HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE

Transcription

1 HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE A Presentation for the IEEE Los Angeles Chapter D. H. Quine National Systems Group THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION

2 COURSES DEVELOPED TO SUPPORT THE AEROSPACE CORPORATE INITIATIVE ON HOMELAND DEFENSE Elements of Homeland Security (1 Day) Chemical and Conventional Weapons and Warfare (1 Day) Biological Weapons and Warfare (1 Day) Nuclear and Radiological Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)

3 HISTORICAL ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES War of 1812 Mexican-American War (1846) Pancho-Villa (1918/18) Pearl Harbor (1941) West Coast Shelling ( ) Sabotage Attempts (WW I and WW II) Terrorist Operations

4 FEAR OF ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES The Era of Harbor and Coastal Defenses ( ) U-Boat Attacks on U.S. Shipping (WW I and WW II) The Cold War

5 THE EVOLVING FOCUS FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE The Era of Nation Building The Era of Sail and Steam The First Era of Air Power The Second Era of Air Power The Ballistic Missile Era The Era of Terrorism and WMDs

6 THE WAR OF 1812 The Second Revolutionary War Precipitated In Part Out of Resentment of British Blockade of Trade British Invade from Canada

7 THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846) Battle for Control of the Southwest Final Stage Begins with Mexican Attack on South Texas Ends with U.S. Forces in Mexico City U.S Gains Texas, NM California A Number of Technical Firsts

8 THE AGE OF HARBOR AND COASTAL DEFENSE Started with English Empire and its Outposts First Authorizing Legislation 1790s U.S. Deploys Dozens of Forts and Coastal Defense Sites in Period Up Thru WW II

9 THE INCEPTION OF THE BORDER PATROL Immigration Laws Initiated 1875 Mounted Guards Started 1904 U.S. Border Patrol Authorized by Congress 1924

10 PANCHO VILLA (1917) Mexican Revolutionary Attacks Columbus, NM in a Pre-Dawn Attack Kill a Dozen U.S. Civilian and Military Personnel Loose 90 From Invading Force U.S. Punitive Expedition Undertaken Led by Gen Blackjack Pershing

11 THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION: IMPORTANT FIRSTS First Use of Motorized Trucks by the Army First Use of Airplanes for Reconnaissance Last Time Americans Went into Battle Without Steel Helmets And a Last: The Last Time Massed Cavalry Operations were Undertaken by the U.S. Army

12 THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM (1917) Telegram From Germany to Mexico Proposed Mexico Invade U.S. Southwest Intercepted by British Decoded in Room 40

13 U-BOAT ATTACKS ON SHIPPING (WW I) Early German Plans (1899) to Attack New York Seize NY Harbor and Long Island Invade North and South From Island U-boats Operated off U.S. Coast During WW I Steel Net Across Verranzano Narrows U-boats Also Planted Mines in Ferry Lanes

14 PEARL HARBOR (1941)

15 THE SHELLING OF GOLETA (1942) Japanese Sub Shells Oil Rigging 23 Feb 42 Fires 27 Rounds from 5 1/2 in Deck Gun Creates a Modicum of Distress Among the Natives John Belushi s Parody 1942

16 DEFENSE OF LOS ANGELES HARBOR Ft MacArthur Construction Authorized 1914 Battery Osgood-Farley Supported Two 14-in Guns 1560-lb Projectiles Also Railway Guns below the Fort

17 BATTERY OSGOOD-FARLEY (Ft Mac) Additional New Guns Installed Osgood Gun Fired 116 Times Farley Fired 121 Times Part of Emplacement Gas-Proofed in Early 1940s

18 SHELLING OF FORT STEVENS Ft Stevens, Oregon Begun 1850s Shelled by Japanese Sub (21 Jun 42) 17 Rounds from Deck Gun Ft Equipped with Disappearing Carriage Gun

19 U-BOAT ATTACKS ON SHIPPING (WW II) Numerous Ships Sunk within Sight of East Coast 1942 U.S. Navy Largely Unprepared for Atlantic War Later Followed British Example Convoys Escort Ships Air Patrols Numerous Japanese Subs Also off Pacific Coast

20 THE JAPANESE BALLOON ASSAULT (43-45) Planned to Build 15,000 Actually about 9300 Approx 900 Make it to North America 5-6 Incendiaries/1 HE Also Planned to Release Plague (Unit 731)

21 PLAN TO ATTACK THE WEST COAST Japanese Planned to Drop Plague- Infested Fleas on U.S. Planes to be Brought over on Subs Late in the War:1945 One of the Planes Now at Smithsonian for Rebuilding

22 HOMELAND DEFENSE DURING THE COLD WAR Threats To Homeland Appeared Remote At End of WW II U.S. Monopoly on Atomic Bomb Vast U.S. Fleet of Long Range Bombers Didn t Last Long: Soviets Began Producing B-29 Copies Almost Immediately Set Off Their Bomb in 1949 The Focus of Homeland Defense Shifts in the 1950s to Long-Range Bombers

23 RESPONSES TO THE SOVIET BOMBER THREAT Surveillance and Warning Air-Based Defenses Surface-to-Air Missiles Command and Control Civil Defense

24 THE FIRST U.S. AIR SURVEILLANCE RADAR First Observation of the Principle of Radar before WW I British Home Chain Radars 1938 First U.S. Air Surveillance Radar 1940

