DISTRICT SPEECH CONTEST TOPIC

Transcription

1 DISTRICT SPEECH CONTEST TOPIC The Rotary District 6710 Speech Contest started in Since its inception, the annual topic for the Speech Contest has been the Rotary International President s chosen Theme. This year s Rotary International President, K.R. Ravi Ravindram, from the Rotary Club of Colombo in Sri Lanka, proclaims We in Rotary aspire to great deeds. We admire those who gave great gifts to humanity; Abraham Lincoln, who gave the gift of human dignity to the downtrodden; Mother Teresa, who gave the gift of compassion to the forgotten; Mahatma Gandhi, who gave the gift of peaceful change to the oppressed. Their very lives became gifts to the world. We can be inspired by their example. President Ravi continues It is never the material value of the gift - it is the love that comes with it. What we give through Rotary becomes a gift to us. We all have a choice: whether to keep our gifts to ourselves or to give them to others and thus Be a Gift to the World. The District 6710 Speech Contest is open for all Kentucky High School Students who reside within the District s service area, which is basically the western half of the state. Students are to prepare their speech by addressing this year s Theme / Topic. This can be applied to the student s personal observations and experiences or to Rotary or other organizations who have similarly engaged and had a significant impact on a local, national, or international level. Student contestants are to research and offer their own personal insights and perspectives on this year s topic. Speeches may reference Rotary and/or its purpose and past accomplishments, but the real objective for each speech is for each contestant to address the topic on a personal level. What does this theme mean to each student and in what ways can they see it being fulfilled No more than 20 words by someone else can be used without crediting the person of origin. Speeches are to be 5 to 8 minutes long. Penalties are assessed if this time window is broken. Speeches are to be memorized. Using cards or written notes is not allowed at any contest level. Student scores will be penalized if not followed. There will be speeches at the club level and three advanced levels - Sectionals, Regionals and Finals. Prize values increase as the winners advance. The District Winner will have finished first at all four contest levels. Detailed questions may be directed to your local Rotary Club or to the District Speech Contest Coordinators listed on the Rotary District 6710 web site and in the speech packets. For the latest contest information, students are encouraged to visit our web site at and click on the Speech Contest tag. Here you can find downloadable Speech Contest packets and other valuable information. Any changes in the advanced contest schedule will be posted here. Student contestants are to research and offer their own personal insights and perspective on this years speech topic. This year we are truly focused on giving back - sharing our gifts for the benefit of mankind. The District web site will also track the contest as it progresses and will post contest rules, schedules, times, locations, prizes and reference links and materials that may be helpful to student contestants. Students and Speech Contest coaches are urged to check the Speech Contest Pages on the District 6710 web site frequently as they prepare for the contest. Students entering this year s contest - please take note that the District Speech Contest finals are scheduled to be held on June 11 th, at the Annual District Contest in Louisville.

2 ROTARY DISTRICT 6710 SPEECH CONTEST RULES AND PROCEDURES Last Revision: January 1, WHY THE CONTEST: 2. WHO IS ELIGIBLE:. Students of Rotarians MAY NOW PARTICIPATE in their parent s or relative s Club Contest Students may enter only one Rotary Club contest Students entering more than one club contest 3. HOW TO BECOME A CONTESTANT: 4. COMPOSING THE SPEECH: but is no longer required Student Contestants are to deliver their speeches without reading or using notes or cue cards. This rule applies at all levels, no exceptions 5. CONDUCTING THE CONTEST: The Chair is responsible for contacting schools, gathering applications, managing and scheduling the club speech contest, and enforcing contest rules 6. PROTOCOL:

3 7. JUDGING AND SCORING 7. CONTEST LEVEL MANAGEMENT: Area Assistant Governors 8. PRIZES: beyond the club level be provided by the District. 9. PUBLICITY: 10. DISTRICT WEB SITE:

