Commander's Tactical Handbook

Transcription

1 Commander's Tactica Handbook U.S. Marine Corps PCN

2 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C Juy 1988 FOREWORD Marine Corps Reference Pubication (MCRP) A, Commander s Tactica Handbook, contains reference materia frequenty used to organize, pan, and conduct Marine ground combat operations. Its intent is to assist sma unit eaders functioning at the company eve and beow, but it aso serves as a fied reference guide for a Marine eaders. Leaders of combat support and combat service support organizations shoud famiiarize themseves with the contents of this pubication to understand the operationa support requirements discussed. When appying the information contained in this pubication, eaders must remember to Make their orders concise, cear, and simpe. Give subordinates a thorough understanding of the intent. Expain the mission and the immediate commander s concept of operations. Give subordinates their mission (task[s] and unifying purpose). Integrate subordinate eements in coordinated action. Aow subordinates freedom of action consistent with the need for coordination. Do not issue detaied instructions covering every possibe contingency.

3 Conduct a compete estimate of each situation and deveop a pan that supports success. Do not narrow the scope to ony the information presented in this pubication. Remember, the information presented in this pubication is ony a guide. is intended to be a handy compiation of important tactica information presented in oose-eaf format to better faciitate its use. It is based on information contained in numerous Marine Corps doctrina pubications. However, does not supersede or repace a doctrina pubication. For detaied expanations on the tactics, techniques, and procedures found in this pubication, see Marine Corps Warfighting Pubication (MCWP) , Marine Rife Company (under deveopment), or the appropriate warfighting pubication. Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS J. E. RHODES Lieutenant Genera, U.S. Marine Corps Commanding Genera Marine Corps Combat Deveopment Command DISTRIBUTION:

4 COMMANDER S TACTICAL HANDBOOK Tabe of Contents TROOP LEADING STEPS... 1 FIVE-PARAGRAPH ORDER FORMAT FOR COMPANY-LEVEL OPERATIONS... 5 PART I. MANEUVER OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS... 9 Attack Order Genera Coordinating Instructions... 9 Movement to Contact...11 Attack of a Fortified Position Mechanized Attack Night Attack Heicopterborne Operations Miitary Operations on Urbanized Terrain Fundamentas of Securing a Room Amphibious Heicopterborne Assaut Amphibious Surface Assaut Commander s Tactica Handbook iii

5 iv Commander s Tactica Handbook DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Genera Information Genera Coordinating Instructions for Defense Orders Reserve Considerations Counterattack Considerations Defensive Miitary Operations on Urbanized Terrain Countermechanized Operations Engagement Areas Conducting Reconnaissance to Define and Buid an Engagement Area Retrograde Operations: Deay Retrograde Operations: Withdrawa Retrograde Operations: Retirement Rear Area Security MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR Counterinsurgency Operations Noncombatant Evacuation Operations Crowd and Mob Contro Cordon and Search Operations

6 SPECIFIC TACTICAL OPERATIONS Reief in Pace: Reieving Unit Reief in Pace: Unit to be Reieved Passage of Lines: Passing Unit Passage of Lines: Stationary Unit Linkup Operations Infitration Convoy Operations PATROLLING Patro Steps Patro Order Information Ambush Patro Urban Patroing Urban Patro Tips PART II. FIRE SUPPORT GENERAL FIRE SUPPORT Genera Information Company Fire Support Panning Commander s Tactica Handbook v

7 vi Commander s Tactica Handbook Suggested Fire Support Coordinator Standing Operating Procedure Fire Support Techniques Company Fire Support Board QUICK FIRE SUPPORT PLAN CALL FOR FIRE ELEMENTS CALL FOR FIRE PROCEDURES CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT CARD CLOSE AIR SUPPORT Cose Air Support Contro Procedures Cose Air Support Briefing Form Appendix A. Machine Gun Empoyment... A-1 Appendix B. Weapons Handing... B-1 Appendix C. Nucear, Bioogica, and Chemica Defense... C-1 Appendix D. Communications and Information Systems... D-1 Appendix E. Landing Zone Brief and Markings... E-1

8 Appendix F. Sampe Fire Pan Sketches... F-1 Appendix G. Roadbocks and Searches... G-1 Appendix H. Enemy Prisoners of War... H-1 Appendix I. Patro Coordination... I-1 Appendix J. Exampe Patro Overay... J-1 Appendix K. Cose Air Support Aircraft Capabiities and Munitions... K-1 Appendix L. Weapons Capabiities... L-1 Appendix M. Common Threat Weapon Characteristics... M-1 Appendix N. Antiterrorism Procedures... N-1 Appendix O. Common Miitary Symboogy... O-1 Appendix P. Common Tactica Terms, Definitions, and Symbos... P-1 Appendix Q. Metric Conversion Charts... Q-1 Appendix R. Gossary... R-1 Commander s Tactica Handbook vii

9 1. Begin Panning. TROOP-LEADING STEPS a. Pan the use of avaiabe time. b. Estimate the situation based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T). (1) Mission. The mission must identify Task assigned. Who, what, where, and when. Commander s intent (why). (2) Enemy. Commanders Estimate the enemy s composition and disposition based on size, activity, ocation, unit, time, and equipment (SALUTE), and strength. Estimate the enemy s capabiities and imitations to defend, reinforce, attack, withdraw, and deay (DRAW-D). Estimate the enemy s most probabe course of action. Identify vunerabiities that can be expoited. Commander s Tactica Handbook Troop Leading Steps 1 Troop Leading Steps

10 Troop Leading Steps 2 Troop Leading Steps Commander s Tactica Handbook (3) Terrain and weather are evauated based on key terrain, observation and fieds of fire, cover and conceament, obstaces, avenues of approach, and weather/astroogica data (KOCOA-W). (4) Troops and support avaiabe are evauated based on the foowing: Peope. Human factors. Equipment. Logistics. Fire support. Space. (5) Avaiabe time. Commanders use the foowing to pan avaiabe time: 1/3-2/3 rue (aocate 2/3 of avaiabe time for subordinates). Backward panning. Parae and concurrent panning. c. Issue warning order. 2. Arrange. a. Movement of unit (where, when, and how). b. Reconnaissance.

11 (1) Seect route, personne, and use of subordinates. (2) Determine method (e.g., route, aeria, map, vantage point). c. Issue of order (notify subordinate eaders of time and pace). d. Coordination (adjacent and supporting units). 3. Make Reconnaissance. a. Update METT-T. b. Deveop enemy s most probabe course of action. c. Confirm enemy s vunerabiities. 4. Compete Pan. a. Remember the concept of operations is driven by METT-T with an emphasis on mission (incuding intent) and the enemy s most probabe course of action. b. Deveop scheme of maneuver to expoit enemy s vunerabiity by pacing him in a diemma. 5. Issue Order. Use the Five-Paragraph Order Format on page 5 (address the vantage point, use terrain modeing, use overays, etc., if appicabe). 6. Supervise. Use brief backs, rehearsas, inspections, etc. Commander s Tactica Handbook Troop Leading Steps 3 Troop Leading Steps

12 FIVE-PARAGRAPH ORDER FORMAT FOR COMPANY-LEVEL OPERATIONS A map and/or terrain mode orientation is normay given prior to issuing the order. 1. Situation. a. Friendy forces. (1) Higher unit mission (task and commander s intent). (2) Adjacent unit missions (task and intent). (a) Left. (b) Front. (c) Right. (d) Rear. (3) Supporting unit missions (task and intent). b. Enemy forces. (1) Composition, disposition, and strength is based on size, activity, ocation, unit, time, and equipment (SA- LUTE). (2) Capabiities and imitations to defend, reinforce, attack, withdraw, and deay (DRAW-D). (3) Enemy s most probabe course of action. c. Attachments and detachments (date and time effective). Commander s Tactica Handbook 5-Paragraph Order Format 5 5-Paragraph Order Format

13 5-Paragraph Order Format 6 5-Paragraph Order Format Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Mission. Task to be accompished and purpose (who, what, when, where, and why). 3. Execution. a. Commander s intent and concept of operations. (1) Commander s intent. (2) Concept of operations (scheme of maneuver and fire support pan). b. Subordinate eement missions (main effort, supporting efforts, and reserve). c. Coordinating instructions (identify and discuss instructions that are common to two or more eements). 4. Administration and Logistics. a. Administration. b. Logistics (beans, buets, bandages, bad guys, and batteries). 5. Command and Signa. a. Signa. b. Command. (1) Location of key eaders. (2) Chain of command (command succession). Any questions? The time is now.

14 PART I MANEUVER In tactics, the most important thing is not whether you go eft or right, but why you go eft or right. Genera A. M. Gray (MCDP 1-3, Tactics, p.1) Property of the U.S. Marine Corps Marines move out to take Japanese position. (Tarawa, November 1943)

15 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Attack Order Genera Coordinating Instructions The foowing ist identifies kinds of coordinating instructions that are common to two or more eements: Order of movement/formations for movement. Consoidation instructions: security, automatic weapons (see app. A), fieds of fire, entrench (SAFE), and other measures. Dispacement. Dispacement instructions need to address n n n n Method. Objective. Route. Time. Time of attack (crossing the ine of departure). Main effort. Base unit. Tactica contro measures (e.g., ine of departure, assaut position). Report of crossing phase ine. Report of arriva at checkpoints. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 9 Attack Order

16 Offensive Operations 10 Attack Order Commander s Tactica Handbook Actions upon contact. (See app. B.) Report of enemy activity immediatey to commander. Preparations to continue the attack. Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) eves 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. (See app. C.) Seep pan. Rehearsa pan for the most critica to the east critica events and actions. Bump pan. Rues of engagement. Linkup pans. Other (as required). Timeine.

17 Movement to Contact 1. Contact Possibiity. a. Contact remote. b. Contact possibe/probabe. c. Contact imminent. 2. Formation. a. Route coumn. b. Tactica coumn. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 11 Movement to Contact

18 Offensive Operations 12 Movement to Contact Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Approach march. 3. Movement Considerations. a. Speed characterizes bod and aggressive action. b Security a around provides eary warning (bump technique). c. Fexibiity and ease of contro are consistent with expectation of enemy contact (eapfrog technique). d. Use of connecting fies. e. Initia contact with the smaest unit; deveop the situation. 4. Movement Techniques. a. Traveing is used when Speed is essentia. Movement is easy to contro. Enemy threat is remote. b. Traveing overwatch is used when Speed and security are equa. Movement is harder to contro. Enemy threat is possibe/probabe. c. Bounding overwatch is used when Security is essentia. Movement is hardest to contro. Enemy threat is imminent.

19 5. Common Contro Measures. a. March objective. b. Axis of advance or zone of action. c. Phase ines. d. Checkpoints. e. Contact points. f. Boundaries. 6. Combined-Arms Usage. a. Designate panned, on-ca targets for immediate suppression and for shifting during movement. b. Use priority targets that can be activated/deactivated on order or by event. c. Pan for fexibe positioning of crew-served weapons within formation. 7. Misceaneous. a. Pan for a-purpose ightweight individua carrying equipment (ALICE) pack drop and retrieva during dismounted operations. b. Pan and conduct extensive rehearsas (emphasis on immediate action dris/contact). c. Pan communications with the point eement and ensure that the signa pan faciitates action dris. (See app. D.) Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 13 Movement to Contact

20 Attack of a Fortified Position 1. Principes. a. Suppress enemy observation points and frontine units. b. Obscure enemy with smoke concentration. c. Secure breach point and initia positions. d. Reduce frontine positions, ro fanks, and rear areas. 2. Panning Considerations. a. Provide a thorough inteigence brief on the enemy s ocation and capabiities. b. Pan carefuy when deveoping scheme of maneuver and fire support pan. c. Pan aggressive individua and sma-unit actions. d. Pan effective contro and coordination down to the owest eve. e. Understand the scheme of maneuver and principes invoved in the attack of a fortified position. f. Consider conducting a candestine breach. 3. Breaching Task Organization/Tasks. a. Support eements may be ocated in mutipe positions and Support a phases of attack with fire. Cover, initiay, a arge part of the objective by fire. Concentrate fires in a narrow sector to aow assaut/ breach eement to seize initia enemy position. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 15 Attack of a Fortified Position

21 Offensive Operations 16 Attack of a Fortified Position Commander s Tactica Handbook b. Assaut/breach eement is an obstace-cearing detachment that is made up of an infantry squad or patoon and an engineering detachment. It is normay the smaest eement. It Breaches any obstace in the path of an attacking unit. Creates and defends the initia gap or opening in the enemy s defense. Considers mutipe or fase breaches. c. Penetration/expoitation eement is the argest reinforced eement. It Widens penetration of the enemy s position. Continues the attack into the enemy s secondary defenses and rear areas. Occupies key terrain (e.g., trench intersections, key bunkers). Note: A unit can be assigned the mission of more than one eement. 4. Specia Equipment. a. Demoitions (e.g., satche charges, ine charges, bangaore torpedoes). b. Mine detectors, wire cutters, and grapping hooks. c. Large quantities of rockets, hand grenades, and machine gun ammunition. d. Fags to mark forward progress. e. Fares/materia to mark breach anes.

22 5. Coordinating Instructions. a. Method of marking ceared bunkers/trenches. b. Reduction sequence and pan for destruction of bunkers. 6. Cearing Teams (fire team organization). a. No. 1 is an automatic rifeman who suppresses each eg of the trench after No. 2 throws the grenade. b. No. 2 assists the automatic rifeman by throwing the grenade and acting as a cover for No. 1. c. No. 3 is a team eader who contros the team s cearing procedures and indirect suppressive fires. d. No. 4 is a rifeman who provides rear security. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 17 Attack of a Fortified Position

23 Mechanized Attack 1. Principes of Mechanized Operations. a. Concentration. b. Surprise. c. Speed. d. Fexibiity. e. Bodness. 2. Task Organization. a. Assaut eement. b. Support eement. c. Breach eement. 3. Order of Movement. a. Tanks ead in open areas or when faced with significant armor threat. b. Mounted infantry eads are ony used if mechanized infantry is pure with no other antiarmor reinforcements or capabiities. c. Dismounted infantry eads when Terrain and vegetation are restrictive. Visibiity is poor. Antitank guided missies are a threat. Significant obstaces or fortified positions are encountered. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 19 Mechanized Attack

24 Offensive Operations 20 Mechanized Attack Commander s Tactica Handbook 4. Movement Techniques. a. Traveing technique is used when Speed is essentia. Movement is easy to contro. Threat of enemy contact is remote. b. Traveing overwatch is used when Speed and security are equa. Movement is harder to contro. Threat of enemy contact is possibe/probabe (bump technique). c. Bounding overwatch is used when Security is essentia. 5. Combined-Arms. Movement is hardest to contro. Threat of enemy contact is imminent (eapfrog technique). a. Designate panned, on-ca targets for immediate suppression and for shifting during movement. b. Use priority target that can be activated/deactivated on order or by event. c. Pan for the use of smoke to obscure dismount point and/or assaut position. d. Consider use of series targets for movement/attack. e. Pace enemy in a diemma.

25 6. Coordinating Instructions. a. Order of movement/formations for movement. b. Consoidation instructions: security, automatic weapon, fieds of fire, entrench (SAFE), and measures. c. Dispacement. Dispacement instructions need to address Method. Objective. Route. Time. d. Time of attack (crossing the ine of departure). e. Main effort. f. Base unit. g. Tactica contro measures (e.g., ine of departure, assaut position). h. Report of crossing phase ine. i. Report of arriva at checkpoints. j. Actions upon contact. k. Report of enemy activity immediatey to commander.. Preparations to continue the attack. m. Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) eves 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. n. Seep pan. o. Rehearsa pan for the most critica to the east critica events/actions. p. Bump pan. q. Rues of engagement. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 21 Mechanized Attack

26 Offensive Operations 22 Mechanized Attack Commander s Tactica Handbook r. Linkup pans. s. Other (as required). t. Timeine. 7. Additiona Instructions. a. Actions on contact. (1) Contact from the front, rear, eft, and right. (2) Actions against air, artiery, ground defense, etc. b. Actions for hasty and in-stride breach. (1) Support force. (2) Breach force. (3) Assaut force. c. Aternate means of communication (e.g., hand and arm signas, pyrotechnics). Signa pan faciitates action dris. d. March speed/maximum catch-up. e. Distance between vehices/distance between units. f. Security for disabed vehices during movement and during schedued and unschedued hats. g. Technique of movement. h. Antitank guided missie batte dri. (1) Designate priority targets. (2) Pan actions upon contact. i. Dismount area. j. Fire contro measures (mechanized assets supporting a dismounted attack by fire).

27 Night Attack 1. Types. a. Iuminated night attack principes are the same as a dayight attack. b. Noniuminated night attack uses steath to achieve surprise. c. Supported or nonsupported night attacks are seected based on the degree of surprise needed. Note: Aways pan for the use of supporting fires. 2. Noniuminated, Nonsupported, Night Attack Principes. a. Contro (mark key eaders for easy identification). b. Direction (use compasses and assaut azimuth). c. Surprise (quicky foow with bod, aggressive action). 3. Common Contro Measures. a. Point of departure. b. Contact point. c. Reease points. d. Probabe ine of depoyment (PLD). e. Routes. f. Limit of advance. g. Time of attack. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 23 Night Attack

28 Offensive Operations 24 Night Attack Commander s Tactica Handbook 4. Reconnaissance PLD Patro. a. Gain detaied information on enemy and terrain. b. Mark routes. c. Provide guides for night attack force. d. Maintain surveiance of the area of objective. e. Estabish PLD. 5. Techniques for Loading PLD.

29 6. Genera Considerations. a. A units are physicay tied in on the PLD. b. PLD patro is composed of Marines from each patoon. c. Contingency pans for enemy contact are used Prior to oading PLD. During depoyment onto the PLD. If receiving sporadic fire from defensive ines or observation post/istening post. d. Obstace breach is panned. e. Iumination pan is initiated on contact. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 25 Night Attack

30 Offensive Operations 26 Night Attack Commander s Tactica Handbook

31 Heicopterborne Operations 1. Panning Considerations. a. Determine the tota number of aircraft avaiabe by consuting the forward air controer/air officer. b. Determine the number and type of aircraft aocated to each wave by consuting with the forward air controer/air officer. c. Determine the size of the anding zone and surrounding terrain/vegetation by using maps, photographs, reconnaissance, and inteigence reports. d. Determine oad pan per aircraft. (1) Spread oading of the key personne, weapons, and equipment. (2) Estabish a bump pan in case there are aircraft compications or changes. e. Prepare and coect a manifest for each heiteam. f. Determine the need for anding zone security (both pick-up and insert). g. Pan for both primary and aternate anding zones. (Who has authority to change from primary to aternate?) h. Mark anding zone (e.g., panes, smoke, NATO inverted Y). (See app. E.) i. Use initia termina guidance, if avaiabe. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 27 Heicopterborne Operations

32 Offensive Operations 28 Heicopterborne Operations Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Landing Considerations. a. Leaders must orient themseves and the heiteam prior to the ramp going down (12 o cock). b. A rife patoon is generay the smaest tactica unit to and in one wave. c. The heicopterborne force ands prepared to fight in any direction. d. Leaders must pan for security immediatey upon anding. e. Leaders estabish unit sectors based on the cock method or key terrain objectives. f. Leaders estabish procedures/signas to prepare, oad, orient, etc., upon anding. g. Leaders designate guides for subsequent ifts. 3. Loading Considerations. a. Secure a corner of a arge anding zone with a part of the force (eave remainder in the assemby/hoding area during embarkation and debarkation). b. Secure the entire perimeter of a smaer anding zone during embarkation and debarkation. c. Designate a pick-up zone contro officer/marshaing area contro officer. d. Instruct the heiteams to head to the reease point (hoding area) and drop off the manifest. If manifest cards are coected prior to heicopter arriva, units may bypass the reease point and, on signa, head directy for their assigned aircraft. e. Extract the security unit ast.

33 Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 29 Heicopterborne Operations

34 Offensive Operations 30 Heicopterborne Operations Commander s Tactica Handbook 4. Genera Considerations. a. GO/NO GO criteria. b. Downed heicopter procedures. c. Evasion and escape (E&E) pan. d. Search and rescue (SAR) pan/combat search and rescue (CSAR) pan/tactica recovery of aircraft and personne (TRAP) pan. e. Weapon carried muzze down for CH-46s/53s and muzze up for UH-1s. f. Packs sung over one shouder can be easiy ditched if required. g. Soft covers are removed when heicopters are inbound. h. The heiteam eader/senior man uses, once inside the heicopter, an interna communications system (ICS) to coordinate and confirm route, anding pan, and anding zone with the heicopter piot. 5. Common Contro Measures. a. Identify the marking coors of the assemby area, anding zone, pick-up zone, hoding area, and anding site. b. Identify and designate the number of reease points and anding points required.

35 6. Common Heicopter Data. Norma troop capacity (peacetime) UH-1N CH-46E CH-53D CH-53E Norma troop capacity (combat) Maximum troop seating capacity Litter capacity Cassification utiity ight medium heavy heavy 1 Up to 55 seats (center ine instaation). The number of passengers (PAX) may be imited during training. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 31 Heicopterborne Operations

36 Miitary Operations on Urbanized Terrain 1. Miitary Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) Phases of the Attack. a. Reconnoiter the objective (reconnaissance and inteigence gathering to support panning). b. Isoate the objective (a portion or the entire urban area). c. Gain a foothod/estabish a point of entry (rapid buidup of combat power). d. Attack or cear the objective. 2. Patoon in the Attack. a. Commander s pan ensures understanding and coordination (detaied centraized panning/decentraized execution). b. Attack is heaviy decentraized (initiative, adaptation, and sma-unit eadership). c. Buidings are attacked as if they were fortified positions. d. Unit size is based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T). e. Contro is maintained between adjacent units. f. Scheme of maneuver and fire support pan emphasize use of direct fire weapons in cose support of assaut. g. Scheme of maneuver must provide for detaied, systematic, step-by-step reduction of a objectives assigned to the patoon. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 33 MOUT

37 Offensive Operations 34 MOUT Commander s Tactica Handbook h. Automatic weapons are assigned principa direction of fires on streets to isoate the enemy. i. Assaut is characterized by three steps. (1) Isoate. (2) Gain entry. (3) Cear. 3. Coordinating Instructions. a. Use phase ines, boundaries, checkpoints, etc., to aid in contro. b. Identify structures (and the order in which they wi be attacked) by the number or etter. c. Specify method for marking secured buidings so they can be identified by other friendies. d. Specify detaied actions of search team/cover team. e. Estabish casuaty coection points, enemy prisoner of war coection points, and refugee contro point. f. Specify the method for marking individua Marines and entry points. 4. Genera Considerations. a. Check a hoes, doorways, and windows for booby traps prior to entering. b. Enter buidings from the top if possibe. c. Breach/create ground foor entry by using demoition or direct fire weapons.