25 SURVEILLANCE AND WARNING 1947 USAF Initiates Aircraft Control and Warning Network Plan Evolves for 411 Radar Sites in U.S. and Alaska The Distant Early Warning Systems (DEW) The Mid-Canada Line The Pinetree Line Picket Planes and Ships The Ground Observer Corp

26 THE GROUND OBSERVER CORP Established in 1950s to Fill Gaps in Radar Surveillance/Warning Coverage Gaps in Radar Coverage Along Atlantic and Pacific Coastlines Mountainous Country with Many Potential Attack Routes Blocked to Radar Coverage Sites Manned 24 Hours Observations Called into Regional GOC Plotting Centers Then Relayed To Regional AF Surveillance Centers

27 CONUS AIR DEFENSES Air Defense Command Created 1946 WW II Air Defense Based on Fighters and Concept of Attrition of Bomber Force Advent of Nuclear Weapons Forced Rethinking of Air Defense Mission Night/All Weather Capability Longer Defense Perimeter (Range) Assured Single Shot Kill Led to New Generation of Dedicated Fighter-Interceptors F- 89/101/102/106

28 F-106 FIRING GENIE NUCLEAR-TIPPED MISSILE

29 EARLY MISSILE DEFENSES AGAINST BOMBERS

30 LAUNCHER AREA AT SF-88

31 NIKE SITES IN THE LOS ANGELES DEFENSE AREA

32 MATURE MISSILE DEFENSES AGAINST BOMBERS Nike Ajax Nike Hercules Nike Zeus

33 THE LAST NIKE SITE: SF-88 Being Restored by Local Historical Society and Retired Military

34 NIKE HERCULES AT SF-88

35 BOMARC MISSILE DEFENSES

36 HOMELAND DEFENSE COMMAND AND CONTROL The First Air Assault: German Dirigibles Flying against London Initially Difficult to Shoot Down Led to Development of First Integrated Warning/Evaluation/Command& Control System

37 AIR DEFENSE C 2 IN WW II Radar Added to System Data Display and Assessment Still Manual Command and Control/Force Allocation Still Manual

38 HD COMMAND AND CONTROL: SAGE

39 AN FSQ-7 COMPUTER

40 CURRENT AIR DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND First Air Force Western Air Defense Sector Northeast Air Defense Sector Southeast Air Defense Sector Nine ANG Wings Naval Air on Carriers Canadian Air Defense Forces The North Warning System

41 NORAD CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN

42 AIR SURVEILLANCE OF NORTH AMERICA: 2002 Joint Canadian/U.S. Program Replace 31 DEW Radars with 15 New Manned Radars and 39 Unmanned Sites Data Collected Back at NORAD CONUS: Joint FAA/DoD Program for Air Route Surveillance

43 CIVIL DEFENSE AGAINST THE BOMB Civil Defense Program Begins Early 1950s Precursor Organization to FEMA Conducted Studies of the Impact of Nuclear War on Economy Published Educational Pamphlets After 1962, Designated Approved Fallout Shelters in Public Buildings

44 EARLY BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE The Threat to the Homeland Shifts Again: To Ballistic Missiles The Era of Single Warheads Period of Army/AF Contention Over Ownership of Mission Mission Assigned to Army in 1958

45 BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE OPTIONS Population Defense Gaither Committee Economic Infrastructure Defense Deterrence Enhancement Bomber and Silo Defense

46 MATURE MISSILE DEFENSES MIRVing Changes the Defense Problem First Generation Defenses No Longer Feasible

47 SENTINEL, THEN SAFEGUARD Two Missile Elements in Safeguard Exoatmospheric: Spartan Endoatmospheric: Sprint

48 SAFEGUARD SITE AT GRAND FORKS

49 THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE

50 THEATER MISSILE DEFENSE

51 SORTIES AGAINST SCUD LAUNCHERS

52 THE RUMSFIELD COMMISSION REPORT Major Reassessment of Ballistic Missile Threat to U.S. Concluded the Threat is Much Closer Than Previously Assessed Recommended Proceeding without Delay on ABM

53 NATIONAL MISSILE DEFENSE 2002 The Continuing ABM Saga Nike Hercules Nike Zeus Sentinel Safeguard SDI Theater Missile Defense National Missile Defense Full Spectrum of Defense Assets Full Missile Trajectory Subject to Targeting

54 A GROWING CACOPHONY OF TERRORIST ATTACKS Marine Barracks (Lebanon) Khobar Towers (Saudi Arabia) NY World Trade Center (1993) Embassy Bombings USS Cole Black Tuesday

55 BLACK TUESDAY: THE HD FOCUS SHIFTS AGAIN Highly Asymmetric Attack Coordinated, Professional Attack Employed Low-Tech Weapons Came in Under the Radar Screen

56 BIOTERRORISM ARRIVES Growing Concern Last Several Years Diaspora from Soviet Program Iraqi Program Home Grown

57 THE DECLINE OF DETERRENCE Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Dominated U.S./Soviet Balance Enemies Now May Not Be Deterable For Decades MAD Warped Offense into Defense Now Things are Coming Back into Balance

58 THE NEW HOMELAND DEFENSE ERA The Lugar Principles: Prevent the Problem at its Source Interdict Attacks on the U.S. Before They Can Occur Be Prepared to Respond and Recover if Defenses are Inadequate

59 THE EVOLVING FOCUS FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE The Era of Nation Building The Era of Sail and Steam The First Era of Air Power The Second Era of Air Power The Ballistic Missile Era The Era of Terrorism and WMDs

60 HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE