CM HEALTH LIBRARY. Guide to. Getting Started in Research

Transcription

1 CM HEALTH LIBRARY Guide to Getting Started in Research Last Updated: 14th June

2 Contents Where to start 3-4 Which database to use.5 Which databse or website to use for what?..6 How to search a database How to choose a database Quick Search Google Scholar..8 UpToDate Clinical Key Nursing Reference Center Plus...11 Proquest Health Research Premium Collection...12 Medline Basic Search Advanced Search Medline Advanced Search...15 CINAHL...15 PsycINFO 15 Embase...15 Cochrane Library...15 Searching techniques Evaluating websites...18 PubMed...19 Accessing full text articles via PubMed...20 How to get an article...21 How to get a book Where to find statistics...24 Where to find guidelines.25 Where to find evidence-based material Where to find New Zealand information..28 Systematic reviews vs Literature reviews...29 How to Reference 30 Remote access to the Library resources

3 CM HEALTH LIBRARY WHERE TO START? Defining the Research Question The first step in research is to clearly define your question. If you don't have a clear idea of what you re looking for, it s hard to search for information. You re likely either to find nothing, or end up with too many results! Try the following tips to help clarify your research question. Also do some background reading to increase your knowledge of the subject. Before you start to search for your information, think about what it is you want to know and why you need to find the information. A few minutes spent planning your search will improve the quality of the material you locate - and save time. What is it you want to know? Write down the information you want to find in the form of a question: In overweight people with type 2 diabetes does an intensive lifestyle intervention reduce weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors? To help you formulate your search, use the following: PICO For patient care Patient Who are you treating? An individual patient, or a patient group? Intervention Which intervention are you considering? Comparison Are there alternative therapies available? Outcome What do you expect the therapies to achieve? ECLIPSE For health management, service issues, and policy-based questions Expectation What do you want the information for? e.g. service development/improvement? Client group Specific patient group? Location Community? Hospital-based? Interagency? Impact What changes are you seeking to make? How will you measure the changes? Professionals Who will be involved? Service What type of service are you seeking to create? 3

4 WHERE TO START continued. Identify other words or concepts that could be used to describe the information you want Are there related, broader or narrower terms? What about synonyms? Are there alternative spellings? - UK. English vs US. English What about alternative word endings? - nurse, nurses, nursing Overweight - obese, obesity, bmi Type 2 diabetes - niddm, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Lifestyle - patient education, health behaviour Reduce weight - weight, loss, diet, physical activity Cardiovascular disease - heart disease Carry out separate searches for each of your key concepts and then use the COMBINE searches option to find those records which cover all aspects of the topics you want. ALSO THINK ABOUT Who is the information for? A patient? Is it to assist with a diagnosis, with treatment or is it for the patient (or their carers)? What about age, gender or other conditions? For you? Is the information for educational or CPD purposes? Will you use it to improve individual (or group) practice, or to support your coursework, or to keep up to date in a subject of interest to you? For research? What type of research is being undertake? How are the research outcomes likely to be applied? Is the focus clinical or managerial? What type of information do you want? Do you want everything ever published? Or do you want focus on particular types of material such as clinical trials, research papers, journal articles? Is there anything else you should consider? Are you looking for material published in a specific timeframe? Are you looking for information that focuses on a particular country? Are there particular authors or publications you want to include or exclude from your searches? ALSO VIEW Library Guides : Research and Referencing (including EndNote) on the Library website. This page has articles and links to aspects of research including Literature Searching, Literature Reviews and Systematic Reviews. 4