38 d. Ensure breakdown into cearing and covering teams. e. Achieve fire superiority before attacking a buiding. f. Maintain the principe of a-around security (consider the three-dimensiona threat). g. Conduct rehearsas and prepare standing operating procedures which are vita down to the smaest unit eve. h. Designate marksmen and use them. i. Identify grenades by type and quantity, as we as issue safety instructions. j. Consider the use of riot contro agents if authorized. k. Consider the use of smoke, backbast from weapons, etc., to cover movements across danger areas. 5. Organization. a. Patoon eve is organized into assaut, support, and security forces. (1) Each force is normay based around a rife squad. (2) Squads may be reinforced with crew-served weapons, forward observers, etc. b. Squad eve is organized into an assaut force and support force and reinforced or task-organized as needed based on METT-T. (1) Assaut force consists of one assaut eement, one security eement, and one fire team for each eement (two fire teams tota). Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 35 MOUT

39 Offensive Operations 36 MOUT Commander s Tactica Handbook (2) Support force consists of one fire team (may be rotated). c. Fire team eve, assaut eement is organized into two-man search and two-man cover teams.

40 Fundamentas of Securing a Room 1. Genera Considerations. a. Dominate the room and approaches. b. Empoy speed, accuracy, vioence of action, and momentum. c. Conduct area searches to eiminate a threats. d. Shoot threat targets, cover danger areas, protect each other. e. Report the situation. f. Continue attack or defend. 2. Basic Rues to Foow. a. Foow safety rues. b. Know your weapon s condition. c. Move as fast as possibe; however the abiity to shoot accuratey must be maintained. d. Lead with head and eyes. e. Move smoothy but quicky from covered position to covered position, remain ow when stationary. f. Concentrate on the front sight post (eyes, muzze, target). g. Foow through. Engage target unti it is down. h. Cover assigned sectors. i. Maintain awareness (don t be started). j. Avoid speed reoading; keep track of your remaining ammunition. k. Lead with physica aggression. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 37 Securing a Room

41 Offensive Operations 38 Securing a Room Commander s Tactica Handbook. Cear constricted spaces from the outside. m. Cear a corner before moving into it. n. Never make entry aone. o. Reoad before a rounds are expended. p. Normay assign at east one squad to cear a buiding (use mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe [METT-T]). q. Maintain three-dimensiona security. Haways are fata funnes of fire. r. Focus on hand-carried items and hand movements of occupants to determine if weapons are present and to react to hostie intent. s. Communicate constanty with each other. t. Keep off was (12 to 18 inches).

42 Amphibious Heicopterborne Assaut The foowing coordinating instructions are common to two or more eements: Assemby area for oading. Heiteam wave and seria assignment tabe submitted by (time) and (ocation). Heiteams formed by (time) and (ocation). Tactica spread oading and bump pan. Manifest submitted by (time) and (ocation). Zone inspection, panning, preparing and operation (ZIPPO) brief at (time) and (ocation) given by (who) for (whom). Heiteam organization. Landing pan. Landing zone organization (fying out). Landing zone organization (fying in). L-hour. Portion of anding zone reported as secure. 12 o cock is. Tentative extraction pan. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 39 Phib Heicopterborne Ast

43 Amphibious Surface Assaut The foowing coordinating instructions are common to a eements: H-hour. L-hour. Staging areas/boat stations. Boat team organization, ensuring tactica spread oading and bump pan. Seria assignment tabes submitted by (time) and (ocation). Manifest submitted by (time) and (ocation). Assaut stage by (time) and (ocation). Boat teams formed by (time) and (ocation). Ship-to-shore movement. Landing pan. GO/NO GO criteria. Commander s Tactica Handbook Offensive Operations 41 Phib Surface Assaut

44 Offensive Operations 42 Commander s Tactica Handbook

45 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Genera Information 1. Characteristics. a. Preparation. Leaders post oca security to provide eary warning. b. Disruption of enemy attacks. Defensive operations aim to disrupt enemy attacks as far from friendy forces as possibe. c. Concentration of combat power. Leaders ensure that combat power is avaiabe at decisive time and pace. d. Fexibiity. Forces maintain the abiity to dea with a variety of enemy courses of action. e. Use of terrain. Leaders contro avenues of approach based on key terrain, observation and fieds of fire, cover and conceament, obstaces, and avenues of approach (KOCOA). f. Security. Forces use both active and passive measures. g. Mutua support. Leaders position units so they can reinforce each other. h. Defense in depth. A shaow defense is vunerabe to a concentrated attack. i. Obstace pan. A coordinated obstace pan strengthens defensive operations. j. Fire pan. Leaders coordinate and integrate direct/indirect fire pans with the scheme of maneuver and obstace pans. (See app. F.) Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 43 Genera Information

46 Defensive Operations 44 Genera Information Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Reconnaissance. a. Issue warning order and pan eader s reconnaissance. (1) Identify the type of reconnaissance pan (e.g., map, visua, heicopter). (2) Identify the number of personne and key personne/ equipment participating in reconnaissance party. (3) Identify security requirements. (4) Identify eaders remaining with the company. (5) Deveop 5-point contingency pan. b. Pan reconnaissance actions. (1) Deveop/confirm occupation pan (e.g., crow s foot, bent L). (2) Confirm/deny possibe enemy avenues of approach and courses of action. (3) Designate fieds of fire and dead space. (4) Locate istening post (LP)/observation posts (OPs). (5) Designate tentative primary, aternate, and suppementary positions. (6) Confirm and deveop tentative obstaces and fire support pans. (7) Designate tentative ocations for command posts; aid stations; nucear, bioogica, and chemica evacuation stations; medica evacuation station anding zone; petroeum, ois, and ubricants; and ogistics.

47 (8) Designate sectors of fire. (9) Identify adjacent unit s positions and ensure that sectors of fire are mutuay supporting. (10) Estabish security pan (OP/LP) and initia communications (wire) pan. 3. Fina Panning Considerations. a. Does the defensive pan Aow for fexibiity? Aow for proper use of terrain? Provide for mutua support? Provide adequate security measures? Provide for enough depth? Aow for panned use of reserve and/or counterattack? b. Have adjacent units positions, sectors of fire, etc., been confirmed? c. Is defense from batte position or sector? d. Which type of defense is panned, inear, reverse sope, or perimeter? Which defense best accompishes the mission and uses the terrain to best advantage? e. What are the positions of key weapon systems? Do they support the defensive pan? Are direct support/genera support weapon systems within the position/sector efficienty secured by the infantry? Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 45 Genera Information

48 Defensive Operations 46 Genera Information Commander s Tactica Handbook f. Does the fire support pan Support the defensive scheme of maneuver and security (patroing) pans? Cover the use of high exposives, smoke, and iumination? g. Does the engineering pan Pace the priority of effort on mobiity, countermobiity, or survivabiity? Support the defensive scheme of maneuver and fire support pans? Integrate with the engineering pan of adjacent units? Provide for conceament of obstaces? Provide for cover of obstaces by fire? 4. Batte Positions Versus Sector. Considerations Batte Position Sectors Avenues of approach We defined; enemy Not easiy defined can be canaized Terrain Dominates avenues of approach Dominating terrain not avaiabe Area of operation Narrow/sma Wide/arge Mutua support Achievabe Not easiy achieved Commander s abiity to contro Good Degraded 5. Defensive Types. a. Perimeter. b. Linear. c. Reverse sope.

49 6. Conduct. a. To prepare for combat, eaders Receive the mission. Make tentative pans. Issue the warning order. b. To prepare for reconnaissance missions, eaders Confirm the enemy s probabe avenue of approach. Identify dead space. Identify ocation for OPs/LPs. Identify ocation of primary, aternate, and suppementary positions for subunits and major weapons systems. c. Once reconnaissance is competed, movement into the defense begins: OPs/LPs and guides may be eft in position. Unit eaders compete and issue orders, conduct inspections, and conduct rehearsas. The company moves forward by unit or by patoon/section to occupy position. d. Occupation of the defense. (1) Prior to entrenching, eaders Wak the defensive position to reexamine sectors of fire and to confirm the position. Estabish face-to-face coordination with adjacent unit eaders. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 47 Genera Information

50 Defensive Operations 48 Genera Information Commander s Tactica Handbook (2) During occupation of positions, eaders Confirm sectors and check interocking fires and dead space. Physicay check and confirm positions of key weapons. Check range cards. Compete defense fire pan sketch and deiver to the next higher command. Look at weapons, positions, and obstaces from enemy point of view. Disseminate any information received. Ensure automatic weapons are integrated and protected with infantry. Check security and aert pan, patro pan, radio watch, and ogistics. Rehearse routes to and from aternate and/or suppementary positions. (3) Based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T) and security, automatic weapon, fieds of fire, entrench (SAFE), eaders Estabish ocation security (OP/LP) and specify eves of aert.

51 Position automatic weapons and assign their sectors to incude the fina protective ine or principa direction of fire. Identify sectors of fire for a other weapons and empace aiming stakes. Design primary positions and entrench. Estabish and register fina protective fires (mortars and artiery) to cover dead space. Cear fieds of fire and begin entrenching. Prepare range cards and fire pan sketches. (See app. K.) Lay and bury communications wire. Empace obstaces (e.g., wire, mines, booby traps). Mark target reference points (TRPs) and direct fire contro measures. Prepare aternate and suppementary positions. Estabish rest pan. Rehearse engagements. Stockpie ammunition, food, and water. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 49 Genera Information

52 Defensive Operations 50 Genera Information Commander s Tactica Handbook 7. Reverse Sope Defense.

53 Genera Coordinating Instructions for Defense Orders The foowing coordinating instructions are common to two or more eements: Movement into the defense (deiberate defense ony). Location/grids for tactica and fire contro measures (e.g., boundary, sectors of fire, target reference point, engagement area). Target precedence. Security pan (percent aert). Engagement and disengagement criteria and instructions. Rates of fire. Priority of work based on security, automatic weapons, fieds of fire, entrench (SAFE). Reporting requirements. Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) eves 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Contro of iumination. Stand-to commences (time) and ceases (time). Movement within position. Other. Timeine. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 51 Defense Orders

54 Reserve Considerations 1. Genera Considerations. a. Commit enough combat power to be decisive at the critica point. b. Consider that the smaest unit capabe of creating a reserve is generay a company. c. Prioritize missions for panning purposes (be prepared). d. Assign positions near the most ikey pace of commitment. e. Consider ocating Reserve Force commander with a higher commander for better situationa awareness. 2. Possibe Missions. a. Reinforce the main batte area. b. Add depth to the defense. c. Bock or contain penetrations. d. Protect fanks and rear areas. e. Conduct a hasty counterattack. f. Support the forward eement by fire. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 53 Reserve Considerations

55 Counterattack Considerations 1. Genera Considerations. a. Enemy s strength and mobiity. b. Initia disposition, assemby areas, coordination measures, and routes. c. Coordination with frontine units. d. Fire support pan. e Communications/signas. f. Rehearsas. 2. Types. a. Panned counterattack Uses a designated force (not part of the reserve). Is panned prior to batte and mission assigned to a subunit as an on-order mission. Is prepared, coordinated, and rehearsed in detai. Is issued as an attack pan with tentative objectives and direction of attack. Becomes the main effort once empoyed. b. Hasty counterattack Is a defensive measure that wasn t impemented in the commander s origina scheme of maneuver. Tasks the east engaged unit if a reserve is not aready assigned. Is normay assigned as a be-prepared mission or issued as a fragmentary order. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 55 Counterattack Considerations

56 Defensive Miitary Operations on Urbanized Terrain 1. Principes. a. Empoy a-around defense and mutuay supporting positions. b. Estabish three-dimensiona security (above, beow, and around). c. Deny enemy freedom of movement (barricade avenues of approach). 2. Panning. a. Leaders assign priorities of work in the defense based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T); security, automatic weapon, fieds or fire, entrench (SAFE); and other considerations. b. Leaders pan positions to achieve defense in depth. c. Leaders pan and impement obstace/barrier pan. d. Leaders determine the priority of buidings/areas to defend. e. Leaders generay assign one patoon (based on METT-T) to defend one bock or one arge buiding. 3. Genera Considerations. a. Position security high for best observation and survivabiity. b. Empoy automatic weapons at ground eve and antiaircraft at higher eve for effectiveness. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 57 Defensive MOUT

57 Defensive Operations 58 Defensive MOUT Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Anticipate the specia considerations required when using weapons with back bast. d. Construct firing ports and barricades in and around positions. e. Rehearse contingencies for moving within and around positions. f. Construct cover using, preferaby, reinforced concrete or brick. Improve cover with sandbags or ammunition cans fied with dirt or debris. g. Seect observation positions that, at a minimum, permit observation of the adjacent unit s sector. h. Concea firing positions back and away from windows and doors. Wet down areas around weapons to prevent dust signatures when firing. i. Seect fieds of fire and positions that are mutuay supporting. Machine guns shoud have wire screens (cycone fencing) to defect grenades and to detonate rockets. j. Shut off gas and eectricity to prevent fires. Prepare for the possibiity of fires, foods, and eectrica hazards. k. Stockpie food, water, ammunition, etc., if defending for an extended period.. Seect communications methods (e.g., primary wire, messenger, voice, hand and arm, air panes, phone) that support survivabiity. m. Pan escape routes and rehearse if time permits. n. Deveop counterattack pan and identify force. o. Deveop a retrograde pan.

58 Countermechanized Operations 1. Tactica Considerations. a. Identify and prioritize mechanized avenues of approach and mobiity corridors. b. Estabish the means to detect enemy armor. c. Conduct inteigence preparation of the battespace (IPB). d. Estabish forces for security. e. Use the terrain to gain advantage. f. Ensure the barrier pan supports the defensive pan. Barriers are essentia in the defense. g. Integrate a supporting arms into the combined-arms countermechanized scheme. h. Empoy weapons in mass and in depth. i. Decide whether to fight from batte position(s) or sector(s). 2. Countermechanized Fires (two types). a. Concentric and ever-increasing voumes of fire deivered by Heavy antitank weapon (HAW). Medium antitank weapon (MAW). Light antitank weapon (LAW). Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 59 Countermechanized Ops

59 Defensive Operations 60 Countermechanized Ops Commander s Tactica Handbook b. Massed surprise fires. (1) Direct fire weapons engage simutaneousy in an ambush. (2) Supporting arms may be used in the same manner as concentric method. 3. Engagement Areas. a. Use engagement areas as a too to hep concentrate fires and optimize fire distribution. b. Identify the engagement area by target reference points (TRPs) or by prominent terrain features. c. Design defense around avenues of approach, not around engagement areas. 4. Weapons Empoyment Considerations. a. Mutua support. b. Overapping sectors of fire. c. Dispersion. d. Primary, aternate, and suppementary positions. 5. Tactica Contro Measures/Coordinating Instructions. a. TRPs. b. Sectors of fire. c. Engagement criteria. d. Target precedence. e. Criteria for initiating fires (event, command, or time).

60 f. Trigger ines/points. g. Break ines aow weapons to dispace to aternate, suppementary, or successive positions. h. Successive batte positions. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 61 Countermechanized Ops

61 Engagement Areas 1. Genera Considerations. a. Used as a too to concentrate fires and optimize their effects. b. Used most effectivey with combined arms. (1) Fixed-wing cose air support (CAS). (2) Rotary-wing CAS. (3) Artiery. (4) Tanks. (5) Antitank guided missies. (6) Weapons organic to the infantry battaion/rife company. c. Identified by target reference points (TRPs) on the corners of the engagement area or by easiy recognizabe terrain features around the engagement area. 2. Panning Considerations. Determine the ocation of the engagement area based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T). a. Mission. Design the engagement area to produce the desired effects that support the scheme of maneuver. Different missions may favor different approaches. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 63 Engagement Areas

62 Defensive Operations 64 Engagement Areas Commander s Tactica Handbook b. Enemy. Anayze the threat and task-organize and decide which portion (i.e., advance guard, main body, rear guard) to engage by determining the Size and configuration of enemy forces. Distribution between echeons and composition of each. Time avaiabe to prepare the engagement area. c. Terrain and weather. (1) Identify restricted avenues of approach that imit the enemy s abiity to depoy. (2) Find the avenue of approach that aows the best Cover and conceament. Avenues of egress for disengagement and empoyment of weapons at maximum range. (3) Decide if terrain and weather favor massed surprise or concentric fires (HAW, MAW, LAW). (4) Determine whether to defend by sector or from batte positions. d. Troops and support avaiabe. Attempt to overwhem the enemy with different threats to put him in a diemma or surviva situation. e. Time avaiabe. Specify the time to move to the engagement area and get a units and obstaces set in pace by determining How fast the enemy can move across the terrain. How many shots can be taken into the engagement area.

63 How fast can a disengagement and egress back to the next position be accompished. How much ammunition is required for engagement and pre-stage ammunition at subsequent positions to expedite resuppy. 3. Refinement Considerations. a. When augmenting existing or natura obstaces, the obstaces may be used to (1) Stop the enemy. (2) Spit the enemy coumn. (3) Divert the enemy coumn and reduce the width of the engagement area. b. When positioning direct fire weapons Consider the enemy wi target idea positions from his map study. Seect positions that aren t obvious yet meet the empoyment criteria. Use hot/cod fighting positions. Evauate each weapon type individuay. Use tanks to dispace rapidy, to ki quicky and accuratey, and to protect other eements as they egress. c. When cacuating hit probabiity Use the size of the engagement area. Consider the speed the enemy can move over the terrain. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 65 Engagement Areas

64 Defensive Operations 66 Engagement Areas Commander s Tactica Handbook Determine the rate of fire and effects of other arms. Determine if the enemy can be stopped or merey sowed down. d. When empoying rotary-wing CAS Use artiery suppression to imit exposure to enemy fires. Seect a hoding area and two or more firing positions. e. When empoying fixed-wing CAS Use we beyond the engagement area. Use on trapped vehices in and beyond the engagement area. Use for counterbattery fire. f. When panning artiery, pan for fires beyond the engagement area, in the engagement area, and in front of the position. g. When estabishing conduct of fire (sequencing) for each weapon Assign fire distribution by sectors of fire, TRPs, and trigger and break ines. Specify fire contro (on order or event oriented). Determine engagement/disengagement criteria. Estabish target precedence. h. When estabishing command and contro for fires into an engagement area Centraized command is critica. The commander must contro initiation of artiery, change target priorities as

65 required, change engage/disengage criteria as required, and conduct a rehearsa with a eements participating. This wi ensure communication networks function, artiery is on target, and timing is on. Decentraized contro aows eaders to take rapid advantage of enemy weaknesses and expoit them. The commander must ensure a unit eaders are we briefed and have a cear understanding of the task, intent, and pan of engagement. i. When conducting contingency panning, deveop pans that address no friendy artiery, no friendy CAS, significant enemy air threat, enemy suppression of artiery, eary discovery of friendy positions, eary enemy depoyment, etc. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 67 Engagement Areas

66 Defensive Operations 68 Engagement Areas Commander s Tactica Handbook

67 Conducting Reconnaissance to Define and Buid an Engagement Area 1. Identification. Identify mobiity corridors, avenues of approach, and key or decisive terrain. 2. Engagement Area (EA). Determine the ocation of engagement area issued by higher headquarters. 3. Batte Position. Determine the ground ocation of proposed batte position(s) and observation posts (OPs)/istening posts (LPs): Wak/drive the engagement area and area of operations if possibe. Get the fee of the terrain in order to use it to gain advantage. Confirm or deny the information presented during the inteigence preparation of the battespace (IPB) process. 4. Target Reference Points. Identify target reference points (TRPs). a. Decide where to ki the enemy. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 69 EA: Conducting Recon

68 Defensive Operations 70 EA: Conducting Recon Commander s Tactica Handbook (1) Mark and identify TRPs for massing fires on specific mobiity corridors. (2) Mark and identify TRPs for patoon sectors of fire. (3) Look for possibe obstaces positioning sites (based on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe [METT-T] anaysis) whie moving through the engagement area. (4) Determine how these obstaces can be integrated into a coherent defense. b. Move vehices and weapons into position. Drive the engagement area whie gunners make range/sketch cards. Identify dead space. c. Identify the proposed batte position from the enemy s perspective. Determine at what point conceament/surprise is ost. 5. Direct Fires. a. Ensure support and fieds of fire. b. Consider time of fight (antitank guided missies [ATGMs]). c. Consider effective range. d. Consider cover, conceament, and camoufage. e. Consider fanking shots. f. Determine abiity to maneuver. g. Determine dispacement routes. h. Consider successive positions.

