leader reports all information to higher headquarters. If operating separate from the platoon and no link up is planned, squad leaders report information to the platoon leader by radio. If unable to do so, the squad leaders report the information to battalion. D-28

29 APPENDIX 2 (SECURITY) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. Security is part of every operation. The reconnaissance platoon is responsible for providing its own security and assists in providing security for the battalion. The platoon conducts screening missions for the battalion. 2. ORGANIZATION. The platoon leader organizes the reconnaissance platoon according to the mission. The platoon leader must first determine the battalion s mission before organizing the platoon. The mission determines how the platoon will be organized. During screening missions, the platoon may operate as a platoon or as individual squads under platoon control. 3. REQUIREMENTS. The battalion S3 assigns the reconnaissance platoon an initial screen line. Once the platoon leader has this information, he coordinates with the various staff elements while at the main CP. This includes, but is not limited to, the following: a. Concept of the battalion mission. b. Insertion/extraction methods available. c. Movement times/routes. d. Attachments/special equipment. e. Communications plan, reporting time/instructions. f. Available fire support and engagement criteria. g. Enemy situation. h. Logistics plan. i. Linkup plan, if necessary. j. Contingencies (for example, react to contact). 4. PLANNING. The platoon leader is responsible for the planning of all missions. He directs members of the platoon to assist as required. a. Platoon Leader. Issues warning order. Coordinates fire support plan, passage of line, and adjacent patrols. Obtains the latest update/briefback S3. Develops/briefs plan. Supervises rehearsals. Coordinates as required. D-29

30 b. Platoon Sergeant. Assists the platoon leader as required. Prepares paragraph 4 of the OPORD. Coordinates logistics/transportation requirements. Briefs paragraph 4. Supervises the squad leaders. c. Squad Leaders. Assists the platoon leader/sergeant as required. Prepares the sand table. Disseminates warning order and OPORD to the squad. Conducts rehearsals. Briefback platoon leader. Conducts inspections. Supervises squad preparation. 5. EXECUTION. The execution of a screening mission is accomplished by reporting information to higher, which allows the commander to anticipate enemy contact. The screening mission requires the platoon to move in relation to the main body. In the offense, the platoon must conduct a moving screen. In the defense, the screen will normally be stationary. a. Movement. Primary and alternate routes are used. Control measures include contact points, phase lines, and limit of advance. Azimuth and distance. Movement formations/techniques. b. Observation Post. Location and orientation of observation. Size of OP. Reporting instructions. Time and duration of occupation. Establish communications with higher. c. Surveillance. Two men always observe. Squad leader establishes security/rest plan/withdrawal. D-30

31 Use SALUTE to report any information. Call for fire as directed. Make a sketch of the area. Maintain surveillance on the enemy. D-31

32 APPENDIX 3 (MOVEMENT) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. The reconnaissance platoon s primary method of movement is by foot. The platoon leader selects the movement formation and technique based on METT-T and likelihood of enemy contact. The platoon must also be prepared to move by air, vehicle, or boat. 2. FOOT MARCHES. When moving along a road in a relatively secure area, the platoon moves with one file on each side of the road. Leave 3 to 5 meters between each soldier and 15 to 30 meters between each squad. a. The normal rate of march for an 8-hour road march is 4 kmph. The interval and rate of march depends on the length of the march, time allowed, likelihood of enemy contact (ground, air, artillery), terrain and weather, condition of the soldiers, and the weight of the soldier s load. b. A 15-minute rest will be conducted at the end of the first 45 minutes of a road march. During this halt, the squad leaders check the soldiers feet and report the physical condition of the soldiers to the the platoon leader and platoon sergeant. Thereafter, a 10-minute rest is conducted every 50 minutes. c. During halts, security is posted, and the most dangerous approaches into the platoon s area are covered by M203 grenade launchers. The platoon sergeant moves forward through the platoon, checking security as he goes and meets with the platoon leader to determine the reason for the halt. d. During halts of 30 seconds or less, soldiers drop to one knee and cover their assigned sector. During halts longer than 30 seconds, a cigar-shaped perimeter is formed, and the soldiers assume the prone position. 3. AIR MOVEMENT. The reconnaissance platoon uses helicopter assets to move over extended distances and for resupply and evacuation. The platoon leader or platoon sergeant is responsible for planning and coordinating for the use of helicopters. The S3 air at battalion provides specific information concerning the planning and execution of air movement as follows: Type, number, and ACL of helicopters. Location of PZ and LZ (primary and alternate). D-32