5 WHICH DATABASE TO USE? When you use a Library database, you are accessing resources that have been reviewed, approved by editors, peer-review boards and librarians. There is a great deal of scholarly information, including journal articles, conference papers and proceedings, reports, studies and other materials that are available through the Library databases. This information is usually not available on the free web using search engines like Google. Choosing the appropriate databases is essential to competing an effective search. These databases include: AMED - Complementary medicine, palliative care and several allied health professions CINAHL Complete- Nursing and allied health Clinical Key - Medical and surgical content of over 1,000 e-books, 600 journals, 4000 clinical guidelines and videos and images Cochrane Library - Regularly updated evidence-based healthcare databases including systematic reviews Embase - Pharmacology, toxicology and biomedical Index New Zealand - New Zealand and South Pacific journals and newspapers MedLine- Clinical medicine, surgery, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy,allied health and healthcare management Nursing Reference Center Plus - Evidence-based information designed specifically for nurses ProQuest Health Research Premium Collection - Family Health Database, Health & Medical Collection, Health Management Database, Medline, Nursing & Allied Health Database, Psychology Database, and Public Health Database Psychiatry Online - Psychiatric references, including books, journals, guidelines, selfassessment tools and the DSM-V PsycInfo - Mental health, behavioural and social literature PubMed - Clinical medicine, nursing, dentistry and allied health UpToDate - Physician authored clinical information 5

6 WHICH DATABASE OR WEBSITE TO USE FOR WHAT? Selecting the most appropriate database or website is essential to ensure the most relevant results will be obtained. All databases listed below are available via The Library website on SouthNet. Point of Care UpToDate, Clinical Key (includes First Consult), Nursing Reference Center Plus Clinical MedLine, Clinical Key, PubMed, Embase Mental Health PsycInfo, MedLine, PsychiatryOnline Nursing/Midwifery CINAHL Complete, Ovid Nursing Database Nursing Reference Center Plus Allied Health AMED, CINAHL, OTSeeker, PEDro Anatomy Inner Body New Zealand Index New Zealand. Ministry of Health Pharmaceutical Embase, NZ Formulary Statistics Statistics New Zealand Systematic Reviews Cochrane Library, MedLine Journal Articles Discover, Google Scholar 6

7 HOW TO SEARCH A DATABASE How to choose a database Databases cover different subjects and types of information. The best database to choose depends on your research topic and how thorough you need your search to be. If you want a solid overview of a topic and a few good articles without spending too much time searching, try the resources under Quick Search. If you need to do thorough, in-depth research, search using the Advanced Search setting on the databases. This will allow you to search by using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) or by keyword. Quick Search Clinical Key Clinical Key sources peer-reviewed and evidence-based clinical information from over 1,000 medical and surgical reference books, 500 journals and contains thousands of practice guidelines, patient education handouts, videos and images. It also contains First Consult. Cochrane Library The Cochrane Library is a good resource for finding systematic reviews. It also contains a register of controlled trials, health technology assessments and economic evaluations. The Cochrane Library is considered the gold standard in evidence-based health care. For help using Cochrane, see Where to find evidence-based material. There are also some excellent online tutorials available on the Cochrane website. Google Scholar A quick and easy starting point for finding a few good articles on most subjects. Medline: Basic Search Medline indexes articles from thousands of medical and healthcare journals, providing broad coverage of most disciplines including medicine, nursing, surgery, pharmacy, allied health and healthcare management. It includes links to CMH Library full text. Medline is a good resource for finding randomised controlled trials. Nursing Reference Center Evidence-based information designed specifically for nurses. Includes point-of-care, continuing education, nursing skills, drug information and nursing practice. UpToDate UpToDate is a good resource for the diagnosis, management, epidemiology or other aspects of a clinical condition. It s made up of succinct, point-by point full text articles written by physicians and supported by references. 7

8 Google Scholar Google Scholar searches articles, theses, books and abstracts on a variety of subjects. It s a quick and easy starting point for finding a few good articles on your topic. Google and PubMed use search tools to identify date and the source by relevance or date. Limit results to recent material by clicking on Since 2010, 2013 or 2014, or choose your own date in Custom range... Enter a word, phrase or question. Remember to search for synonyms and variant spellings, e.g. paediatric/pediatric/children Click on Cited by to see who is citing a relevant article, or Related articles to search for closely related work Click on Import into EndNote to import references into your EndNote library Click the [HTML], [PDF] or FullText@CMHealthLibrary link to access full text If this is not showing it may be possible to access full text by clicking on more FullText@CMHealthLibrary To view the full text of the article available via CMHealth Library you must first set your preferences to include Counties Manukau Health Library. 1. In Google Scholar click on Settings to get to the Scholar settings page. 2. Click on Library links and search for counties manukau in the search box. 3. Counties Manukau District Health Board Library - FullText@CMHealth Library will appear underneath the box 4. Click save to retain your setting 8

