INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR THE COASTAL BEND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AREA

Transcription

1 INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR THE COASTAL BEND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AREA 2014 Update Prepared for Prepared by Jim Lee EDA University Center College of Business Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi March 2014

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.. iv I. INTRODUCTION... 1 Objective... 2 Data Sources... 1 Area Profile... 2 Geographical Definition. 2 Regional Economic Profile. 4 Employment Data. 7 Major Industrial Development Projects 13 II. INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS 18 Methodology Industry Cluster Definition 18 Industry Cluster Analysis 19 Location Quotients 21 Shift-Share Ratios 22 Results of Industry Cluster Analysis. 23 Identifying Industry Clusters. 29 Cluster Employment Projections for Cluster Employment Projections for III. DETAILS OF INDUSTRY CLUSTERS 38 Business Establishments 38 Wage Earnings Major Employers. 42 Industry Clusters across the Region.. 44 Labor Market Conditions.. 44 Potential of Clusters as Industry Targets.. 46 Oil and Gas Construction 47 Industrial Manufacturing Healthcare.. 48 Hospitality. 48 Existing Targeted Industries and Occupations.. 50 IV. FINAL OBSERVATIONS.. 53 REFERENCES ii

3 APPENDICES... A.55 Appendix A: Construction Occupations, A.56 Appendix B: Industry Staffing Patterns... A.58 Appendix C: Employment Composition and Growth by Industry.. A.68 Appendix D: Industrial Construction Impacts and Job Openings.. A.76 iii

4 LIST OF EXHIBITS Page Exhibit 1: Counties of the Coastal Bend WDA... 3 Exhibit 2: Coastal Bend WDA Economic Profile. 6 Exhibit 3: Employment Composition by Industry, 2008 and Exhibit 4: Industry Composition by Output, Exhibit 5: Average Hourly Wages, Exhibit 6: Major Industrial Development Projects, Exhibit 7: Employment Impacts of Major Capital Projects. 17 Exhibit 8: Hypothetical Industry Clusters Exhibit 9: Location Quotients and Shift-Share Ratios 24 Exhibit 10: Industry Performance.. 26 Exhibit 11: Employment of Industry Clusters, Exhibit 12: Employment of Industry Clusters, Exhibit 13: Establishments and Wages of Industry Clusters, Exhibit 14: Largest Employers in Coastal Bend Industry Clusters. 43 Exhibit 15: Regional Employment Shares of Industry Clusters, Exhibit 16: Strengths and Weakness of Industry Clusters 49 Exhibit 17: Existing Target Industries.. 51 Exhibit 18: Coastal Bend WDA Targeted Occupations, iv

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The objective of this study is to provide an update on changes in the economic base of the Coastal Bend Workforce Development Area and to identify the key industry clusters that will help drive current or future employment growth in the region. Basic techniques of economic base analysis, including location quotients and shift-share ratios, are applied to historical and projected employment data through 2018 and 2023, respectively. Regional industries that demonstrate existing strengths or growth potentials are aggregated to form clusters. For each of the five industry clusters to be identified, this report also describes the labor market conditions in the context of the staffing patterns by occupation. This report concludes with a synopsis of the identified clusters strengths and weaknesses as targets for future workforce development. Historically, the economic base of the Coastal Bend WDA has been represented by a well-balanced mix of private industries. Driven largely by the expanding oil and gas drilling activity in the Eagle Ford Shale region, rapid growth in the regional economy has not only generated record levels of employment and income growth, especially in oil and gas production and its support activities, but it has also altered the distribution of jobs and growth patterns across different industries. The current Coastal Bend economy is best represented by a mix of five key industry clusters oil and gas, construction, industrial manufacturing, healthcare, and hospitality. The largest industry clusters are still healthcare and hospitality, each of which shares a roughly 10 percent of the regional workforce. However, the regional economic landscape is about to change. A large number of industrial sites under construction promise to transform the Coastal Bend into a manufacturing center besides being an energy hub. Despite its historically declining trend, industrial manufacturing is about to emerge as the fastest growing industry cluster, particularly in Nueces and San Patricio counties. The five leading industry clusters together accounted for 47 percent of total employment in the Coastal Bend during Between 2013 and 2018, these clusters are expected to gain more than 31,000 jobs, and account for 58 percent of employment growth across the region. The collective contribution of these industries to regional employment growth is projected to increase to over 60 percent by Businesses in those industry clusters involve a wide variety of occupations, some of which pay the highest (oil and gas extraction) wage earnings in the region while others pay the lowest (restaurants). Overall, the typical wage rate across those industries is higher than the region s average wage rate. v

6 I. INTRODUCTION This report describes both historical and projected changes in the Coastal Bend Workforce Development Area s (WDA) economic base and workforce patterns. The project is commissioned by the Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend as an update to previous reports completed in 2004 and The overall economy of the Coastal Bend as well as its industrial makeup have changed significantly since the depths of the economic downturn in While many communities across Texas have witnessed economic and employment growth above the pace nationwide, the economic experience of the Coastal Bend is unique in terms of developments in its growing industries as a result of its comparative advantages. Current developments near the Port of Corpus Christi have generated a profound impact on future employment patterns of the Coastal Bend. This industry cluster report contains projected workforce needs and employment growth by 2018 and 2023, respectively. Objective The primary objective of this study is to facilitate the planning of economic and workforce development strategies for the Coastal Bend WDA with data analysis regarding how key industries and their labor markets will evolve in the next decade. Research work draws on an approach commonly referred to as industry cluster analysis, which identifies groups of interconnected industries or businesses that comprise the region s key economic base as the cornerstone of the regional economy. Why is industry cluster analysis important? Industry clusters have been recognized as critical elements that determine the competitiveness of a region in the global marketplace (Porter 1990). As the key drivers of economic growth, industry clusters have increasingly been incorporated into regional policy strategies for workforce and economic development. Some notable clusters are in Silicon Valley for its microelectronics and information technology industries; and the Research Triangle in North Carolina for its agricultural, pharmaceutical and telecommunications industries. Industry clusters serve as the engines of an economy, driving its growth in the long run. As such, an understanding of their recent and future trends as well as their strengths and weaknesses is an important first step toward building a successful regional economic development strategy. In 2004, Texas Governor Rick Perry officially adopted a strategic plan that targets the development of several industry clusters (Perry 2004). Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 1

7 Data Sources To facilitate Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend s development of strategic plans, employment and wage data are the key focus of this study. The primary sources for the local- and state-level data are Texas Workforce Commission s (TWC) online databases: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), Research and Analysis of Trends in Employment System (SOCRATES), and Wage Information Network (WIN). Some employment and wage data are obtained through Economic Modeling Specialists International s (EMSI) Analyst, an online labor market database. The U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis provide economic data particularly at the national level. Industries are classified using the industry definitions of North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) wherever possible. One distinctive aspect of the industry cluster analysis in this study is the use of projected data for the future, rather than historical data. While historical data help identify industries that have flourished or declined, future data projections are more instrumental for developing economic and workforce strategic plans. The TWC and EMSI have provided projections of industry and occupational employment for the Coastal Bend over the period through Those projections, however, apparently miss most recent developments in the region that will have profound effects on both its overall economic base and certain regional industries. Their data will be modified in light of those large-scale development projects that will affect the regional labor markets through The benchmark periods of the projections are Year 2018 and Year Given 2013 as the base year, 2018 reflects the 5-year-ahead medium-term future, and 2023 represents the 10-year-ahead long-term future. Area Profile Geographical Definition The region under investigation is Texas Workforce Commission s 22 nd Workforce Development Area (WDA) overseen by Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend. This area consists of 12 counties in South Texas: Aransas, Bee, Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells, Kenedy, Kleberg, Live Oak, McMullen, Nueces, Refugio, and San Patricio (see Exhibit 1). The counties of Aransas, Nueces and San Patricio comprise the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The Port of Corpus Christi is the fifth busiest port in the U.S. by cargo tonnage. Among others, the Port supports shipping and oil and gas production on the Gulf of Mexico. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 2

8 Exhibit 1 Counties of the Coastal Bend WDA. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 3

9 Regional Economic Profile Exhibit 2 below contains some basic economic data of the region in comparison with the state of Texas and the U.S. The 12 counties of the Coastal Bend WDA have a total population of approximately 590,000. The Corpus Christi Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is the largest populated area in the Coastal Bend WDA, and it has a population of approximately 440,000, or 75 percent of the regional total. Between 2008 and 2013, the population in the region grew a total of 4 percent, which was about the same as the national average but remarkably lower than the Texas state average of nearly 9 percent. Both the metro area and the Coastal Bend region as a whole experienced outmigration of residents during that period. This historical trend, however, has changed. In light of strong regional employment growth since 2011, population in the Coastal Bend is expected to expand by more than the historical past of one percent per year through As for many communities in Texas, economic growth in the Coastal Bend accelerated since Between 2008 and 2013, the area s gross domestic product in current dollars the broadest measure of the size of an economy grew a total of 38 percent, which was nearly three times that of the national average. Output growth in the area was also substantially higher than the Texas statewide average of 19 percent. Expansion in economic activity is the driving force for job creations and income growth. Between 2008 and 2013, the Coastal Bend added 6 percent more jobs, slightly more than the statewide employment growth rate. By contrast, the nation had yet recovered most of the jobs lost during the depths of the Great Recession in As a result of accelerated job growth in the region since 2011, the regional unemployment rate has undergone steady declines through the end of The unemployment rate for the Coastal Bend was 5.9 percent on average in 2013, more than one percent below the U.S. unemployment rate of 7.5 percent. Strong employment growth in the Coastal Bend has raised local wage earnings and personal income more rapidly than the paces at the state and national levels. Yet the area s personal income per capita of $42,421 in 2013 remained below the national and state averages. In 2013, the average hourly wage rate for employees in the Coastal Bend was $20.79, almost $4 below the U.S. hourly wage rate. The relatively lower wage earnings for employees in the area contributed to the relatively lower personal income. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 4

10 The relatively low wage and income earnings for employees in the Coastal Bend are attributable to differences in educational attainment. Educational attainment is an indicator of workforce preparedness and thus workers earning potentials. As shown in Exhibit 2, the share of the regional population with either a high-school diploma or a college degree lags behind the rest of the nation and the state. While the shares of U.S. population with high school and college degrees increased by almost 3 percent between 2008 and 2013, the overall levels of education attainment for the area have remained largely unchanged. Without meaningful improvements in education attainment and workforce skills, the strong gains in wage earnings seen in recent years would not likely sustain in the future. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 5

11 Exhibit 2 Coastal Bend WDA Economic Profile. Economic Data 2013 Level Coastal Bend Corpus Christi MSA Texas U.S. Panel A: % Change Population 589, % 4.7% 8.9% 3.9% Output (GDP in current millions dollars) 27, % 31.0% 19.4% 12.1% Employment 283, % 3.8% 5.5% -0.8% Per capita personal income $42, % 14.8% 9.4% 8.8% Panel B: 2013 Level Unemployment Rate 5.9% 6.0% 6.3% 7.5% Mean Hourly Wage $20.79 $20.45 $24.67 $24.11 Educational Attainment Population 25 years and over High school graduate or higher 74.7% 76.7% 78.7% 87.1% Bachelor's degree or higher 17.1% 18.7% 25.6% 29.9% Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, Census Bureau, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 6