33 Air movement data and timing for the operations. Helicopter formations in PZ and LZ. Abort and alternate plans. Communications (primary and alternate frequencies). Bump plan. Downed aircraft procedures. a. Loading. The platoon leader designates chalk leaders (normally the squad leader) for each helicopter used. The CL briefs the individuals assigned to his chalk. Each soldier should know which helicopter he will ride on and where he will enter and sit once inside. Movement to the helicopter begins once the aircraft lands. The CL is responsible for controlling his chalk and ensuring that all members are aware of any changes. (1) Breakdown. An example breakdown for the UH-60 with an ACL of 11 personnel is as follows: Aircraft Number 1 Aircraft Number 2 Platoon Leader Platoon Sergeant Radio Telephone Operator Radio Telephone Operator Assistant Squad Leader Assistant Squad Leader Soldier Soldier Soldier Soldier Soldier Soldier Squad Leader Squad Leader Assistant Squad Leader Soldier Soldier Soldier Squad Leader Once the breakdown for each aircraft is accomplished, the platoon leader or platoon sergeant assigns the seating arrangement within the aircraft and designates a chalk leader. The platoon rehearses loading and unloading the aircraft to ensure all members of the platoon understand where they enter and exit the aircraft and where they will sit in the aircraft. (2) Seats-in operation. The two techniques for loading the aircraft with the seats-in are split chalk and whole chalk. These techniques are METT-T dependent. (a) Split chalk. The chalk is split in far-side and near-side groups. They move to the aircraft in file with the chalk leader (CL) leading the near-side group (Figure D-2, page D-34). (b) Whole chalk. The CL supervises the loading of the near-side group. Then, he goes around the front of the aircraft to supervise loading of the far-side group (Figure D-3, page D-34). D-33

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35 WARNING IAW AR 95-1, THE SEAT-OUT TECHNIQUE IS USED IN COMBAT ONLY NEVER IN TRAINING. SEATS IN THE UH-60 ABSORB MUCH OF THE IMPACT IN A WHEELS-DOWN CRASH. THUS, CONDUCTING OPERATIONS WITH THE SEATS OUT GREATLY INCREASES THE RISK OF INJURY PASSENGERS IN A CRASH. UNITS SHOULD REHEARSE THE SEAT-OUT TECHNIQUE IN A SECURE LZ BEFORE COMBAT OPERATION. THIS TECHNIQUE SHOULD BE REHEARSED WITH THE PILOTS WHO WILL ACTUALLY FLY THE COMBAT MISSION AND WITH THE AIRCRAFT SHUT DOWN. (3) Seats-out operations. With the troop seats removed, 22 combatloaded soldiers and their rucksacks can be loaded (Figure D-4). (a) Conducting combat operations with seats out offers some tactical advantages. Fewer aircraft are needed for each mission. Each UH-60 can carry almost twice as many soldiers when its seats are removed. (b) The aircraft can be loaded from either or both sides. Soldiers line up in numerical order IAW the load plan. Loading is quicker if both sides are used. (c) Before the soldiers enter the aircraft, each soldier s rucksack is placed on the floor of the aircraft where that soldier will sit. Once several rucksacks are in place, one or two soldiers who know the load plan can climb aboard to help position the rest of the rucksacks. D-35