9 UpToDate UpToDate is a good resource for the diagnosis, management, aetiology or other aspect of a condition. It s made up of succinct, point-by-point full text articles written by physicians and supported by references. It includes searchable graphics. Search for a word or a phrase, e.g. diabetes or causes of diabetes. Use the All Topics drop down menu to search for adult or paediatric topics or for graphics Limit your current results set to adult or paediatric topics, or to patient information leaflets or Mouse over a topic to see the Topic Outline (right). To view the full text, click on the topic. Remote access Access to UoToDate is available remotely. To register for access go to UpToDate from a CM Health computer, then click on Log in/ Register on the top right corner of the home screen. Complete the details and then follow the instructions on the you will receive to confirm your registration. Then download the UpToDate mobile app for 24/7 mobile access from phone or tablet. To maintain access you will need to confirm your affiliation to CM Health every 90 days. To do this simply log in to UpToDate from within the CM Health network on SouthNet. 9

10 Clinical Key Clinical Key is a search engine and database of peer-reviewed and evidence-based clinical information resources designed to support physician patient care decisions. It includes a large collection of clinical resources, covering every medical and surgical specialty. The database is the greatly expanded and upgraded replacement for MDConsult. Clinical Key information resources include : full text of over 1,000 medical and surgical reference books 500 journals 2,800 drug monographs 2,000 practice guidelines 15,000 patient education handouts 13,000 medical and surgical videos 5 million images It quickly filters relevant content from all of these information resources to support patient care decision making. Register and stay up-to-date with search/document alerts, save your research and access presentation maker - allows images to be transferred to PowerPoint. Clinical Key may be searched or browsed in several ways. Quick access to search term results by Suggested Terms, Related Terms, Book s and Journal s, and Authors Browse by book, journal or more - drug monographs, guidelines, patient education, and multimedia Or click on All to limit by subject matter including First Consult. 10

11 Nursing Reference Center Plus Nursing Reference Center Plus contains evidence-based information designed specifically for nurses. This includes evidence-based information for Point-of-care Continuing education Nursing skills Drug information Nursing practice Search over content related areas using the basic or advanced search methods, or search specific aspects of diseases, skills, drugs, management, continuing education and more - patient education handouts and books. Diseases : Consult evidence-based information on diseases and conditions that map to the nursing workflow. Topics focus on disease overviews, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, comorbidities, prevalence in various populations, complications, treatment's and care plans. Skills : Collection of nursing skills videos Drugs : Drug information including quick lessons, drug administration and nursing assessment. Also includes drug reference books Davis s Drug Guide for Nurses and AHFS Drug Information Essentials. Management : Topics focus on nursing leadership including decision making, financial management and strategic planning. Continuing Education : CINAHL education programme with courses on a variety of topics. Each course consists of course materials, an interactive review, final test and a module evaluation. Patient Education Handouts : Evidence-based handouts including medical illustrations which allow personalised care notes to be added for individual patietnts Books : Selection of popular nursing reference books Additional features include creating a personal account and topic alerts. This database is also available remotely via access on Healthpoint and by downloading the app on a phone or tablet - instructions on the home page of NRC+ 11

12 ProQuest Health Research Premium Collection The ProQuest Health Research Premium Collection consists of 7 databases with a broad collection of health care journals and evidence-based resources, plus over 13,000 ebooks. The 7 databases are: Family Health Database - Vast array of subjects for patients including sports injuries, food and nutrition, midwifery and dentistry. Also public health topics including pandemics, disaster preparedness and obesity Health & Medical Collection - Clinical and biomedical journal collection covering disciplines including cardiovascular diseases, paediatrics, neurology, respiratory diseases, dentistry and anaesthesiology Health Management Database - Healthcare and management content on a wide range of topics including hospitals, insurance, law, statistics, business management, personnel management, ethics, health economics, and public health administration MedLIne - Bibliographical database produced by the US National Library of Medicine, containing millions of citation from thousands pf biomedical and life science journals Nursing & Allied Health Database - Health care information covering nursing, allied health, alternative and complementary medicine Psychology Database - Clinical and social psychology, psychosomatic publications, plus related disciplines including genetics, psychology of business and economics, communication, criminology, addiction, neurology and social welfare. Public Health Database - Covers a wide variety of disciplines including social and biological sciences. Includes breaking topics such as H1N1 and zika virus 12