12 Employment Data Employment across broad industry sectors reflects the make-up of the economic base in the regional community. Following national trends, a significant amount of employment in the Coastal Bend has shifted from manufacturing-oriented industries to service-oriented industries. Exhibit 3 below provides a snapshot of employment composition in the region during The bar charts are organized by employment according to the 2-digit NAICS classification of broad economic sectors. The data for 2008 are also displayed for comparison. The Coastal Bend regional economy is represented by a diverse mix of industries. According to the bar chart in Exhibit 3, the government sector is the largest employer in the region, followed by health care and social assistance, retail trade, and accommodation and food services. The government sector, including the military and public education institutions in addition to various government agencies, accounts for approximately one in five jobs in the Coastal Bend. Between 2008 and 2013, the share of public sector employment reduced by one percent. This declining trend is expected to continue in the future, given the federal government s expressed priority in reducing the national debt as well as the overall size of the public sector. By contrast, the shares of the accommodation and food services sector, and the health care and social assistance sector, have increased during the past five years. Measured by the percentage change, the mining sector has increased the most, primarily due to the regional growth in oil and gas related employment. Oil and gas exploration and drilling activities in the Eagle Ford Shale formation have become major sources of employment growth not only in oil and gas industries, but also in accommodation, food services, and health care services that support oilfield operations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 7

13 Exhibit 3 Employment Composition by Industry, 2008 and Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and Bureau of Labor Statistics. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 8

14 In comparison with Exhibit 3 above, Exhibit 4 below provides an alternative perspective on the regional economic base in the form of industry composition by output instead of employment. Total output in the Coastal Bend is the value of production using the area s own resources, such as land, labor and capital. 1 As the pie chart in Exhibit 4 indicates, the output share is greater than the employment share for some industries but smaller for other industries. In particular, the output shares of the mining and manufacturing industries at least double their employment shares. This means that employees in those industries are much more productive, i.e., more value-added output per employee, than employees in other industries. On the contrary, the accommodation and food service sector employs more than 10 percent of the regional workforce, but accounts for approximately 3 percent of the region s total output. This contrast can be explained by the relatively lower value added of the region s hotels, motels and restaurants from local resources, as well as the relatively lower wage earnings of their employees. 1 Output at the national level is most commonly measured by Gross Domestic Product. The equivalent measure at the regional level is Gross Regional Product. These measures are also called value added. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 9

15 Exhibit 4 Industry Composition by Output, Sources: Bureau of Economic Analysis, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 10

16 Businesses typically compensate their employees for their individual productivity and skills. For this reason, the discrepancy between output and employment compositions can be appreciated by comparing wage earnings across industries. Exhibit 5 below lists the average hourly wages for the 2-digit NAICS industries or sectors. In comparison with the regional average of $20.8, hourly wages in 2013 varied widely across industries from $8.35 in the accommodation and food services sector to over $40 among the mining, manufacturing and utilities sectors. As discussed above, wages tend to be higher for industries within a sector where its output share is higher than its employment share (e.g., mining and manufacturing). Conversely, wages tend to be lower in sectors with a lower output share than employment share (e.g., accommodation and food services). The employment data presented in Exhibits 3 to 5 represent snapshots of the relative strengths of different industries in the Coastal Bend region. To better understand the economic roles of those industries, however, industry cluster analysis should also take into account other measurement factors, such as output and wages, as well as the growth potentials of individual industries. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 11

17 Exhibit 5 Average Hourly Wages, NAICS Industry Description Wage All Industries $ Agriculture $ Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction $ Utilities $ Construction $ Manufacturing $ Wholesale Trade $ Retail Trade $ Transportation & Warehousing $ Information $ Finance & Insurance $ Real Estate & Rental $ Professional & Technical Services $ Management of Businesses $ Administrative and Support $ Educational Services (Private) $ Health Care & Social Assistance $ Arts & Entertainment $ Accommodation & Food Services $ Other Private Services $ Government $ Unclassified $16.20 Source: Texas Workforce Commission. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 12

18 Major Industrial Development Projects Historical data, as displayed in Exhibits 3 to 5, can be misleading if the regional economy is undergoing significant change in its industry or employment structure. This is likely the case for the Coastal Bend, given rapid expansion in regional oil and gas production in recent years that has also prompted the development of some industries with heavy energy consumption. Access to shale oil and gas supplies in the Eagle Ford Shale formation and the logistical advantage of the Port of Corpus Christi for export shipping have made Corpus Christi an attractive location for developing heavy manufacturing plants and petrochemical facilities. Exhibit 6 below lists major industrial construction projects near the Port of Corpus Christi. Those projects have been announced or under construction. Tianjin Pipe Company (TPCO) of China began the construction of a $1 billion steel mill in The plant is expected to become operational by 2015, when it enters the second phase of development. The TPCO project was followed by a plan for constructing another steel processing plant by Austrian Voestalpine, and later Italian M&G Group s announcement for building a facility producing PET resins. In addition to those industrial facilities that will take advantage of the abundant supply of shale oil and natural gas in the Eagle Ford, a number of companies have announced the construction or expansion of petrochemical manufacturing or refining facilities in Corpus Christi s Port District. In particular, Houston-based Cheniere Energy has announced the construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminal at $12 billion. Together, those large-scale construction projects will bring to the region a total capital investment of approximately $20 billion through The construction timeframes for nine large-scale industrial development projects between 2014 and 2017 are delineated by shaded areas in Exhibit 6. Drawing on surveys conducted with companies involved in those projects, the bottom two rows of the exhibit lists the estimates of full-time-equivalent (FTE) job positions directly associated with their construction as well as their eventual operations for the individual years between 2014 and During that 4-year window, those capital projects will require an estimated average total of 1,270 construction and craft workers per year. The estimates for employment directly involved in construction are apparently smaller than what would have been derived from the standard multiplier methodology. This discrepancy is attributable to the fact that local labor costs account for less than 20 percent on average of the total construction expenditures, as the majority of those projects are completed with Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 13

19 imports, namely from resources outside the Coastal Bend region. Furthermore, the job estimates are FTE positions. Because the timeframes of those projects are not perfectly aligned, not all craft and construction workers will be needed at the same time. The staggering nature of those projects will allow some workers to move from one completed site to next site under construction. Exhibit 6 lists only the numbers of direct local jobs associated with major industrial projects. Those projects create two types of economic effects. First, they contribute to a construction boom in the Coastal Bend, which also has spillover effects on other local industries. Second, when development of those industrial sites is complete, the manufacturing plants will be staffed with permanent employees on site. All of those nine industrial sites are expected to be operational by Their operations will also generate ongoing spillover economic effects on the rest of the Coastal Bend community. Those industrial facilities will have a significant impact on demand for local construction and craft workers at least through the end of Appendix A lists the occupations that will face an increase in job openings by 10 or more positions between 2013 and Other than construction laborers and helpers that do not require specific skills, the Coastal Bend is expected to experience a surge in demand for equipment operators, carpenters, plumbers, pipefitters, welders, and electricians. Those occupations do require formal training. In the absence of those construction sites, an estimated increase of 2,084 jobs across various construction and craft occupations will be needed to accommodate the natural growth of the regional economy through At its peak, the increase in such industrial construction activity will require 1,340 more positions in the regional labor markets for those occupations in the construction industry. The bottom row of Exhibit 6 shows the number of direct jobs associated with the operational phase of the industrial sites. By 2018, those facilities will generate an estimated total of 1,480 jobs. Increased employment among those facilities will also generate spillover or multiplier effects on overall employment within the region, commonly known as secondary effects. Those effects will be incorporated into the employment projections in this report below. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 14

20 Exhibit 6 Major Industrial Development Projects, Company Product Investment Operation Construction Timeline ($ Million) TPCO Steel Pipe 1, Phase II OxyChem Propane Distribution LyondellBassel Ethylene Plant Voestalpine Steel OxyChem Ethylene Plant 1, M&G Group PET Plant CCI Condensate Splitter Cheniere LNG Plant 12, Construction Jobs 580 1,910 1,378 1,213 Permanent Jobs ,480 Sources: Corpus Christi Regional Economic Development Corporation, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 15

21 The industrial construction projects listed in Exhibit 6 will affect overall employment in the Coastal Bend. Exhibit 7 below shows the total impact of the construction and operation of those new industrial sites on regional employment. The upper panel presents annual employment levels between 2008 and 2023, and the lower panel presents corresponding annual percentage changes over the same period. Data through 2013 are historical data. Beginning 2014, the data labeled as baseline reflect projections drawing on historical patterns and expected future trends across local industries, without the consideration of those announced capital projects. Data labeled as projection reflect the estimates that take into account the total effects, including both direct and secondary effects, of those major capital projects. During the five-year period between 2014 and 2018, those industrial development projects together are expected to add 3,663 more jobs to the Coastal Bend, as compared to the baseline estimates. The amount of additional jobs is equivalent to 1.4 percent of projected regional employment, which adds to the baseline annual employment growth by another one-half of one percent on average. As discussed in Section III below, the surge in craft skills demand will likely exceed the existing workforce training capacity of the region. As a result, wages for construction and craft workers will likely rise more rapidly, and potential labor shortages may be mitigated by hiring workers from other regions near the Gulf Coast. Over the long-term future through 2023, the impacts of those capital projects will shift from primarily construction-related employment that is only temporary in nature to permanent manufacturing-oriented employment. During the second half of the 10-year window between 2019 and 2023, the regional employment projections including the additional industrial developments will add approximately 5,000 more jobs per year to the region, or the equivalent of 1.8 percent of regional employment. In addition to the overall employment level for the region, those largescale industrial facilities will affect the composition of regional employment by changing the structure of the regional industry base. In particular, the development of those industrial sites will spur short-term demand for workforce in industrial construction, such as welders, pipefitters, electricians and laborers. Once constructed, those industrial facilities will begin to expand employment in the heavy manufacturing sector. Such developments will help reverse the historical trends of declines in employment between the oil and gas and manufacturing industries. The following section discusses how those industries will evolve in comparison with other industries over the next 10 years. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 16

22 Exhibit 7 Employment Impacts of Major Capital Projects. Source: Author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 17

23 II. INDUSTRY CLUSTER ANALYSIS Methodology Industry Cluster Definition An industry or sector is a group of businesses that supply similar products or services. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which has replaced the SIC since 1997, provides guidelines for identifying most industries in the U.S. Industry clusters, however, resist easy definition. According to the Texas Workforce Commission (2005), an industry cluster is a concentration of businesses and industries in a geographic region that are interconnected by the markets they serve, the products they produce, their suppliers, the trade associations to which their employees belong, and the educational institutions from which their employees or prospective employees receive training. By comparison, Porter (1990) describes an industry cluster as a group of interrelated businesses or industries with strong vertical and/or horizontal linkages. Vertical linkages are made up of buyer-seller relationships between businesses. Horizontal linkages develop when businesses share a common market for their products, or specialized infrastructure, distribution channels or resource inputs, such as labor skills and technologies. An industry cluster, in some cases, may be synonymous with a broad industry sector. However, the definition of a cluster demands a higher level of detail than the standard classification by the SIC or NAICS system (e.g., manufacturing, trade, and mining). Cluster analysis is applied to group businesses according to their final products and how these products are related to each other or integrated along the vertical supply chain. This approach provides a more meaningful view toward industries than the official classification method based solely on the similarities of final products or services. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 18