36 (d) Once all the rucksacks are loaded, the soldiers are loaded from rear to front. Soldiers already in the aircraft must help by pulling the others in tightly until they are all loaded and the doors are closed. Weapons are carried with muzzles down, safeties on, and no rounds chambered. (e) Leaders sit in the front. This gives them access to the radio handset between and just aft of the crew seats. Sitting here also allows leaders to communicate with the pilots. The best way for a leader to do this is to give the pilot a note with the LZ coordinates and landing instructions. For example, Land on western edge of LZ Green at grid AB123456, aircraft facing north. (f) The aircraft doors should be opened as the helicopter approaches the LZ. Soldiers hold on to each other until time to unload. They should unload from both sides of the helicopter when ground slope permits. One soldier is tasked to check the helicopter to ensure no equipment is left behind. b. Individual Requirements. Fasten helmet chinstraps. Tie down loose equipment. Unload all weapons and place on SAFE with muzzle down. Unfix bayonets (if fixed). Wear identification tags. RATELO use short-whip antennas only. Load at double time. Once seated, fasten safety belt. Think safety. c. Unloading. Once the aircraft lands, soldiers exit the helicopter as fast as possible with all equipment. The CL confirms landing direction from the pilot to assist in orientation on the LZ, particularly at night. Individuals move out from the side of the aircraft and assume the prone position facing away from the aircraft, weapons at the ready, until the aircraft has departed the LZ. d. Immediate Action on LZ. If contact is made upon landing, soldiers exit the helicopter and immediately return fire upon the enemy to allow the aircraft to depart. All elements establish a base of fire from their initial position. The platoon leader calls for fire, if available, and once a base of fire is established, directs elements to break contact. This is situation dependent. 3. VEHICLE MOVEMENT. The battalion commander may decide to use vehicle assets to move the platoon. Again, the decision is based upon D-36

37 METT-T. The use of vehicles allows the platoon to enter into their area of operations faster. a. Organization. The number and type of transportation available dictate the platoon s organization for movement. The platoon leader assigns vehicle commanders, normally a squad leader. b. Loading. Each vehicle commander is responsible for loading his assigned vehicle. The vehicle commander briefs the individuals assigned to his vehicle. Where to sit. Where to place equipment. Where to observe. Route (primary/alternate), start point, release point, check points. Contingencies (vehicle breakdown, actions on contact). Linkup/loading time. D-37

38 APPENDIX 4 (ENGINEER) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. This appendix prescribes considerations for employment of combat engineer assets to enhance capabilities. 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL. The platoon sergeant is responsible for linking up with the engineers. He ensures that the engineers are integrated into the perimeter and obtains all administrative requirements from the NCOIC. The NCOIC is included in all platoon meetings. After the engineers are established, the NCOIC reports to the platoon leader. 3. EMPLOYMENT. a. During platoon operations, engineers maybe used (1) To assist in reconnaissance operations, particularly route reconnaissance. (2) To increase sustained combat capability for the platoon through mobility, countermobility, and survivability. Planning considerations include the following: (a) Mobility. Obstacle reduction to improve movement. Tasks are Countermine (detect, bypass, breach, mark). Counterobstacle (detect, bypass, breach, reduce). Gap crossing (prepare assault sites, secure far shore, construct/emplace bridges). (b) Countermobility. Normally the highest priority engineer task. Obstacle construction tasks to delay, disrupt, and kill the enemy are Mine warfare (conventional or scatterable). Demolition-type obstacles. Conventional obstacles (craters, abatis, wire, ditches). (c) Survivability. Development of fighting or protective position. Priorities for engineers are Crew-served weapon/antitank positions. C2 facilities. Observation posts. D-38

39 b. Engineer units addressed in OPORDs are given the following as a minimum: (1) Mission and enemy situation. (2) Concept of the operation and the commander s intent. (3) Initial location. (4) Movement instructions. (5) On-order/be-prepared missions/tasks. (6) Priorities of effort/support. D-39

40 APPENDIX 5 (AIR DEFENSE) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. a. Passive air defense measures are vital to operations (cover, concealment, camouflage, dispersion, fire discipline, protective construction). Passive air defense is always used. b. Active air defense measures are used only in extreme circumstances (generally when under direct enemy attack). 2. AIR DEFENSE WARNINGS. a. Red - Attack imminent or in progress. b. Yellow - Attack probable. c. White - Attack not immediately probable or imminent. 3. CONTROL OF AIR DEFENSE FIRES. (Weapons-tight status applies until specifically directed otherwise.) a. Weapon Control Status. (1) Weapons hold - Fire only in self-defense. (2) Weapons tight - Fire only at aircraft positively identified as hostile (refer to b below). (3) Weapons free - Fire at any aircraft not positively identified as friendly. b. Rules of Engagement. (1) Individual soldiers have no authority to deviate from the established weapon control status or hostile identification criteria during individual operation, except that the rule of self-defense applies. Changes to the weapon control status and hostile identification criteria are made only (a) On order of higher headquarters. Verbal authentication is mandatory. (b) By subordinate commanders imposing a more restrictive status or criteria. (2) Soldiers under direct attack use individual weapons to engage low-flying, positively identified hostile aircraft only after fire is authorized by the platoon leader or the senior ranking NCO. D-40