13 MedLine: Basic Search MedLine indexes articles from thousands of medical and healthcare journals, providing broad coverage of most disciplines including medicine, nursing, surgery, pharmacy, allied health and healthcare management. This guide covers completing a basic search in MedLine. For guidance on completing an advanced search please refer to the Library s Ovid User Guide on the Library website on SouthNet. Ensure Basic Search is selected Enter a phrase or question in the search box, e.g. Is there a link between obesity and diabetes? Once you ve entered your search, your results will appear at the bottom of the screen. Scroll down to see them. Filters: How to get recent articles, types of articles, and make your results more relevant Look at the sidebar to the left of your results. You ll see a box headed Filter By. In this box are all sorts of options for making your results more relevant. You can filter your results by relevancy, years, publication type, journal or author. 13

14 Medline: Basic Search continued. To filter your results, go to the Filter By box. Click on the blue + beside the filter you want to see detailed options To print, or export results to EndNote, first select the articles you want by clicking in the box beside the blue title, then choose Print, or Export from the top toolbar Click on Full Text to access the full article. If CMH Library doesn t have the article, you ll see a Request Document button instead. Use this to order the article. Click on Find Similar to search for other articles like this one. Click on Find Citing Articles to search for other articles that cite this one. Remote access Remote access to Medline (and other Ovid databases including Embase, PsycInfo, Ovid- Nursing Database and AMED) is available via HealthPoint Please refer to page

15 ADVANCED SEARCHING A thorough literature review will require you to search more than one database. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Guides to Research and Referencing (including EndNote) for guides and resources on how to conduct an advanced literature search. The databases listed below are considered to be among the premier databases in their respective fields. One or more of them may be good places to start for most advanced literature searches. Useful databases Medline Medline indexes articles from thousands of medical and healthcare journals, providing broad coverage of most disciplines including medicine, nursing, surgery, pharmacy, allied health and healthcare management. Medline also indexes Cochrane reviews. It includes links to CMH Library full text. CINAHL: Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature The CINAHL database covers nursing and allied health literature from 1981 to present. It includes some full text. PsycINFO PsycINFO indexes mental health, behavioural and social literature. Embase Embase indexes pharmacology, toxicology and biomedical titles. Cochrane Library The Cochrane Library is a good resource for finding systematic reviews. It also contains a register of controlled trials, health technology assessments and economic evaluations. The Cochrane Library is considered the gold standard in evidence-based health care. For help using Cochrane, see Where to find evidence-based material. There are also some excellent online tutorials available on the Cochrane website. PubMed PubMed is the U.S National Library of Medicine s (NLM) premiere search system for health information. PubMed covers journal articles in medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and the health care system. 15