69 6. Indirect Fires. Pan indirect fires to cover dead space. a. Coordinate with adjacent units and confirm or deny their abiity to provide overapping fires. b. Mark and identify trigger ines with TRPs. c. Add trigger ines to range/sketch cards. 7. Vehice Fighting Positions. Prepare vehice fighting positions. 8. Obstace Locations. Identify proposed obstace ocations and purpose (i.e., turn, fix, disrupt, bock). a. Identify genera obstace ocation with engineer if avaiabe. b. Direct the engineer to mark specific obstace ocations on the ground. c. Verify that designated gunners can see obstace markers, observe weapons effects, and cover obstaces with direct fire. d. Move obstaces to ensure observation of obstaces and effects. (Ensure that the new obstace ocations conform to the commander s intent.) e. Add proposed obstaces to range/sketch cards (i.e., change broken ines in graphics to soid as the obstaces are competed). Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 71 EA: Conducting Recon

70 Defensive Operations 72 EA: Conducting Recon Commander s Tactica Handbook 9. Dismounted Infantry Positions. Pan for dismounted infantry positions. a. Identify dismounted avenues of approach. b. Identify and mark dismounted infantry TRPs to guard obstaces; to cover dead space, fanks, and rear; and to hod key or decisive terrain. c. Identify dismounted infantry batte positions from the enemy s perspective. d. Designate and mark crew-served weapons and squad positions. e. Record sector imit data on fire pan sketch. f. Move Marines into position. g. Wak engagement area. (1) Position mortars, M203s, and caymores to cover dead space. (2) Mark and identify trigger ines with TRPs. (3) Add trigger ines to range cards.

71 Retrograde Operations: Deay 1. Genera Considerations. a. The force under pressure trades space for time and avoids becoming decisivey engaged. b. The deaying unit simutaneousy does the foowing: Destroys as much of the enemy force as possibe. Causes the enemy to depoy repeatedy. Preserves the friendy force s freedom of maneuver. Conserves combat power to fight again. c. The higher headquarters defines the deay operation in terms of preservation of the force, as we as time and terrain. 2. Fundamentas. a. Ensure centraized contro, but decentraized execution. b. Make maximum use of terrain to sow the enemy and gain advantage. (1) Key terrain. (2) Observation and fieds of fire. (3) Cover and conceament, incuding observation from the air. (4) Obstaces, both natura and artificia. (5) Avenues of approach, to incude visibiity, movement, fire support, and battefied mobiity. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 73 Retrograde Operations: Deay

72 Defensive Operations 74 Retrograde Operations: Deay Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Force the enemy to depoy/maneuver. (1) Sow the enemy s progress. (2) Trade space for time. d. Avoid decisive engagement. (1) Make the enemy depoy; deveop the situation. (2) Dispace to the next position (successive deay/aternate deay) before the decisive engagement occurs. (3) Assign patoon sectors for each avenue of approach within the company sector. 3. Contro Measures. a. Sectors for each committed unit are estabished by boundaries. b. Location of batte positions or defensive positions. c. Phase ines. d. Checkpoints. e. Location of observation posts/istening posts for each batte position or defensive position. f. Passage points. g. Routes (primary and aternate) from one position to the next. h. Location of suppy routes or ammunition caches. i. Indirect fire targets, priority of fires, priority targets, and famiy of scatterabe mines targets. j. Estabishment and dissemination of criteria for disengagement. k. Destruction of friendy items and gear.

73 4. Mobiity Considerations. a. The arger the mobiity differentia achieved by the deay force over the enemy, the greater the probabiity of success. b. Mobiity is increased by Conducting persona reconnaissance of a deay routes and deay positions. Improving existing roads and trais. Executing we-rehearsed movements. Ensuring proper siting of antiair and antitank guided missie assets. Positioning security forces at chokepoints. Evacuating casuaties eary. Caching excess suppies aong deay routes. Controing key terrain that dominates high-speed avenues of approach. Destroying seected roads and bridges. Improving natura obstaces and covering them by fire. Empoying indirect fire and smoke to degrade the enemy s vision and rate of advance. 5. Deception Considerations. a. Take maximum advantage of darkness and periods of imited visibiity. b Empoy dummy minefieds and decoy positions. c. Maintain the norma radio traffic patterns. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 75 Retrograde Operations: Deay

74 Defensive Operations 76 Retrograde Operations: Deay Commander s Tactica Handbook d. Empoy proper radio procedures in disengaging units. e. Use demonstrations and feints to divert the enemy s attention from actua activities.

75 Retrograde Operations: Withdrawa 1. Genera Considerations. a. A panned operation in which a force in contact disengages from an enemy. b. Intention is to put distance between the friendy unit and the enemy as quicky and inconspicuousy as possibe. c. A withdrawa operation differs from a deaying operation in that the main purpose is to remove the force from the presence of the enemy. d. Eements may conduct deaying operations to gain time for the force to disengage. 2. Types of Withdrawa. a. Withdrawa not under enemy pressure. Freedom of action is preserved. b. Withdrawa under enemy pressure, fighting to the rear. 3. Purpose. a. To avoid destruction of the force. b. To avoid batte under unfavorabe conditions. c. To draw the enemy into an engagement area. d. To aow the force to be used esewhere. 4. Panning Considerations. a. New ocations of rear positions/assemby areas. b. Sectors/routes of withdrawa, guides, and traffic. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 77 Retrograde Ops: Withdrawa

76 Defensive Operations 78 Retrograde Ops: Withdrawa Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Timing and sequencing of withdrawa. d. Composition and mission of detachments eft in contact (DLICs) (e.g., 1/3 rife company, 1/2 weapons patoon). e. Actions on enemy contact. f. Location/composition of ambushes. g. Supporting fire pan/dispacements. h. Deception measures and tactica cover. i. Contro measures (i.e., checkpoints, phase ines, initia points, and reease points). j. Medica evacuation and movement of ogistic trains. k. Traffic contro measures/priorities.. Aternate pans and counterattack pans. m. Commander s dayight reconnaissance. n. Destruction of equipment eft behind. o. No communications pan/procedures. 5. Time of Withdrawa for the Detachment Left in Contact (DLIC). a. On order. b. Designated time. c. Event. 6. Withdrawa Under Pressure. The covering force is behind the initia position, and there is no detachment eft in contact.

77 7. Reasons for Deay. a. Aow time to regain sufficient strength. b. Draw the enemy into an unfavorabe position. c. Learn the enemy s intent through time and inteigence. d. Protect the main force. e. Gain time to reestabish defenses. 8. Fundamentas. a. Characterize by centraized contro and decentraized execution. b. Make maximum use of terrain and obstaces. c. Force the enemy to depoy and maneuver. d. Maintain contact. e. Avoid being decisivey engaged. f. Deveop a counterattack pan. g. Maintain a strong reserve. h. Require a reserve that ony the commander can commit. i. Deveop aternate pans. 9. Overay. a. Initia positions. b. Subsequent batte positions. c. Main batte force routes. d. Counterattack pans. e. Contro measures for rear passage of ines. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 79 Retrograde Ops: Withdrawa

78 Defensive Operations 80 Retrograde Ops: Withdrawa Commander s Tactica Handbook

79 Retrograde Operations: Retirement A retirement operation occurs when a force moves away from the enemy. Proper security is maintained during the movement since enemy confict is probabe. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 81 Retrograde Ops: Retirement

80 Rear Area Security 1. Principes. a. Rear area security is a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) commander s responsibiity. b. Units are responsibe for their own security. c. The rear area security effort wi normay pace minima reiance on the ground combat eement (depending on the enemy threat and situation). d. The rear area security effort must be baanced against the threat. 2. Security. a. The threat shoud be determined before deciding on a security pan. b. Externa and perimeter rear area security considerations are as foows: Are there estabished boundaries? (May organize into smaer, mutuay supporting positions or a arger defensive position.) Where wi avenues of approach be ocated? Can the site (e.g., obstace, barrier/existing structure) be isoated? Are fortifications required? Where wi access points and search points be ocated? Is a ighting pan necessary? Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 83 Rear Area Security

81 Defensive Operations 84 Rear Area Security Commander s Tactica Handbook Are berms or antivehice ditches required? Where wi sentry posts (e.g., observation, fieds of fire, mutua support) be ocated? Are roving patros necessary? What are the specific weapons required for each post? Have fires been coordinated with adjacent units? (Have impact areas been checked?) c. Interna rear area security considerations are as foows: Has the ocation response team of the reaction force been determined? Are combat service support operations center, rear area operations center, and command post security procedures estabished? Are observation posts feasibe? Are fortifications necessary? Has a pan to contro hired nationas been estabished? Is a traffic pan estabished? 3. Panning Considerations. a. Determine the number of Marines avaiabe. (1) Designate a chain of command. (2) Ensure there are enough personne for manning at east two reiefs, but three is idea. (3) Assign quaified Marines for each reief or crew-served weapons.

82 (4) Designate a squad eader for each reief. (5) Estabish a command eement (i.e., commander, senior enisted, and radio/teephone operator). b. Determine the number of posts required. (1) Ensure mutua support. (2) Determine access routes for the reaction force. (3) Designate aternate and suppementary posts. c. Specify the types of posts. (1) Sentry post. (2) Observation post. (3) Duty watch in the rear area operations center. (4) Vehice search points. (5) Pedestrian search points. (6) Vehice access points. (7) Pedestrian access points. (8) Combat service support operations center, rear area operations center, and command post security guards. (9) Roving patros. d. Specify personne rotation and shift ength (6 hours or ess). e. Estabish a crowd/mob contro pan. f. Designate an interna reaction force (i.e., an off-duty reief of the security force). Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 85 Rear Area Security

83 Defensive Operations 86 Rear Area Security Commander s Tactica Handbook g. Estabish rues of engagement (ROE) and determine constraints and restraints. h. Determine sentries tasks. 4. Observation Posts. a. Panning considerations. (1) Seect overt or candestine posts. (2) Anayze mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T), incuding civi situation/routine. (3) Conduct reconnaissance (pick site with an observation area, conceament area, and a covered entry/exit). (4) Determine the observation post (OP) team (2- or 4- man) and equipment (e.g., binocuars, cameras, weapons). (5) Pan time and method for occupation, reief, and watch routine. (6) Pan for OP protection. Coordinate with reaction force/ patros. (7) Determine action in case candestine OP is compromised. (8) Pan ogistic (e.g., beans, buets, Band Aids, bad guys [the 4Bs]; batteries; record og; cooking authorization). (9) Pan for communications.

84 b. Orders for observation posts (i.e., tasks, ROEs, and reports to higher headquarters). 5. Fortifications and Obstaces. a. Fortifications are constructed considering enemy capabiities and imitation. (1) Use sandbags. If possibe, use engineers to determine the imitations of using sandbags on/in the buiding. (2) Cover window screens to deny enemy observation and sniping. Aso, tape windows to reduce bast effects. (3) Protect the roof. Pacing chain ink fencing and weded mesh 1 meter above the roof wi detonate incoming mortar projecties. Use sandbags to absorb shrapne. (4) Use screens made of chain ink fencing to protect against rocket propeed grenades and thrown rocks. b. Obstaces are used to sow down, turn, or stop enemy vehices and personne. (1) Consider the enemy may use subsurface or sewer approaches. (2) Stagger obstaces across the route to create a serpentine maze. (3) Scatter singe sandbags to create road bumps and create deays. (4) Designate an access point. (5) Iuminate fences, gates, and obstaces, if possibe. (6) Cover obstaces by observation and fire. Commander s Tactica Handbook Defensive Operations 87 Rear Area Security

85 Defensive Operations 88 Rear Area Security Commander s Tactica Handbook 6. Reaction Force. a. Consider assets avaiabe. b. Provide adequate mobiity and firepower to counter threat. c. Estabish procedures for empoyment and contingency pans. d. Rehearse.

86 MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR Counterinsurgency Operations 1. Genera Considerations. Counterinsurgency operations are miitary, paramiitary, poitica, economic, psychoogica, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency. It is one of the most frustrating and difficut operations for a miitary force to execute. Its overa strategy wi be crafted at the higher eves of command. Unit commanders wi want to emphasize the foowing principes to their Marines. a. Poitica. Support of the peope is the key to a asting victory. Marines must understand the cuture and customs of the oca popuation. Commanders must give background casses on the nation s poitica history and conditions that ed to the insurgency. If avaiabe, use native interpreters or scouts to teach basic anguage skis. b. Inteigence. Inteigence coection is fundamenta to defeating the insurgent. Whie on patro or moving, Marines shoud be on the ookout for anything unusua and immediatey report information to higher headquarters. c. Tactica situation. Guerrias strike at the time and pace of their choosing. They may be inactive for ong periods, strike after coecting detaied inteigence, and then fee, disperse, Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 89 Counterinsurgency Operations

87 MOOTW 90 Counterinsurgency Operations Commander s Tactica Handbook or bend into the popuation. Identification of the eadership/ infrastructure is key to defeating the insurgent. d. Fexibiity. Marines must be prepared to conduct a variety of tactica operations. e. Mobiity. Generay, guerrias know the area, bend in with the popuation, and move reativey freey unti they strike. Marines must deny this freedom of movement to the insurgent. f. Minimum use of force. Marines must understand and observe the rues of engagement. Misuse of force can have repercussions among the oca popuation and possiby within the U.S. s aied poitica structure. g. Patience. Marines must stay aert. Counterinsurgency operations are ong and often boring. Guerrias wait for the occupying force to become compacent and then strike. Emphasize security, security, security. h. Reserves and reaction forces. Counterinsurgency operations usuay saturate the area with sma units and then reinforce rapidy when contact with the insurgent is made. The abiity to communicate is essentia; otherwise, sma units risk being isoated/cutoff. 2. Tactica Tasks. a. Security operations. (1) Protect the popuace. (2) Conduct with or conducted by host nation miitary or poice forces.

88 b. Searches. (1) Deny the guerria force freedom of movement. (2) See appendix G for more information on these tactica tasks. c. Civi disturbance/riot contro. See Crowd and Mob Contro on page 103. d. Raids or strikes. Create doubt and uncertainty in guerria forces. e. Patros. (1) See Patroing on page 131 and Urban Patroing on page 143. (2) Use saturation patroing which is critica to any counterinsurgency operation. f. Ambushes. Deny the guerria force freedom of movement. g. Humanitarian operations. Perform medica/denta civic actions, rebuid schoos/hospitas, distribute food, etc. h. Roadbocks. See appendix G for more information on these tactica tasks. i. Observation points Deiver information on the enemy. Provide security for the force. j. Perimeter security. See Rear Area Security on page 83 for more information on these tactica tasks. k. The reaction force Provides a force that reacts to enemy actions. Consists usuay of ight/heavy forces with an aert-toexecute timeine and rehearsed contingency pans. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 91 Counterinsurgency Operations

89 Noncombatant Evacuation Operations The protection and safeguarding of quaified evacuees is the noncombatant evacuation operation (NEO) focus; however, protecting U.S. personne is priority. Leaders use mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T) to adapt NEO mission panning and execution guideines as appropriate. 1. Panning Considerations. a. Has the ocation and number of evacuees been determined? b. What is the threat to evacuees and the NEO force (e.g., terrorist, insurgents, miitary)? c. Wi the host government assist or resist the NEO efforts? d. Is the environment permissive, uncertain, or hostie? e. Where is the assemby area ocated per the emergency action pan? f. What is the categorica breakdown of evacuees (to incude number and the back, white, gray ist if appropriate)? g. Who is the senior U.S. officia? Who are the senior officias? h. Have the ocation and number of third country nationas been determined? i. Have a sensitive U.S. properties and faciities that require security and/or destruction been identified? j. Where are the heicopter anding zones ocated? Have sizes, sopes, obstaces, etc., been identified? k. What type of medica support is required? Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 93 NEO

90 MOOTW 94 NEO Commander s Tactica Handbook. What are the rues of engagement (ROE)? m. What is the evacuation pan? 2. NEO Mission Commander s Considerations. a. Pan for possibe deterioration to an uncertain environment. b. Pan on Marines and evacuees being exposed to equa degrees of danger. c. Prioritize evacuees. d. Evacuate personne if in doubt as to their status. e. Pan for two or three times more than the number of evacuees briefed. f. Ensure that famiies are not separated. g. Ensure the evacuation contro center (ECC) force has an organic reaction capabiity to dea with contingencies. h. Take heath and comfort packs for evacuees. i. Use standing operating procedures when Preparing exposive ordnance pits. Searching femaes. Deaing with probem evacuees. Handing pets. Receipting vauabes. Exercising courtesy. j. Pan/buid demoitions pits as necessary for handing unexpoded and confiscated ordnance. k. Incude a pubic affairs officer and staff judge advocate in the pan to provide media support and to answer caims.

91 . Pan for day/night operations. m. Request permission for use of riot contro agents, if required. n. Show minima force, but be prepared. o. Do not piecemea units into the area. p. Take medica/chapain support. q. Consider a Marine air-ground task force units for support/ show of force. r. Deveop, eary in the panning process, a simpe cross-deck pan to support panning requirements. s. Identify showstoppers eary (NO GO criteria). t. Be prepared to eave stay behind forces, if required. u. Deveop pans for the use of aternate sites and evacuation means as required. v. Deveop pans for deaing with mass casuaties during operations. w. Deveop contingency pans for recovery of isoated evacuees. 3. Evacuation. a. Categories. Category I American citizens II Aien members of American famiies III Aien empoyees of U.S. Government/businesses IV Third Country Nations and other designated aiens Tag red yeow green bue Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 95 NEO

92 MOOTW 96 NEO Commander s Tactica Handbook b. Subcategories (isted from the highest to the owest priority). (1) Women obviousy pregnant. (2) Women with chidren, unaccompanied chidren under 18, and designated sponsors of unaccompanied chidren. (3) Aged and infirmed individuas. (4) Unaccompanied women 18 years or oder. (5) Men 18 or oder. 4. Sma-Unit Screening, Processing, and Movement Considerations. a. Instructions to Marines. (1) ROE. (2) Procedures for handing very important peope (VIP). (3) Procedures for handing women and dependents. (4) Procedures for request for poitica asyum and temporary refuge. (5) Procedures for handing combatants and infitrators. b. Evacuee considerations. (1) Designated VIPs are Handed with courtesy and respect. Given priority of movement. Assigned guides. Provided heath care and comfort.

93 (2) Noncombatants are Searched for contraband. Treated as third country nationas. Separated into groups of women, chidren, and disabed/injured peope. Women are categorized into groups of mothers, unaccompanied women, and pregnant women. (3) Individuas seeking poitica asyum and refuge are Given protection pending approva of their request by Department of State. Reported to higher headquarters. Denied refuge when their request for asyum is terminated. Not encouraged. (4) Combatants/infitrators are treated as enemy prisoners of war (see app. H) and are Searched for weapons and contraband. Segregated into groups. Sienced (enforce sience at a times). Evacuated quicky and humaney. Safeguarded (keep under guard and protect). Tagged as required to identify an individua s persona effects and equipment. c. Genera evacuee treatment rues. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 97 NEO

94 MOOTW 98 NEO Commander s Tactica Handbook (1) Consider evacuees are not prisoners of war, don t treat them as such. (2) Use the minimum force required for the situation. (3) Ensure that pets are eft behind. (4) Ensure that gifts, tips, or bribes are not accepted. (5) Enforce baggage imitations. (6) Keep peope and their baggage together if possibe. d. Site reconnaissance and iaison. (1) Department of State representative shoud accompany. (2) Prospective staging/processing sites are identified. (3) Security requirements are identified (e.g., protection from sma arms and in direct fire). e. Estabishment of presence at the evacuation site. (1) Identify yoursef and your purpose. (2) Reassure evacuees of their safety. (3) Expain the procedures and safety considerations. (4) Seek evacuees cooperation. f. Processing procedures at the evacuation site. (1) Maintain order. (2) Provide security. (3) Provide guidance. (4) Ensure timeiness. (5) Ensure continuous fow of evacuees.

95 5. Exampe Organization of a Patoon-Sized Evacuation Contro Center. a. Patoon sergeant is assigned responsibiity for conducting reception/registration. b. One squad is assigned responsibiity for conducting screening (i.e., verifies identification, conducts searches, and tags individuas and beongings). c. Corpsmen provide medica support. d. Appropriate individua(s) are designated to provide ogistic support. e. One squad is assigned responsibiity for embarkation of evacuees. f. One squad is assigned responsibiity as security and reaction force. g. The diagram beow depicts a typica ECC organization and fow pattern of evacuees. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 99 NEO

96 MOOTW 100 NEO Commander s Tactica Handbook 6. Inspections, Searches, and Movement Considerations. a. Evacuees and their baggage are inspected for specified contraband, weapons, exposives, or sensitive items before boarding miitary aircraft or nava vesses. When conducting inspections Brief evacuees on the practica reasons for conducting the search, especiay safety concerns. Deny evacuation to any evacuee who refuses to submit to a search. b. Persona searches of femae evacuees are conducted by femae embassy or medica personne. c. American ambassadors and other designated U.S. dipomats, their famiies, papers, or persona effects are not searched. d. Designated foreign dipomats, their famiies, papers, or property are immune from searches. Their persona baggage may be examined in their presence ony if serious grounds exist to beieve the baggage contains contraband. e. A foreign dipomatic pouch may not be searched, but the evacuation force command may deny the dipomatic courier transportation if the pouch is suspected of containing weapons or exposives. f. Embarkation procedures. (1) Assembe and post functiona detais. (2) Wecome/brief evacuees. (3) Search personne and baggage. (4) Coect vauabes and issue receipt.

97 (5) Screen for medica probems. (6) Move to embark stations. g. Procedures at debarkation destination. (1) Disseminate and brief debark pan. (2) Debark in groups as designated in the debark pan. (3) Make provisions for odging and food. (4) Customs (foow host government procedures; Department of State coordinates). (5) Foow-on transportation is the responsibiity of the Department of State. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 101 NEO

98 Crowd and Mob Contro 1. Principes. a. Maintain fexibiity to change tactics in an unstabe situation. b. Rehearse procedures and dris. c. Give the appearance of minimum force with maximum troops. d. Estabish contro. (1) Position eaders propery. (2) Use a megaphone. (3) Communicate with the crowd. e. Maintain a-round defense. (1) Assign sectors of observation. (2) Ensure 360-degree security. f. Use speed when depoying, arresting, and reacting to change. g. Gain surprise by being unpredictabe. 2. Genera Approach. a. The best way to disperse rioters may be to make arrests and to make it pain that further rioting wi resut in physica discomfort to awbreakers. b. Mob unity may be disrupted by threatening use of force, arresting eaders, and breaking the mob into smaer groups. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 103 Crowd and Mob Contro

99 MOOTW 104 Crowd and Mob Contro Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Remember, whatever measures are taken, an escape route must aways be eft open to aow rioters to disperse. d. Escaating measures may require the appication of force. 3. Escaating Orders. a. Try to tak. (1) Sit down with the riot eaders. (2) Ensure Marines in riot gear are out of sight. b. Depoy if taking fais; move Marines quicky/efficienty into position. c. Give warning and instruct the crowd to disperse. d. Take pictures to use for prosecution of individuas and for psychoogica effect. e. Advance Marines equipped with riot gear in formation (skirmish ine, wedge, or echeon). (1) Choose formation based on desired destination. (2) Drive against the obstace that forces the mob to spit with the intent to divide and disperse mob eements unti mob cohesion is ost. (3) Position units to foow in a coumn behind the advanced guard to support the advance and to pick up independent advanced guard duties as the crowd is forced down mutipe side streets. (4) Empoy riot batons, riot contro agents, water hoses, and fixed bayonets when appropriate.