4 ROTARY DISTRICT 6710 SPEECH CONTEST ROTARY THEME BE a GIFT to the WORLD FACTS AND ANSWER TO FAQ S ABOUT THIS YEAR S CONTEST... Please refer to the Contest Organizational Chart as you read the following: 1. This year the finals will be held on June 11, 2016 at the District Conference in Louisville. Students should take notice that the finals will occur after spring term is completed and students are out for the summer. 2. Each Section has two Divisions, Division A and Division B. Each Division has approximately 5 clubs in it. These take the place of and are different than the District s Club Areas to which an Assistant District Governor is assigned. Be certain to check the club contest chart included in this packet for your club so you will know which Sectional and Regional your club winner will be participating in. 3. Louisville Metro stands alone as it s own Sectional. This is due to the high number of students enrolled in Jefferson County Public and Private High Schools. 4. it is suggested that all interested students sign up for the contest early to avoid the possibility of missing their local club s contest, as some clubs like to hold their contest in January and early February. 5. Students may enter only one club contest. If a student enters and participates in more than one contest, they will be disqualified and any prizes awarded will be forfeited. 6. All prize amounts remain the same this year as they were last year. 7. Remember, speeches must be memorized at all levels. This includes the club level. Students, be sure to start early in preparing and memorizing your speech. Points will be deducted if you use notes or read your speech. A read speech is a dead speech. 8. The District Speech Contest Chair and Coordinators reserve the right to reassign students to clubs that have openings in order to balance competitions and avoid overload on certain clubs. Although this may slightly inconvenience some students, it will significantly improve their chances and provide more equity in each contest. 9. The Speech Contest pages on the District website will be updated during the contest to keep all informed of the Contest Status. It will also periodically post helpful information for clubs and students during the contest. Be sure to take advantage of this opportunity. 10. Our Western Region Contest Coordinator is Tom Grassham, Paducah Club member. Sectional 1A & 1B and and 2A & 2B clubs should contact Tom at or by at grassham@comcast.com with any questions or concerns. 11. Our Central Region Contest Coordinator is Stan Klausing. See East Region below (article 13) for information to contact Stan. 12. Our Louisville Metro Speech Contest Coordinator is Mike Brumleve, Louisville Club member. Those clubs and High Schools located in Jefferson County Section 5A & 5B are to contact Mike at or by e- mail at michaelbrumleve59@gmail.com with any questions or concerns. 13. Our East Region Contest Coordinator is Stan Klausing, LaGrange Club member. Those Clubs and High Schools located in Sections 6A and 6B should contact Stan at or by stanklausing@bellsouth.net with any questions or concerns. 14. Students are allowed to compete in a club contest in which their parents or another relative is a member, providing the relative does not participate in any way in the contest. See your complete Speech Contest packet for additional information. 15. Be sure to follow the District web site Speech Contest Pages at for contest updates and standings during the contest. Revised: January 1, 2016

5 ROTARY DISTRICT 6710 SPEECH CONTEST MAP Last Update: October 1, SECTION 1 Jackson Purchase SECTION 2 Coal Fields SECTION 3 Pennyrile Division 1A Clinton Fulton Hickman Mayfield Murray Division 2A Daviess Co. Hopkinsville Madisonville Owensboro Union Co. Division 3A Bowling Green AM Bowling Green Noon Franklin Grayson Co. Scottsville Division 1B Cadiz Dawson Springs Marshall Co. Paducah Princeton Division 2B Elkton Franklin Henderson Muhlenberg Russellville Division 3B Brandenburg Elizabethtown Hardin Co. AM Hardinsburg Radcliff 5 4 SECTION 4 Cave Country Division 4A Bardstown Danville Harrodsburg Hodgenville Springfield Division 4B Campbellsville Columbia Glasgow Greensburg Horse Cave Lebanon-Marion Co. 6 SECTION 5 Metro Louisville Division 5A Downtown Louisville A E. Lou. Sunrise Jeffersontown Prospect-Goshen Division 5B Downtown Louisville B Buechel-Fern Creek Suburban (SM,SL,OK) Southwest Louisville SECTION 6 Bluegrass Division 6A Bedford Carrollton Eminence La Grange South Oldham Co. Division 6B Frankfort Lawrenceburg Owenton Shelbyville