16 SEARCHING TECHNIQUES Formulating a search strategy is essential to ensure successful results. It is useful to write down your search topic to identify the main concepts and then consider MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and/or keywords. Always define your question and topic, and consider alternative and related terms. Subject Headings vs Keywords Two methods of conducting a literature search are by using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and keywords. Both have advantages and disadvantages and it is often useful to use both techniques. MeSH headings often collate under one term all they synomyns or variants of a term. For example, words for the term cancer may include neoplasm, tumor, malignancies or types of cancer but in MedLine the term Neoplasm is used for cancer and all its variant terms. Keyword searching returns results that contain that given word or phrase regardless of the location in the article. For example a search for the term cancer will return results with the word cancer anywhere in any article. While this can be useful, it tends to bring up a larger number of results as it searches for any occurrence of the word. Keyword searching can be very useful for terms that are not MeSH headings, catch words or phrases, brand or personnel names, and to identify any articles missed by a subject heading. Combining Search Terms using Boolean Operators - And Or Not There are three words which can be used to combine searches - And, Or, Not. And narrows the terms you use as both words or concepts must be present in the resulting references. E.g. Coronary disease and obesity Use AND to combine different concepts. OR adds together the result of two searches. E.g. Coronary disease or obesity Use OR to combine similar concepts or synomyms. NOT excludes the results of one search from the other, so that the resulting references do not contain that concept. E.g. Coronary disease not obesity Truncation and Wildcards and Variant Spellings Use truncation to search for a variation on a keyword by placing either $ or * at the end of the root word e.g. Nurs$ will return nurse, nurses, nursing etc Use wildcards to substitute one or more letters in a word where there are variations of spellings (i.e UK English vs US English) or to replace one or more characters in a word by using? Or # e.g. p?diatric will return both pediatric and paediatric Wom?n will return both woman and women 16

17 SEARCHING TECHNIQUES continued Adjacency (Proximity) searching The adjacency operators search for terms that are near each other. Using these between words will search for the words depending on the number of words apart that are stipulated. Most databases use ADJ or N followed by the number of words apart selected. E.g heart adj attack will search for the two words side by side. Bipolar adj2 disorder will return bipolar disorder and also bipolar affective disorder Adjacency searching does run in both directions - searching for heart adj attack will find heart attack and attack heart Combining Concepts Concepts can be combined to extend the search by bracketing the keywords together. This can be an effective way to search for several keywords at once. E.g skin and (cancer or neoplasm) will return skin cancer and skin neoplasm SEARCHING TECHNIQUES Summary Search Operator Sample Example Combine both or all terms and Health and safety Find either or any terms or Rural or isolated or remote Exclude records containing a specified not Blood pressure not stroke Truncation $ or * Disease$ finds disease, diseases or diseased Wildcards searches - spelling variations or to replace one or more characters in a word? P?ediatric finds paediatric or pediatric Wom?n finds woman or women Adjacent - for words next to each other specify range with a number Combining two or more concepts or keywords in the one search statement (if you are not using the combine function button adj Physician adj5 relationship finds physician patient relationship, patient physician relationship, relationship of the physician and patient () (England or Wales or Ireland or United Kingdom or Scotland) and (mental health or psychiatric services) 17

18 EVALUATING WEBSITES When using information from the Internet it is essential that it is accessed from reliable sources. Remember: Anyone can create a website. Just because information is published on a website does not mean it is true. Things to consider when using websites: Who Who created the site? What are their qualifications or expertise in this area that would make this a reliable site? Are there contact details or information about the author? Where Where does this information come from? Does it come from an institution or a private company? Does it require any special software to view the information? Look at the end of the domain name for information about the site i.e..com may mean it is a commercial organization,.gov means a government agency,.org means a non-profit organization, and.edu means an academic institution. What What is the purpose of the site? Is it to provide scholarly information or to entertain or advertise? How detailed is the information? Is the information factual or opinions? Does the information show bias? Some sites provide information about the content or vision statement. When When was the site created and when was it last updated? Is the site well-maintained? Are the links to other pages current and working? How current is the information? Is the information reliable and error-free? Is the site clearly organized and easy to read? Why Why is the information on this site useful for research? Why is this site more useful than other sites? Is this site recognized in the field of research? 18

19 PUBMED PubMed is the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) search system for health information. It is free on the web at PubMed contains over 23.5 million citations including the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, the health care system and preclinical sciences. PubMed vs Medline Includes citations from Medline plus articles not yet fully indexed, ahead of print citations, older citations that precede the start of indexing, citations to author manuscripts and PubMed Central journals not yet selected for Medline Does not include information about conference proceedings, dissertations, and patents. Full text access via links where available Allows Google like searching Year coverage 1940s-present Uses the Ovid search interface Greater control over searching and search strategies Basic search option Advanced searching by MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and/or keywords Can choose subheadings to make search more specific Greater limits available under additional limits Full text links (when available) next to each article Year coverage 1940s-present Search history is clearly visible Direct export to EndNote Using PubMed There are several user guides and tutorials on the PubMed site. The PubMed Quick Start Guide is a good starting point and links to different aspects of searching and managing results. 19