24 Industry Cluster Analysis Industry cluster analysis is an exploratory method that organizes observed data into meaningful economic groups, or industry clusters. The objective is to establish a set of clusters such that the degree of association or similarity between members of the same cluster is stronger than members outside the cluster. The particular approach of industry cluster analysis used in this study is agglomerative. This approach initially treats all individual data or industry segments as clusters. They are subsequently fused together, forming larger and larger clusters. Exhibit 8 illustrates a convenient way to visualize industry clusters, namely A and B, using two individual criteria on the two axes, one of which represents the characteristics of labor skills and another one represents the geographical distance between businesses. One prominent example is the Port District in Corpus Christi, which consists of a number of oil and gas refineries, and petrochemical and heavy manufacturing plants. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 19

25 Exhibit 8 Hypothetical Industry Clusters. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 20

26 Location Quotients One common approach for identifying industry clusters is based on quantitative techniques, such as location quotients and shift-share ratios. These two techniques underscore those areas of a regional economy in which comparative advantages exist. An industry is considered to process a comparative advantage if its employment, output, productivity or growth is high relative to other regions. One way to identify the industries that perform relatively better than others is to compute location quotients. A location quotient (LQ) is a measure of an industry s concentration within a region relative to a benchmark, such as the nation or state. A location quotient is computed as the ratio of an industry s share of local employment over that industry s share of national or state employment. Using the U.S. as the benchmark, then the formula for calculating the location quotient of Industry X in a particular area can be expressed as follows: Employment in Industry X in the Area Total Employment in the Area LQ of Industry X Employment in Industry X in the U.S.Total Employment in the U.S. The estimate based on the above formula is also referred to as a coefficient of specialization. If a location quotient is greater than 1.0, then it indicates that the industry has a larger concentration of employment within the region than employment in the same industry for the nation as a whole. That particular local industry is also a likely source of local exports outside the region, and this is also called an export industry. Conversely, if a location quotient is less than 1.0, then the industry is not well represented in the region, and a relatively large portion of the goods or services represented by that industry is likely imported from the rest of the world. Some industries are inherently local, such as real estate and dry cleaning. Since the goods or services of these industries are neither exported nor imported, their local quotients are typically close to 1.0. A value of 1.0 indicates an equal share of local employment in the industry between the regional and national economies. The long-term growth of a regional economy has commonly been described in terms of growth in export industries. These industries typically export their goods or services outside the region, supporting ancillary industries, such as retail, housing and personal services. Those export-oriented Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 21

27 industries are important economic drivers because exports generate income to pay for imports and support local economic activity. Location quotients help identify those industries. In essence, location quotients provide a description of the regional economic base by highlighting the comparative advantages of a region. They are, nevertheless, static measures and tell little about the growth (dynamic) patterns of regional industries. As shown below, for example, the location quotient for the manufacturing sector in the Coastal Bend is relatively low after a long period of declines, but their employment is projected to expand at a significantly faster pace than other industries. Such dynamic patterns can be captured by shift-share analysis. Shift-Share Ratios Shift-share analysis is another analytical tool to account for the competitiveness of a region s industries. This approach essentially provides an account of the growth differential of a particular industry in that region and in the nation or state. A shift-share ratio is simply the ratio of percentage employment growth of an industry in a region during a given time period over the percentage change in employment of that industry in the nation or the state during the same period. In this study, the shift-share analysis is applied to recent employment trends over the period as well as projected employment data over the alternative periods of and The findings with future data provide insights into the potential strengths of regional industries as a result of shifting industry shares over time in both the near-term and long-term future. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 22

28 Results of Industry Cluster Analysis Exhibit 9 displays estimates of location quotients and shift-share ratios for a list of industries based on the 2-digit NAICS definitions. The findings are based on comparing regional employment data against the U.S. national data. Estimates for 2008 and 2013 draw on historical data, and estimates for periods after 2013 are derived from projected data as described above. The second to fifth columns in the table of Exhibit 9 list the location quotients for four reference years: 2008, 2013, 2018, and Location quotients or shift-share ratios greater than 1.1 are highlighted in bold and italic. An estimate greater than 1.1 means that the industry is 10 percent or more overrepresented in the Coastal Bend as compared to the national benchmark. The location quotient estimates in the table indicate employment concentrations in a wide array of sectors in addition to the public sector: mining, construction, real estate, health care and social services, and accommodation and good services. The estimates are similar across the four reference years. In particular, the results confirm that the overall make-up of the regional economic base has remained about the same since 2003 the observation period of the previous two reports (Lee, 2004, 2009). The sixth to eighth columns in the table list estimates of shift-share ratios for the , , and windows, respectively. A shift-share ratio greater than 1.1 indicates that the Coastal Bend region is projected to add 10 percent more jobs in an industry over a given period than the percentage of job gain in that industry nationwide. In addition to those industries with relatively high location quotients, the table shows a number of industries with relatively high shift-share ratios: manufacturing, trade, transportation, and business management. In line with continuously high regional employment growth, increasingly more regional industries are expanding at a faster pace than the U.S. as a whole. Between 2013 and 2018, only two regional industries are expected grow at a relatively slower rate, namely agriculture and professional services. Over the longer-term future through 2023, the information industry is expected to grow at a relatively slower pace along with the other two industries. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 23

29 Exhibit 9 Location Quotients and Shift-Share Ratios. Sector Description Location Quotient Shift-Share Agriculture Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation/ Warehousing Information Finance & Insurance Real Estate & Rental Professional Services Management of Businesses Administrative and Support Educational Services(Private) Health Care/Social Assistance Arts & Entertainment Accommodation/ Food Services Other Private Services Government Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 24

30 In addition to the numerical data in Exhibit 9, the bubble graphs in Exhibit 10 below provide visual illustrations of how the industries perform over the three time frames by plotting their location quotients against their growth differentials with the nation. For each window period, the location quotient is the estimate for the end of the period, and the shift share ratio is the estimate for employment growth between the beginning and the end of the period. The size of a bubble reflects the size of employment in the final year of the period. In principle, a bubble that is farther away from the origin and closer to the upperright corner represents better performance the industry not only witnesses a relatively higher employment concentration in the region than in the nation as a whole, but that industry is also expected to grow more rapidly. In panel A of Exhibit 10, it is apparent that oil and gas extraction in the mining sector outperforms all other industries, followed by accommodation and food services. Overall, the graph reveals no clear winners at the broad sector level other than those historically identified as the primary economic engines of the region. Panel B of Exhibit 10 shows the future performance of regional industries through The graph reveals a large number of industries lying on the 45 degree line through the origin, meaning that those industries with a relatively high location quotient will also expand relatively faster. The construction industry is a noteworthy example. Panel C of Exhibit 10 shows the future performance of regional industries over the 10-year period through In contrast to panel B, this graph indicates that those fast growing industries between 2013 and 2018 will slow down. Still the manufacturing and utilities are expected to continue to grow rapidly (high shift shares) despite their relatively small sizes (low location quotients). By revealing the relative roles of different industries in a region, the estimates of location quotients and shift-share ratios provide an initial understanding of potential industry clusters. These quantitative analyses, however, do not necessarily address whether relationships indeed exist among individual businesses, nor do they account for other factors beyond the productmarket relationship, such as industry collaboration or information flow. For this reason, the quantitative findings above will be supplemented with qualitative analysis, such as identifying commonalties between industries (e.g., workforce or infrastructure needs, or technologies used). Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 25

31 Exhibit 10 Industry Performance a) Performance of Industries, Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 26

32 Exhibit 10 (continued) Industry Performance b) Performance of Industries, Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 27

33 Exhibit 10 (continued) Industry Performance c) Performance of Industries, Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author s calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 28

34 Identifying Industry Clusters The industry cluster analysis in this study began with exploring candidates for industry clusters based on industries that demonstrate strengths in the Coastal Bend. The location quotient and shift-share data in the preceding section suggest that the Coastal Bend regional economy is driven by the following five private industry clusters: oil and gas, construction, industrial manufacturing, healthcare, and hospitality. All but the manufacturing cluster correspond to the lists previous industry cluster reports (Lee, 2004, 2009). Cluster Employment Projections for Exhibit 11 lists the industry segments that make up each of the five industry clusters, along with their employment in 2013 and projected employment in These five clusters together account for 47 percent of total employment in the Coastal Bend in 2013, and this share is projected to increase to over 48 percent by Those clusters are expected to continue to be a major driver of future regional employment growth. Employment across all industries in the Coastal Bend is projected to expand by 12.8 percent between 2013 and All but the construction cluster is expected to experience growth at a similar or stronger pace than overall regional employment. As discussed above, construction activity will in fact be strong as a result of an unprecedented number of capital development projects underway. However, most those industrial sites are expected to be fully developed prior to See Appendix A for the impacts of those projects on the construction industry through Three of those five industry clusters are comparable the NAICS 2-digit sector definitions: construction, manufacturing, and healthcare. The construction cluster (NAICS 23) includes special trade contractors besides various construction services. Its combined employment accounted for 8 percent of the regional total employment in This share of employment is expected to remain about the same in A significant portion of local construction activity is directly tied to industries in the oil and gas and industrial manufacturing industries. Healthcare is the largest cluster by employment. The healthcare cluster includes three industry segments of health services: offices of health practitioners, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities (NAICS ). Employment in this cluster accounted for 14 percent of all regional jobs in 2013, and the employment share is expected to rise to 15 percent by Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 29

35 Exhibit 11 Employment of Industry Clusters, NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2018 %Total # Jobs % Change Change ALL INDUSTRIES 244, % 275, % 31, % OIL & GAS 19, % 22, % 3, % 2111 Oil & Gas Extraction 1, % 2, % % 2131 Support Activities for Mining 14, % 17, % 2, % 4831 Deep Sea & Coastal Water Transport % % % 4832 Inland Water Transportation % % % 4841 General Freight Trucking 1, % 1, % % 4861 Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil % % % 4862 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas % % % 4869 Other Pipeline Transportation % % % 4883 Support Activities for Water Transport % % % CONSTRUCTION 20, % 22, % 2, % 2361 Residential Building Construction % % % 2362 Nonresidential Building Construction 7, % 7, % % 2371 Utility System Construction 2, % 2, % % 2372 Land Subdivision % % % 2373 Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction % % % 2379 Other Heavy/Civil Engineer Construction 1, % 2, % % 2381 Foundation & Building Contractors 1, % 1, % % 2382 Building Equipment Contractors 3, % 3, % % 2383 Building Finishing Contractors % % % 2389 Other Specialty Trade Contractors 2, % 2, % % (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 30