6 ROTARY DISTRICT SPEECH CONTEST ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Date Issued: January 1, 2016 DISTRICT FINALS CONTEST at District Conference LOUISVILLE ROTARY CLUB June 11, 2016 Louisville Marriott East Hotel First Place Winners from West, Central, & East Regions Compete. District Final Prizes are paid by District st : $ 1, nd $ rd $ REGIONAL CONTESTS Regional Prizes: 1 st $ ; 2 nd $ Regional Prizes are paid by District 6710 Regional Contests to be April 19 - May 13, 2016 WEST REGIONAL Marshall Co. Rotary April 19 to May 13, 2016 CENTRAL REGIONAL Site and Date TBD April 19 to May 13, 2016 EAST REGIONAL Frankfort Rotary (Pending) April 19 to May 13, 2016 SECTIONAL CONTESTS Sectional Prizes: 1 st $ 400; 2 nd $ 200; 3 rd $ 100. Sectional Prizes are paid by District 6710 Sectional Contests to be March 14 - April 1, 2016 Jackson Purchase SECTIONAL 1 HICKMAN ROTARY Site & Date TBD March 14 - April 1, 2016 Coal Fields SECTIONAL 2 RUSSELLVILLE ROTARY Site & Date TBD March 14 - April 1, 2016 Pennyrile SECTIONAL 3 Site & Date TBD March 14 - April 1, 2016 Cave Country SECTIONAL 4 Site & Date TBD March 14 - April 1, 2016 Louisville Metro SECTIONAL 5 Site & Date TBD March 14 - April 1, 2016 Bluegrass SECTIONAL6 LAGRANGE ROTARY Site & Date TBD March 14 - April 1, 2016 CLUB CONTESTS Club Prize Amounts: 1 st $300; 2 nd $200; 3 rd $100. Club Prizes are paid by each club. Club Contests must be held by March 11, A & 1B Club Winners Advance to Sectional 1 2A & 2B Club Winners Advance to Sectional 2 3A & 3B Club Winners Advance to Sectional 3 4A & 4B Club Winners Advance to Sectional 4 5A & 5B Club Winners Advance to Sectional 5 6A & 6B Club Winners Advance to Sectional 6 Division 1A Clinton Fulton Hickman Mayfield Murray Division 2A: Daviess Co. Hopkinsville Madisonville Owensboro Union Co. Division 3A Bowling Green AM Bowling Green Franklin Grayson Co. Scottsville Division 4A Bardstown Danville Harrodsburg Hodgenville Springfield Division 5A Downtown Louisville A East Lou. Sunrise Jeffersontown Prospect-Goshen Division 6A Bedford Carrollton Eminence LaGrange South Oldham Co. Division 1B Cadiz Dawson Springs Marshall Co. Paducah 2-23 Princeton Division 2B Elkton Franklin Henderson Muhlenberg Co. Russellville Division 3B Brandenburg Elizabethtown Hardin County AM Hardinsburg Radcliff Division 4B Campbellsville Columbia Glasgow Greensburg Horse Cave Lebanon-Marion County Division 5B Downtown Louisville B Buechel-Fern Creek Suburban (SM,SL,OK) Southwest Louisville Division 6B Frankfort Lawrenceburg Owenton Shelbyville K:\0- Speech Contest\1A Speech Contest\Final Mail Out Packet\2.2 Contest Organization & Status Chart.wpd

7 South Oldham Rotary Speech Contest March 11 7:30-8:30 am Oldham County Schools Arts Center ROTARY DISTRICT 6710 Speech Contest Student Entry Form THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETED AND SIGNED BY EACH STUDENT CONTESTANT Student Name: Class: PLEASE FR JR Street Address: Age: SO SR City: Zip Code: Name of School: Student Home Phone Cell Phone: Currently I am enrolled at the above named school and wish to enter the Rotary District 6710 Speech Contest. It is my understanding that I am to present (without any notes) a 5 to 8 minute speech on this year s Rotary Speech Contest Topic by participating in a locally sponsored Rotary Club Speech Contest. If I am successful, I will advance to a Sectional Contest, followed by a Regional Contest and then a District Final Contest. I also hereby consent to Rotary District 6710 publishing my photo or speech delivery to local newspapers and to the District Web site to publicize the winners and promote future Rotary Speech Contests. If I am not 18 years old, my parent or guardian gives their consent by signing below. Signature of Student Date Signature of Parent Date Students are to Return this Completed Form to their Rotary Club Representative or School Official South Oldham Rotary Club Name of Sponsoring Rotary Club PO Box 391 Club Mailing Address Crestwood, KY Jeff Griffin Club Speech Chair Club Speech Chair Phone Number Jeff.Griffin@oldham.kyschools.us Club Speech Chair Last Revised: October 1, 2015