100 (5) Equip vehices with peope pushers (e.g., wood patforms or concertina ros affixed to vehices front). (6) Empoy snipers ony in a ife-threatening situation. f. Dominate the area when the crowd begins to break up. (1) Aow rioters to escape. (2) Prevent rioters from massing in another ocation. g. Withdraw and return contro to civi authorities. 4. Summary. a. Minimize the necessary force to maintain continuous contro. b. Aow an escape route. c. Remember the principes. d. Escaate the use of force. (1) Foow the rues of engagement. (2) Practice constraints and restraints. e. Emphasize patience. (1) Riots are very stressfu. (2) The mob mentaity wi eventuay subside. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 105 Crowd and Mob Contro

101 Cordon and Search Operations 1. Genera Considerations. a. Understand the commander s intent. b. Exercise tight contro over the unit during contact with civiians. c. Consider ikeihood of contact, other than booby traps (contact inside the viage may be minima). d. Observe the behavior and reaction of chidren and parents at a times. e. Isoate those persons that need to be questioned. 2. Principes. a. Conduct a cordon and search operation with imited inconvenience to the popuation. b. Show respect for inhabitants, property, customs, etc. c. Conduct the search using oca forces (e.g., miitia, poice) with U.S. assistance if possibe. d. Execute as a combined civi and miitary operation. 3. Organization of the Force. a. Cordon eement. (1) Contro access in and out. (2) Use the argest eement. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 107 Cordon and Search Ops

102 MOOTW 108 Cordon and Search Ops Commander s Tactica Handbook b. Search eement. (1) Use as sma an eement as possibe. (2) If possibe, search eement shoud not contain U.S. personne. (3) Task-organize as needed into a minimum of: Reconnaissance and search teams. Popuation contro team. Prisoner contro team. Documentation team. Medica team. Census team. c. Reaction eement. (1) Use reserve. (2) Position near the highest threat area. 4. Inteigence Requirements. a. The viage. (1) Physica ayout (three-dimensiona). (2) Avenues of approach. (3) Terrain and vegetation. (4) Livestock/animas. (5) Potentia aarms.

103 b. The inhabitants. (1) Basic daiy routine. (2) Number of men in the viage. (3) Behavior of the chidren. c. Guerria activity (usuay very itte information is gained). (1) Degree of training. (2) Viage (use and reiance). (3) Security (type and degree). 5. Panning Considerations. a. Task-organize cordon, search, and reserve force. b. Determine the method and time of estabishing the cordon. c. Determine the approach/withdrawa route, time of entry, and main effort. d. Maximize observation to avoid gaps in the cordon. e. Consider the cordon to viage distance may vary with the situation, but 800 meters is generay a good working distance. f. Locate the reaction eement in the most critica area. g. Minimize the number of peope entering town. h. Setting the cordon, empacing the reaction eement, and approaching the search eement are the critica areas that wi compromise the mission. Commander s Tactica Handbook MOOTW 109 Cordon and Search Ops

104 SPECIFIC TACTICAL OPERATIONS Reief in Pace: Reieving Unit 1. Panning Considerations. a. Conduct actua reief at night whenever possibe to reduce vunerabiity/threat. (Assume the enemy is observing.) b. Conduct dayight reconnaissance by company commander/ patoon commanders and iaison personne (guides). (1) Designate area. (2) Designate routes. (3) Determine guide inkup points. (4) Become famiiar with Defense (fire pan sketch/overay). Terrain. Enemy situation. Fire support pan. (5) Coordinate command post ocation (coocate if possibe). (6) Determine the reconnaissance method (i.e., unit or echeon, indepth or adjacent). Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 111 Reief: Reieving Unit

105 Specific Tactica Operations 112 Reief: Reieving Unit Commander s Tactica Handbook (7) Leave iaison personne with the unit to be reieved. (8) Keep personne informed of a changes. (9) Wak/tak through the evoution. (Leaders must ask themseves: Can the mission be accompished from this position?) c. Make arrangements for Turnover of fire pan sketches, range cards, minefied records, obstace records, etc. Turnover of excess barrier materia, wire, mines, stockpied ammunition, etc. Exchange/turnover of machine gun tripods, mortar basepates, fied phones, camoufage netting, etc. Guides to mark the route to patoon and squad reease point. Attachment of crew-served weapons for movement to the unit in whose area the weapons position is panned. 2. Tactica Considerations. a. Command post is ocated to best coordinate reief (coocate command post if possibe). b. Company is moved to patoon reease points. c. Patoons are guided to squad reease point. d. At squad reease points (1) Guides from an outgoing unit ead the squad to the defensive position. (2) One fire team is reieved at a time.

106 (3) Each man is briefed by the outgoing man and receives range cards, etc. (4) Crew-served weapons are reieved after rife units. Range cards are received. (5) Loca security is reieved ast. e. A cear event/time for batte handover/passage of command is designated. Batte handover usuay occurs when twothirds of the unit is in pace. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 113 Reief: Reieving Unit

107 Reief in Pace: Unit to be Reieved Leaders must address the foowing panning considerations: Company/patoon commanders remain in pace during reief units reconnaissance. Company commander/executive officer coordinate the tentative pan (e.g., routes/guides). The executive officer and patoon representatives are tasked to n n n Reconnoiter the route for the reieving unit. Provide and man guide ocations. Coordinate and reconnoiter the new area to be occupied. The commander of the unit to be reieved inks up with the commander of the reieving unit. Commanders must determine n n n n Command post ocation (coocate if possibe). Turnover of excess ammunition and suppies. Turnover of fire pan sketches, obstace barrier pans, etc. Exchange of crew-served weapons, etc. Company/patoon commanders brief incoming unit commanders on n n Enemy situation. Defensive ayout. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 115 Reief: Unit to be Reieved

108 Specific Tactica Operations 116 Reief: Unit to be Reieved Commander s Tactica Handbook n n n n Terrain. Fire support pan. Fire pan sketch/overay. Communications (especiay if hard-wired). Company/patoon commanders designate n n n n n n Squad reease points for the incoming unit. Guides for each squad. Sequence of reief. Rife units (individua briefs). Automatic weapons ocations. Loca security. Weapons crews are attached to rife patoons for movement. Squads move to patoon assemby areas once they are reieved. Patoons move to the company assemby area once the patoon is reieved.

109 Passage of Lines: Passing Unit 1. Panning Considerations. a. Bypass units whenever possibe. (Passage of ines is difficut and time consuming.) b. Determine the enemy situation. (Is the unit moving forward toward the enemy or rearward away from the enemy?) c. Determine tactica empoyment of the unit being passed (incude fire support overays and communication pans). d. Determine security measures of the stationary unit. e. Conduct reconnaissance for Areas, anes of passage, reease points, inkup points, and check points. Command post/combat operations center ocation. f. Specify the number of guides needed. g. Deveop security measures for both units during passage. h. Pan fire support. (1) Extent. (2) Type. (3) Contro measures. i. Provide ogistic support for the casuaty coection point, enemy prisoners of war, etc.. j. Estabish conditions for when passage of command occurs. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 117 Passage of Lines: Passing

110 Specific Tactica Operations 118 Passage of Lines: Passing Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Passage Considerations. a. Link up with the stationary unit. b. Estabish coocated command posts/combat operations centers. c. Direct to guides inkup. d. Depoy the security eement to cear the area forward of the reease point. e. Use smoke to screen passage. f. Conduct passage quicky. g. Decide on required conditions for the passage of command. h. Notify a subordinate units when passage of command is conducted.

111 Passage of Lines: Stationary Unit The commander of the stationary unit normay contros the conduct of the passage of ines. Leaders must address the foowing panning considerations: Provide inteigence report (enemy situation) to the passing unit. Provide tactica pans (incude fire support overay and communications pans). Provide guide(s) for reconnaissance to be conducted by eements of the passing unit. Brief the moving unit on security measures. Provide recommendations on routes. Coordinate inkup passage, command post ocation, and command reationship. Provide guides at designated points. Brief the extent, type, and contro measures for provided fire support. Determine the extent of ogistic support for casuaty coection points, enemy prisoners of war, etc. Conduct the passage of command at a time mutuay agreed upon by both units. If command is transferred prior to passage, the passing unit contros the unit positioned in contact with the enemy. Inform a subordinated units of the passage of command. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 119 Passage of Lines: Stationary

112 Specific Tactica Operations 120 Passage of Lines: Stationary Commander s Tactica Handbook

113 Linkup Operations 1. Concept of Operations. The key to a rapid and successfu operation is a cear understanding of the units responsibiities and the recognition of signas used. a. Stationary force tasks. (1) Recommend the estabishment of a restricted fire ine to the fire support coordinator. (2) Recommend the time and ocation of primary and aternate inkup points to the S-3. (3) Man inkup points. (4) Repy to the inkup force s ong-range and short-range recognition signas. (5) Provide guides for the inkup force. (6) Provide anes/routes through obstaces to faciitate inkup force movement. (7) Provide assemby areas for the inkup force. (8) Provide information on recent enemy activity. b. Linkup force (moving force) tasks. (1) Arrive on time at designated inkup point or switch to the aternate inkup point. (2) Initiate ong-range and short-range recognition signas. (3) Prepare to continue the operation. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 121 Linkup Operations

114 Specific Tactica Operations 122 Linkup Operations Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Higher headquarters tasks. (1) Estabish command reationship and responsibiities of the joining forces. (2) Coordinate fire support to incude contro measures (e.g., restrictive fire ine). (3) Designate primary and aternate inkup points. (4) Estimate time of inkup. (5) Designate one unit to assume stationary force tasks if both units are moving. 2. Coordinating Instructions. Commanders estabish contact as eary as possibe to coordinate: Linkup time and command reationships of units invoved. Mutua recognition signas (i.e., near, far, and aternates). Communications pan. Schemes of maneuver (to incude contro measures). Action to be taken after inkup. Units maintain security by continuing the mission as quicky as possibe. Exchange of iaison officers. Aternate pans to incude routes, anes, and inkup points. 3. Command and Signa. a. Identify primary and aternate frequencies and ca signs. b. Designate ong- and short-range recognition signas for both day and night, as we as aternates for each.

115 Infitration Leaders must address the foowing genera panning considerations: Reease point ocations and markings. Time of reease. Point of departure. Assemby areas are defensibe, conceaed, and arge enough for an entire unit. (The first unit organizes the assemby area and provides guides.) Time the infitration must be competed. Lanes or guides. Singe ane or mutipe anes (see page 124). Rendezvous point, aternate rendezvous point, and time of rendezvous. Lost-man procedures. Escape and evasion procedures. Contact procedures. Near and far recognition signas. Route to attack position. Objective. Fire support. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 123 Infitration

116 Specific Tactica Operations 124 Infitration Commander s Tactica Handbook

117 Size of moving units. Panned fires in event of compromise. Separation between units (time is generay better than distance). Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 125 Infitration

118 Convoy Operations 1. Genera Considerations. a. Determine type of convoy. (1) Administrative. (2) Tactica. b. Determine the formation. (1) Open coumn: Normay used during the day. Vehices are spaced between 50 to 100 meters apart. May be used at night with infrared radiation ights, backout ights, chemights, etc. (2) Cose coumn: Normay used at night. Vehices are spaced approximatey 25 meters apart or to the imit of observation of preceding vehices backout ights. (3) Infitration: Normay used when security (vice speed) and dispersion are critica. Vehices are dispatched individuay, in sma groups, or at irreguar intervas aong one or mutipe routes. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 127 Convoy Operations

119 Specific Tactica Operations 128 Convoy Operations Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Determine the number and type of vehices in the convoy structure (head, body, tai). d. Determine fire support requirements. (1) Designate panned, on-ca targets. (2) Use priority targets. (3) Consider aviation support (e.g., rotary-wing cose air support for escort, route reconnaissance, and unmanned aeria vehices). e. Determine common contro measures. (1) Start point/reease point. (2) Contact points. (3) Critica points. (4) Passage points. (5) Passage anes. (6) Routes (primary and aternate). (7) Checkpoints. (8) Phase ines. 2. Panning Considerations. a. Treat a convoy as a vehicuar patro. b. Brief actions on enemy contact from Front. Rear.

120 Left. Right. Sniper. Ambush both road not bocked and road bocked scenarios. c. Pan and brief actions at security hats, both ong and short. d. Pan and brief actions for disabed vehices. e. Pan and brief actions at the destination. (1) Security force tasks. (2) Drivers tasks. (3) Specific duties. f. Pan for primary and aternate means of communication. (1) Position radios with each eement. (2) Use pyrotechnics, fags, air panes, and hand and arm signas as aternate means of communications. (3) Deveop signa pan and action dris. g. Pan for the use of guides. (1) Estabish their duties. (2) Pan for their coection. h. Pan and brief actions at critica points (i.e., chokepoints). i. Estabish march and catchup speed. j. Prepare tactica vehices. k. Designate air sentines and mark designated vehices with air panes. Commander s Tactica Handbook Specific Tactica Operations 129 Convoy Operations

121 PATROLLING Patro Steps 1. Patroing Principes. a. Detaied panning. b. Productive and reaistic rehearsas. c. Thorough reconnaissance. d. Positive contro. e. A-around security. 2. Types of Patros. a. By mission. (1) Reconnaissance. (2) Combat. b. By mobiity. (1) Foot. (2) Motorized. (3) Waterborne. (4) Heicopterborne. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 131 Patro Steps

122 Patroing 132 Patro Steps Commander s Tactica Handbook 3. Patro Panning Steps. Consider a patro steps when panning and use ony those that are necessary. The order of the steps may vary. a. Study the mission. b. Pan use of time (backwards panning). c. Study terrain and situation. d. Determine requirements. e. Organize the patro. f. Seect men, weapons, and equipment. g. Issue a patro warning order. h. Coordinate continuousy. (See app. I.) i. Make reconnaissance. j. Compete detaied pans. k. Issue the patro order.. Supervise at a times, inspect, rehearse. m. Execute the mission. 4. Patro Warning Order. The patro warning order consists of the foowing (consider posting for a): a. A brief statement of the situation (enemy and friendy). b. Mission of the patro. c. Genera instructions. (1) Genera and specia organization. (2) Uniform and equipment common to a.

123 (3) Weapons, ammunition, and equipment. (4) Chain of command. (5) A time schedue for the patro s guidance (backwards panning). (6) Time, pace, uniform, and equipment for receiving the patro eader s order. (7) Times and paces for inspections and rehearsas. d. Specific instructions. (1) To subordinate eaders. (2) To specia purpose teams or key individuas. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 133 Patro Steps

124 Patro Order Information 1. Task Organization. a. Units (maintain unit integrity as much as possibe). (1) Security. Address position in formation and responsibiities. (2) Headquarters. Address position in formation and responsibiities. (3) Assaut. Address position in formation and responsibiities. Designate any subunits required (teams). (4) Support. Use as required. Comprised mainy of units organic to patro. (5) Reconnaissance/reconnaissance and security as required. Incude designation of required subunits (teams). b. Teams. (1) Assaut. Use A, B, C, etc., to designate if more than one assaut team. (2) Reconnaissance/reconnaissance and surveiance. Use A, B, C, etc., to designate if more than one reconnaissance team. (3) Aid/itter. Provide specific instructions. (4) Search/enemy prisoner of war. Provide specific instructions. (5) Demoition. Prepare caymores or satche charges for the mission. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 135 Patro Order Information

125 Patroing 136 Patro Order Information Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Key individuas. (1) Team eader is in charge of the patro and responsibe for its conduct. The team eader provides detaied instructions to subordinates. (2) Assistant patro eader (APL) is second in command. The team eader provides the APL with detaied instructions on responsibiities, incuding detais on any coatera duties. (3) Navigator is responsibe to the team eader for navigating the patro. (4) Radio operator is responsibe to the team eader for communication. (5) Pacers are responsibe for conducting and passing pace counts. (6) Fanks are responsibe to the team eader for fank security during movement. (7) Recorder records a essentia information. d. Reserves. 2. Coordinating Instructions. a. Specify time of departure. b. Specify time of return. c. Designate the primary route azimuths and distances for each eg and iustrate the route on the terrain mode. d. Designate the aternate route azimuths and distances for each eg and iustrate the route on the terrain mode.

126 e. Organize for movement and prepare detaied ayout of patro formation that may be depicted on a diagram. f. Specify procedures for actions on enemy contact. Tak through the pan in detai to incude transitiona movements of units/teams. (1) Hasty ambush (front, fanks, rear). (2) Immediate assaut (front, fanks, rear). (3) Counter ambush (near/far). (4) Break in contact (incude pan for specifying direction and distance of movement). (5) Reaction to indirect fires (direction and distance). g. Specify procedures for actions in the objective area. Omit for security patros, but panning wi be extensive for ambush, raid, or reconnaissance patro. Address occupation of the fina preparation position to objective ray point. h. Specify procedures for departure of friendy ines in detai (use terrain mode to tak through). i. Specify procedures for reentry of friendy ines in detai (incude primary and aternate communications pan as we as inkup pan). j. Specify procedures for actions at ray points. The pan shoud be taked through (incude GO/NO GO pan and escape azimuth, as we as the ocation of any tentative ray points). k. Specify procedures for actions at danger areas, both inear and cross compartment, but emphasize the differences. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 137 Patro Order Information

127 Patroing 138 Patro Order Information Commander s Tactica Handbook. Specify procedures for actions at hats. Deineate between ong and short hats. m. Specify procedures for rehearsas and inspections. Prioritize actions to be rehearsed. n. Specify debrief. (1) Location. (2) Time. (3) Attendees.

128 Ambush Patro 1. Principes. a. Surprise. b. Coordinated (vioent) empoyment of fires to incude supporting arms to isoate the area. c. Contro is most critica when the enemy is approaching the ki zone. 2. Factors for Successfu Ambush. a. Favorabe terrain. b. Prior panning. c. Occupation procedures. d. Contro measures. e. Security. f. Patience. g. Movement techniques and individua actions. h. Fire support panning. 3. Ambush Site Seection Considerations. a. Avaiabiity of natura obstaces can canaize the enemy and/ or protect the withdrawa. b. A suitabe ambush site is aso good for the enemy. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 139 Ambush Patro

129 Patroing 140 Ambush Patro Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Maps and photographs are good, but sites shoud be seen firsthand. d. The seected site shoud aow the force to egress down a reverse sope. 4. Organization. a. Assaut eement. b. Security eement. (1) Secures objective ray point/fina preparation position. (2) Provides fank/rear security during occupation. c. Support eement is optiona. Fires compement the assaut eement. d. Patro headquarters. 5. Occupation of the Site. a. Position security quicky/quiety. b. Estabish communications. c. Position machine guns, squad automatic weapons, and grenadiers. d. Position a other weapons and assign sectors. e. Prepare caymores, fares, etc. f. Seect ocation to initiate the ambush (patro eaders). g. Estimate competion time for preparation.

130 6. Preparation of the Ki Zone (if necessary). a. Once occupation of the ambush site is competed, commence preparation of the ki zone. b. Patro eader aerts security/support eements that the assaut eement is moving into ki zone. c. Assaut eement eader moves the team into the ki zone. (1) Demoition teams empace mines/demoitions. 7. Execution. (2) Remaining assaut eement empaces caymores/obstaces. (3) Teams report to the assaut eement eader when preparations are compete and when positions are reoccupied. (4) Assaut eement eader makes fina inspection of the ki zone. (5) Assaut eement eader reports to the patro eader. a. Use designated signas to aert, initiate ambush, ift/cease fires, and withdraw. b. Enforce fire discipine when fire is initiated. Fires are Immediate. Heavy. Accurate. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 141 Ambush Patro

131 Patroing 142 Ambush Patro Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Ensure a security or assaut eement covers the far side if the ki zone must be searched. d. Withdraw quicky and quiety. Consider the use of booby traps during withdrawa. 8. Other Considerations. a. Taior equipment and weapons to the mission. b. Use fied phones or signas (use radio communications by exception). c. Minimize time spent in the vicinity of the ki zone by conducting rehearsas and reaction dris and by foowing standing operating procedures. d. Wait patienty to aow the enemy main body to enter ki zone. e. Cover withdrawa with mines, booby traps, riot contro agents, and supporting fires.

132 Urban Patroing 1. Genera. The foowing basic patroing principes and techniques appy to permissive and uncertain urban environments: 2. Patro. Overt presence (attempt to estabish a positive U.S. presence and the support of the popuation). Depth (urbanized terrain usuay imits a patro s abiity to disperse ateray and to maintain dispersion aong the ength of the patro formation). Mutua support (positioning of units within the patro in depth enabes one unit to cover another s movement [traveing security]). Deception/pattern avoidance (vary patro routes, duration, and departure times). Intrapatro communications (each unit within an urban patro shoud have the means to communicate). Estabishment of a reaction force. Three-dimensiona threat (pay constant attention to the three-dimensiona urban environment). a. Methods. (1) Dismounted. (2) Vehicuar. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 143 Urban Patroing

133 Patroing 144 Urban Patroing Commander s Tactica Handbook (3) Heicopterborne. b. Types. (1) Security patros make up the vast majority of urban patros. (2) Combat patros are empoyed to Secure information. Confuse the enemy. Destroy instaations. Seize materias or suspicious individuas. 3. Panning Considerations. a. Rues of engagement must be understood by every Marine. b. Constraints and restraints may change frequenty in response to changing situations. c. Unit integrity of the fire team/squad shoud be maintained. d. The vunerabe nature of patroing requires subunits to provide for their own security in addition to the combat aspect of the mission.