36 Exhibit 11 (continued) NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2018 %Total # Jobs % Change Change INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING 8, % 11, % 2, % 3241 Petroleum & Coal Products 2, % 3, % % 3251 Basic Chemical % 1, % 1, % 3252 Resin & Synthetic Rubber % % % 3253 Pesticide & Other Agr. Chemical % % % 3254 Pharmaceutical & Medicine % % % 3255 Paint, Coating, & Adhesive % % % 3256 Soap & Cleaning Compound % % % 3259 Other Chemical Product % % % 3261 Plastics Product % % % 3262 Rubber Product % % % 3271 Clay Product & Refractory % % % 3272 Glass & Glass Product % % % 3273 Cement & Concrete Product % % % 3274 Lime & Gypsum Product % % % 3279 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product % % % 3311 Iron and Steel Mills % % % 3312 Steel Product Manuf. from Purchased Steel % % % 3313 Alumina & Aluminum Production % % % 3314 Nonferrous Metal Production % % % 3315 Foundries % % % 3321 Forging & Stamping % % % 3323 Architectural & Structural Metals % % % 3324 Boiler, Tank, & Shipping Container % % % 3325 Hardware % % % 3326 Spring & Wire Product % % % 3327 Machine Shops, Nut & Bolt % % % 3328 Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating % % % 3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product % % % 3331 Agr., Construction & Mining Machinery % % % 3332 Industrial Machinery % % % 3333 Commercial & Service Machinery % % % 3334 Ventilation, Heating & AC Equipment % % % 3335 Metalworking Machinery % % % 3336 Engine, Turbine & Power Transmission % % % 3339 Other General Purpose Machinery % % % 3366 Ship & Boat Building % % % 3369 Other Transportation Equipment % % % (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 31

37 Exhibit 11 (continued) NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2018 %Total # Jobs % Change Change HEALTHCARE 35, % 41, % 6, % 6211 Offices of Physicians 4, % 5, % % 6212 Offices of Dentists 1, % 1, % % 6213 Offices of Other Health Practitioners 1, % 1, % % 6214 Outpatient Care Centers % 1, % % 6215 Medical & Diagnostic Laboratories % % % 6216 Home Health Care Services 13, % 16, % 3, % 6219 Other Ambulatory Health Care Services % % % 6221 General Medical & Surgical Hospitals 8, % 9, % 1, % 6222 Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals % % % 6223 Specialty Hospitals % % % 6231 Nursing Care Facilities 3, % 3, % % 6232 Residential Mental Health Facilities % % % 6233 Community Care Facilities for the Elderly % % % 6239 Other Residential Care Facilities % % % HOSPITALITY 31, % 35, % 3, % 4811 Scheduled Air Transportation % % % 4812 Nonscheduled Air Transportation % % % 4852 Interurban & Rural Bus Transportation % % % 4853 Taxi & Limousine Service % % % 4854 School & Employee Bus Transportation % % % 4855 Charter Bus Industry % % % 4859 Other Passenger Transportation % % % 4871 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Land % % % 4872 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Water % % % 4879 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Other % % % 4881 Support Activities for Air Transportation 1, % 1, % % 7111 Performing Arts Companies % % % 7112 Spectator Sports % % % 7113 Performing Arts, Sports Events Promoters % % % 7114 Agents for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers % % % 7115 Independent Artists, Writers, & Performers % % % 7121 Museums & Historical Sites % % % 7131 Amusement Parks & Arcades % % % 7132 Gambling Industries % % % 7139 Other Recreation Industries 1, % 1, % % 7211 Traveler Accommodation 3, % 3, % % 7212 RV Parks & Recreational Camps % % % 7213 Rooming & Boarding Houses % % % 7221 Full-Service Restaurants 8, % 10, % 1, % 7222 Limited-Service Eating Places 12, % 13, % 1, % 7223 Special Food Services % 1, % % 7224 Drinking Places 1, % 1, % % Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author's calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 32

38 Two clusters oil and gas, and hospitality involve industries from different NAICS broad sectors. The oil and gas cluster consists of firms with vertical relationships. For example, oil and gas drilling operators (mining sector) provide material inputs to firms in pipeline and water transportation (transportation sector), and petrochemical wholesalers (trade sector). 2 This cluster is part of the broader energy cluster in the previous report. This newly identified cluster is warranted by both recent and prospective growth of oil and gas production and its support services in the region. Together, those industries involving in the production and transportation of oil and gas accounted for 8 percent of total regional employment in This cluster is poised for further growth through Development in the oil and gas industry cluster has also promoted the emergence of an industry cluster that revolves around the manufacturing of petrochemicals and other industrial materials. Those industrial or heavy manufacturing plants, including steel mills, oil and gas refineries, and petrochemical manufacturers, will depend on Eagle Ford Shale oil and gas as energy inputs (e.g., steel mills) or feedstock for further processing (e.g., refineries and petrochemical manufacturers). Those facilities, while on different stages of the oil and gas supply chains, require some common workforce skills, such as machine operators and tenders. Horizontal relationships develop across those facilities as they cluster together geographically in the northern part of the Corpus Christi metro area. The Corpus Christi Port Authority, which facilitates the supply chain of the oil and petrochemical production processes with its deepwater port, also plays a vital role in this cluster. This industrial manufacturing cluster has remained a small part of the regional economy with a 3 percent share of regional employment in However, this cluster as a whole is expected to gain over 2,600 jobs between 2013 and 2018, resulting in the greatest percentage growth among the five industry clusters. The tourism cluster in the previous two industry cluster reports is now referred to as hospitality to reflect the broader scope of its business today. Rapidly expanding oil and gas drilling activity in the Eagle Ford Shale area has spurred the expansion of lodging and food services for oilfield workers and others who have stayed in the area for extended periods of time. The hospitality cluster reflects growth in this market segment beyond the traditional tourism sector, which involves mostly visitors coming to the region for leisure or business purposes and staying for only short periods of time. The hospitality cluster is largely made up of industries in three 2-digit NAICS sectors: transportation (NAICS 84); arts, entertainment and recreation (NAICS 71); and accommodation and food services (NAICS 72). This cluster also 2 Petroleum retailers, such as gas stations, are excluded because of their remote connections with the suppliers and their performance is affected largely by demand conditions rather than industry supply conditions. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 33

39 includes air and local transportation, and travel agencies in the transportation sector. Together, the various industries in the hospitality cluster, from hotel and motel accommodation to eating and drinking places to taxicabs, accounted for approximately 13 percent of regional employment in 2013 and its total employment share is expected remain relatively stable over time through The five major industry clusters are made up of a wide array of industries across the Coastal Bend regional economy. Together, these industries accounted for 45 percent of total employment in the Coastal Bend during Between 2013 and 2018, the five clusters are expected to gain a total of 26,000 jobs, or about 60 percent of total projected employment growth for the region. Between 2013 and 2018, home healthcare services (NAICS 6216) will see the largest gain with over 3,000 new jobs, closely followed by support activities for mining (NAICS 2131) with more than 2,500 additional jobs. In the manufacturing cluster, the basic chemical industry (NAICS 3251) will be the largest source of employment growth. In the hospitality cluster, restaurants (NAICS ) together will create the most jobs. Cluster Employment Projections for Exhibit 12 below presents corresponding data for the longer-term future between 2013 and Employment across all industries in the Coastal Bend is projected to increase by 21 percent, or approximately 2 percent annually. All of the five industry clusters are expected to add proportionally more jobs than the region as a whole. By the end of that 10-year horizon, the five industry clusters are expected to account for approximately 60 percent of regional employment growth. By the number of job creation, the healthcare cluster will continue to add the most jobs, with about half of those new jobs coming from home health care services. In the context of employment growth, however, industrial manufacturing will be the top driver with a growth rate over 32 percent, closely followed by the healthcare industry. Current expansion in oil and gas employment is expected to continue through Support activities for oil and gas extraction will be the top industry segment in job creation, with an estimate of 4,359 more jobs by the end of the 10-year period. The impact of the new industrial facilities in the Corpus Christi MSA is captured by the growth statistics of 100 percent or more for manufacturers of iron and steel, resin and other petrochemical products. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 34

40 Exhibit 12 Employment of Industry Clusters, NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2023 %Total # Jobs % Change Change ALL INDUSTRIES 244, % 295, % 50, % OIL & GAS 19, % 24, % 5, % 2111 Oil & Gas Extraction 1, % 2, % % 2131 Support Activities for Mining 14, % 19, % 4, % 4831 Deep Sea & Coastal Water Transport % % % 4832 Inland Water Transportation % % % 4841 General Freight Trucking 1, % 1, % % 4861 Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil % % % 4862 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas % % % 4869 Other Pipeline Transportation % % % 4883 Support Activities for Water Transport % % % CONSTRUCTION 20, % 25, % 4, % 2361 Residential Building Construction % % % 2362 Nonresidential Building Construction 7, % 8, % 1, % 2371 Utility System Construction 2, % 2, % % 2372 Land Subdivision % % % 2373 Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction % % % 2379 Other Heavy/Civil Engineer 1, % 2, % % 2381 Foundation & Building Contractors 1, % 1, % % 2382 Building Equipment Contractors 3, % 4, % % 2383 Building Finishing Contractors % % % 2389 Other Specialty Trade Contractors 2, % 3, % % (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 35

41 Exhibit 12 (continued) NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2023 %Total # Jobs % Change Change INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING 8, % 11, % 2, % 3241 Petroleum & Coal Products 2, % 3, % % 3251 Basic Chemical % 1, % % 3252 Resin & Synthetic Rubber % % % 3253 Pesticide & Other Agr. Chemical % % % 3254 Pharmaceutical & Medicine % % % 3255 Paint, Coating, & Adhesive % % % 3256 Soap & Cleaning Compound % % % 3259 Other Chemical Product % % % 3261 Plastics Product % % % 3262 Rubber Product % % % 3271 Clay Product & Refractory % % % 3272 Glass & Glass Product % % % 3273 Cement & Concrete Product % % % 3274 Lime & Gypsum Product % % % 3279 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product % % % 3311 Iron and Steel Mills % % % 3312 Steel Product Manuf. from Purchased Steel % % % 3313 Alumina & Aluminum Production % % % 3314 Nonferrous Metal Production % % % 3315 Foundries % % % 3321 Forging & Stamping % % % 3323 Architectural & Structural Metals % % % 3324 Boiler, Tank, & Shipping Container % % % 3325 Hardware % % % 3326 Spring & Wire Product % % % 3327 Machine Shops, Nut & Bolt % % % 3328 Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating % % % 3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product % % % 3331 Agr., Construction & Mining Machinery % 1, % % 3332 Industrial Machinery % % % 3333 Commercial & Service Machinery % % % 3334 Ventilation, Heating & AC Equipment % % % 3335 Metalworking Machinery % % % 3336 Engine, Turbine & Power Transmission % % % 3339 Other General Purpose Machinery % % % 3366 Ship & Boat Building % % % 3369 Other Transportation Equipment % % % (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 36