8 CONTEST RULES Speeches must address the Speech Topic - Engage Rotary - Change Lives Speeches are to be 5-8 minutes duration. All High School Students within Rotary District 6710's Service Area are eligible to compete. Speeches must be memorized, notes are not allowed at any contest level. Winners of each Contest Division Advance to next division level. Judging criteria include Delivery, Originality, and Content CONTEST SCHEDULE Local Club Contests must complete by March 11, Sectional Contests compete March 14 thru April 1, Regional Contests compete April 19 thru May 13, District Finals will be held on Saturday June 11, 2016 in Louisville ANNOUNCING the ROTARY SPEECH CONTEST DISTRICT 6710 STATEWIDE ISSUE CASH PRIZES LOCAL CLUB LEVEL: 1st - $300; 2nd - $200; 3 rd - $100 SECTIONAL LEVEL: 1st - $400; 2nd - $200; 3rd - $100 REGIONAL LEVEL: 1st - $500; 2nd - $300 FINALS: 1st - $1,000; 2nd - $500; 3rd - $500 Total winnings from all contest levels to the District Winner is $ 2,200 and to the two District Runners-Up is $ 1,700 LOCAL INFORMATION

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10 ROTARY Rotary International One Rotary Center 1560 Sherman Avenue Evanston, IL USA Media Contact: Rotary International is a volunteer organization of business and professional leaders who provide humanitarian service, and help to build goodwill and peace in the world. There are approximately 1.2 million Rotary club members belonging to 33,000 Rotary clubs in more than 200 countries and geographical areas. Founded in Chicago in 1905, Rotary celebrated 100 years of service in The Rotary Foundation has awarded more than US$2.1 billion in grants, which are administered at the local level by Rotary clubs. What is the purpose of Rotary? Rotary clubs exist to improve communities through a range of humanitarian, intercultural and educational activities. Clubs advance international understanding by partnering with clubs in other countries. Rotary also encourages high ethical standards in all vocations. What do Rotary clubs do? Rotary clubs address critical issues at home and abroad by providing health care and medical supplies, clean water, food, job training, youth development, and education to millions of people in need. Ex Polio Eradication - In 1985, Rotary International created PolioPlus against polio. To date, Rotary has contributed US$800 million and countless volunteer hours to the protection of more than two billion children in 122 countries. Rotary is currently working to raise an additional US$200 million toward a US$355 million challenge grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. These efforts are providing much needed polio vaccine, operational support, medical personnel, laboratory equipment and educational materials for health workers and parents. In addition, Rotary has played a major role in decisions by donor governments to contribute over $4 billion to the effort. With its community-based network worldwide, Rotary is the volunteer arm of the global partnership dedicated to eradicating polio. Rotary volunteers assist in vaccine delivery, social mobilization and logistical help in cooperation with the national health ministries, the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Peace - ambassadors, up to 110 Rotary World Peace Fellows are sponsored each year to study at one of the eight universities for International Studies in peace and conflict resolution. Since 2002, 339 fellows from over 75 countries have participated at a cost of more than $23 million. International Education source of international scholarships. Each year, about 1,000 university students receive Rotary scholarships to study abroad. Rotary clubs also coordinate a high schoolage student exchange program that has sent nearly 8,000 students abroad for three months to a year. Humanitarian Projects - Rotary clubs initiate thousands of humanitarian service projects every year. These volunteerdriven projects address the root causes of conflict, such as hunger, poverty, disease and illiteracy. Literacy - Rotary clubs work to improve literacy rates worldwide. A unique, Rotary-pioneered approach called the Concentrated Language Encounter (CLE) has proven very effective in resource-strapped developing countries. It was so successful in Thailand, that the Thai government adopted the program nationwide. Water Management - Recognizing the importance of clean water, many Rotary clubs help to install wells and develop water treatment and distribution systems to increase access to fresh drinking water for communities in need, especially in developing countries. ROTARY AN ORGANIZATION OF BUSINESS AND PROFE THAN 200C BUILDING GOODWILL AND PEACE IN THE WORLD 5.3