134 e. Combined assaut and security teams are empoyed to ensure a-around security. 4. Task Organization. a. Task-organize to meet the specific mission requirements. b. Use attachment speciaists: Exposive detection dogs and their handers. Marine interrogator transator team and counterinteigence team. Exposive ordnance disposa personne. Communications personne. Members of host nation or aied miitary forces. Interpreters. Loca community eaders. Loca aw enforcement officers. Pubic affairs Marines as media personne escort(s). Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 145 Urban Patroing

135 Urban Patro Tips 1. Movement Considerations. a. Move within the patro under observation/cover of other individuas. b. Know where cover can be taken in case of a hostie incident. c. Pan for contact with civiians, especiay chidren. d. Expect the presence of moving and stationary vehices aong the route. e. Have a pan to dea with approaching dogs. f. Limit the use of camoufage to avoid frightening and confusing the oca popuation (situationa). g. Vary the movement rate during the day, which can range from short hats to brief doube time. h. Take up mutuay supporting firing positions that change frequenty during short hats. i. Ensure at east one unit/team is in motion at a times during patoon-sized patros. j. Work in pairs, ensuring mutua support. k. Stay within sight of assigned buddy; ast man in unit/team provides rear security. 2. Patro Formation Considerations. a. The need for immediate firepower outweighs the dangers of becoming canaized. Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 147 Urban Patro Tips

136 Patroing 148 Urban Patro Tips Commander s Tactica Handbook b. The headquarters eement is ocated near the front of the patro. c. Assaut and security eements foow in trace and maintain unit integrity on separate sides of the street. d. Patoon-sized squads generay trave abreast of each other, aong parae routes. e. The interva between units depends on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support avaiabe-time avaiabe (METT-T), but is usuay 100 to 150 meters. 3. Contro Measures. a. Checkpoints and phase ines are ocated in association with major streets, aeys, buidings, etc. b. The detaied patro overay (see app. J) is forwarded to higher headquarters. c. The terrain mode is maintained at higher headquarters to aid in supervision and contro. 4. Individua Tasks. a. Task marksman to engage point targets. b. Look out for suspicious or known insurgent vehices. c. Attempt to recognize previousy identified enemies. d. Attempt to gain information from casua conversation. e. Search vehices and personne.

137 5. Hostie Incident Indicators. a. Observers on rooftops, in windows, etc., who are obviousy tracking the patro. b. The unusua absence of pedestrian traffic, peope on porches, etc. c. Stores, markets, or street vendors cosed suddeny or without expanation. d. A dramatic change in civiian attitude toward patro members. e. Unfamiiar individuas, roadbocks, or vehices within the patro area. f. Vehices riding unusuay ow due to overoading (i.e., ferrying peope and weapons). g. Agitators trying to provoke an incident with patro members. h. Civiian workers faiing to appear at U.S. bases, etc. i. Norma deiveries, pickups, etc., which are ate or eary without reason. 6. Immediate Action Dris. a. Bomb threat/discovery (cordon off and contro area). b. Sniper (seek cover, identify position, imit coatera damage depending on rues of engagement, and attempt to cut off escape routes). c. Hostie individuas/crowd (see Crowd and Mob Contro on page 103). d. Decisive engagement (treat as a conventiona attack). Commander s Tactica Handbook Patroing 149 Urban Patro Tips

138 PART II FIRE SUPPORT There is sti a tendency in each separate unit... to be a onehanded puncher... the rifeman wants to shoot, the tanker to charge, the artieryman to fire.... That is not the way to win battes. If the band payed a piece first with... the brass horn, then the carinet,... there woud be a... ot of noise but no music. To get harmony in music each instrument must support the others. To get harmony is batte, each weapon must support the other. Team pay wins. Genera George S. Patton (MCDP 1-3, Tactics, p. 41) Fire support section, defensive position. (Beirut, Lebanon 1982) Property of the U.S. Marine Corps

139 GENERAL FIRE SUPPORT Genera Information 1. Genera Considerations. a. What is the mission? b. What is the enemy situation? c. What is the scheme or maneuver? d. What is the zone of action or defensive sector? e. What are the most ikey avenues of approach? f. What are the priority targets? g. What are the desired effects (damage criteria)? h. Which subordinate unit is the main effort, and who has priority of fires? i. Wi priority of fires or priority targets shift, if so, on what signa? j. Where are specia fires (e.g., smoke, improved conventiona munition)? k. Is there a requirement to register fire support assets?. Are there restrictions on supported arms; if so, are restrictive fire support coordination measures needed? m. What maneuver contro measures have been estabished? n. What additiona fire support assets have been aocated? o. What are the future pans or on-order missions? Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 153 Genera Information

140 Genera Fire Support 154 Genera Information Commander s Tactica Handbook p. Are there command and contro (C 2 ) or communications requirements that are different from the standing operating procedure requirements? q. What is the guidance on counterfire? r. What is the guidance on suppression of enemy air defenses? s. How much time is avaiabe? t. What is the ammunition status? u. What are specia fuze or she considerations? 2. Panning Considerations. a. Offense. (1) Pan fires to cover movement to the objective. Screen, obscure, and/or use deception to cover C 2 assets, fire support assets, observation posts (OPs), istening posts (LPs), and anding zones. (2) Pan fires to cover movement to the assaut position. Request/pan priority target on suspected or ikey strong points or ambush sites. (3) Pan fires to support the attack by Preparing the objective. Preparing OPs/LPs. Considering the use of smoke to support the deception effort. Targeting ikey assemby areas (AAs) for reinforcements.

141 (4) Pan fires in support of expoitation by Pursuing fire aong ikey withdrawa routes. Fixing on the enemy to destroy with direct fires. b. Defense. (1) Pan fires forward to canaize/reduce the enemy force by Moving the enemy to the engagement areas. Targeting AAs, C 2 assets, and fire support assets. (2) Pan fires on the fanks to deny the enemy a ikey assaut position, probabe ine of depoyment, and infitration routes. Register targets in zone. (3) Pan fires on the defensive position and fina protective fires to support panned couterattack or to cover disengagement/withdrawa. (4) Pan fires behind the position to cover the withdrawa of friendy forces. Prevent enemy enveopment from the rear. (5) Confirm targeting decisions with the weapons patoon/ company commander. (6) Add, deete, or amend the fire support pan and then submit to higher headquarters. (7) Report higher headquarters response to the commander. (8) Write up fire support pan. Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 155 Genera Information

142 Genera Fire Support 156 Genera Information Commander s Tactica Handbook (9) Refine, refine, refine (top-down, bottom-up panning). (10) Execute.

143 Company Fire Support Panning 1. Genera Considerations. a. Like the regiment s and battaion s fire support panning, company fire support panning must mirror the panning process. b. At the company eve, the panning process consists of troop eading steps commony referred to as begin panning, arrange for reconnaissance, make reconnaissance, compete the pan, issue the order, and supervise (BAMCIS). c. The foowing panning considerations ist the fire support actions during each step of BAMCIS. d. These actions may be accompished simutaneousy or in any sequence. e. The company fire support panner must organize to meet a these requirements in a time constrained environment. 2. Panning Considerations. a. Begin panning. (1) Update friendy and enemy situations. (2) Determine avaiabe assets, aocations, and fire support coordinating measures. (3) Obtain the battaion s target ist worksheet, fire support execution matrix (FSEM), and attack guidance. Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 157 Co Fire Support Panning

144 Genera Fire Support 158 Co Fire Support Panning Commander s Tactica Handbook (4) Understand the battaion fire support pan and how it effects the company. (5) Identify essentia fire support tasks (EFSTs) for your company. (6) Brief the command on the above. (7) Receive the commander s restated mission. (8) Receive the commander s guidance for fire support. (9) Participate in the deveopment of the company warning order. (10) Issue the warning order to fire support personne and mortar section on fire support specific issues. b. Arrange for reconnaissance. (1) Conduct map anaysis. (2) Pot obstaces and known enemy ocations. (3) Pot a battaion targets. (4) List EFSTs. (5) Advise the commander if guidance can or cannot be met with avaiabe assets and aocations. (6) Refine battaion targets, if necessary. (7) Determine if battaion targets support the commander s guidance. (8) Pot targets necessary to support the commander s guidance (within the target aocation).

145 (9) Determine the purpose, engagement criteria, trigger points, and primary and aternate executors. (10) Deveop the target ist worksheet. (11) Deveop FSEM. (12) Brief the commander on the initia fire support pan. c. Make reconnaissance. (1) Ensure battefied observation is maintained. (2) Accompany maneuver eaders on reconnaissance. (3) Confirm or modify the pan. (4) Verify target ocations, trigger points, and primary and aternate observation pans. d. Compete the pan. (1) Modify the pan as necessary after reconnaissance. (2) Brief the commander on the scheme of fires. (3) Emphasize observer movement, observation post requirements, and triggers. (4) Receive fire support pan approva. (5) Transmit the target ist worksheet and coordination requirements to the battaion fire support coordination center and the company mortars section. (6) Brief fire support personne on the fire support pan. Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 159 Co Fire Support Panning

146 Genera Fire Support 160 Co Fire Support Panning Commander s Tactica Handbook e. Issue the order. (1) Participate in the company order brief. (2) Ensure fire support representatives and the mortar section eader attend the order brief if possibe. f. Supervise. (1) Conduct rehearsas. (2) Conduct inspections (as required). (3) Continue to refine targets and triggers for actua ocation, ground reconnaissance, or new enemy information. (4) Continuousy update and coordinate the pan as necessary.

147 Suggested Fire Support Coordinator Standing Operating Procedure 1. Suppression. a. Immediate suppression/immediate smoke is provided by the indirect fire support agencies in the foowing order of precedence: Nava gunfire. Artiery. 81mm mortars. 60mm mortars. b. The most responsive asset is the company s own 60mm mortars. c. The 60mm mortars can be used to suppress/screen unti another agency can provide fires. 2. Ca for Fire. a. The standard cas for fire wi be used by a personne and attachments. b. See Ca for Fire Format Card on pages and Cose Air Support Briefing Form on pages Priority Targets. a. The fire support coordinator (FSC) wi designate priority targets. Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 161 FSC SOP

148 Genera Fire Support 162 FSC SOP Commander s Tactica Handbook b. Subordinate units may request that targets be shifted or a new one be designated. c. Fina approva of targets is with the FSC. 4. Smoke. a. Normay, screening/obscuration fires, to incude 60mm mortars and M203 smoke, must be authorized by the FSC. b. The company must give an estimate of the time needed for smoke when it is requested. 5. Iumination. a. Normay, empoyment of iumination is authorized for dayight marking of targets for aircraft. b. Normay, iumination at night must be authorized by the FSC. This incudes 60mm mortar iumination, 40mm white star parachutes, and white star parachute pop-ups.

149 Fire Support Techniques 1. Genera Considerations. a. Universa times wi normay come from the goba positioning system or time hacks from high frequency (HF) radio frequencies of 5.000, , , , and megahertz (MHz). b. Time on target (TOT) is the exact minute at which the first aircraft s bombs wi hit the deck. For exampe, if bombs are to and at 2136, say TOT is 36. c. Marking with white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and smoke shoud be timed to impact 30 seconds prior to TOT. Iumination shoud impact 45 seconds prior to TOT. 2. Laser Empoyment Consideration. a. Laser use is normay coordinated by the forward air controer (FAC). b. The piot must be within 30 degrees eft or right of the aser ine from the FAC to the target before designating aserguided munitions. c. The piot can be at any aspect from the aser ine for marking. d. Direct fire wi be coordinated by the FAC and company commander using tracers and/or smoke from M203s. Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 163 Fire Support Techniques

150 Genera Fire Support 164 Fire Support Techniques Commander s Tactica Handbook 3. Procedures for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses. a. Continuous suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD). Indirect fires impact at -1 minute, -30 seconds, TOT, +30 seconds, or +1 minute. b. Interrupted SEAD. Indirect fires impact at either -1 minute or -30 seconds. c. Other combinations of fires must be expicity deineated on a timeine with TOT being used as zero. For exampe, to surprise a target using air, the ca for fire to the firing agency tes them to mark at -30 seconds and suppression at TOT, +30 seconds, +1 minute, and +1 minute 30 seconds or any other combination. To avoid fratricide, a fires deivered after TOT shoud be at my command.

151 4. Company Fire Support Coordinator Considerations. a. Maintain situationa awareness of ocations and status of fire support assets and missions. (See the sampe Company Fire Support Board on page 167.) b. Ensure a forward observer reports both the ocation of the target and of the company mortar position to the fire support coordination center (FSCC) when empoying 60mm mortar during SEAD missions. c. Report maximum ordinate of rounds at the range being fired which is taken from the 60mm mortar tabuar firing tabe (whiz whee). d. Coordinate a company direct fires with FAC when using heicopters. e. Ensure direct fire information is not passed to FSCC. Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 165 Fire Support Techniques

152 Company Fire Support Board Our Location TOT Target Suppression Location Target Marking Location Mark 60MM ISUP ISMK FFE AF SUPP SEAD (Continuous, interrupted, other) 81MM ISUP ISMK FFE AF SUPP SEAD (Continuous, interrupted, other) Artiery ISUP ISMK FFE AF SUPP SEAD (Continuous, interrupted, other) Nava Gunfire ISUP ISMK FFE AF SUPP SEAD (Continuous, interrupted, other) Locations 60s 81s Artiery Nava Gunfire AP/IP Fina attack heading: magnetic azimuth (circe if appicabe) 60s 81s ARTY NGF CAS Commander s Tactica Handbook Genera Fire Support 167 Company Fire Support Board

153 QUICK FIRE SUPPORT PLAN FIRE PLAN APPLE SUPPORTING 3/8 ORIGINATOR MODIFICATION BY 1240 H-HOUR SHEET OF DATE/TIME GROUP TARGET INFORMATION (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) LINE TARGET NO. DESCRIPTION LOCATION ALT ASL M/FT 1 Bunker REMARKS 2 AD0421 AT Rocket AD3093 OP AD3094 OP FRONT SCHEDULE (f) (g) (h) (i) LINE ORG FIRE UNIT TIMINGS REMARKS 1 1/12 B $ $ $ $ 2 1/12 B $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ x $ AD3093 $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ 48 (a) AD3094 $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ AD3011 $ $ x $ $ $ $ 48 (a) 48 (a) (a) 50% deay 50% VT (b) Deay 3 $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ 4 $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ 5 $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ 6 $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ x $ $ $ $ BACK Commander s Tactica Handbook Quick Fire Support Pan 169 Quick Fire Support Pan

154 CALL FOR FIRE ELEMENTS 1. Observer Identification. Exampe: You (ca sign), this is me (ca sign). 2. Warning Order. a. Type of mission. (1) Adjust fire. (2) Fire for effect. (3) Suppression. (4) Immediate suppression. (5) Suppression of enemy air defenses. b. Size of eement to fire (optiona). c. Method of target ocation. (1) Grid (standard defaut if method not specified). (2) Poar. (3) Shift from a known point. 3. Target Location. a. Grid is used for a 6- or 8-digit coordinate (an 8-digit grid preferred). b. Poar is used for observer to target direction, distance, and up/down vertica shift (if greater than 30 meters). Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Eements 171 Ca For Fire Eements

155 Ca For Fire Eements 172 Ca For Fire Eements Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Shift used for observer to target direction, eft/right atera shift, add/drop range shift, and up/down vertica shift (if greater than 30 meters). 4. Target Description. a. Type. b. Size. c. Activity. d. Degree of protection. e. Shape. 5. Method of Engagement. a. Type of adjustment. (1) Area fire (defaut). (2) Precision fire (registration or destruction missions). b. Danger cose (within 600 meters of friendy forces). c. Mark. d. Trajectory. (1) High ange (defaut for mortar). (2) Low ange (defaut for artiery). e. Ammunition. High exposive projectie/fuze quick wi be used as the defaut if no other ammunition is specified. (1) Projecties incude High exposives (HE). Antipersonne (APERS).

156 Improved conventiona munitions (ICM). Iumination (ILLUM). Tactica riot contro agent (CS). Smoke (SMK). White phosphorus (WP). Cannon aunched guided projectie (CLGP) (Copperhead). (2) Fuzes incude Quick (Q). Deay (D). Variabe time (VT). Mechanica time (Ti). Base detonating (nava gunfire) (BD[NGF]). (3) Voume of fire. f. Distribution. (1) Parae (defaut for mortars). (2) Circuar (defaut for artiery). (3) Open. (4) Converged. (5) Specia. Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Eements 173 Ca For Fire Eements

157 Ca For Fire Eements 174 Ca For Fire Eements Commander s Tactica Handbook 6. Method of Fire and Contro (optiona). a. Method of fire. (1) One gun in adjust (defaut). (2) Patoon. (3) Section. (4) Left or right by piece. b. Method of contro. (Artiery wi be fired when it is ready if no other method of contro is specified.) (1) At my command. (2) Cannot observe. (3) Time on target (TOT). (4) Cose air support TOT. (5) Coordinated iumination. (6) Continuous iumination.

158 CALL FOR FIRE PROCEDURES 1. Mi Ange Estimation. When estimating anges in mis with the hand, the arm must be fuy extended. 2. Target Location Methods. a. Grid method is used to determine a 6-digit grid coordinate to the target (8-digit for precision fire). b. Poar method is used to Determine the observer to target (OT) direction to the nearest 10 mis (aways a 4-digit number). Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Procedures 175 Ca For Fire Procedures

159 Ca For Fire Procedures 176 Ca For Fire Procedures Commander s Tactica Handbook Determine the OT distance to the nearest 100 meters. Determine the OT vertica difference in atitude to the nearest 5 meters (sent as up or down if 35 meters or greater). c. Shift method is used to Identify the known point to be used. Determine the OT direction. Determine the eft or right atera shift (W) from the known point to the target (express to the nearest 10 meters). W = SF (shift factor) x M (number of mis between known point and target). SF = Range to the known point divided by 1,000 (expressed to the nearest 10th). M = Measured ange in mis between the known point and the target. Determine the add/drop range shift from the known point to the target to the nearest 100 meters. Determine the up/down vertica difference in atitude between the known point and the target ony if the difference is 35 meters or greater; express to the nearest 5 meters. 3. Ca for Fire Exampes. a. The foowing tabe ists types of missions and exampes of cas for fire for each.

160 Mission Type Ca for Fire Exampes Notes Grid Poar Shift Note: k means over A1D de L2P FFE k Grid k 2 T-72s in open, ICM k A1D de L2P AF Poar k Dir 5340, Dist 1200, Up 70 k Two PMPs in the open k A1D de L2P AF Shift AB3001 k Dir 4800, R250, Add 400, Down 95 k Company assemby area k Direction must be sent prior to first correction. Fire direction center must have forward observer ocation to use poar mission. Both fire direction center and forward observer must have known point ocation. b. A Ca for Fire Format Card sampe is shown on pages Smoke Empoyment. Deivery System 155mm 105mm 81mm Type of Round HC WP M825 HC WP WP RP Average Burn Time 4 min min 5 8 min 3 min min 1 min min Average Obscuration Length (Meters)/Round Crosswind Head/ Taiwind mm WP 1 min "/54 WP 1 min Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Procedures 177 Ca For Fire Procedures

161 Ca For Fire Procedures 178 Ca For Fire Procedures Commander s Tactica Handbook 5. Immediate Smoke. a. Immediate smoke Obscures, protects, or marks smoke over sma area. Is more responsive, but the duration and coverage of the smoke is imited. b. Eements of the ca for fire sent in one transmission are as foows: Observer identification. Warning order. Target ocation is normay directy on the target. Authentication of the transmission. c. Exampe ca for immediate smoke: W5S this is HZD, immediate smoke, grid , I authenticate INDIA KILO, over. 6. Message to Observer. a. After the fire direction center receives the ca for fire, the fire direction officer wi determine how the target wi be attacked. b. The attack decision is announced to the forward observer in the form of a message to observer (MTO). c. The forward observer wi read the MTO back to the fire direction center to ensure confirmation. d. The MTO consists of the foowing eements: Unit to fire for effect. Any changes to requests in the ca for fire. Method of fire (number of rounds to be fired). Target number.

162 e. Exampe of an MTO: W3D DE D2H MTO, D, ICM, three rounds, AB1001, over. 7. Corrections. a. After the initia round is fired, the forward observer transmits subsequent corrections unti the mission is terminated. b. The order subsequent corrections are transmitted are as foows: Direction. Danger cose. Trajectory. Method of fire. Distribution. Projectie. Fuze. Voume of fire. Deviation. Range. Height of burst. Target description. Change in type mission contro. Spash. Repeat. Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Procedures 179 Ca For Fire Procedures

163 Ca For Fire Procedures 180 Ca For Fire Procedures Commander s Tactica Handbook 8. Deviation Corrections. a. The eft or right deviation correction is determined by mutipying, in mis, the deviation between impact and the target (the deviation spotting) by the OT factor. Deviation corrections are expressed to the nearest 10 meters. Left or right deviation Deviation spotting OT correction in meters = (to nearest 5 mis) x factor b. A deviation correction ess than 30 meters is considered minor and is ignored during the mission. c. The OT factor is the expressed distance from the forward observer to the target in meters divided by 1,000. OT factor = Expressed OT distance 1000 d. If an OT distance is greater that 1,000 meters, express the distance to the nearest thousand meters. If an OT distance is ess than 1,000 meters, express the distance to the nearest hundred meters. For exampe: The OT distance is 1,500 meters, which is expressed as 2,000 meters. Deviation spotting is L45. OT factor = 2000 = The deviation correction = 45 x 2 = 90 meters. The diviation correction is R90. The OT distance is 650 meters, which is expressed as 600 meters. Deviation spotting is R60 mis. OT factor = 600 = The deviation correction = 60 x.6 = 36 meters, which expresses to 40 meters.