42 Exhibit 12 (continued) NAICS Industry Description 2013 %Total 2023 %Total # Jobs % Change Change HEALTHCARE 35, % 46, % 10, % 6211 Offices of Physicians 4, % 5, % 1, % 6212 Offices of Dentists 1, % 1, % % 6213 Offices of Other Health Practitioners 1, % 1, % % 6214 Outpatient Care Centers % 1, % % 6215 Medical & Diagnostic Laboratories % % % 6216 Home Health Care Services 13, % 18, % 5, % 6219 Other Ambulatory Health Care Services % % % 6221 General Medical & Surgical Hospitals 8, % 10, % 1, % 6222 Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals % % % 6223 Specialty Hospitals % % % 6231 Nursing Care Facilities 3, % 4, % % 6232 Residential Mental Health Facilities % % % 6233 Community Care Facilities for the Elderly % % % 6239 Other Residential Care Facilities % % % HOSPITALITY 31, % 38, % 6, % 4811 Scheduled Air Transportation % % % 4812 Nonscheduled Air Transportation % % % 4852 Interurban & Rural Bus Transportation % % % 4853 Taxi & Limousine Service % % % 4854 School & Employee Bus Transportation % % % 4855 Charter Bus Industry % % % 4859 Other Passenger Transportation % % % 4871 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Land % % % 4872 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Water % % % 4879 Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Other % % % 4881 Support Activities for Air Transportation 1, % 1, % % 7111 Performing Arts Companies % % % 7112 Spectator Sports % % % 7113 Performing Arts, Sports Events Promoters % % % 7114 Agents for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers % % % 7115 Independent Artists, Writers, & Performers % % % 7121 Museums & Historical Sites % % % 7131 Amusement Parks & Arcades % % % 7132 Gambling Industries % % % 7139 Other Recreation Industries 1, % 1, % % 7211 Traveler Accommodation 3, % 4, % % 7212 RV Parks & Recreational Camps % % % 7213 Rooming & Boarding Houses % % % 7221 Full-Service Restaurants 8, % 11, % 2, % 7222 Limited-Service Eating Places 12, % 14, % 2, % 7223 Special Food Services % 1, % % 7224 Drinking Places 1, % 1, % % Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author's calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 37

43 III. DETAILS OF INDUSTRY CLUSTERS Business Establishments Other than employment, the significance of the identified industry clusters in the region can be appreciated by looking at the number of businesses involved in those clusters. Exhibit 13 below lists the number of business establishments in the 4-digit NAICS industries included each of the five identified industry clusters. The total number of business establishments among the five industry cluster is 4,391, or approximately 35 percent of all business establishments in the Coastal Bend. The clusters total business share in the region is smaller their total employment share, reflecting their relatively larger employment sizes, particularly those establishments in industrial manufacturing. With over 9,600 business establishments, the three counties of the Corpus Christi MSA collectively account for 75 percent of all business establishments in the Coastal Bend. In the oil and gas cluster, nearly half of the businesses are in support activities. In the construction cluster, building equipment contractors account for the most businesses. In the healthcare cluster, physician offices top the list. In the hospitality cluster, limited-service eating places, such as fast-food restaurants, and full-service restaurants top the list. The restaurant business is also the largest local industry by the number of establishments or jobs. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 38

44 Exhibit 13 Establishments and Wages of Industry Clusters, NAICS Industry Description Establishments Hourly Wage Average 90 th Percentile ALL INDUSTRIES 12,906 $20.79 $32.64 OIL & GAS 641 $37.83 $ Oil & Gas Extraction 151 $44.78 $ Support Activities for Mining 309 $38.94 $ Deep Sea & Coastal Water Transport 4 $26.07 $ Inland Water Transportation 7 $20.81 $ General Freight Trucking 107 $21.25 $ Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil 9 $41.27 $ Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas 28 $54.40 $ Other Pipeline Transportation 3 $60.68 $ Support Activities for Water Transport 23 $21.76 $31.56 CONSTRUCTION 888 $26.64 $ Residential Building Construction 132 $17.33 $ Nonresidential Building Construction 90 $29.97 $ Utility System Construction 64 $35.28 $ Land Subdivision 7 $18.09 $ Highway, Street, & Bridge Construction 18 $21.94 $ Other Heavy/Civil Engineer 14 $28.46 $ Foundation & Building Contractors 123 $15.71 $ Building Equipment Contractors 255 $23.13 $ Building Finishing Contractors 68 $19.00 $ Other Specialty Trade Contractors 117 $21.96 $40.30 (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 39

45 Exhibit 13 (continued) Average NAICS Industry Description Establishments Hourly Wage INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING 211 $ Petroleum & Coal Products 14 $ Basic Chemical 14 $ Resin & Synthetic Rubber 3 $ Pesticide & Other Agr. Chemical Pharmaceutical & Medicine 1 $ Paint, Coating, & Adhesive 0 $ Soap & Cleaning Compound 2 $ Other Chemical Product 6 $ Plastics Product 4 $ Rubber Product 1 $ Clay Product & Refractory 2 $ Glass & Glass Product 2 $ Cement & Concrete Product 11 $ Lime & Gypsum Product Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product 3 $ Iron and Steel Mills Steel Product Manuf. from Purchased Steel Alumina & Aluminum Production 2 $ Nonferrous Metal Production 2 $ Foundries 1 $ Forging & Stamping 1 $ Architectural & Structural Metals 17 $ Boiler, Tank, & Shipping Container 10 $ Hardware Spring & Wire Product 2 $ Machine Shops, Nut & Bolt 37 $ Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating 6 $ Other Fabricated Metal Product 12 $ Agr., Construction & Mining Machinery 32 $ Industrial Machinery 1 $ Commercial & Service Machinery Ventilation, Heating & AC Equipment 3 $ Metalworking Machinery 2 $ Engine, Turbine & Power Transmission 4 $ Other General Purpose Machinery 7 $ Ship & Boat Building 8 $ Other Transportation Equipment 1 $9.20 (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 40

46 Exhibit 13 (continued) Average NAICS Industry Description Establishments Hourly Wage HEALTHCARE 1,138 $ Offices of Physicians 467 $ Offices of Dentists 153 $ Offices of Other Health Practitioners 170 $ Outpatient Care Centers 60 $ Medical & Diagnostic Laboratories 24 $ Home Health Care Services 139 $ Other Ambulatory Health Care Services 27 $ General Medical & Surgical Hospitals 11 $ Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals 2 $ Specialty Hospitals 3 $ Nursing Care Facilities 45 $ Residential Mental Health Facilities 12 $ Community Care Facilities for the Elderly 23 $ Other Residential Care Facilities 2 $12.33 HOSPITALITY 1,513 $ Scheduled Air Transportation 3 $ Nonscheduled Air Transportation 7 $ Interurban & Rural Bus Transportation 3 $ Taxi & Limousine Service 6 $ School & Employee Bus Transportation 4 $ Charter Bus Industry Other Passenger Transportation 0 $ Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Land Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Water 14 $ Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation, Other 2 $ Support Activities for Air Transportation 21 $ Performing Arts Companies 6 $ Spectator Sports 7 $ Performing Arts, Sports Events Promoters 3 $ Agents for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers 1 $ Independent Artists, Writers, & Performers 11 $ Museums & Historical Sites 11 $ Amusement Parks & Arcades 12 $ Gambling Industries 5 $ Other Recreation Industries 108 $ Traveler Accommodation 186 $ RV Parks & Recreational Camps 32 $ Rooming & Boarding Houses Full-Service Restaurants 427 $ Limited-Service Eating Places 491 $ Special Food Services 46 $ Drinking Places 107 $5.48 Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and author's calculations. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 41

47 Wage Earnings In addition to business establishments, Exhibit 13 above shows the average hourly wage rates for the individual industries in the five clusters. The average hourly wage rate across all industries in the Coastal Bend was $20.79 in The oil and gas industry cluster generated the highest wages on average at $ Conversely, the hospitality cluster yielded the lowest wages on average at $8.70 (excluding tips). Of course, different occupations within the same industry pay differently. Across different industries, management positions tend to pay more than any other line of work. For the construction and oil and gas industry clusters, the table also presents the top 90 th percentile wage rates next to the column of average wage rates. Continued growth in the oil and gas industry in South Texas as well as current development of industrial construction activity will likely add increasing pressures to the existing wages in those industries. The increasingly tight markets specifically for craft occupations in those regional industries would likely push their ongoing wages to the 90 th percentile levels by This, however, would be less likely for other industries. Most industries or businesses are supported by a wide variety of occupations, ranging from management to clerical to janitorial types of employment. Some occupations, on the contrary, are unique to specific industries, e.g., civil engineers and roofers in construction. Appendix B describes the staffing patterns of the five individual industry clusters. A staffing pattern lists the percentage of jobs in a given industry that belong to a specific occupation. The staffing patterns in Appendix B contain the employment data for occupations that are projected to add more than 10 job positions between 2013 and The list also includes the corresponding median hourly wage rates in 2013 and the required education levels. Staffing pattern data are potentially helpful for identifying the current and future workforce needs of an industry. It is important to note that projections are speculative and exact numbers may be less significant than the employment trend represented by the numbers, which show increasing employment. Major Employers Firms, of course, do vary in size. Exhibit 14 below displays a short list of the largest regional employers in each of the five clusters. The majority of the employers are located in Nueces County, which accounts for over 60 percent of all businesses in the Coastal Bend. The Corpus Christi MSA is the economic center of this region, with the most major employers within the region. Judging by annual sale volume or employment size, most employers in the hospitality cluster are relatively small. By contrast, firms in the industrial manufacturing and construction clusters are substantially larger. Industrial manufacturing takes place mostly in Nueces and San Patricio counties near the Port of Corpus Christi. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 42

48 Exhibit 14 Largest Employers in Coastal Bend Industry Clusters. Employer County Sales Employees CONSTRUCTION BAY LIMITED Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million BERRY CONTRACTING LP Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million AKER GULF MARINE Nueces $50 Million - $100 Million OIL & GAS EOG RESOURCES INC Nueces $20 million - $50 million GREY WOLF DRILLING CO Jim Wells $20 million - $50 million FESCO, LTD Jim Wells $20 million - $50 million BASIC ENERGY SERVICE Nueces $10 million - $20 million INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING KIEWIT OFFSHORE SERVICE San Patricio Over $1 Billion FLINT HILL RESOURCES Nueces Over $1 Billion VALERO BILL GREEHEY REFINERY Nueces Over $1 Billion CITGO Nueces Over $1 Billion EQUISTAR CHEMICALS Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million DUPONT San Patricio $100 Million - $500 Million HEALTHCARE CHRISTUS SPOHN HEALTH SYSTEM Nueces $500 Million - $1 Billion CORPUS CHRISTI MEDICAL CTR Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million DRISCOLL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL Nueces $100 Million - $500 Million HOSPITALITY OMNI CORPUS CHRISTI HOTEL Nueces $20 Million - $50 Million HOLIDAY INN-CORPUS CHRISTI Nueces $10 million - $20 million Source: Texas Workforce Commission. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 43