41 APPENDIX 6 (NBC DEFENSE) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. This appendix provides guidance for the effective implementation of NBC defense procedures in tactical situations. 2. EARLY WARNING AND ALARMS. a. NBC Reconnaissance. The M256 chemical detection kit and chemical detection paper (M8/M9 paper) is used, based on a METT-T analysis, to detect chemical agents. The IM-174 radiacmeter is used to detect radiological contamination. b. Alarms. This includes vocal and arm-and-hand signals. (1) The vocal alarm for any chemical or biological hazard: the word GAS. (2) Standard arm-and-hand signal. (See STP 21-1-SMCT.) (3) Improvised audio alarm: Metal on metal, or three long blasts on vehicle horn or siren. 3. MASKING. a. Automatic Masking. Individuals should mask automatically (1) When an automatic alarm sounds. (2) When a positive reading is obtained on detector paper or chemical agent detection kits. (3) When individuals show symptoms of chemical agent poisoning. (4) When an artillery attack occurs in an NBC threat environment. For example, the enemy has the ability to employ NBC rounds. b. Unmasking. Soldiers should unmask (1) As soon as possible, except when a biological or toxin attack is suspected. The senior soldier in charge directs the unmasking procedures. (2) IAW the procedure outlined in FM NBC WARNING REPORTS. (See Appendix 5, Annex H, for NBC report formats.) a. All NBC defense personnel maintain a copy of GTA 3-6-3, based on METT-T analysis. b. FM 3-3 provides specific instructions for preparing and interpreting NBC messages. 5. DECONTAMINATION. The platoon conducts decontamination operations IAW the procedures outlined in FM 3-5. D-41

42 APPENDIX 7 (RELIEF IN PLACE) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. The reconnaissance platoon leader will coordinate with the battalion S3/2 as soon as the order to conduct a relief in place is received. 2. CHECKLIST FOR THE RELIEF IN PLACE. The following is coordinated: a. Exchange of enemy information. b. Reconnaissance of the area. c. Exchange of communications information. d. Use of guides and liaison personnel. e. Security measures to be used, which includes deception plans. f. Control measures to be used. g. Fire support. h. Method and sequence of relief. i. Traffic control. j. Transfer of responsibility. 3. RECONNAISSANCE OF THE POSITION. Commanders and leaders of both forces conduct reconnaissance of the position to determine a. The disposition of the relieved force in its defensive positions. Each leader should obtain a copy of the sector sketch. b. Locations of separate areas for each squad. c. Locations of the release points. d. Locations of the contact points. e. Separate routes to be used for each squad. f. Locations of any obstacle-s. g. Locations of the CS and CSS elements such as CPs, trains, aid stations, mortars, and antitank weapons. D-42

43 APPENDIX 8 (LINKUP) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. Upon receipt of a warning order to execute a link up operation, the platoon leader contacts the other force concerned. Contact is always made from moving forces to stationary forces. If both are moving, higher headquarters determines which force makes contact. 2. CHECKLIST FOR LINKUP OPERATIONS. a. Coordination is established to provide for the following: Command relationship of forces upon linkup and effective time. Mutual recognition system. Communications plan. Schemes of maneuver (to include control measures). Fire support (to include control measures). Actions to be taken after linkup. Assistance. Alternate plans. b. The stationary force can provide the following assistance: Guides. Lanes through obstacles or airhead. Traffic control. Limited logistical and maintenance support. Limited medical support. Information on recent enemy activity. c. The moving force can provide the following assistance: Logistical support. Maintenance support. Medical support. Fire support. 3. LINKUP SIGNALS. Infrared filter light is the standard linkup signal at night. The VS17 panel pink is used for daylight. a. The stationary force initiates the signal after radio contact with the moving force or at a predesignated time. They initiate it by flashing the IR filter light once in the expected direction of the moving force. Use the red lens as an alternate signal. D-43

44 b. The moving force answers the stationary force by flashing the IR filter light twice toward the linkup point. After positive linkup has been made, forces continue the mission as quickly as possible. c. Forces may use colored lens covers on flashlights by following the same procedures used between stationary and moving forces. D-44