164 9. Range Corrections. a. Range corrections consist of the commands add (move burst away from observer) and drop (move burst coser to the observer). b. Range corrections are transmitted in mutipes of 100 meters; 50-meter corrections may be used when entering fire for effect. c. Range correction methods. (1) Successive bracketing. (2) Hasty bracketing. (3) One-round adjustment. (4) Creeping fire (used during danger cose missions; not corrections greater than 100 meters). d. Minimum bracketing guide. OT Distance Initia Bracket meters 100 meters meters 200 meters 2000 meters and beyond 400 meters 10. End of Mission Statement. a. Refinement (optiona). b. Record as target (optiona). c. End of mission. d. End of surveiance (to incude batte damage assessment). e. Exampe end of mission statement: R10, +30, record as target, end of mission, target neutraized, estimate 5 casuaties, over. Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Procedures 181 Ca For Fire Procedures

165 CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT CARD 1. de AF/FFE/SEAD [POLAR (or) SHIFT] (TGT # ) k 2. GRID k (POLAR) DIR DIS U/D VA + / - k (SHIFT) DIR L/R + / - U/D k 3. (TARGET DESCRIPTION) (METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT) [DANGER CLOSE/MARK/HIGH OR LOW ANGLE/AMMO (HE/Quick Standard)/VOL OF FIRE] (METHOD OF FIRE AND CONTROL) k [When READY is Standard/AMC/CANNOT OBS/TOT/COORD or CONT ILUM/CAS TOT] SUPPRESSION, IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION, AND IMMEDIATE SMOKE de SUPP/IMMED SUPP/IMMED SMK (TGT #) k GRID k (POLAR) DIR DIS U/D VA + / - k SHIFT (TGT #) DIR L/R + / - U/D k MESSAGE TO OBSERVER MTO rounds OUT (unit to fire) (changes) (# of rounds in FFE) (TGT #) (other) FRONT Commander s Tactica Handbook Ca For Fire Format Card 183 Ca For Fire Format Card

166 Ca For Fire Format Card 184 Ca For Fire Format Card Commander s Tactica Handbook SPOTTINGS CORRECTIONS OT DISTANCE - OT FACTOR: RNG DEV HOB L/R +/- U/D RND # NOTES BACK

167 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT Cose Air Support Contro Procedures 1. Genera Considerations. Typicay, cose air support (CAS) briefings are presented in the 9- ine brief format. (See pages ) This format is used when detaied coordination is required. However, if Marines need immediate air support and they are unfamiiar with the 9-ine brief, they shoud estabish communication with the aircraft and then tak it on to the target. Appendix K provides a description of CAS aircraft capabiities. 2. Air Support Requests. Air support can be requested from either the direct air support center (DASC) or from the air officer in the fire support coordination center (FSCC). Immediate air support is normay requested from the DASC via the tactica air request net (high frequency [HF]). Communications may be estabished with the DASC on the tactica air traffic contro net, tactica air direction (TAD) net, or direct air support net. Marines must aso estabish a ocation and frequency (TAD net) for the aircraft to contact them. If UHF/VHF communications have not been estabished, tactica air contro party (TACP) (FM) nets can be used. If unabe to contact the DASC, communications are estabished with the FSCC via any avaiabe net. Since the Commander s Tactica Handbook Cose Air Support 185 CAS Contro Procedures

168 Cose Air Support 186 CAS Contro Procedures Commander s Tactica Handbook DASC and the FSCC are normay inked, contact with the FSCC wi aow contact with the DASC s air officer. Marines need to provide either the DASC or the FSCC with the foowing information: Who they are. Where they are. What they need. 3. Termina Contro. Once communication is estabished with the supporting aircraft, the piot must acquire the target as quicky as possibe since the aircraft wi have imited time on station. The requesting unit must faciitate the piot s acquisition of the target by providing the foowing information. a. Reference arge areas/objects that the piot wi be abe to see and then work down to smaer areas/objects. Requesting unit: See the road you are circing over? Okay. Foow that road north for about eight cicks and you wi see a prominent hi mass just to the east of the road. I am ocated on the north side of the hi. Friendies are generay ocated to my south and west and the bad guys are on the east side of the road and to my north. b. Reference the exact position in order to orient the piot. Requesting unit: From my position you wi see an open area to my immediate north and a deep draw that runs to the east out of the open area. There is an enemy patoon dug in on the finger that is just north of the draw. Do you see that?

169 c. Continue to deveop the situation as required. The piot knows where the friendy forces are ocated and coud potentiay engage the target at this time. Pass any other pertinent information that woud be hepfu to the piot. Requesting unit: There are a coupe of heavy machine gun vehices in the treeine on the northern edge of the cearing. Request that you engage these first and then the infantry. Ca me roing in with your direction of attack. d. Wait for the piot to assimiate a the information and formuate the pan of attack. Piot: I am roing in from the southeast, about five mies from your position... wings eve. Requesting unit: Ceared hot. Wings eve means that the piot is ready to drop bombs on the target and is waiting for permission. Permission is indicated by a ceared hot from the requesting unit. Before a unit gives permission to the aircraft, it must ensure that the aircraft is pointed at the target area and not at the requesting unit. e. Provide any corrections to the second aircraft (the wingman) after the first aircraft (ead) drops its bombs. Requesting unit: From ead s hits, east 100 meters. f. Instruct the aircraft to re-attack the target and continue to give refinements. Requesting unit: You are ceared for an immediate re-attack. From dash two s hits, northeast 200, try to hit the top of finger. Commander s Tactica Handbook Cose Air Support 187 CAS Contro Procedures

170 Cose Air Support 188 CAS Contro Procedures Commander s Tactica Handbook g. Continue to contro the aircraft in this fashion unti they are bingo, which means they are out of fue and must eave. h. Provide a detaied debrief on what the aircraft destroyed and if it was effective.

171 Cose Air Support Briefing Form If a significant surface threat to the aircraft does not exist, a genera situation brief and target ocation may be a that is required for the aircraft to engage the target. If the briefing format is used, pass the brief in a sow, concise manner and unkey the radio after every three ines for a coupe of seconds. Aircraft check-in procedures are extremey important to estabish the fow of information between aircraft and controers. The cose air support (CAS) check-in briefing format is used when checking in with termina controers. The CAS briefing form (9-ine briefing form) shown on page 191 is used to pass data to the piot. A typica 9-ine brief for a fixed-wing aircraft s CAS mission might sound as foows: Georgia, 315 eft, , 4 BMPs on road, TP WP, SW 1400, egress east then south to Kentucky.... ZSU meters north of target. Fina attack heading Time on target 25. If the aircraft understood a that you said and doesn t have any questions, you woud hear: Roger 25. Commander s Tactica Handbook Cose Air Support 189 CAS Briefing Form

172 Cose Air Support 190 CAS Briefing Form Commander s Tactica Handbook (Aircraft transmits to controer) Aircraft:, this is (controer ca sign) (aircraft ca sign) 1. Identifiication/mission number: NOTE: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief may be abbreviated for brevity or security ( as fragged or with exception ). 2. Number and type of aircraft: 3. Position and atitude: 4. Ordnance: 5. Time on station: 6. Abort code: (if appicabe) CAS Check-In Briefing Form

173 Omit data not required; do not transmit ine numbers. Units of measure are standard uness otherwise specified. *Denotes minimum essentia information required in a imited communication environment. Bod denotes readback items when requested. Termina controer:, this is (aircraft ca sign) (termina controer) *1. IP/BP: *2. Heading: (magnetic). Offset (eft/right) *3. Distance: *4. Target eevation: (in feet MSL) *5. Target description: *6. Target ocation: (atitude/ongitude or grid coordinates or offsets or visua) 7. Type mark: Code: (WP/aser/IR/beacon) (actua code) Laser to target ine: degrees *8. Location of friendies: Position marked by: 9. Egress Remarks (as appropriate): (Threats, Hazards, Weather, Restrictions, Ordnance Deivery, Attack Heading, Danger Cose, SEAD) Time on target: TOT OR Time to target: Stand by pus... Hack. CAS Briefing Form (9-Line Briefing Form) Commander s Tactica Handbook Cose Air Support 191 CAS Briefing Form

174 Cose Air Support 192 CAS Briefing Form Commander s Tactica Handbook Line 1. IP/BP. Initia point is used for fixed-wing aircraft. It is the 5 15 nautica mie run-in to the target. A batte position is used for rotary-wing aircraft. It is 3,000 5,000 meters from the target. It is a arge area (1000 x 1000 m or >) from which a rotary-wing aircraft engages the target. In some instances, an informa airspace coordination area (ACA) may have to be estabished to aow the rotarywing aircraft to run-in coser ( meters) to the target. Line 2. Heading. The heading is given in degrees magnetic from IP (or center of the BP) to the target. The Offset (eft or right) indicates the side of the IP to target ine that aircrews can maneuver in whie in the target area. Saying degrees magnetic after the number is not necessary degrees magnetic is understood. Line 3. Distance. The distance from the IP/center of the BP to the target. It is given in nautica mies to the nearest tenth (e.g., 12.3 nautica mies) to fixed-wing aircraft and in meters to the nearest hundred (e.g., 3200 meters) for rotary-wing aircraft. Saying nautica mies after the number is not necessary nautica mies are understood. Line 4. Target eevation. The target eevation is given in feet above mean sea eve. If the map contour interva is in feet, take the eevation directy from the map. If the map contour is in meters, convert it to feet. Line 5. Target description. The target description contains the number, type of target, and degree of protection. It is a brief, concise description of the target. It incudes target activity and configuration that may assist its identification. For exampe, 4 APCs on road, stationary.... Bunker compex.... Tank coumn in open, moving north to south.

175 Line 6. Target ocation. The target ocation is a 6-digit grid coordinate. Target ocation can be given as a UTM grid coordinate or as atitude and ongitude. Any Marine Corps CAS aircraft can accept a UTM grid coordinate. Line 7. Type mark. The type of mark used: e.g., WP (white phosphorus), RP (red phosphorus), aser (incude 4-digit code), iumination on the deck, HE, mirror fash. If no mark is avaiabe, the piot is guided onto the target using avaiabe references (e.g., roads, streams, open areas, prominent terrain). Line 8. Location of friendies. Cardina direction (north, south, east, west) and distance (in meters) from the target to the nearest friendy position, which is frequenty the forward air controer s position. Exampe: SW Line 9. Egress. Instructions the aircraft wi foow to exit the target area after engaging the target. It incudes direction to turn out of the target area and a contro point to which the aircraft wi fy. Use the word Egress before giving egress instructions. Exampe: Egress east, then south to Georgia. Remarks. If appicabe, additiona threats, hazards, weather, fina attack heading, artiery gun target ines, etc., can be given here. Time on target. Time on target (TOT) is the synchronized, universa cock time when ordnance wi hit the target. There is no time HACK for TOT. TOT is the preferred towing method. The Nava Observatory (DSN ) or a goba positioning system (GPS) can provide a common time reference. If neither is avaiabe, the termina controer can sti execute a TOT mission by synchronizing time using a watch as a reference. It is passed to the aircraft as a number of minutes past the hour (e.g., 1624 woud be 24 and communicated as Time on target 24). Commander s Tactica Handbook Cose Air Support 193 CAS Briefing Form

176 Cose Air Support 194 CAS Briefing Form Commander s Tactica Handbook Time to target. Time to target (TTT) is the number of minutes and seconds after the HACK that ordnance wi hit the target (e.g., 4 minutes woud be passed as 4 pus 00). Immediatey after the minutes and seconds are passed, HACK is said. The piot punches a stopwatch in the aircraft and prepares to put bombs on the target at the requested time. Exampe: Stand by for the time to target.... Time to target 4 pus HACK. Note: HACK indicates that a participants start the countdown. Ampifying remarks. Anything ese that is pertinent to the mission must aso be passed to the piot. If a further expanation of the target area wi assist the piot in ocating the target, that information is passed after the TOT/TTT has been passed. There is no format for this information. Communicate with the piot using pain anguage.

177 Appendix A Machine Gun Empoyment 1. Genera Considerations. a. Type of support. (1) Genera support. (2) Direct support. (3) Attached. b. Mission statement. (1) Suppress. (2) Neutraize. (3) Destroy. c. Offensive empoyment. (1) Cose support fires. (2) Long-range fires. (3) Fank protective fires. (4) Fires in support of consoidation. d. Defensive empoyment. (1) Fina protective ines (FPL). (2) Principe direction of fire (PDF). Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix A A-1 Machine Gun Empoyment

178 Appendix A A-2 Machine Gun Empoyment Commander s Tactica Handbook e. Tactica empoyment considerations. (1) Pairs. (2) Interocking fires. (3) Coordination of fires. (4) Mutua support. (5) Defiade. (6) Enfiade. (7) Protection. 2. Range Cards. a. A range card is a rough terrain sketch that serves two purposes. (1) Record of firing data. (2) Document for defensive fire panning. b. Two copies are prepared. (1) One copy is passed up the chain of command to assist in the preparation of the unit s fire pan sketch. (2) The other copy stays with the gun(s) to assist in the potentia turnover of a firing position to another gun team. c. Waking the FPL.

179 (1) Wak whenever practica and after the machine guns are set in firing positions to cover assigned sectors of fire. (2) Conduct to ascertain the extent of grazing fire and dead space (the atter must be noted on the range card and covered by another weapon system). (3) Foow the steps beow when waking the dead space: The gunner paces himsef behind the gun, sets his sight on the imit of grazing fire (600 meters for M240G and 1,000 meters for M2), and ays the gun on an aiming point 600 (or 700) meters distant aong the FPL. The team eader waks the FPL using a standard measured pace. When the team eader drops off into a space where the gunner can no onger see him from the shouder down, the gunner signas mark either by hand and arm signas or by tugging on a ine the team eader has in his hand. When the team eader reappears, a second tug or signa is given. When there is no more grazing fire, a signa is given and the team eader returns. The team eader records on his pace card the number of paces he has covered to each point. This is continued unti the team eader reaches the imit of grazing fire for the weapon. This information is then incorporated into the range card (sampes foow). Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix A A-3 Machine Gun Empoyment

180 Appendix A A-4 Machine Gun Empoyment Commander s Tactica Handbook (4) Machine gun range card (PDF).

181 (5) Machine gun range card (FPL). Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix A A-5 Machine Gun Empoyment

182 Appendix A A-6 Machine Gun Empoyment Commander s Tactica Handbook 3. Machine Gun Empacements. a. Horseshoe type machine gun empacement.

183 b. T -shaped firing position. (1) Firing primary sector. 2) Firing secondary sector. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix A A-7 Machine Gun Empoyment

184 Appendix B Weapons Handing Weapons handing procedures provide a consistent and standardized way for a Marine to safey and confidenty oad, unoad, and empoy individua sma arms during training and combat. 1. Safety Rues. These rues appy to a weapons at a time and must never be vioated. Rue 1 Treat every weapon as if it were oaded. Rue 2 Never point a weapon at anything you do not intend to shoot. Rue 3 Keep finger straight and off the trigger unti you are ready to fire. Rue 4 Keep weapon on SAFE unti you intend to fire. 2. Weapons Conditions Codes. A weapon s readiness and safety status is described by one of four conditions. The steps in the oading and unoading process take the weapon through four specific conditions that indicate the weapon s readiness for ive fire. Aways cear a weapon before pacing it into condition 4. Aways cear a weapon if the firer is not sure what condition the weapon is in and after condition 1 prior to going back into any other condition. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix B B-1 Weapons Handing

185 Appendix B B-2 Weapons Handing Commander s Tactica Handbook a. Genera weapons condition codes. Condition 1 Ammunition must be in a position to be fired, the safety must be engaged. Condition 2 Ammunition must be in position to be fired, the weapon s action must be cosed, the hammer must be forward. (This condition ony appies to weapons that have singe-action externa hammers.) Condition 3 Ammunition is in position to be chambered, the chamber is empty, the action is cosed, the safety is on (off for M249s and M240Gs). Condition 4 A ammunition is removed, the chamber is empty, the action is cosed, the safety is on (off for M249s and M240Gs). b. M9 9mm pisto condition codes. Condition 1 The weapon is oaded and ready to fire, magazine is inserted, round is in the chamber, the hammer is not cocked, the ambidextrous safety is on. Condition 2 Not appicabe to the M9 pisto. Condition 3 The side is forward on an empty chamber, ambidextrous safety is on with a fu magazine oaded in the weapon. Condition 4 The magazine is removed, pisto is free of ammunition, side is forward on an empty chamber, ambidextrous safety is on.

186 c. M16A2 rife condition codes. Condition 1 Magazine is inserted, round is in the chamber, bot is forward, weapon is on SAFE. Condition 2 Not appicabe to the M16A2. Condition 3 Bot is forward on an empty chamber, oaded magazine is in, safety is on. Condition 4 Magazine is out, bot forward on an empty chamber, safety is on. d. M249 squad automatic weapon (SAW) condition codes. Condition 1 Ammunition is in position on the feed tray (or magazine is inserted), bot is to the rear, safety is on. Condition 2 Not appicabe to the M249. Condition 3 Ammunition is in position on the feed tray (or magazine is inserted), chamber is empty, bot is forward, safety is off. Condition 4 Feed tray is cear of ammunition (magazine is removed), chamber is empty, bot is forward, safety is off. 3. Commands. Unoad Cear the weapon and pace the weapon in condition 4. Load Pace the weapon in condition 3. Make ready Pace the weapon in condition 1. Fire Engage targets. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix B B-3 Weapons Handing

187 Appendix B B-4 Weapons Handing Commander s Tactica Handbook Cease fire Unoad, show cear Stop firing. Aow the chamber to be checked by a second individua prior to going to condition Unoad Execution. To execute unoad, taking the weapon from condition 1 to condition 4 (bet-fed technique), perform the foowing steps: Take the weapon off of SAFE. Pu the cocking hande to the rear. Put the weapon on SAFE. Open the feed tray cover. Remove a ammunition and bet inks. Lift the feed tray and inspect the chamber to ensure that no ammunition is present.

188 Appendix C Nucear, Bioogica, and Chemica Defense 1. Warning. The battaion s primary means of contro of unit nucear, bioogica, and chemica (NBC) defense is the NBC Warning and Reporting System. This system prescribes basic defensive procedures to foow during stated conditions and is based on progressive phases of NBC aerts. a. Condition white: a cear. b. Condition yeow: attack imminent. c. Condition red: actua attack. 2. NBC Markers. a. Known contaminated areas are marked to indicate a hazard as shown in the foowing figure. b. The written marker side is positioned to be read by anyone entering the area. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix C C-1 NBC Defense

189 Appendix C C-2 NBC Defense Commander s Tactica Handbook

190 3. Required Reports. The NBC Warning and Reporting System incudes the chemica downwind message and the required reports. a. NBC 1, Observer s Report (detais of an attack) is sent as a FLASH priority message. BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOXTROT GOLF HOTEL JULIETT KILO LIMO MIKE Position of observer. Direction of attack from observer. Date-time group of attack. Iumination time or ength of attack. Location of attack. Means of deivery. Type of burst or agent/height of burst. Fash to bang time. Crater diameter. b. NBC 2, Evauated Data Report. Nuke burst coud ange width (5 minutes after burst ony). Coud top or bottom ange or height at H ALFA DELTA FOXTROT Strike seria number. Date-time of the attack. Location of attack. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix C C-3 NBC Defense

191 Appendix C C-4 NBC Defense Commander s Tactica Handbook GOLF HOTEL NOVEMBER YANKEE ZULU Means of deivery. Type of burst. Estimated yied. Downwind direction of hazard. Effective windspeed/downwind distance of zone 1. c. NBC 3, Immediate Warning of Expected Contamination Report. ALFA DELTA FOXTROT HOTEL NOVEMBER ROMEO YANKEE ZULU Strike seria number. Date-time of attack. Location of attack. Type of burst or agent/height of burst. Estimated yied. Area of expected contamination. Downwind direction of hazard. Effective windspeed/downwind distance of zone 1. d. NBC 4, Monitoring and Survey Resuts Report. QUEBEC ROMEO SIERRA Location of reading. Dose rate. Date-time of reading.

192 e. NBC 5, Area of Actua Contamination Report (radioogica, best sent as a trace or overay). ALFA DELTA HOTEL SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM Strike seria number. Date-time group of detonation. Type of burst. 4. Chemica Agent Characteristics. Date-time of reading. H + 1 date-time. 1,000RAD/HR contour ine. Nerve Bister Bood Choking Dissemination Detection Symptoms Effects Aeroso or vapor Liquid dropets Liquid dropets Vapor (gas) Vapor (gas) Automatic chemica agent aarm; chemica agent detector kit. Chemica agent detector paper. Difficut breathing, drooing, nausea, vomiting, convusions, and sometimes dim vision. Incapacitates; kis if high concentration is inhaed. Incapacitates; kis if contaminated skin is not decontaminated rapidy. Chemica agent detector paper. Nitrogen mustard, no eary symptoms; ewisite, searing of eyes, stinging of skin; phosgene oxime, irritation of eyes and nose. Bisters skin; destroys respiratory tract; can cause temporary bindness. Some agents sting and form wheps on skin. Automatic chemica agent aarm; chemica agent detector kit. Convusions and coma. Incapacitates; kis if high concentration is inhaed. Automatic chemica agent aarm; chemica agent detector kit. Coughing, choking, nausea, headache. Damages and foods ungs. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix C C-5 NBC Defense

193 Appendix C C-6 NBC Defense Commander s Tactica Handbook Dissemination Rate of action First aid Decontamination Nerve Bister Bood Choking Aeroso or vapor Liquid dropets Liquid dropets Vapor (gas) Vapor (gas) Very rapid by inhaation; sow through skin. Deayed through skin; more rapid through eyes. Give nerve agent antidote injection. Artificia respiration may be necessary. None. Fush eyes with water; decontaminate skin with M258 kit. Bistering deayed hours to days; eye effects more rapid. Mustard, ewisite, and phosgene oxime very rapid. None. Fush eyes with water; decontaminate skin with M258 kit or wash with soap and water. Protection Protective mask; protective cothing. Protective mask; protective cothing. Rapid. Immediate to 3 hours. Artificia respiration may be necessary. None. Protective mask. For severe symptoms, avoid movement; keep warm. None. Protective mask. 5. MOPP Leves Before Chemica Attack. MOPP Leve Over-Garment Over-Boots Mask with Hood 1 Worn open or cosed based on temperature Goves Carried Carried Carried 2 Same as MOPP-1 Worn Carried Carried 3 Same as MOPP-1 Worn Worn hood open or cosed based on temperature 4 Worn cosed Worn Worn hood cosed Carried Worn 6. Seective Unmasking Procedure. a. Seect and disarm two or three Marines to test.