20 ACCESSING FULL TEXT ARTICLES VIA PUBMED It may be possible to directly access the full text of articles from a PubMed search using LinkSource links. In order to view LinkSource, PubMed must be accessed onsite via the Library website or offsite using the ezyproxy system (see page 29). Total results Total number of full text articles available 1. Search for your topic e.g. heart attack. 2. Click on a citation and if the full text is available the LinkSource icon will appear in the 20

21 HOW TO GET AN ARTICLE To get the following article: Croucher,M (2016). Should a CT Head be a standard part of the diagnostic process for dementia in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1445), Discover All CMH Library full text electronic journals can be found in several different ways via Discover 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Find a Journal 2. Type the journal title into the search box, e.g. New Zealand Medical Journal. 3. The journal may be available from several suppliers. Check the years available. 4. Click on the blue link to open the e-journal. 5. Select the year, volume and issue you want to access the article. Journals may also be browsed by subject. Alternatively you can select Find an Article and fill in the article details. Using Google Scholar The full text of the article may be available from the CM Health Library resources by searching Google Scholar. Easiest way to search for an article is to place the title in the search box. If the full text is available to access the link FullText@CMHealthLibrary will appear. For full details see page 8. What to do if you can t find an article If you can t find the article you want in either Google Scholar or via Discover, CMH Library probably doesn t have access to it in our own collection. However, we may be able to get it for you from another library. To request an article: 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Request an Article (under Services on the homepage) 2. Fill in the form and submit. Your article will probably take about 1-5 working days to arrive and it will be ed to you as a PDF file. 21

22 HOW TO GET A BOOK To get the following book: Durie, M. (2001). Mauri ora: The dynamics of Maori health. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. Search the CMH Library Catalogue The CMH Library Catalogue is available on the Library homepage. 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Print Collection Catalogue (under Resources) 2. Type the title of the book or author into the Library Catalogue search box, e.g. Mauri ora, and click Go You can also limit your search or browse a topic by selecting the drop down box next to Library catalogue. This will allow more specific types of searching including keyword phrase and subject Through the CM Health Library Catalogue it is also possible to create your own account. This will allow you to reserve/ request an item, renew your checked out books online, and check your library account. You can also view your Reading History to see what books you have previously checked out. Instructions on how to create and log in to your account are on the CM Health Library Catalogue homepage. 22

23 How to get a book continued... How to get an E-book You can access many of CMH Library s E-Books from the library catalogue. Simply search for the book you want, then click on the link in the record. OR 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Find an ebook (under Resources) 2. View links to popular E-Books including DSM-V, Goldman-Cecil Medicine, Gray s Anatomy, Netter s Internal Medicine, Red Book and Talley & O Connor Clinical Examination under the ebook Collections 3. Full E-Book collections can be searched via ClincalKey, Books@Ovid, ProQuest, Psychiatry Online and EBSCO Nursing collection. ClinicalKey ClinicalKey has the full text of over 1,300 medical and surgical reference books. They can be searched by title or specialities,or can be browsed alphabetically. 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> ClinicalKey. 2. Click on Books 3. Either place the book title in the search box, click on the letter to search alphabetically or click on specialities to get the drop-down box to select from one of the 38 specialties including: Anesthesia and Perioprative, Cardiovascular, Dermatology, Emergency, Internal Medicine, Neurology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedics, Pediatrics, Plastic Surgery, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Surgery. What to do if you can t find a book If you can t find the book you want in the CMH Library catalogue or by searching individual collections, CMH Library probably doesn t have access to it in our own collection. However, we may be able to get it for you from another library. We are unable to obtain E-Books from other libraries. To request a book: 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Request a Book (under Services) 2. Fill in the form and submit. Your book will probably take about a week to arrive. 23