45 APPENDIX 9 (PASSAGE OF LINES) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. The commander of the passing force contacts the stationary force on receipt of a warning order to execute a passage of lines or withdrawal through a rearward position. 2. CHECKLIST FOR THE PASSAGE OF LINES. a. Liaison. Immediate liaison is established and maintained until the operation is completed. b. Forward and Rearward Passage of Lines. Coordination is established to provide for the following: Selection of CP for moving force near the stationary CP. Exchange of intelligence. Exchange of tactical and communication plans. Arrangements for reconnaissance of routes, and for passage or withdrawal point patrols. Security measures for the operation (recognition signals, exchange of SOI items, and so on). Time and location for passage of command. Administrative, refueling, supply, and medical support. Route priority and movement control. Areas of passage or withdrawal, and guides. Fire support. Signal support. (1) Areas selected for the passage or withdrawal should be unoccupied between or on the flanks of forces in position and use multiple routes to reduce their vulnerability during the operation. (2) Priority of routes go to forces executing the passage or withdrawal. Traffic control is the responsibility of the force in position. This responsibility transfers with the passage of command. (3) Passage of command is determined by mutual agreement by both commanders and is approved by the higher commander who directed the passage or linkup. (4) The force in position provides the following administrative support: Evacuation of casualties and EPWs. Facilities (fueling points, water points, and so on). D-45

46 Route priority and traffic control. c. Conduct. Liaison is established from the passing force to the force in position, down to and including platoon level. (1) Movement during execution must be as deliberate and rapid as the tactical situation, light, and terrain allow. (2) Routes, passage points, and soon are reconnoitered to the lowest level practicable. D-46

47 APPENDIX 10 (ASSEMBLY AREA) ANNEX B (OPERATIONS) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. The battalion occupies an assembly area for security while preparing for future operations. Preparations can include reorganizing, planning and issuing the order, rehearsing, receiving and issuing supplies, and maintaining vehicles and equipment. The actions of the battalion s move and occupation of an assembly area are covered in the battalion SOP. 2. QUARTERING PARTY. The reconnaissance platoon moves with or, inmost eases, in advance of the battalion quartering party. The quartering party precedes the main body and moves by infiltration-not as part of the march column. a. The platoon reconnoiters the proposed assembly area for signs of enemy activity and suitability of the site. Each squad is given an area or zone to reconnoiter. Each squad is briefed on the information requirements for their particular area, and when and where to linkup with the platoon leader. b. The platoon leader designates an area to establish an ORP. All squads ensure that they know the exact location of the ORP in order to leave excess equipment before departing on their reconnaissance. Once the ORP is established, the platoon leader s RATELO contacts the quartering party OIC. If not previously coordinated, the RATELO informs the quartering party OIC of the linkup point. c. The platoon leader conducts link up with the quartering party. The platoon leader briefs the quartering party OIC on the location and routes of the squads and the location of the platoon ORP. This information is necessary since it prevents unexpected contact with the squads and members of the quartering party. Once the squads have completed their reconnaissance, they return to the platoon ORP. 3. ORGANIZATION. The assembly area maybe organized by assigning companies either sectors of the battalion perimeter or dispersed assembly areas within the battalion assembly area. a. Security may be augmented by visual observation, sensors, and surveillance devices. Contact points for forces can also be designated to aid in coordinating security efforts. All routes in and out of the assembly area are strictly controlled. Roads are not used to define boundaries. Roads are the specific responsibility of the platoon whose sector they pass through. D-47

48 b. The platoon might be tasked to reconnoiter routes of movement to counterattack positions, defensive positions, or passage lanes; or, it may be tasked to provide security by establishing OPs, roadblocks, or traffic control points. c. The assembly area must allow adequate dispersion of all elements of the battalion. d. OPs cover key terrain features and avenues of approach. e. The battalion CP and trains are centrally located for security and to simplify planning, issuing orders, distributing supplies, and other activities. f. Elements communicate by wire (if time and distance allows it to be installed) or by messenger to avoid enemy direction-finding capabilities. Radio is used only when necessary. g. Occupation of an assembly area during limited visibility requires preparation by the quartering party. Usually, the most critical handover occurs at the RP. Thorough coordination is necessary for the march force to pass smoothly through the RP without halts. h. Several marking techniques are available to aid in smooth nighttime occupation. Guides using prearranged colored or infrared lights for recognition signals meet the march force at the RP and lead force along a marked route to the assembly area. Light discipline is practiced by shielding all illumination devices, including infrared. Communication wire, engineer tape, or both can be used to mark routes to company RPs. Subunit guides, using prearranged infrared or colored lights or flash recognition signals, link up with companies or platoons and lead them to prepared sectors. i. Once the assembly area is established, the platoon leader coordinates with the main CP for upcoming missions. j. The platoon sergeant establishes priority of work. The squad leader ensures priorities are followed. Security. Maintenance, weapons, radios, NVDs, personnel. TLP. Chow. Sleep. Request resupply. D-48