49 Industry Clusters across the Region The five industry clusters are representative of the Coastal Bend as a whole, but they may not fully reflect the economic landscape of the region s 12 individual counties. Exhibit 15 below shows employment in each of the five clusters as a share of county employment. For comparison, the bottom two rows show the corresponding statistics for Texas and the U.S. Above the state and national benchmarks are data for Corpus Christi and the Coastal Bend as a whole. The shaded areas highlight the county employment shares of the specific industry clusters that are relatively higher than those for the state and the nation. Appendix C presents detailed data for computing locational quotients (employment shares) and shift-share ratios (employment growth). Given that the Corpus Christi metro area accounts for more than twothirds (76%) of all jobs in the Coastal Bend, their statistical patterns are strikingly similar. In particular, their shares of industrial manufacturing employment in 2013 remained below the state or national benchmark, but they are expected to increase significantly through Nevertheless, industrial manufacturing has already been playing an important role in San Patricio County. With much of industrial activity located along the north side of Corpus Christi Bay, San Patricio County has the highest concentration of industrial manufacturing employment. In comparison with the state and the U.S. as a whole, the share of oil and gas employment is relative higher among all Coastal Bend counties except Kleberg. Employment in the healthcare cluster is relatively more concentrated in five of the 12 counties. Four counties, namely Duval, Nueces, Refugio and San Patricio, have a relatively high concentration in construction employment. Reflecting the dominant role of tourism in the Corpus Christi metro area, all its three counties have relatively high employment in hospitality. Labor Market Conditions Appendix D provides more data regarding future labor market conditions in the Coastal Bend. For each occupation, the appendix shows projected training completions from the region s training facilities and higher education institutions, as well as its estimated job openings. Job openings are calculated in light of changing supply and demand conditions for the occupations. In addition to completions, workforce supply is affected by attrition due to retirement and other economic factors. Workforce demand depends on growth of industries or the region as a whole. Relatively more openings for a given occupation signify a tighter labor market or a shortage. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 44

50 Exhibit 15 Regional Employment Shares by Industry Clusters, Oil & Gas Construction Industrial Manufacturing Healthcare Hospitality Total Aransas 7.1% 5.5% 0.7% 8.1% 22.9% 44.2% Bee 8.3% 2.8% 1.7% 13.1% 10.7% 36.5% Brooks 10.7% 3.5% 0.3% 12.5% 11.4% 38.5% Duval 21.2% 13.9% 0.6% 5.5% 3.6% 44.9% Jim Wells 25.9% 2.1% 2.7% 18.6% 8.0% 57.3% Kenedy 48.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 7.7% 57.5% Kleberg 3.1% 2.8% 1.4% 16.8% 11.1% 35.3% Live Oak 30.5% 3.2% 5.2% 3.7% 11.5% 54.0% McMullen 32.6% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 10.3% 45.0% Nueces 4.9% 9.0% 3.7% 15.6% 13.7% 46.9% Refugio 18.7% 8.1% 0.6% 6.3% 11.7% 45.3% San Patricio 6.4% 18.3% 8.0% 6.6% 12.0% 51.3% Corpus Christi 5.1% 9.8% 4.0% 14.5% 13.9% 47.3% Coastal Bend 7.9% 8.3% 3.5% 14.4% 12.8% 47.0% Texas 3.7% 5.6% 6.0% 10.6% 11.3% 37.3% U.S. 1.6% 4.3% 6.9% 11.7% 11.5% 36.0% Sources: Texas Workforce Commission, and Bureau of Labor Statistics. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 45

51 The first table of Appendix D focuses on the impact of current industrial construction on the local labor market conditions by The list is ordered by the number of openings directly associated with the surge in construction activity. Given current developments, potential shortages are expected to occur for occupations particularly in the manufacturing and oil and gas industries. As a result, more openings can be found among construction and craft occupations. The second table lists job openings for all five clusters together. The list is ordered by the number of estimated openings in As part of the national trend, personal care aides, food preparers and cashiers top the list. However, relative to the sizes of their workforce, openings for those occupations are far smaller than those occupations in the manufacturing and oil and gas industries. Potential of Clusters as Industry Targets According to Porter (1990), industry clusters are keys to regional economic growth in the long run. For this reason, many government agencies, including the state of Texas, have implemented policies targeting clusters that demonstrate competitive advantages or growth potentials. This section evaluates the five identified industry clusters as possible targets for economic and workforce development in the Coastal Bend WDA. Exhibit 16 below summarizes the major strengths and weaknesses of those clusters. Oil and Gas The oil and gas industry cluster has long been considered as the mainstay of the Coastal Bend regional economy. The industries have been strengthened by explosive growth in shale oil and gas drilling and production in South Texas. This cluster s strengths include the following: (1) The cluster consists of exportoriented industries with high employment concentrations relative to the rest of the nation; (2) many occupations in the cluster, e.g., petroleum engineering, require professional degrees and thus pay relatively high wages and salaries; (3) many businesses and manufacturing plants are interconnected with oil and gas facilities as they are geographically concentrated alongside the Port of Corpus Christi; (4) the proximity to Houston, a major oil-producing metro area, helps facilitate shipping and manufacturing petrochemical products; and(5) energy is also one of the industry targets adopted by the state of Texas since 2004 (Perry 2004). Some weaknesses of the oil and gas cluster are that: (1) the nonrenewable nature of oil and gas deposits that makes the industry non- Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 46

52 sustainable; (2) industry performance is sensitive to world oil prices, which have been relatively volatile; and (3) concerns about environmental pollution from the petrochemical and power generation industries may instill future regulatory restrictions on those industries. Construction The construction industry experienced substantial growth in recent years. Growth has occurred in both industrial and residential construction. Expansion in home building activity has been part of the national trend as the housing market has begun to recover from the financial crisis and the ensuring economic recession between 2007 and By contrast, expansion in industrial construction is unique to the Coastal Bend region in the shadow of developments in the Eagle Ford Shale. The current regional construction boom is also attributable to a large number of industrial construction sites near the Port of Corpus Christi. Most of those industrial development projects that have been announced are expected to complete by The long-term strengths of the construction industry include: (1) the industry has a mix of occupational skills some occupations require formal training, e.g., civil engineers, while others require no training at all, e.g., laborers; and (2) wages are relatively higher than those in many other industries. The construction industry s major weaknesses include: (1) construction is essentially an auxiliary industry that serves local demands, meaning that most construction jobs are temporary in nature; and (2) since much of local construction activity is non-exporting, its performance is sensitive to regional economic conditions that are cyclical in nature. Industrial Manufacturing Following the national trend, the manufacturing sector has been on a persistent decline for decades. This trend is about to be reversed with the announcements of a number of industrial manufacturing facilities since Although relatively small by their combined employment size, construction of those capital intensive industrial sites will substantially raise the demand for workforce in the construction industry in the short run, and the craft skills and manufacturing-oriented employment in the long run. Current growth of this industry cluster is attributable to Texas s business friendly regulatory environment, proximity of the region to shale oil and gas supplies, the Port of Corpus Christi as an export outlet, and the influx of foreign capital investments. In addition to the state s favorable regulatory environment and the locational advantages of the Coastal Bend, the strengths of this industry cluster include its export-oriented Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 47

53 activity that will be a driver for future regional economic growth. On the other hand, the industry s weaknesses include its adverse environmental impacts on local residents. Healthcare As the largest of the five industry clusters, the healthcare industry makes up over one-tenth of the regional economy. Its strengths include the following: (1) Hospitals and medical centers in the region have well established facilities; (2) large numbers of healthcare occupations with skill requirements offer relatively high wages; (3) there are growing healthcare needs from the retirement communities and the aging baby-boomers coming to the region; (4) a sound healthcare system enhances the quality of life and the quality of workforce in local communities; and (5) workforce needs are met by the colleges and universities within the region (health service programs are offered by Del Mar College, College of Nursing at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, the School of Pharmacy at Texas A&M University-Kingsville, and Texas A&M University s medical residency program at one of CHRISTUS Spohn s hospital campuses). There are also potential challenges in targeting the healthcare industry: (1) The region lacks a medical school for training physicians; and (2) major medical centers exist in neighboring metro areas, such as Houston and San Antonio, which may hinder the growth potential of this industry locally. Hospitality As with the healthcare cluster, the hospitality cluster employs more than one in ten workers in the Coastal Bend. The key strengths of this cluster include the following: (1) The Coastal Bend area and the Corpus Christi metro area, in particular, offer many tourist attractions to make the region a major visitor destination in Texas; (2) tourism has received strong support from the regional communities (e.g., the arena and baseball stadium in downtown Corpus Christi are considered tourism-enhancing projects); and (3) the industries in hospitality, such as amusement parks and restaurants, all tend to enhance local residents quality of life as well. The hospitality cluster, however, also has its drawbacks as a potential driver for regional economic growth: (1) Many jobs in this cluster require little or no skill and thus pay the least in wages among all industries; and (2) the area, particularly Corpus Christi, suffers some geographically disadvantages as a tourist destination, including the lack of a hub for airlines. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 48

54 Exhibit 16 Strengths and Weaknesses of Industry Clusters. OIL & GAS CLUSTER Strengths: Boom in the Eagle Ford Shale Export-oriented industries Occupations with high wages and skills Location advantages: geographical concentration, infrastructure support, and proximity to the Port and Houston Texas state industry cluster CONSTRUCTION CLUSTER Strengths: Relatively high wages Mix of occupational skills Current industrial development boom INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING CLUSTER Strengths: Favorable state regulatory environment Proximity to the Eagle Ford Shale for energy and raw material inputs Growing workforce training programs at regional universities HEALTHCARE CLUSTER Strengths: Well established facilities Large numbers of occupations with high wages and skills Serves the needs of retirement communities and aging baby-boom population Enhances the community s quality of life Nursing school and other medical workforce training facilities in the region HOSPITALITY CLUSTER Strengths: Potential as top Texas tourist destination with attractions (beaches & waterfront) Growth in nature tourism Growth in extended stay business due to Eagle Ford Shale activity Strong community support with major construction projects Enhances the community s quality of life Weaknesses: Nonrenewable nature of oil and gas Sensitive to oil price movement Possible environmental impacts Weaknesses: Non-export oriented industries Sensitive to cyclical economic conditions Weaknesses: Historically declining employment Less community support due to environmental impacts Weaknesses: In competition with medical centers in Houston and San Antonio Lack of training programs for physicians Weaknesses: Mostly low-paying, low-skill jobs Sensitive to national economic conditions Geographical disadvantages (e.g., lack an airline hub) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 49

55 Existing Targeted Industries and Occupations How do the five industry clusters stack up with the priorities of the state and local workforce development entities? As shown in panel A of Exhibit 17, the state of Texas has officially adopted an economic development strategic plan that targets six industry clusters (Perry, 2004): advanced technologies and manufacturing, aerospace and defense, biotechnology and life sciences, information and computer technology, petroleum refining and chemical products, and energy. The comparative advantage of the Coastal Bend WDA has given rise to the development of the oil and gas, and industrial manufacturing clusters that are consistent with the state s industry target for petroleum refining and chemical products. At the regional level, Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend has regularly updated a list of target industries. Panel B of Exhibit 17 lists its 19 target industries for the period by 4-digit NAICS classification. The industry segments of the five industry clusters in this report match most of the target industries currently adopted by that regional workforce development board. The exceptions are wireless telecommunication, public schools, and auto repair. All but four industries on the local list also coincide with the Texas State Governor s target industries. The two exceptions are in construction (NAICS 2373, 2379), which reflects the particular comparative advantages of the Coastal Bend region. These two industries are also included in the broad construction cluster of this report. Exhibit 18 below shows the list of targeted occupations adopted by Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend. Particularly for the construction, industrial production and health care sectors, the targeted occupations match those that are expected to be in high demand in both the medium and long term future. Along with the data in the appendix, the targeted occupations list highlights the workforce training needs for the Coastal Bend. The main objective of this report is to identify those industries that either serve as key drivers of the Coastal Bend regional economy or exhibit growth potentials. For the purposes of future economic or workforce development, however, it is important to also nurture industries or develop occupations that are competitive in the global marketplace but remain in infancy locally. Advanced technologies and manufacturing, which have been adopted by the local workforce development board, are primary examples. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 50