11 Länderausschüsse Rotary Basics A Guide for New Members Freqüência perfeita Divieto di propaganda Sovvenzioni paritarie Princípio de classificação La bandera oficial de Rotary The Four-Way Test Siège du Rotary Studiegruppsutbyte Rotarische Bräuche Proyecto de alfabetización Präsenz Sito Web del RI Gouverneur Plano de Liderança de Clube Youth Exchange Sång under klubbmöten Zimmer 711 Le Secrétariat Azione professionale PolioPlus Definizione del Rotary Avenue of Service

12 Welcome to Rotary! You re now part of a global organization of people who ap- ply their leadership, expertise, and diverse perspectives to solving social issues and build lifelong friendships in the process. So, how do you want to get involved in Rotary? VOLUNTEER MY SKILLS Talk to club members about where your expertise is most needed. Serve on a club committee. Attend your club s next assembly and help plan club activities. IMPROVE MY COMMUNITY Volunteer to help with your club s signature project one your club is known for in the community. Work with a youth program sponsored by your club, such as Interact. Identify a need in your community and suggest a hands-on project that addresses this need. BUILD MY NETWORK Attend as many club meetings as you can. Connect with different people each time. Join a Rotary Fellowship and meet Rotarians in other countries who share your interests. Go to your district conference and the RI Convention. Check out another Rotary club s meeting. If you truly want to give back to the community and to the world at large you join Rotary. It has an arm that reaches across all barriers. To be part of that is very powerful. Aruna Koushik, Rotary Club of Windsor-Roseland, Ontario, Canada 5.4.2

13 Our motto, SERVICE ABOVE SELF, embodies our humanitarian spirit. Rotary s Avenues of Service guide our activities: Through Club Service, we have fun, build lasting friendships, and make sure that our club runs well. Through Vocational Service, we volunteer our professional skills to serve others and promote integrity in everything we do. Through Community Service, we address local needs and work with our community to bring lasting improvements. Through International Service, we meet humanitarian needs around the globe and promote world understanding and peace. Through New Generations Service, we work with young people to help them become the next generation of leaders, visionaries, and peacemakers. THE FOUR-WAY TEST, created by a Rotarian, underscores our commitment to integrity: Of the things we think, say or do 1) Is it the TRUTH? 2) Is it FAIR to all concerned? 3) Will it build GOODWILL and BETTER FRIENDSHIPS? 4) Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned? As a Rotarian, you are WELCOME to attend any Rotary club meeting, anywhere in the world. Use the Club Locator tool at or the free mobile Rotary Club Locator app to find clubs, meeting times, and locations. Every Rotary club in the world, no matter how big or small, has one thing in common: friendship. And it s from this base of friendship that we serve our community. Kemal Attilâ, Rotary Club of Ankara-Tandogan, Turkey 5.4.3

14 THE ROTARY FOUNDATION helps Rotary clubs and districts work together to provide meaningful, sustainable service. Foundation grants support projects that provide clean water, medical care, literacy classes, and other essentials to people in need all around the world. Since 1947, Rotarians have contributed nearly US$2.9 billion to the Foundation to fund these vital efforts. The Foundation also awards Rotary Peace Fellowships for study at Rotary Peace Centers around the globe. Since , more than 660 fellows from over 100 countries have participated. Our contributions to the Foundation ensure that we can bring sustainable change to communities in need. Ask your club s Rotary Foundation committee chair how you can support our Foundation. SERVE INTERNATIONALLY Get involved with your club s international service projects. Use the ProjectLINK online database to learn about other clubs international service projects needing volunteers or other assistance. Host a Rotary Youth Exchange student visiting your district. HELP ROTARY GROW Recommend a friend or colleague for membership in your club. All Rotarians can and should invite new members. Participate in a club leadership development program. Tell friends and colleagues about how your club is giving back to your community. Emphasize the unique opportunity Rotary provides for networking with leaders in many professions. I found a fellowship where every nation, every color, all of humanity can be like a family. I ve got a place where I can serve my people and serve the world. Ailinda Sawe, Rotary Club of Dar-es-Salaam-Mzizima, Tanzania 5.4.4