49 ANNEX C (FIRE SUPPORT) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. PLANNING. The reconnaissance platoon leader is responsible for the following a. Coordinates for fire support with the battalion fire support officer. Coordinates directly with the mortar platoon leader when the opportunity exists. b. Understanding how fire support is to be used to support the mission. This includes priority and types of fire support available and engagement criteria. c. Fire control measures (for example, no-fire area, restrictive fire lines). d. Fire support request channels. Confirms this with battalion FSO and mortar platoon leader. 2. SQUAD LEADERS. Squad leaders are responsible for calling and adjusting indirect fires. Methods of calling for fire include grid, polar, and shift from a known point. Squad leaders request indirect fires based on the platoon leader s guidance. TRPs are included in the squad/platoon sector sketches. NOTE: All indirect fires must be observed. D-49

50 ANNEX D (INTELLIGENCE) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. GENERAL. The reconnaissance platoon is the primary information gathering asset for the battalion commander. 2. REQUESTS AND REPORTS. (See Appendix 2, Annex H.) a. Required reports and times for submission are established in each OPORD based on the mission. b. SALUTE reports are submitted when any known or suspected enemy activity has been observed. 3. INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS CHECKLIST. a. Planning Phase. (1) Analyze the mission. (2) Prepare analysis of the area of operations. (3) Coordinate with S2 for PIR and IR. (4) Request and distribute maps and imagery. (5) Conduct threat and OPSEC briefings. (6) Coordinate reporting schedules with higher. b. Execution Phase. (1) Report all significant information to higher headquarters via report formats in Appendix 2 to Annex H. (2) Ensure squads are reporting promptly. (3) Disseminate information to subordinates promptly. (4) Recommend changes to PIR and IR. (5) Provide continuous information to battalion. D-50

51 ANNEX E (OPERATIONAL SECURITY) RECONNAISSANCE PLAON TSOP 1. COVER AND CONCEALMENT. a. Camouflage. Camouflage paint is used by all soldiers in the platoon to cover exposed skin. The outline of an individual is broken using vegetation, burlap, or any other available means. Fighting positions are camouflaged using all exposed dirt to break up the outline of a position. The position is checked from the enemy s view. Equipment is camouflaged using vegetation to breakup the outline of the equipment and to cover all reflective surfaces. b. Protection. Fighting positions have 18 inches of overhead cover. Soft caps may be worn at the platoon leader s discretion when conducting reconnaissance or surveillance operations. However, helmets are worn during all nonreconnaissance operations. c. Concealment. In order to avoid detection, squads maximize the use of terrain and vegetation. 2. OBSERVATION POSTS. a. Positioning. OPs always contain a minimum of two soldiers and have communication with the scout platoon headquarters (landline, FM, or signaling device). OPs are positioned IAW METT-T. Routes to and from the OP are recorded and rehearsed. Each member of the OP is thoroughly briefed on the rules of engagement before departing for their post. Signals for the return of OPs (running password, challenge/password, light signals) will be established and briefed to all platoon personnel. b. Relief of OPs. When an OP is relieved, the relieving personnel meet with the current OPs and receive a briefing that contains, as a minimum: Call signs and frequencies. Routes to and from perimeter. All signals and passwords. Area of responsibility of observation. 3. STAND-. A stand-to will be conducted 30 minutes before BMNT and 30 minutes after EENT. a. Assistant team leaders and squad leaders check every individual soldier to ensure he is awake and alert, to ensure his equipment is all packed in his rucksack, and to ensure he is observing his fields of fire in his assigned fighting position. b. Team leaders and squad leaders gather sensitive items report and weapons operational status, and passes the report to the platoon sergeant. D-51