56 Exhibit 17 Existing Target Industries. A) Governor s Industry Clusters Industry Description Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing Aerospace and Defense Biotechnology and Life Sciences Information and Computer Technology Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products Energy Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing Aerospace and Defense Biotechnology and Life Sciences Information and Computer Technology B) Target Industries for the Coastal Bend WDA. NAICS Industry Description Governor's Target Industry Segment 2111 Oil and Gas Extraction Energy 2131 Support Activities for Mining Energy 2362 Nonresidential Building Construction Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing 2371 Utility System Construction Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products 2373 Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction No Assignment 2379 Other Heavy Construction No Assignment 3241 Petroleum & Coal Products Manufacturing Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products 3251 Basic Chemical Manufacturing Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products 3252 Resin, Rubber, and Synthetic Fibers Biotechnology and Life Sciences 3323 Architectural and Structural Metals Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing 3327 Machine Shops and Threaded Products Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing 3364 Aerospace Product & Parts Manufacturing Aerospace and Defense 3366 Ship and Boat Building Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing 4831 Sea, Coastal & Great Lakes Transport Petroleum Refining and Chemical Products 4841 General Freight Trucking Aerospace and Defense 5172 Wireless Telecommunications Carriers Advanced Technologies and Manufacturing 6111 Elementary and Secondary Schools No Assignment 6221 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals Biotechnology and Life Sciences 8111 Automotive Repair and Maintenance No Assignment Sources: Perry (2004), and Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend, Business and Strategic Plan, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 51

57 Exhibit 18 Coastal Bend WDA Targeted Occupations, Occupational Title SOC WDA Entry Average Experience Code Employment Wage Wage Wage Construction/Industrial Production Bus, Truck & Diesel Engine Mechanics $ $ $ Carpenters $ $ $ Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers $ $ $ Chemical Plant and System Operators NA $ $ $ Construction Managers $ $ $ Electrical and Electronic Engineering Tech $ $ $ Electricians ,080 $ $ $ Engineering Technicians, Exc. Drafters $ $ $ Engineers, all others $ $ $ Forming, Pressing, & Compacting Machine Operator $ $ $ Heat Treating Equipment Operators & Setters $ $ $ Heating, A/C, and Refrigeration Mechanics $ $ $ Industrial Engineering Technician $ $ $ Industrial Machinery Mechanics ,070 $ $ $ Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, Weighers $ $ $ Machinists $ $ $ Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment ,040 $ $ $ Petroleum Pump Operators, Refinery Operator $ $ $ Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters ,420 $ $ $ Production Workers $ 9.67 $ $ Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas $ $ $ Roustabouts, Oil and Gas ,440 $ 9.42 $ $ Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer ,590 $ $ $ Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers ,650 $ $ $ Business Management & Administration Accountants and Auditors ,060 $ $ $ Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ,510 $ $ $ Executive Secretaries & Administrative Assistants ,660 $ $ $ Legal Secretaries $ $ $ Medical Secretaries ,100 $ 8.99 $ $ Paralegals and Legal Assistants $ $ $ Information Technology/Telecommunications Computer Support Specialists $ $ $ Network & Computer Systems Administrators $ $ $ Education/Training Elementary School Teachers ,820 $ $ $ Middle School Teachers ,610 $ $ $ Secondary School Teachers ,210 $ $ $ Health Care EMT and Paramedics $ 9.72 $ $ Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurse ,000 $ $ $ Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians $ $ $ Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists $ $ $ Medical Records and Health Information Technicians $ 9.96 $ $ Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants ,410 $ 8.19 $ $ Occupational Health, Safety Specialists & Technicians $ $ $ Physical Therapist Assistants $ $ $ Radiologic Technologists & Technicians $ $ $ Registered Nurses ,090 $ $ $ Respiratory Therapists $ $ $ Public Safety Correctional Officers NA $ 9.42 $ $ Fire Fighters $ $ $ Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers ,160 $ $ $ Security Guards ,610 $ 8.39 $ $ Source: Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 52

58 IV. FINAL OBSERVATIONS The Coastal Bend WDA has a diverse mix of private industries that contribute to current and future regional economic growth oil and gas, construction, industrial manufacturing, healthcare and hospitality. Together, these five industry clusters account for approximately half of total employment in the region. The largest clusters are healthcare and hospitality, each of which shares roughly 10 percent of the regional workforce. The overall economic landscape has shifted appreciably since 2008 the observation year in the previous industry cluster study for the region (Lee 2009). Most businesses in the Coastal Bend remain service-oriented as opposed to the production of goods. Yet manufacturing is emerging as a major driver for the region s future economic growth. Given the limited resources available for economic and workforce development, it is important that policymakers allocate these resources efficiently in order to meet the needs of established or potentially growing industries. This report has presented findings of quantitative analyses that help identify those industries and aggregated them into clusters. Industry clusters have increasingly been viewed as economic development focal points. With a better understanding of the leading economic drivers, workforce development agencies and policymakers alike can revise their strategic plans for infrastructure and workforce training needs in efforts to meet the infrastructure and workforce needs of those industries. On the other hand, they should not neglect other industries that are in infancy but have potential to grow. Private enterprises form the core of industry clusters in the Coastal Bend. Yet evidence across U.S. communities indicates that industry clusters tend to be more successful through a network of supporting organizations, including government, civic organizations and educational institutions, which collaborate in regional workforce training, strategic planning, and so on. With hindsight, community partnerships are a vital part of the economic development process. Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 53

59 REFERENCES Economic Modeling Specialists International, EMSI Analyst, World Wide Web electronic database. Accessed in Feb Lee, Jim. Industry Cluster Analysis for the Coastal Bend Workforce Development Area, report commissioned by the Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend, 2004, Lee, Jim (ed). Aqua Book: Annual Review of South Texas Economy 2014 Edition, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Perry, Rick. State of Texas Governor s Office, Press Release, October 20, Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Basic Books, Texas Workforce Commission, Growth Abounds: A Forecast of the Texas Labor Market , Texas Workforce Commission, Standardized Occupational Components for Research and Analysis of Trends in Employment System (SOCRATES). World Wide Web electronic publication. Accessed in Feb Texas Workforce Commission, Texas Rapid Access to Career and Economic Resources (TRACER). World Wide Web electronic publication. Accessed in Feb Texas Workforce Commission, Wage Information Network (WIN). World Wide Web electronic publication. Accessed in Feb Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study Page 54

60 APPENDICES Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.55

61 APPENDIX A Construction Occupations, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.56

62 Construction Occupations SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Construction Laborers 3,175 3, $11.66 Short-term on-the-job training Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 952 1, $15.68 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 1,425 1, $24.43 Work experience in a related occupation Carpenters 979 1, $15.32 Long-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,055 1, $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training Construction Managers $30.81 Bachelor's degree Electricians 1,228 1, $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers $18.80 Postsecondary non-degree award Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics & Installers $17.86 Postsecondary non-degree award Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers $15.74 Short-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers $14.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Cost Estimators $27.63 Bachelor's degree Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters $11.84 Short-term on-the-job training Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Pipelayers $13.14 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Carpenters $12.75 Short-term on-the-job training Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines $18.77 Long-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Secretaries & Administrative Assistants $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers $24.90 Long-term on-the-job training Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers $16.39 Long-term on-the-job training Structural Iron & Steel Workers $18.04 Long-term on-the-job training Civil Engineers $37.77 Bachelor's degree Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators $14.69 Moderate-term on-the-job training Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators $18.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training Glaziers $15.81 Long-term on-the-job training Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers $26.23 Long-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing $22.85 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers $25.99 Work experience in a related occupation Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers $14.20 Moderate-term on-the-job training Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Electricians $12.60 Short-term on-the-job training Insulation Workers, Mechanical $15.34 Moderate-term on-the-job training Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants $20.80 Work experience in a related occupation Crane & Tower Operators $22.88 Long-term on-the-job training Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers $11.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training Accountants & Auditors $25.11 Bachelor's degree Fence Erectors $10.27 Moderate-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Services, All Other $21.87 Short-term on-the-job training Sheet Metal Workers $26.57 Long-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers $20.11 Work experience in a related occupation Telecommunications Equipment Installers & Repairers $24.56 Postsecondary non-degree award Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers $10.13 Short-term on-the-job training Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas $17.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other $13.01 Short-term on-the-job training Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists $17.12 Postsecondary non-degree award Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks $24.02 Moderate-term on-the-job training Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks $15.90 Moderate-term on-the-job training Boilermakers $19.14 Long-term on-the-job training Receptionists & Information Clerks $10.57 Short-term on-the-job training Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.57

63 APPENDIX B Industry Staffing Patterns Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.58

64 Oil and Gas Cluster SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 2,870 3, $15.74 Short-term on-the-job training Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, & Mining 2,082 2, $17.97 Moderate-term on-the-job training Roustabouts, Oil & Gas 2,233 2, $15.62 Moderate-term on-the-job training Rotary Drill Operators, Oil & Gas 969 1, $27.82 Moderate-term on-the-job training Derrick Operators, Oil & Gas $23.78 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Extraction Workers 1,021 1, $16.86 Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers $24.43 Work experience in a related occupation Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians $27.26 Postsecondary non-degree award Industrial Machinery Mechanics $22.54 Long-term on-the-job training Petroleum Engineers $50.47 Bachelor's degree Office Clerks, General $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Construction Laborers $11.66 Short-term on-the-job training Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators $15.68 Moderate-term on-the-job training Geological & Petroleum Technicians $26.74 Associate's degree Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Secretaries & Administrative Assistants $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers $18.80 Postsecondary non-degree award Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers $16.35 Moderate-term on-the-job training Wellhead Pumpers $17.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists $17.12 Postsecondary non-degree award Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance $15.05 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Transportation & Material-Moving $24.35 Work experience in a related occupation Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers $12.66 Short-term on-the-job training Accountants & Auditors $25.11 Bachelor's degree Crane & Tower Operators $22.88 Long-term on-the-job training Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers $26.14 Long-term on-the-job training Electricians $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists & Geographers $51.14 Bachelor's degree Sailors & Marine Oilers $12.21 Short-term on-the-job training Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers $18.61 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers $25.99 Work experience in a related occupation Sales Representatives, Services, All Other $21.87 Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin Support $20.11 Work experience in a related occupation Extraction Workers, All Other $18.16 Moderate-term on-the-job training Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants $20.80 Work experience in a related occupation Riggers $19.57 Short-term on-the-job training Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas $17.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training Business Operations Specialists, All Other $30.50 Long-term on-the-job training Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels $22.08 Bachelor's degree First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers $29.51 Work experience in a related occupation Maintenance Workers, Machinery $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Production Workers $11.60 Short-term on-the-job training Architectural & Engineering Managers $53.17 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines $18.77 Long-term on-the-job training Machinists $22.46 Long-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing $22.85 Moderate-term on-the-job training Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators $12.93 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers $11.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers $22.44 Work experience in a related occupation Transportation Workers, All Other $16.16 Short-term on-the-job training Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Customer Service Representatives $10.01 Short-term on-the-job training Network & Computer Systems Administrators $25.01 Bachelor's degree Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.59

