Accelerator schools at European Universities. Luigi Palumbo Università di Roma La Sapienza & INFN

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1 Accelerator schools at European Universities Luigi Palumbo Università di Roma La Sapienza & INFN

2 Why we need Particle Accelerators? (1) Particle accelerators are essential instruments of discovery in fundamental physics, biology, and chemistry.

3 ACCELERATORS AS MICROSCOPES The Microscope realized by Galilei in 1625

4 Donation to prince Federico Cesi, founder of Accademia dei Lincei (1603) Federico Cesi BARBERINI FAMILY Pope Urban VIII Heraldic emblem

5 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS, GIANT MICROSCOPES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE NATURE

6 HIGGS BOSON DISCOVERY

7 Discovery of X-Rays November 1895, Würzburg Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Roentgen's Wurzburg Laboratory

8 X-Ray radiation Sources over the last 100 years

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10 Why we need Particle Accelerators? (2) Accelerator beam based instruments used today in medicine, industry and national security, form a multi-billion Euro per year industry.

11 1931 Ernest Lawrence, at the University of California first cyclotron capable of producing deuterons, protons, and alpha particles.

12 Donald Kerst, betatron, at the University of Illinois, accelerate electrons, first at 2.3 MeV and later to 300 MeV. Commercial vendors helped promote clinical applications of the new technology.

13 1942. First betatron in clinical use in Germany during the war.

14 30 MeV Proton Cyclotron PET and SPECT isotopes R&D Experiments in Material Sciences & radiochemistry Energy Intensity Normalized emmittance (.mm.mrad) ΔE Beam Power MeV 500 µ-a Horiz 10 Vertl kev 15 kw max

15 Accelerators in hadrontherapy Protons deposit energy at end of motion and do not damage surrounding cells X-rays Protons

16 Micro and Nano mechanical devices

17 The smallest gear, 2 nm, realized in 2009

18 Accelerators for Industry: nano lithography Extreme UV Lithographt (EUVL) is the candidate technology for IC with <50-35 nm good reflectivity mirrors are available at nm SASE-FEL sources provide needed beam power and better quality (without dust particles) than so far proposed EUV laser/plasma sources.

19 Evolution of nano-thecnologies? Source: Norman Poire, Economist; Merril Lynch

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21 an ordinary day. L. Palumbo, 20th JUAS, April 25th 2014

22 Pace Maker Li-Batteries New Materials for Energy GPS Navigation Functional Materials Air Bag Accelaration Sensors MEMS Cosmetics TiO 2 Nanoparticle Mobile Phone SAW Structures Artificial Hips Biocompatible Materials Glasses and Coatings Optical Materials UV Filter Digital Camera CCD Chip Artificial Lens Biocompatible Polymers Bike Frame Carbon Fibres Composite Materials GMR Read Head Magnetic Multilayers LED Display Intelligent Credit Card Integrated Circuits Exact Time via satellite Semiconductíng devices Micro-Batteries L. Palumbo, Photonic 20th Materials JUAS, April Taylored 25th Materials at Work within Nature. 2014

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24 NEW FRONTIERS OF ACCELERATION TECHNIQUES Laser plasma injector : GeV electron beams f(e) (a.u.) 2.5 After 5 Z r / mm Energy (MeV)

25 Proton generation mechanism

26 ELECRON SOURCES PHOTON SOURCES RELENTLESS EFFORT IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROTON SOURCES OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS & TECHNOLOGY CONTINUOUS EFFORT IN THE EDUCATION ON ACCELERATOR PHYSICS & TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES MEDICINE INDUSTRY

27 TRADITIONALLY, the major educational effort was done at national and international accelerator laboratories (CAS School started in 1983, USPAS in 1981) Since 90 we assist to a steadly expansion of the presence of Accelerator Physics at the major research universities (JUAS started in 1994) In spite of an increasing large economic and intellectual impact, only a little fraction of universities in the world offer a formal graduate education in Accelerator Science and its core technologies.

28 SOME EXAMPLES of AP EDUCATION IN THE WORLD

29 Accelerator training in China In China the Institute of High Energy Physics (Beijing) supplies graduate courses in Accelerator Science as a department of the Graduate University organized by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Department of Engineering Physics of Tsinghua University maintains an active program in accelerator research and education with graduate students at both the Masters and Ph.D. level.

30 Accelerator Education in Japan In Japan the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) provides education in theoretical and experimental aspects of particle accelerators through its Department of Accelerator Science (Sokendai). Soken-dai offers a two part course, Introduction to Accelerators, as well as a 3-day summer program for young researchers and college students that provides an experience with real accelerators.

31 The Novosibirsk University program With very close ties to the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), NSU has long had an extensive program of formal educational conducted by the Department of Accelerator Physics. Their graduates work in almost all the largest world laboratories of high-energy physics and photon science.

32 University programs in the U.S. The major research universities in the United States with structured programs that include graduate and undergraduate courses and that are producing PhD level physicists are: Cornell University, Indiana University, Michigan State University, Stanford University, University of California at Los Angeles, University of Maryland (College Park) Colorado State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Old Dominion University (in affiliation with Jefferson Lab) Stony Brook University (in affiliation with Brookhaven Lab)

33 All U.S. universities cited rely heavily on the USPAS to provide specialized academic coursework for their students. For this reason the USPAS for-credit courses hosted by major research universities is an essential aspect of formal accelerator education in America.