24 WHERE TO FIND STATISTICS New Zealand Ministry of Health NZ Health Statistics This is a central location for accessing NZ health data and health statistics collected and produced by the Ministry of Health and wider health sector. Counties Manukau DHB Health Status Documents CMDHB health status documents are a good source of statistics relating to the Counties Manukau region. Health-Status.htm Statistics New Zealand New Zealand s national statistical office. Statistics on a wide variety of sectors in NZ society are available. International Global Health Observatory, World Health Organization National Centre for Health Statistics (USA) Australian Bureau of Statistics Health and Social Care Information Centre (UK) NHS England 24

25 WHERE TO FIND GUIDELINES ClinicalKey ClinicalKey has over 2,000 practice guidelines. They can be searched by title or specialities,authoring Organizations,or can be browsed alphabetically. 1. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> ClinicalKey. 2. Click on More 3. Click on Guidelines. Google Google can be a useful tool for finding guidelines produced by specialist societies and organisations. These are often available for free PDF download. Type the topic you re looking for and guidelines into the search box, e.g. renal failure management guidelines. Check that guidelines found through Google are produced by a reputable authority. New Zealand New Zealand Guidelines Group The NZGG created evidence-based guidelines on a range of health and medical topics until it went into liquidation in mid The guidelines it produced are still available for free download. Centre for Clinical Excellence A growing repository of NZ guidelines, care pathways and assessment tools. International National Guideline Clearinghouse (US) NICE: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK) National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Practice Guidelines Portal (Australia) 25

26 WHERE TO FIND EVIDENCE-BASED MATERIAL Cochrane Library The systematic reviews in the Cochrane Library are considered the gold standard in evidence-based health care. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Cochrane. Choose the field you want to search here. The default is Title, Abstract, Keywords Need more help searching Cochrane? Mouse over Learn and click on How to use the Cochrane Library to access online tutorials Enter your search terms here. Search tips: If you enter more than one term, Cochrane will find both terms in your selected field. Put terms in quotation marks to search for a phrase, e.g. diabetes mellitus. Cochrane searches for word variants automatically, e.g. pay finds pays, paid and paying. Try Advanced Search to enter a detailed Boolean (AND, OR, NOT) search or search using subject terms. Medline Use Medline to search for systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials or metaanalyses. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Medline. Search tips: Run your search, then click on Additional Limits. In the Publication Types box, select Meta Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trial or Systematic Review (you can select more than one by holding down your Ctrl key). Click on Limit A Search. For more help searching Medline, see Quick Search: Medline: Basic Search or go to SouthNet>> Library >> Guides to Research and Referencing (including EndNote) >> Ovid databases. 26

27 Where to find evidence-based material continued Guidelines Guidelines produced by reputable healthcare authorities such as the New Zealand Guidelines Group or NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) can be good sources of evidence-based material. New Zealand Guidelines Group NICE: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK) Specialist evidence-based practice books and journals Search tips: Go to SouthNet >> Library >> CM Health Library Catalogue. Type evidence based into the Keyword or Title search box. Go to SouthNet >> Library >> Discover Type evidence based into the search box. Websites Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (UK) NHS Evidence (UK) Campbell Collaboration Systematic reviews on the effects of interventions in mental health, education, social welfare, crime and justice and international development. 27

28 WHERE TO FIND NEW ZEALAND INFORMATION Websites Counties Manukau DHB CMDHB s health status documents and planning documents are good resources for finding information about the Counties Manukau region. Click on Publications & Media. Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health website has many freely downloadable reports. Click on the Publications tab. Te Pou Te Pou offers downloadable research resources on mental health and disability. It has a Pacific section called Le Va. HIIRC - Health Improvement and Innovation Resource Centre Topics covered by HIIRC include hospital productivity, quality improvement, primary health, access to elective services, diabetes, and cardiovascular services. The Knowledge Library is a searchable database of New Zealand health sector research. Databases Index New Zealand Covers New Zealand journals and newspapers. It is not exclusively health-related, but does include health and medical content. Kiwi Research Information Service Offers open-access research documents produced by New Zealand universities, polytechnics and other educational institutes. New Zealand Nursing Research Index Covers published and unpublished research undertaken by New Zealand nurses. 28