194 b. Take a deep breath and break sea for 15 seconds with eyes open. c. Remask, cear and check the mask. d. Wait in the shade for 10 minutes and check Marines for symptoms. e. Break sea and take two or three breaths. f. Remask, cear and check mask. g Wait in the shade for 10 minutes and check Marines for symptoms. h. Unmask in the shade for 5 minutes. i. Remask for 10 minutes. j. Check Marines for symptoms. k. If no symptoms have appeared, have a Marines unmask. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix C C-7 NBC Defense

195 Appendix D Communications and Information Systems 1. Genera Rues for Radio Use. a. Listen before transmitting. b. Avoid excessive tuning and testing. c. Ensure message is cear, concise, premeditated, and, if possibe, previousy written. d. Speak ceary, sowy, in natura phrases, and enunciate each word. If the receiving operator must write, aow sufficient time for writing. e. Assume the enemy is aways istening. f. Notify higher headquarters using an aternate means of communications if jamming occurs. After jamming stops, send a meaconing, intrusion, jamming, interference (MIJI) report. g. Maintain whip antennas in a vertica position. h. Ensure the vehice-mounted radio is turned off before starting the vehice. i. Communicate directy with other eaders on the net (if possibe) if the unit is in contact with the enemy. Aso, communicate directy with other eaders when asking for carification or expaining a situation. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-1 Comm and Info Systems

196 Appendix D D-2 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Message Handing Time. a. The foowing time objectives appy as a genera guide. They incude overa handing time from the point of origin to deivery to the addressees at the point of destination. Precedence Category Fash Immediate Priority Routine Time Standards Not fixed. Handed as fast as humany possibe; objective is ess than 10 minutes. 10 minutes to 1 hour. 1 to 6 hours. 3 hours to start of business the foowing day. b. When taking and deivering messages via voice communications, the use of yeow canary message types increase speed and accuracy. 3. Fied Expedient Antennas. a. Operators use fied expedient antennas to Repace a damaged antenna. Increase the distance of their radio s signa. Concentrate the radio s signa in a particuar direction. b. The most common eement used to construct a fied expedient antenna is WD-1 communications wire, but other materias can be used (e.g., barbed wire, meta fences, bed springs, meta posts, meta windows, other types of eectrica wire).

197 c. Formuas for constructing fied expedient antennas using WD-1 type communications wire are shown in the foowing tabe: Waveength Cacuate Wire Lengths in Feet Formua Quarter wave ength = 5.03 feet or 5 feet 3/8 inches MHz Haf wave ength 451 = 7.86 feet or 7 feet 10 1/3 inches MHz Fu wave ength 902 = 13.7 feet or 13 feet 8 3/8 inches MHz d. Wire ength can aso be computed using the quick reference antenna ength chart on page D-4 and D-5. e. When measuring wire for the antenna, the ength may have to be approximated. If a tape measure or some other measuring device is not avaiabe, cut the wire 6 to 12 inches over the ength derived from the formua. This wi ensure a compete haf wave or fu wave. f. Some fied expedient antennas are constructed using the foowing insuators: Best Good Last Choice Pastic Wood Coth/rope MRE spoon Stick 550 cord MRE pouch Tree bark Rags Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-3 Comm and Info Systems

198 Appendix D D-4 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook g. Once the antenna materia is connected to the radio at the antenna mount with wire, begin transmitting.. HF VHF Operating Frequency in MHz 1/2 Wave 1 Wave Operating Frequency in MHz 1/2 Wave 1 Wave 2 225' 6" 451' 30 15' 3/8" 30' 7/8" 3 150' 4" 300' 8" 32 14' 1-1/8" 28' 2-1/4" 4 112' 9" 225' 6" 34 13' 3-1/8" 26' 6-3/8" 5 90' 2-3/8" 180' 4-3/4" 36 12' 6-3/8" 25' 3/4" 6 75' 2" 150' 4" 38 11' 10-3/8" 23' 8-7/8" 7 64' 5" 128' 10-1/3" 40 11' 3-3/8" 22' 6-5/8" 8 56' 4-1/2" 112' 9" 42 10' 7-7/8" 22' 5-3/4" 9 50' 1-3/8" 100' 2-2/3" 44 10' 3" 20' 6" 10 45' 1-1/4" 90' 2-3/8" 46 9' 9-5/8" 19' 7-3/8" 11 41' 82' 48 9' 4-3/4" 18' 9-1/2" 12 37' 7" 75' 2" 50 9' 1/4" 18' 1/2" 13 34' 8-1/4" 69' 4-1/2" 52 8' 8" 17' 4-1/4" 14 32' 2-1/2" 64' 5-1/8" 54 8' 4-1/4" 16' 3-3/8" 15 30' 7/8" 60' 1-7/8" 56 8' 5/8" 16' 1-2/3" 16 28' 2-1/4" 56' 4-1/2" 58 7' 9-3/8" 15' 6-5/8" 17 26' 6-3/8" 53' 3/4" 60 7' 6-1/4" 15' 3/8" 18 25' 3/4" 50' 1-1/3" 62 7' 3-1/4" 14' 6-5/8" 19 23' 8-7/8" 47' 5-5/8" 64 7' 5/8" 14' 1-1/8"

199 20 22' 6-5/8" 45' 1-1/4" 66 6' 10" 13' 8" 21 21' 5-3/4" 42' 11-3/8" 68 6' 7-5/8" 13' 3-1/8" 22 20' 6" 41' 70 6' 5-1/4" 12' 10-5/8" 23 19' 7-3/8" 39' 2-2/3" 72 6' 3-1/8" 12' 6-3/8" 24 18' 9-1/2" 37' 7" 74 6' 1-1/8" 12' 2-1/4" 25 18' 1/2" 38' 1" 76 5' 11-1/8" 11' 10-3/8" 26 17' 4-1/4" 34' 8-1/4" 78 5' 9-3/8" 11' 6-3/4" 27 16' 8-3/8" 33' 4-7/8" 80 5' 7-2/3" 11' 3-3/8" 28 16' 1-1/3" 32' 2-1/2" 82 5' 6" 11' 29 15' 6-5/8" 31' 1-1/4" 84 5' 4-3/8" 10' 8-7/8" 30 15' 3/8" 30' 7/8" 86 5' 2-7/8" 10' 5-7/8" 4. Soping Wire Antenna. a. Cut a wire to the required ength (see the quick reference antenna ength chart above or use the antenna ength formua on page D-3). b. Attach insuator to one end of the wire. Attach the other end of the wire to the antenna connector on the radio. c. Tie a rope to the insuator end. Throw the rope over a tree imb. See figure on page D-6. d. Pu the rope up. Make sure there is enough sack to form a sope. Take the radio and move in the direction of transmission. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-5 Comm and Info Systems

200 Appendix D D-6 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook 5. Vertice Haf Rhombic Antenna. a. Take four wave engths of fied wire (WD-1/TT) or a mutipe of two wave engths of the operating frequency (use the quick reference antenna ength chart on pages D-4 and D-5).

201 b. Tie an insuator, knee high, on one end of the wire. Run that end in the direction you wish to tak to. Tie some wire to the other side of the insuator and stake it down with a meta stake. Support the center of the wire with a mast, tree, poe, or whatever is handy (20-30 feet high). c. Keep the directiona ine straight. Extend the near ine end unti it is tight. Attach the WD-1. d. Enhance communications if materia and time are avaiabe. (1) Run a ength of WD-1 from the ground stake. Stretch the wire under the antenna about a foot high. Attach the other end of the wire to the hande of the radio set. (This improves the signa. This construction is caed counterpoise.) (2) Wire a 600 ohm, 1 or 2 watt carbon resistor across the insuator at the far end; this improves the radio s punch in that direction. (The antenna is bidirectiona without the resistor and unidirectiona with the resistor.) Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-7 Comm and Info Systems

202 Appendix D D-8 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook 6. Junge 292 Antenna. This omnidirectiona ground pane antenna is a reguar RC-292. It is especiay good for use in heaviy wooded areas. a. Compute (or use the quick reference antenna ength chart on pages D-4 and D-5) and cut the four wires for a quarter wave. Buid a triange for the bottom of the RC-292. (If possibe, find sticks about as ong as the eements.) b. Connect the WD-1, or coaxia ead-in, as shown in the diagram beow, before puing the antenna up in the air. c. Use five insuators, one at each end to separate the eements. Attach an insuator to the vertica eement, add a piece of rope, tie on a weight, and throw the rope over a tree imb. (The antenna can then be raised and owered to change eement engths each time the frequency is changed.) d. Add a rope from the bottom of the head of a stake in the ground beow if you expect strong winds. (This prevents swaying and a signa that fades in and out.) NOTE: Some types of soi absorb radio signas and reduce or eiminate radio signa output from tactica radios. To hep overcome this probem, empoy a counterpoise or fake ground pane. This keeps the signa from being absorbed into the ground near the radio. To construct a counterpoise for the vertica haf rhombic, cut a ength of communications wire equa to the distance from the radio to the end of the antenna. Strip the ends of the wire and connect one end to the chassis of the radio (i.e., the battery box atch) and connect the other end to the stake hoding the antenna in pace. If using a resistor, connect the counterpoise to the end of the resistor that is not connected to the antenna.

203 Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-9 Comm and Info Systems

204 Appendix D D-10 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook 7. Commony Used Infantry Battaion Radio Nets. Radio Net Communications Equipment Units/Individuas on Net Patoon Tac (VHF) PRC-68 Patoon commander, squad eaders, attachments Company Tac (VHF) PRC-77, PRC-119 Company commander, patoon commanders, company mortars, attachments Battaion Tac 1 (VHF) Battaion Tac 2 (VHF) Battaion Mortars (VHF) Artiery COF (VHF) PRC-77, PRC-119, MRC-110 PRC-77. PRC-119, MRC-110 PRC-77, PRC-119, MRC-110 PRC-77, PRC-119, MRC-110 Battaion combat operations center, company commanders, battaion mortars, heavy weapons, attachments Battaion combat operations center, company commanders, battaion mortars, heavy weapons, attachments Battaion mortars, battaion combat operations center, mortar forward observers, (81 COF) attachments Artiery fire direction center, battaion combat operations center, artiery forward observers TAR/HR (HF) PRC-104, MRC-138 DASC, battaion combat operations center, forward air controers TAD/HD (UHF) PRC-113, VRC-83 Aircraft, battaion combat operations center, forward air controers TACP/Loca VHF PRC-77, PRC-119 Battaion combat operations center, forward air controers NGF Ground Spt (HF) PRC-104, MRC-138 Supporting ships, battaion combat operations center, spot team SFCP/Loca (VHF) PRC-77, PRC-119 Battaion combat operations center, spot teams 8. Communications Security. a. Genera Considerations. (1) Communication security is the means or steps that Marines empoy to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining miitary information from Marine Corps communications networks.

205 (2) Cassification is used to specify the degree of protection required for certain information and is determined by the information s impact on nationa security. (3) Cassified materia contains information that has been given a security cassification. (4) Communications security appies to documents or written information regardess of its form or characteristics. b. Requirements for Handing Cassified Information. (1) Cearance. An administrative determination of a Marine s eigibiity to hande cassified materias of a specific cassification or category. (2) Need to know. Materia a Marine must see in order to perform his/her duties. (3) Access. Authorization to gain possession or knowedge of cassified materia. c. Security Components. (1) Emission security measures are taken to deny unauthorized persons information of vaue that may be derived from intercepts and anaysis, thereby compromising transmissions from cryptographic equipment and teecommunications systems. (2) Transmission security measures are designed to protect transmissions from unauthorized interception and expoitation by traffic anaysis, imitative deception, and direction finding. (3) Cryptographic security deas with the provisions of technicay sound cryptographic systems and the proper Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-11 Comm and Info Systems

206 Appendix D D-12 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook use of authorized codes, cipher devices, and machines empoyed for encrypting and decrypting messages. (4) Physica security is concerned with a physica measures necessary to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, faciities, materia, information, and documents and to safeguard them from espionage, sabotage, oss, damage, and theft. d. Cassifications. (1) Top secret is the most important category and requires the highest degree of protection. If compromised it coud cause exceptiona damage to nationa security. (2) Secret materia requires a substantia degree of protection. If compromised it coud cause serious damage to nationa security. (3) Confidentia materia requires a substantia degree of protection. If compromised it coud cause identifiabe damage to nationa security. (4) Uncassified materia contains no cassified information. 9. SINGARS Radio Information. a. Genera Considerations. (1) Singe-channe ground airborne radio system (SINC- GARS) integrated communications security (ICOM) radios provide short-range voice and data communications.

207 (2) These radios are avaiabe in both man-pack and vehicuar-mounted configurations (3) Cryptographic equipment has been integrated or buit into the radio. b. Characteristics. (1) Frequency moduated (FM). (2) Frequency range is MHz to MHz. (3) Channe spacing is 25 khz. (4) Channes of operation: 2,320. (5) Frequency offset abiity is +/- 5 and 10 khz. (6) Number of preset channes are Eight in singe-channe mode. Six in the frequency hopping mode. (7) Emissions incude voice, secure voice, and digita data. (8) Power requirement is 13.5 VDC. (9) Radio frequency power output is Low (LO): 500 microwatts. Medium (M): 160 miiwatts. High (HI): 4 watts. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-13 Comm and Info Systems

208 Appendix D D-14 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook (10) Rated ranges are Low (LO): 0 to 330 yards. Medium (M): 330 yards to 2.5 mies. High (HI): 2.5 mies to 5 mies. (11) Modes of operation are Singe channe (SC). Frequency hopping (FH). Frequency hopping master (FH-M). Retransmission SC to SC, SC to FH, FH to FH, eectronic remote fi reay. Remote in either pain or cipher text with AN/GRA- 39; contro-monitor; or contro, receiver-transmitter C-11561(C)/U. (12) Tuning is eectronic. Frequency is entered manuay by using the keyboard. Up to eight SC channes and six FH channes can be oaded and ater seected using channe switch. (13) Eectronic counter countermeasure capabiity is the abiity to overcome or avoid jamming. SINCGARS is capabe of frequency hopping (randomy changing frequencies whie maintaining communication). These systems wi frequency hop at a rate of up to 6,000 frequencies per minute. c. Components. See diagram on page D-15.

209 Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix D D-15 Comm and Info Systems

210 Appendix D D-16 Comm and Info Systems Commander s Tactica Handbook (1) Receiver transmitter: RT-1523, RT-1523B, or RT- 1523C. (2) Battery box: CY-8523A. (3) Antenna: AS-3683A or AS (4) Handset: H-250. (5) Pack frame: LC-2. d. Batteries. (1) Power BA-5590 or BB-590 batteries suppy the main power source to the radio. (2) Hodup batteries BA-1372 or BA-5372 serve as memory batteries for the radio set.

211 Appendix E Landing Zone Brief and Markings 1. Landing Zone Brief. 1. MISSION NO. 2. LOCATION: COOR/RAD/DME 3. UNIT CALL SIGN 4. FREQUENCY PRI UHF SEC UHF 5. LZ MARKING 6. WIND DIRECTION/VELOCITY / 7. ELEVATION/SIZE/SHAPE / / 8. OBSTACLES 9. FRIENDLY POSITIONS: DIRECTION/DISTANCE 10. ENEMY POSITIONS: DIRECTION/DISTANCE 11. LAST FIRE RECEIVED: TIME/TYPE / / / 12. DIRECTION OF FIRE/DISTANCE / 13. CLEARANCE TO FIRE: DIRECTION/DISTANCE 14. APPROACH/RETIREMENT (RECOMMENDED) / / 15. PERSONNEL/EQUIPMENT / 16. OTHER a. FORMATION b. FM/VHF FM/VHF Appendix E Commander s Tactica Handbook E-1 Landing Zone Brief & Markings

212 Appendix E E-2 Landing Zone Brief & Markings Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Landing Zone Markings. a. Landing zone ighting diagram of a NATO inverted Y prior to anding.

213 b. Landing zone ighting diagram of a NATO inverted Y after anding. Appendix E Commander s Tactica Handbook E-3 Landing Zone Brief & Markings

214 Appendix F Sampe Fire Pan Sketches 1. Squad Fire Pan Sketch. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix F F-1 Sampe Fire Pan Sketches

215 Appendix F F-2 Sampe Fire Pan Sketches Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Patoon Fire Pan Sketch.

216 3. Company Fire Pan Sketch. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix F F-3 Sampe Fire Pan Sketches

217 Appendix G Roadbocks and Searches 1. Types of Roadbocks. a. Panned. A panned roadbock is a permanent or semi-permanent roadbock used on borders, outskirts of cities, or on the edge of controed areas. They are vauabe for checking identifications and as a deterrent. See page G-2 for an exampe of a panned roadbock. b. Hasty. A hasty roadbock is a temporary roadbock used for spot checks. Its main vaue is the eement of surprise and it is most effective within the first haf an hour of being in position before word on its presence spreads through the oca popuation. It can consist of two vehices paced diagonay across a road, or a coi of barbed wire, or just traffic cones. See page G-3 for an exampe of a hasty roadbock. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix G G-1 Roadbocks and Searches

218 Appendix G G-2 Roadbocks and Searches Commander s Tactica Handbook

219 Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix G G-3 Roadbocks and Searches

220 Appendix G G-4 Roadbocks and Searches Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Panning Considerations. a. To avoid unnecessariy annoying innocent civiians, personne manning roadbocks shoud Know and understand the rues of engagement. Know their jobs thoroughy and act quicky and methodicay. Be poite and considerate at a times. Hand over suspects to civi poice quicky and with minimum disturbance. b. The foowing considerations may appy when panning and executing roadbocks: (1) Conceament. Tacticay site the roadbock where it cannot be seen more than a short distance away. (Sharp bends or dips in the road are idea.) (2) Security. Pan for enough troops to protect the roadbock. Pan for enough sentries and cover groups. Stop vehices we short of the main search area to minimize the effect of vehice bombs. (3) Construction and ayout. See sampe ayout of panned and hasty roadbocks on page G-2 and page G-3, respectivey. (4) Manning. Determine the number of troops based on the threat and the expected coumn of traffic. Additiona personne (i.e., civi poice, femae searchers, interpreters, and exposive ordnance experts) may be necessary.

221 (5) Surveiance. Consider the vaue of using eary warning and night observation devices. (6) Communications. Estabish essentia externa and interna communications. (7) Rue of engagement. Ensure Marines manning roadbocks are aware of their ega powers and duties with regard to search, arrest, and use of force. 3. Persona Searches. a. The person being searched shoud be made to stand with egs apart in a eaning position, pacing hand against a wa or vehices. This position woud prohibit movement without faing down but woud aow them to be knocked over easiy. b. The searcher shoud aways work from behind the individua being searched. c. Two searchers shoud be empoyed, one to conduct the search and the other to cover. 4. Type of Searches. a. A quick body search or frisk is used as a preiminary search to detect weapons that might be used against the searcher or as the usua form of search in a ow threat area. (One out of 10 peope may be seected for a more thorough search.) b. A detaied body search is used as a more meticuous, detaied search of the entire person to check for weapons or contraband. The search shoud foow a ogica sequence from top to toe, as is often done at airports. Cothing shoud not be patted; use a stroking movement instead. Both hands shoud Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix G G-5 Roadbocks and Searches

222 Appendix G G-6 Roadbocks and Searches Commander s Tactica Handbook be used for the search. The foowing areas shoud be carefuy checked: The hair (in or under hats). Armpits. Inside egs. Haf-cenched hands. Any medica dressings. Any carried bags or cases. Waking sticks, umbreas, and crutches. Shoes/boots. 5. Vehice Searches. Refer to the Vehice Search Card when conducting searches. a. Occupants. Remove occupants from vehices and search drivers and passengers. Aso, search any oose baggage in the passenger area. b. Car trunk. Direct the driver to open and identify contents. Search Under and around the spare tire. Too boxes. Luggage. Partition between trunk and rear seat. Spare tire housing if it is under the vehice. Spare tire (use too kits to test the air in the spare tire).

223 Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix G G-7 Roadbocks and Searches

224 Appendix G G-8 Roadbocks and Searches Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Car hood. Direct the driver to open the hood and check Items taped to bukhead or hood. A containers. Oi and air fiters. Behind sound proofing. Front gri. Heater. d. Car interior. Be suspicious of strong smeing perfume. Check methodicay from front to rear. Search Behind the dash. Fittings such as radio/cassette payer. The gove compartment. Behind panes; check screws. Under the foor mats. In, under, and behind seats and cushions. Window tracks by roing them down. Toys and decorative animas. Ashtrays. e. Car exterior. Search Whee wes. Behind bumpers. Headights. Hubcaps. Underside.