15 Rotarian Rotary Club Rotary District Rotary Zone Rotary International We re a GRASSROOTS organization. We carry out our most meaningful service work through our Rotary clubs. Each club elects its own officers and enjoys considerable autonomy within the framework of Rotary s constitution and bylaws. Rotary districts (groups of clubs) support these efforts and are led by district governors. Rotary clubs belong to the global association Rotary International, led by the RI president and the RI Board of Directors. We direct our service in six AREAS OF FOCUS: peace and conflict prevention/ resolution, disease prevention and treatment, water and sanitation, maternal and child health, basic education and literacy, and economic and community development. Each club strives to reflect the DIVERSITY of its community in its mix of professions, genders, ages, and ethnicities. This ensures that a wide variety of expertise is available for club projects. OFFER SUPPORT Help your club or district raise funds to eradicate polio. Donate through The Rotary Foundation s recurring giving program. Set a personal contribution goal in support of your club s goal for Annual Fund giving. CONNECT with other Rotarians on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Flickr, and YouTube. See

16 Our top priority is ERADICATING POLIO. Thanks to Rotary and our international partners, the number of polio cases has dropped 99 percent worldwide since But as long as polio threatens even one child, children everywhere are at risk. Rotary has contributed more than US$1 billion to the fight to end polio. Rotarians work tirelessly to leverage this investment, acting as advocates among communities and with government leaders to keep them focused on eradication. Rotary s partners include UNICEF, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. LEARN MORE Browse club service projects worldwide at Discover personal stories of Rotary service from around the world at blog.rotary.org. Read your Rotary magazine and your club and district newsletters. Visit your club and district websites. Order Rotary publications and videos at shop.rotary.org. Rotary by the Numbers 34,200 Rotary clubs 14,310 Interact clubs 9,170 Rotaract clubs 1.2 million Rotarians worldwide 7,330 Rotary Community Corps 532 Rotary districts 34 Zones Estimates as of 1 March

17 GOOD TO KNOW Club assembly A meeting to discuss the club s programs and activities. Open to all club members. District conference An annual motivational meeting that showcases club and district activities. Open to all Rotarians in that district and their families. Interact Service and social clubs for youth ages 12 to 18 that are sponsored by Rotary clubs. PolioPlus The Rotary Foundation program focused on global polio eradication efforts. ProjectLINK A database at that lists Rotary service projects needing volunteer or financial assistance. Also highlights model projects from around the world. Rotaract Service and social clubs for young adults ages 18 to 30 that are sponsored by Rotary clubs. Rotarian Action Groups International groups of individuals who share a passion for a humanitarian issue or service activity. An example is the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group. Rotary Community Corps Groups of non-rotarians who work on service projects for their communities. Organized and sponsored by Rotary clubs. Rotary Fellowships International groups of individuals who share a vocational or recreational interest. An example is the International Skiing Fellowship of Rotarians. Rotary Foundation, The The philanthropic arm of Rotary International. Helps Rotarians advance world understanding, goodwill, and peace through humanitarian projects and educational programs. Rotary Foundation Board of Trustees The 15 Rotarians who manage the business of The Rotary Foundation, led by the trustee chair. Appointed by the RI president, with agreement from the RI Board, to four-year terms. Rotary International (RI) The international association composed of 34,200 Rotary clubs in nearly every country of the world. Headquartered in Evanston, Illinois, USA, with international offices on four continents. RI Board of Directors The 19 Rotarians who set policy for Rotary International. Elected to two-year terms. RI Convention An annual celebration of Rotary and Rotarian accomplishments. Held in a different location around the world each year. Open to all Rotarians and their families. RI president The Rotarian who presides over the RI Board. Elected to a one-year term. Rotary Peace Centers Programs at several universities around the world that offer advanced degrees and professional certificates in peace and conflict resolution. Rotary Peace Fellow A recipient of a Rotary Foundation scholarship for study at one of the Rotary Peace Centers. Rotary Youth Exchange A cultural exchange program for youth ages 15 to 19. Exchanges can last from one week to one year. Rotary Youth Leadership Awards (RYLA) Leadership training and recognition activities conducted by Rotary clubs or districts for youth and young adults ages 14 to

18 Discover more at Rotary International One Rotary Center 1560 Sherman Avenue Evanston, IL USA 595-EN (612) 5.4.8