34 EUROPE Europe represents a notable exceptions in the worldwide scenario. In 2009 a European consortium, Test Infrastructure and Accelerator Research Area (TIARA) conducted a webbased survey to quantify the level and modalities of accelerator training and education in Europe.

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36 TIARA reported that although seventyfive organizations (universities and scientific laboratories) provide some level of training in accelerator science and technology, there are only a handful of dedicated full-time formal training programmes in Accelerator Science. Remarkably, the number of people in Europe receiving some training in accelerator science is large (nearly 1400), significantly larger than in the US.

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39 11 Universities provide more than 100 hrs training to Master students:

40 Courtesy of

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42 Accelerator Physics at Italian Universities Universities of Torino Milano Padova Pavia Trieste Genova Pisa Roma Napoli Salerno Catania Collaboration with CNAO Center Trieste SLS Lab Legnaro INFN Lab Frascati INFN Lab Catania INFN Lab

43 Accelerator Physics at Italian Universities Genova - Master in Physics Milano - Master in Physics Padova - Master in Physics Pavia - PhD in Accelerator Physics (CNAO) Pisa - Master and PhD in Physics Roma Sapienza - Master in Electronic Engineering - Master in Physics - PhD in Electromagnetism - PhD in Accelerator Physics (INFN) Roma II - Master in Physics + PhD in Physics Napoli - Master in Physics Catania - Graduate, Master and PhD in Physics

44 Universities of Strathclyde Dundee Manchester Lancaster Oxford Imperial College London St. Andrews Collaboration with Daresbury and Ratherford Laboratories

45 Accelerator Physics at UK Universities John Adams Institute programs JAI s combined expertise at Oxford, Royal Holloway University London (RHUL) and Imperial College London (ICL) provide strong academic and technical support to students in areas as diverse as accelerator physics, beam diagnostics, lasers, plasma physics, laser-plasma interactions and computational techniques. (Collaboration with Ratherford Laboratory) Cockcroft Institute Education and Training CI provides graduate students with a comprehensive education in both fundamental accelerator science and practical engineering.

46 Accelerator Physics in Spain UPC, Barcelona: Fundamental and applications of particle accelerators (bachelor) until 2012 and from Engineering of particle accelerators in Industrial Engineering of ETSEIB (5 credits) Sevilla: Master ( ) on Advanced Physics with a course on Accelerator Physics CNA, Sevilla: Master on Nuclear Physics with Accelerator Physics course CIEMAT, Madrid: Master on Nuclear Engineering and Applications - 10 hours of accelerator physics Huelva University: module of Accelerator Technology and Physics in Master on Nuclear Technology and Instrumentation

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49 European Universities : strengths Huge UE program in accelerator based Research Infrastructures: ESRF, X-FEL, ESS, FAIR, ELI, EuroFEL Modern accelerators for basic science and applications in medicine and industry, are more and more demanding with respect to performance and cost-effectiveness, There is an increased demands on the inventiveness and technical competence of the scientists and engineers who design, build and operate accelerators. In turn, those demands are increasing the pressure to develop and support stronger and more widespread educational and training programs.

50 European Universities : weakness 1) The science and technology of particle beams and other nonneutral plasmas cut across traditional academic disciplines 2) Electrical engineering departments have evolved toward micro- and nano-technology and computing science. 3) With few exceptions, the number of students interested at individual universities is not extensive enough to support a regular faculty curriculum

51 The interdisciplinarity of the Accelerator Science would require suitable curricula of Physical Engineering. Very low number of academic professors in the field of PA. The career of accelerator physicists in the academia suffers of the traditional poor production of peer reviewed papers, in comparison with other scientific disciplines.

52 CONCLUSIONS Particle accelerators are essential instruments of discovery in fundamental physics, biology, and chemistry. Particle-beam-based instruments are today used in medicine, industry and national security and form a multibillion euro per year industry. It s an extraordinary interdisciplinary field of research demanding for an expanded investment in university based accelerator education and research.

53 Few words about JUAS JUAS made an exceptional work in promoting a collaboration of the Universities with the major Accelerator Laboratories in Europe. Hundreds of worldwide students had the opportunity to attend the school lectures given by recognized experts. The latest generations of european accelerator scientists started their education at JUAS JUAS can take a leading role on the coordination of the European Univerisites and Laboratories for the access to european grants. THANKS JUAS!!!

54 REFERENCES 1) Hans Weise, Accelerator Physics in Germany, DESY R-ECFA Meeting October 5-6, 2007, Berlin 2) Kircher, F. (CEA, France) et al, TIARA Education and Training Survey Report 23 April 2012 ( 3) W. Barletta, S. Chattopadhyay, Andrei Seryi, Educating and Training Accelerator Scientists and Technologists for Tomorrow, ) L. Palumbo, La Fisica degli Acceleratori in Italia, Il Nuovo Saggiatore, 2013.