225 f. Commercia vehices. In addition to the searches isted in steps a. through e., the foowing searches shoud aso be performed on commercia vehices: Drivers s cab. Remember to Space between body and cab. Externa stowage area/bins. Wooden bodies, fase doors, and sides. Space between rear doube whees. Whee chocks that can be hoowed out. Incude vehice search information in the brief for setting up roadbocks and conducting personne searches. Aways have someone covering the searchers and those being searched. Make the vehice occupant(s) open a doors and compartments. Use exposive detectors or dogs in searches, if possibe. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix G G-9 Roadbocks and Searches

226 Appendix H Enemy Prisoners of War 1. Genera. a. Enemy prisoners of war EPW(s) are a good source of information. b. EPWs must be handed per internationa aw and without osing a chance to gain inteigence. 2. Handing EPWs. a. Search EPWs as soon as they are captured. (1) Take their weapons and papers, except identification papers. (2) Give them a written receipt for any persona property and documents taken. (3) Tag EPWs documents and persona property. (4) Have one man guard whie another searches. (5) Re-search any EPWs that are reocated. b. Segregate EPWs into groups: officers, noncommissioned officers, enisted men, civiians, maes, femaes, and poitica figures. Segregation heps prevent EPW eaders from organizing, giving support, and promoting escape efforts. Keep groups segregated as they move to the rear. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix H H-1 Enemy POWs

227 Appendix H H-2 Enemy POWs Commander s Tactica Handbook c. Sience EPWs. (1) Prohibit EPWs from taking to each other. This aso keeps them from panning an escape, from cautioning each other on security, and from inventing or coordinating stories that coud resut in ost inteigence opportunities. (2) Report anything an EPW says to you or tries to say to another EPW to the S-2. d. Speed EPWs to the rear. Patoons turn EPWs over to the company. Use guards to move EPWs to the rear for questioning by the S-2. e. Safeguard EPWs when moving them to the rear. (1) Make sure they arrive safey. (2) Watch out for escape attempts. (3) Ensure that they do not bunch up, spread too far out, or start diversions (e.g., fist fights). These create a chance for escape. (4) Ensure that no one abuses them. f. Tag EPWs and their possessions using an Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Capture Tag (DA Form 5976). See sampe form on pages H-4 and H-5. (1) Tag the EPW before evacuation to the EPW coection point.

228 (2) Tag any enemy documents and equipment. If an item was found on an EPW, his name shoud be on the tag, and the item shoud be separated from him. (See Part C of DA Form 5967.) (3) Evacuate a documents found on an EPW with the EPW. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix H H-3 Enemy POWs

229 Appendix H H-4 Enemy POWs Commander s Tactica Handbook 1 DATE AND TIME OF CAPTURE 2 SERIAL NO XXXXXX1A 3 NAME 4 DATE OF BIRTH 5 RANK 6 SERVICE NO 7 UNIT OF EPW 8 CAPTURING UNIT 9 LOCATION OF CAPTURE (Grid coordinates) 10 CIRCUMSTANCES OF CAPTURE 11 PHYSICAL CONDITION OF EPW 12 WEAPONS, EQUIP- MENT, DOCUMENTS 1 DATE AND TIME OF CAPTURE 2 SERIAL NO XXXXXX1B 3 NAME 4 DATE OF BIRTH 5 RANK 6 SERVICE NO 7 UNIT OF EPW 8 CAPTURING UNIT 9 LOCATION OF CAPTURE (Grid coordinates) 10 CIRCUMSTANCES OF CAPTURE 11 PHYSICAL CONDITION OF EPW 12 WEAPONS, EQUIP- MENT, DOCUMENTS 1 DATE AND TIME OF CAPTURE 2 SERIAL NO XXXXXX1C 3 NAME 4 DATE OF BIRTH 5 RANK 6 SERVICE NO 7 UNIT OF EPW 8 CAPTURING UNIT 9 LOCATION OF CAPTURE (Grid coordinates) 10 DESCRIPTION OF WEAPONS, SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, DOCUMENTS FRONT Enemy Prisoner of War Capture Tag

230 ENEMY PRISONER OF WAR (EPW) CAPTURE TAG (Part A) For use of this form, see AR 190-8, the proponent agency is DCSOPS Attach this part of tag to EPW. (Do not remove from EPW) 1 Search For weapons, miitary documents, or specia equipment 2 Sience Prohibit taking among EPWs for ease of contro 3 Segregate By rank, sex, and nationaity 4 Safeguard To prevent harm or escape 5 Speed Evacuate from the combat zone 6 Tag Prisoners and documents or specia equipment DA Form 5976, JAN 91 UNIT RECORD CARD (Part B) Forward to Unit (Capturing unit retains for records.) Use string, wire, or other durabe materia to attach the appropriate section of this form to the EPW s equipment or property DA Form 5976, JAN 91 DOCUMENT/SPECIAL EQUIPMENT/WEAPONS CARD (Part C) Attach this part of tag to EPW s retained property. (Do not remove from property.) As a minimum, the tag must incude the foowing information: Item 1, date and time of capture. Item 8, capturing unit. Item 9, pace of capture (grid coordinates). Item 10, circumstances of capture (how the EPW was captured). DA Form 5976, JAN 91 BACK Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix H H-5 Enemy POWs

231 Appendix H H-6 Enemy POWs Commander s Tactica Handbook 3. Types of Searches. a. A hasty search is a good pat down of the EPW s entire body, checking a pockets and areas where the EPW coud concea weapons or documents. Done ony when time is paramount. b. A detaied search is simiar to a hasty search, but in more detai. Search EPWs thoroughy, checking for hidden pockets on the inside of the uniform, bets, and boots. c. A strip search is the most preferred search. Strip EPWs of a cothing to ensure there are no hidden weapons, booby traps, or documents. Check a cothing for hidden compartments. Remember to return the EPW s protective gear. Note: For femae EPWs, care must be taken to ensure compiance with internationa aw. Femaes search femaes. If none are avaiabe, the order of precedence for searchers is medica personne, members of the cergy, and if none of the aforementioned are avaiabe, the senior officer on site. 4. Procedures for Handing and Searching EPWs. a. Search EPWs ocated within an encosed space first during a hasty search. b. Cover a EPWs (continue to cover immediate danger areas). c. Sweep visibe weapons away from a the occupants in an encosure. d. Check suspected dead. e. Fex cuff a EPWs. f. Conduct hasty search of the dead for weapons. g. Conduct hasty search of the iving prisoners.

232 h. Escort iving prisoners to the marshaing area where they wi be detai searched and staged. i. Detai search the dead and eave in pace. j. Mark dead once they have been searched. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix H H-7 Enemy POWs

233 Appendix I Patro Coordination 1. Patro Leader. The patro eader ensures that the isted issues are addressed when coordinating with the foowing: S-2. S-3. Current enemy situation. Terrain and vegetation. Weather and ight data. Previous patro reports. Aeria photos and imagery. Photos or information on enemy uniforms and weapons. Priority inteigence requirements and information requirements (information to be coected). Debrief (who, where, when). Specia equipment. Sniper attachments. Submission of route overay. Current friendy situation. Departure/reentry of friendy ines Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix I I-1 Patro Coordination

234 Appendix I I-2 Patro Coordination Commander s Tactica Handbook n n Time and pace (coordinated with the forward unit commander). Emergency signas. Adjacent patros. Restrictions (iumination, smoke, riot contro agents, pyrotechnic). Required reports and reporting occasions. Location and time of rehearsa. Location and time of test firing of weapons. Fire support coordinator. Fire support means avaiabe. Ammunition types and fuzes avaiabe. Priority of fires. Priority targets. Contro measures (coordinated fire ine and boundaries). Frequencies and ca signs. Submission of fire support overay. S-4 (or company gunnery sergeant). Equipment requests. Time and ocation to draw. Ammunition and pyrotechnic requests. Transportation.

235 Air officer. Aircraft avaiabiity. Frequencies and ca signs. Communications officer. Frequency, ca signs, and times when they change. Reporting instructions. Weapons patoon commander. Attachments. Debrief. Fire support assets (60mm mortars). Adjacent patros. Identity of patro eader. Identity of unit. Size of patro. Time of departure/time of return. Enemy action. Routes (primary/aternate). Mission. Frequencies and ca signs. Chaenge and password. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix I I-3 Patro Coordination

236 Appendix I I-4 Patro Coordination Commander s Tactica Handbook 2. Coordination with Forward Unit Commander. The patro eader ensures that the foowing items are coordinated with forward unit commanders in areas where the patro may operate or pass. Information provided. Identity of the patro eader. Identity of the unit. Size of patro (at time of departure and time of return). Mission of patro. Time of departure and time of return. Genera area of operation. Patro frequencies and ca signs. Information coected. Terrain and vegetation. Enemy situation. Friendy positions. Barrier pan. Fire support pan. Units frequencies and ca signs. Chaenge and password.

237 Information coordinated. Location of initia ray point and return ray point. Location of point of departure and point of return from friendy ines. Departure/reentry procedures. Frequencies and ca signs. Emergency signas/pans. Passage of information to reief. Support requested. Guide through ines. Fire support. Reaction force. Litter team. Navigationa aids. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix I I-5 Patro Coordination

238 Appendix J Exampe Patro Overay Patro eader: Sgt Smith Map sheet: New River Unit: 1st Sqd, 2nd Pt, I 3/2 Scae: 1:50,000 Date of patro: 7 May 1984 TOD: 1845 TOR: NLT 0230 Patro frequencies: Code words: Primary: Switching to aternate frequency: Eage Aternate: Switching to aternate route: Bue Ca sign: N4A Emergency signa: Primary route POD: CP5: CP4: FPP/OPR: OBJ: CP9: CP2: POR: Aternate route POD: FPP/OPR: CP7: CP POR: Primary route Aternate route Target List Number Location Description Remarks Checkpoint AB Road junction HE/WP # AB Road (objective) AB Road junction VT AB Road junction VT AB Hi top HE/WP Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix J J-1 Exampe Patro Overyay

239 Appendix J J-2 Exampe Patro Overyay Commander s Tactica Handbook

240 Appendix K Cose Air Support Aircraft Capabiities and Munitions Aircraft Capabiities Aircraft AV-8B F/A-18 Ordnance Types A conventiona unguided, Maverick A conventiona unguided, Maverick, Waeye Maximum Load Gun Type 8,000 bs 25mm, 399 rounds 13,500 bs 20mm, 580 rounds AH-1W Rockets, TOW, Hefire 2,000 bs 20mm, 750 rounds A-10 A conventiona unguided, Maverick F-14 Genera purpose (MK 80s) and custer munitions F-15 A conventiona unguided, Maverick, Waeye F-16 A conventiona unguided, Maverick, Waeye 5,100 bs 30mm, 1174 rounds 8,000 bs 20mm, 515 rounds 6,000 bs 20mm, 512 rounds 6,000 bs 20mm, 515 rounds Time on Station 30 min 35 min 1 hr +30 min 1. CAS times on station (TOS) refect 30 minute transit to/from target area. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix K K-1 CAS Aircraft

241 Appendix K K-2 CAS Aircraft Commander s Tactica Handbook Conventiona Unguided Munitions Munition Description Suitabe Targets MK b bomb Bunkers, vehices, troops, artiery position MK 83 1,000 b bomb Bunkers, vehices, troops, artiery position MK 84 2,000 b bomb Bunkers, vehices, troops, artiery position MK 20 Rockeye DPICM w/ 247 bombets Troops, tanks, POL site, artiery position CBU 59 APAM DPICM w/ 717 bombets Troops, med tanks, POL site, artiery position CBU 72 FAE Fue air exposive Troops, POL site, bdgs, artiery position MK 77 napam Firebomb Troops, POL site, vehices Rockets 2.75"/ 5.00" Pod-aunched area fire weapon Troops, vehices, POL site Conventiona Guided Munitions Munitions Description Suitabe Targets AGM-65 Maverick Infrared or aser-guided missie Any point target (SAM site, APC) Waeye Opticay-tracked 2,000 b. bomb Reinforced bunkers, ships BGM 71 TOW Wire-guided antiarmorer missie Armor, APCs any point target AGM 114 Hefire Laser-guided antiarmor missie Any tank, any point target 1. A MK 80 series genera-purpose bombs may be fitted with a High-drag fin or drogue shoot assemby aowing for ow-eve (beow 2,000 feet) deivery. Laser-guided bomb kit aowing for point target capabiity with a singe bomb. 2. A aser-guided weapons require target designation for empoyment.

242 Appendix L Weapons Capabiities Weapons Hand grenades fragmentation M67 White phosphorus M34 Riot contro M7A2 Riot contro M25A2 Incendiary AN-M14 Iumination MK1 Smoke coored M18 Maximum Effective Range (meters) Ammunition Rates of Fire Rounds Per Minute Rapid Sustained Effective Casuaty Radius Remarks 40 HE N/A N/A 15m 4-5 second fuze deay 30 WP N/A N/A 35m 4-5 second fuze deay 40 CS N/A N/A 25m 2 second fuze deay; functions for 20 to 60 seconds 50 CS N/A N/A 5m second fuze deay N/A Thermite N/A N/A Wi burn through 1/2 in. of stee 40 Iumination N/A N/A Iuminates 200m 2 second fuze deay; burns for 40 seconds at 4,000 o F 7 second fuze deay 35 Yeow, red, green N/A N/A N/A 2 second fuze deay Pisto 9mm 50 Ba N/A N/A N/A Rife 5.56 M16A2 Grenade auncher 40mm M203 Squad automatic weapon 5.56 M249 Machine gun 7.62 M60E3 Machine gun 7.62 M240G Machine gun.50 HB M2 550 Ba, tracer N/A May be fired semiautomatic or 3 round burst. 150 point target 350 area target HE, WC, WSP, HEDP, CS mutiprojectie, HE bounding 1,000 Ba and tracer 4+1 ink 1,000 Ba and tracer 4+1 ink 1,800 Ba and tracer 4+1 ink Maximum effective 7-9 rounds per minute 1,830 HEDP rounds or fewer Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix L L-1 Weapons Capabiities 5m M203 is mounted under the M16AZ N/A Fire from a inked bet or M16 magazine grazing fire 600m 3-5 round burst N/A Grazing fire 600m 6-8 round burst N/A Grazing fire 600m 6-8 round burst 2 inches of stee at 90 degrees Grazing fire1000m designed to be fired in 3-5 round bursts

243 Appendix L L-2 Weapons Capabiities Commander s Tactica Handbook Weapons Maximum Effective Range (meters) Ammunition MK-19 40mm 1,500 HEDP TP Assaut rocket auncher 83mm ARL SMAW Mortar 60mm M224 Mortar 81mm M252 Howitzer 155mm M198 (towed) 400 area 250 point HEDP 500 HEAA M720 HE 3,500 M772 WP 3,500 M721 ILLUM 3,200 M889 HE 5,700 M375 WP 4,500 M853A1 ILLUM 5,100 14,700 chg 7 18,100 chg 7 Red 30,000 RAP HEDP HEAA, practice, 9mm tracer HE, WP, ILLUM HE, WP, RP, ILLUM IR ILLUM HE, ILLUM, WP, SMK, ICM, ADAM, RAAM, HD, GB, VX, CLGP Fuzes: Q,D,Ti,VT,CP 5"/54 21,887 HC, ILLUM, HE, WP Fuzes: PD, MT, VT, CVT, Deay Rates of Fire Rounds Per Minute Rapid Sustained Effective Casuaty Radius m 2 in. stee N/A N/A 7 1/2 ft. reinforced sandbags 8 in. concrete 12 in. brick 1 in. armor 30 rounds per minute 30 rounds per minute/ 2 minutes 20 HE m WP 10m ILLUM- 500m radius 40 seconds 15 HE 35 WP 15 ILLUM-500m 60 seconds IR ILLUM 74 seconds Remarks Maximum range 2,212m Minimum safe range combat-75m training-310m 9mm spotting rife and rocket auncher are baisticay matched. FPF for section 30 x 90 M532 proximity fuze is avaiabe. The fuze wi function 3-30 ft. above ground FPF for section 140 x 35 FPF for patoon 280 x m FPF for battery 300 x m AT HEAT N/A N/A In excess of 17 in. of stee Minimum range is 10m Dragon M47 1,000 HEAT N/A N/A 24 in. of stee Minimum range is 65m TOW M220 3,750 HEAT N/A N/A In excess of 25 in. of stee Minimum range is 65m

244 Weapons Maximum Effective Range (meters) Ammunition LAV 25mm 2,000 HE-I, APDS target practice Tank 120mm 2,200 HEAT, HEP, APDS, WP, APERS Rates of Fire Rounds Per Minute Rapid Sustained Effective Casuaty Radius Wi penetrate a BMP at 2,200m Crew dependent HEAT/APDS is effective against a types of armor at 2,200m Remarks Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix L L-3 Weapons Capabiities

245 Appendix M Common Threat Weapon Characteristics Weapon Range Guidance Remarks Antiaircraft Weapons ZSU ,500m 3,000m Optica track Radar track Cycic rate of fire 4,000 rounds per minute SA-6 24 km Radar Tracked vehice SA km IR heat seeker Man portabe SA-8 10 km Radar Wheeed vehice SA-9 8 km IR heat seeker BRDM vehice SA km IR heat seeker Man portabe SA km IR heat seeker Man portabe S-60 57mm Antiair 6 km Radar tracked towed 4.2 km optica track Sma Arms AK-47, 7.62mm 400m Asia, Midde East, China, Finand, North Korea AK-74, 7.62mm RPK-74, Light MG, 5.45mm FN, 7.62mm FAL Rife 400m 800m 650m 65, 7.62mm H&K Rife 800m RPD, 7.62mm ight MG 800m China, Vietnam, North Korea, Egypt, Pakistan RPK-74, 5.45mm SVD, 7.62mm Sniper Rife 800m 900m Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix M M-1 Common Threat Wpns

246 Appendix M M-2 Common Threat Wpns Commander s Tactica Handbook Weapon Range Guidance Remarks Crew-Served Weapons AGS-17, 30mm Auto Grenade Launcher SG43/SGM Goryunov, 7.62mm Medium MG 1,730m 1,000m Midde East, Africa, Asia KYPT, 14.5mm, HMG 2,000m NSV, 12.7mm HMG 2,000m KPV, 14.5mm MG 2,000m Mounted on BTR-60/ 70/80, BRDM-2 M37, 82mm Mortar 3,000m M43, 120mm Mortar 5,700m RPG-7, Rocket m RPG-16, Rocket m Rocket-Propeed Grenade (RPG) RPG-18, Rocket RPG-22, Rocket 200m 250m Antitank-Guided Missies (ATGM) Mayutka (AT-3) 3,000m Fagot (AT-4) 2,500m Konkurs (AT-5) 4,000m Shturm (AT-6) 5,000m Metis (AT-7) 1,000m Kobra (AT-8) 4,000m Ataka (AT-9) 6,000m Basnya (AT-10) 4,000m Svir (AT-11) 5,000m Metis (AT-13) 1,500m

247 Weapon Range Guidance Remarks ZSU 23, 23mm Cannon 2,500m Armored Vehice Weapons 125mm, Main Gun T-64, T-72, T-80 2,000 2,500m 30mm Cannon BMP 1,800 2,000m Artiery D m Howitzer 15,400m 152mm SP Gun, 2S km Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix M M-3 Common Threat Wpns

248 Appendix N Antiterrorism Procedures 1. Persona Protective Measures. a. Obey security orders. b. Know your interior guard routines. c. Be inquisitive. d. Remain aware of your surroundings. e. Keep aert. 2. Persona Routines. a. Avoid wearing uniform if possibe. b. Avoid caing each other by rank whie in civiian areas. c. Vary patronage of eating/sociaizing estabishments. d. Vary fitness routines and routes. e. Keep a ow profie do not fash arge sums of money. f. Avoid taking iberty aone (use the buddy pan). g. Avoid unsafe areas (keep to we-popuated districts). h. Check up and down streets for suspicious cars or individuas before departing. 3. Transportation. a. Vary mode of transport if possibe. b. Aways ock the car, even in a ocked garage. c. Vary times and stops if using bus, train, or subway. Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix N N-1 Antiterrorism Procedures

249 Appendix N N-2 Antiterrorism Procedures Commander s Tactica Handbook d. Check under and around car before getting in. e. Vary route/times to destinations. f. Use unmarked vehices if possibe. g. Never pick up hitchhikers. h. Avoid isoated or back streets and roads. 4. Mai and Parces. Be aware of the foowing etter and parce bomb indicators: Is the postmark or sender unknown? Is the handwriting of foreign stye? Is the baance of the package unusua? Is the etter too heavy for its size? Are there protruding wires? Does it have grease stains or an unusua sme? Does it contain more postage stamps than necessary? If any of the above indicators are encountered, do not touch! Ca an exposive ordnance disposa expert.

250 Appendix O Common Miitary Symboogy 1. Basic Miitary Symbos. Frames Positions Unit Batte Command post Suppementary Observation post Strong point Logistica/Medica Enemy unit Unit Sizes Fire team Battaion Squad Regiment Section Brigade Patoon Division Company MEF/Corps MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix O O-1 Common Miitary Symboogy

251 Appendix O O-2 Common Miitary Symboogy MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook Unit Types Infantry Artiery Armor Assaut amphibious Light armor Reconnaissance Mechanized infantry Antitank Engineer Motor transport Suppy Air defense Medica Communications Maintenance Eectronic warfare Wire Unspecified Doube apron fence Singe concertina

252 Weapons Light Medium Heavy Air defense gun Surface-to-air missie AT missie AT rocket AT gun Machine gun Mortar Howitzer Mines AP AT Caymore MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix O O-3 Common Miitary Symboogy

253 Appendix O O-4 Common Miitary Symboogy MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook Armored Vehices Armored Vehices (Tanks) Cavary vehice Light AAV Medium APC Heavy LAV 2. Contro Measures. Lines Probabe ine of depoyment Line of contact Line of departure Phase ine Limit of advance Latera boundary

254 Points Contact point Linkup point Coordinating point Ray point Check point Passage point Maneuvers Attack position Axis of advance Main effort Air axis of advance Support attack Ambush Objective Direction of attack MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix O O-5 Common Miitary Symboogy

255 Appendix O O-6 Common Miitary Symboogy MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook 3. Fire Support Coordination Measures. Fire Lines Coordinated fire ine Fire support coordination ine Restrictive fire ine Fire Areas Free-fire area No-fire area Restrictive fire area Airspace Coordination Area

256 Targets Circuar Group of targets Rectanguar Series of targets Linear Point MCRP A Commander s Tactica Handbook Appendix O O-7 Common Miitary Symboogy