29 SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS VS LITERATURE REVIEWS Systematic reviews A systematic review looks at a formulated question and reviews it by using a systematic method that may be reproduced. All relevant research is identified, selected and critically appraised. Data from the studies included in the review are also collected and analysed. A systematic review can be quantitative or qualitative. A quantitative systematic review includes studies that have numerical data. A qualitative systematic review comprises of research from observation and interviews, and focuses on the comments from the participants. Obtaining this data may be from focus groups, interviews, observations and written notes including information from diaries. Systematic review databases include: The Cochrane Library - Systematic reviews on health issues Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects - Systematic reviews on health issues Evidence Updates - Systematic reviews on clinical issues Health Evidence - Systematic reviews on public health issues Health Systems Evidence - Systematic reviews on health system issues Literature reviews A literature review is a critical review of relevant research and academic publications on a specific topic. It may be part of a larger research project, possible to identify gaps in research. A literature review will present an overview of relevant research to determine what is published on this topic, identify themes or trends and compare and critique perspectives and conclusions. It should not just describe previous research but should be analytical and evaluative. Focuses on a single question A protocol is included Provides summaries of literature Identifies clear objectives Criteria is stated before conducting the review Search strategy conducted in a specific way Article selection process usually clear Comprehensive evaluation of article Process of extracting relevant information usually clear and specific Results are clearly summarised May focus on a single question or an overview A protocol is included Provides summaries of literature Objectives may be identified Criteria is not specified Strategy not specifically stated Article selection process not described Evaluation of articles may be included Process of extracting relevant information not clear or specific Summary of the results may not be specified 29

30 HOW TO REFERENCE It is important to acknowledge all sources of information and ideas that you have used in your essay, dissertation, thesis or research paper. This is known as referencing. Referencing enables you to avoid plagiarism, allows the reader to consult the original source of your information, and acknowledges the author from whom the information was taken. When do I need to provide a reference? You need to provide a reference whenever you include information or ideas in your work that you have taken from someone else s work. Examples of information that usually need a reference include: Direct quotations Statistics or other numerical data Discussion of another author s opinion or work Ideas, thoughts or information that you have drawn from someone else s work, even if you have expressed them in your own words Ideas you got from others in conversation, or during an interview Diagrams, charts or pictures taken from other sources (NB: You may need formal permission from the copyright holder usually the author or publisher to reproduce diagrams and pictures). A reference is not needed if: You are discussing your own ideas, experiences, opinions or conclusions You are writing about something that is common knowledge, i.e. the information is a generally accepted fact that your readers will already know. Referencing styles There are a number of different referencing styles. One of the most commonly used styles is APA 6th. The Vancouver and Harvard referencing styles are also frequently used in medicine. Some journals have their own unique requirements for referencing style. For information on the APA 6th referencing style, go to SouthNet >> Library >> Guides to Research and Referencing (including EndNote For a helpful interactive APA link for creating customised examples of APA references and in-text citations go to How to make referencing quick and easy The best way to do your references quickly and correctly is to use referencing software. EndNote referencing software is available to CMH staff free of charge. Contact IS on x2266 to get it installed on a work computer. For information on how to use EndNote, go to SouthNet >> Library >> Guides to Research and Referencing (including EndNote)>> EndNote X7. 30

31 Remote Access to the Library Resources Access to our online library resources for both staff and PHOs is via Healthpoint. An account provides a single access portal to a range of Library e-resources including online journals, E-Books, healthcare databases and medical images. Remote access to our collection is via the library website on HealthPoint (also available via the Counties Manukau Health website homepage). Go to Healthpoint and search CMH Library to access the CMH Library Database and Resoure Directory page. Click on Library Website on HealthPoint and then on any of the library databases or resources to login. You will be prompted for a username and password. This will be your staff ID number and first name. Example: Username: Password: peter Please note that your login to access library resources is NOT the same as the HealthPoint SignIn and Register on the top right of the HealthPoint webpage. For information on how to access UpToDate remotely refer to page 9 31