65 Construction Cluster SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Construction Laborers 3,175 3, $11.66 Short-term on-the-job training Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 952 1, $15.68 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 1,425 1, $24.43 Work experience in a related occupation Carpenters 979 1, $15.32 Long-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,055 1, $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training Construction Managers $30.81 Bachelor's degree Electricians 1,228 1, $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers $18.80 Postsecondary non-degree award Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics & Installers $17.86 Postsecondary non-degree award Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers $15.74 Short-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers $14.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Cost Estimators $27.63 Bachelor's degree Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters $11.84 Short-term on-the-job training Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Pipelayers $13.14 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Carpenters $12.75 Short-term on-the-job training Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines $18.77 Long-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Secretaries & Administrative Assistant $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers $24.90 Long-term on-the-job training Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers $16.39 Long-term on-the-job training Structural Iron & Steel Workers $18.04 Long-term on-the-job training Civil Engineers $37.77 Bachelor's degree Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators $14.69 Moderate-term on-the-job training Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators $18.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training Glaziers $15.81 Long-term on-the-job training Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers $26.23 Long-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing $22.85 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers $25.99 Work experience in a related occupation Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers $14.20 Moderate-term on-the-job training Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Electricians $12.60 Short-term on-the-job training Insulation Workers, Mechanical $15.34 Moderate-term on-the-job training Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants $20.80 Work experience in a related occupation Crane & Tower Operators $22.88 Long-term on-the-job training Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers $11.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training Accountants & Auditors $25.11 Bachelor's degree Fence Erectors $10.27 Moderate-term on-the-job training Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.60

66 Industrial Manufacturing Cluster SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Machinists $22.46 Long-term on-the-job training Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers $26.14 Long-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers $18.80 Postsecondary non-degree award First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers $29.51 Work experience in a related occupation Industrial Machinery Mechanics $22.54 Long-term on-the-job training Team Assemblers $12.06 Moderate-term on-the-job training Extruding & Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders $17.74 Moderate-term on-the-job training Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers $18.61 Moderate-term on-the-job training Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal & Plastic $19.14 Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Production Workers $11.60 Short-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing $22.85 Moderate-term on-the-job training Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training Chemical Equipment Operators & Tenders $30.99 Moderate-term on-the-job training Mixing & Blending Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders $19.87 Moderate-term on-the-job training Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine Setters, & Tenders $12.03 Moderate-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks $24.02 Moderate-term on-the-job training Industrial Production Managers $41.87 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Layout Workers, Metal & Plastic $21.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators $12.93 Short-term on-the-job training Chemical Plant & System Operators $37.61 Long-term on-the-job training Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers $15.74 Short-term on-the-job training Electricians $19.84 Long-term on-the-job training Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, & Tenders, Metal & Plastic $17.31 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers $25.99 Work experience in a related occupation Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders $23.78 Moderate-term on-the-job training Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks $12.45 Short-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters $18.39 Long-term on-the-job training Mechanical Engineers $42.03 Bachelor's degree Industrial Engineers $36.70 Bachelor's degree Coating, Painting, & Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders $12.03 Moderate-term on-the-job training Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Chemical Engineers $57.04 Bachelor's degree Accountants & Auditors $25.11 Bachelor's degree Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, & Farm Products $23.88 Long-term on-the-job training Petroleum Engineers $50.47 Bachelor's degree Geological & Petroleum Technicians $26.74 Associate's degree Engine & Other Machine Assemblers $15.19 Short-term on-the-job training Secretaries & Administrative Assistants $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders, Metal & Plastic $20.30 Moderate-term on-the-job training Maintenance Workers, Machinery $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Customer Service Representatives $10.01 Short-term on-the-job training Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters $15.75 Moderate-term on-the-job training Business Operations Specialists, All Other $30.50 Long-term on-the-job training Production Workers, All Other $18.88 Moderate-term on-the-job training Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.61

67 Healthcare Cluster SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Personal Care Aides 8,706 10,298 1,592 $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training Home Health Aides 1,426 2, $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Registered Nurses 3,874 4, $29.56 Associate's degree Nursing Assistants 2,167 2, $10.39 Postsecondary non-degree award Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurses 1,914 2, $19.27 Postsecondary non-degree award Medical Secretaries 1,467 1, $12.26 Moderate-term on-the-job training Medical Assistants 1,105 1, $10.66 Moderate-term on-the-job training Receptionists & Information Clerks $10.57 Short-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training Medical & Health Services Managers $38.40 Bachelor's degree Physical Therapists $41.64 First professional degree Radiologic Technologists $25.15 Associate's degree Healthcare Social Workers $23.24 Master's degree First-Line Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers $20.11 Work experience in a related occupation Billing & Posting Clerks $13.74 Short-term on-the-job training Medical Records & Health Information Technicians $12.18 Postsecondary non-degree award Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training Physicians & Surgeons, All Other $ First professional degree Dental Assistants $12.81 Postsecondary non-degree award Diagnostic Medical Sonographers $28.40 Associate's degree Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics $12.69 Postsecondary non-degree award Nurse Practitioners $42.83 Associate's degree Respiratory Therapists $24.98 Associate's degree Customer Service Representatives $10.01 Short-term on-the-job training Food Servers, Nonrestaurant $8.89 Short-term on-the-job training Secretaries & Administrative Assistants $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training Occupational Therapists $38.70 Master's degree Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Phlebotomists $11.53 Short-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Dental Hygienists $28.47 Associate's degree Family & General Practitioners $74.23 First professional degree Physical Therapist Assistants $31.41 Associate's degree Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners $9.12 Short-term on-the-job training Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria $8.94 Short-term on-the-job training Cardiovascular Technologists & Technicians $25.95 Associate's degree Surgical Technologists $19.48 Postsecondary non-degree award Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technicians $17.05 Associate's degree Recreation Workers $9.16 Bachelor's degree Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technologists $25.46 Bachelor's degree Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants $20.80 Work experience in a related occupation Orderlies $10.91 Postsecondary non-degree award Physician Assistants $47.52 Master's degree Psychiatric Aides $8.41 Short-term on-the-job training Interviewers, Except Eligibility & Loan $13.89 Short-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Services, All Other $21.87 Short-term on-the-job training Pharmacy Technicians $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Pharmacists $61.67 First professional degree Surgeons $82.99 First professional degree Bill & Account Collectors $12.67 Moderate-term on-the-job training Speech-Language Pathologists $24.61 Master's degree Health Technologists & Technicians, All Other $18.19 Postsecondary non-degree award Physical Therapist Aides $9.24 Moderate-term on-the-job training Mental Health Counselors $16.68 Master's degree Administrative Services Managers $34.55 Work experience in a related occupation Social & Human Service Assistants $14.47 Short-term on-the-job training Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs $11.08 Short-term on-the-job training Laundry & Dry-Cleaning Workers $10.32 Short-term on-the-job training Internists, General $85.78 First professional degree Healthcare Support Workers, All Other $11.81 Short-term on-the-job training Human Resources Specialists $18.85 Bachelor's degree Clergy $18.55 Master's degree Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.62

68 Hospitality Cluster SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Combined Food Preparation & Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 7,515 8, $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Waiters & Waitresses 3,728 4, $8.56 Short-term on-the-job training Cooks, Restaurant 1,660 1, $9.92 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation & Serving Workers 1,761 1, $12.34 Work experience in a related occupation Food Preparation Workers 1,111 1, $8.86 Short-term on-the-job training Bartenders 1,376 1, $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians $27.26 Postsecondary non-degree award Dishwashers 911 1, $8.62 Short-term on-the-job training Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 1,106 1, $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training Cooks, Fast Food 1,250 1, $8.75 Short-term on-the-job training Cashiers $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training Hosts & Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, & Coffee Shop $8.71 Short-term on-the-job training Hotel, Motel, & Resort Desk Clerks $9.01 Short-term on-the-job training Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, & Coffee Shop $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Bus Drivers, School or Special Client $11.82 Moderate-term on-the-job training Dining Room & Cafeteria Attendants & Bartender Helpers $8.54 Short-term on-the-job training Driver/Sales Workers $9.57 Short-term on-the-job training Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs $11.08 Short-term on-the-job training Cooks, Short Order $9.14 Short-term on-the-job training Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria $8.94 Short-term on-the-job training Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers $10.13 Short-term on-the-job training Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners $9.12 Short-term on-the-job training Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity $18.96 Moderate-term on-the-job training Security Guards $12.71 Short-term on-the-job training Amusement & Recreation Attendants $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training Food Servers, Nonrestaurant $8.89 Short-term on-the-job training Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Customer Service Representatives $10.01 Short-term on-the-job training Transportation Workers, All Other $16.16 Short-term on-the-job training Chefs & Head Cooks $18.96 Work experience in a related occupation Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.63

69 Clusters Total SOC Occupation Change Hr. Wage Education Level Personal Care Aides 8,716 10,308 1,592 $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training Combined Food Preparation & Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 7,573 8, $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Home Health Aides 1,426 2, $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Registered Nurses 3,889 4, $29.56 Associate's degree Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 3,476 4, Short-term on-the-job training Waiters & Waitresses 3,738 4, $8.56 Short-term on-the-job training Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, & Mining 2,092 2, Moderate-term on-the-job training Construction Laborers 3,511 3, Short-term on-the-job training Roustabouts, Oil & Gas 2,262 2, Moderate-term on-the-job training Nursing Assistants 2,167 2, $10.39 Postsecondary non-degree award Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurses 1,914 2, $19.27 Postsecondary non-degree award First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 2,237 2, Work experience in a related occupation Cooks, Restaurant 1,665 1, $9.92 Moderate-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General 1,977 2, $11.48 Short-term on-the-job training Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 1,235 1, Moderate-term on-the-job training Medical Secretaries 1,467 1, $12.26 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation & Serving Workers 1,814 2, $12.34 Work experience in a related occupation Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 1,417 1, $27.26 Postsecondary non-degree award Rotary Drill Operators, Oil & Gas 979 1, Moderate-term on-the-job training Food Preparation Workers 1,223 1, $8.86 Short-term on-the-job training Derrick Operators, Oil & Gas Short-term on-the-job training Medical Assistants 1,105 1, $10.66 Moderate-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 1,147 1, Postsecondary non-degree award Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 1,616 1, $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $10.90 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Extraction Workers 1,060 1, Short-term on-the-job training Bartenders 1,376 1, $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Receptionists & Information Clerks $10.57 Short-term on-the-job training Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 949 1, $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Carpenters 1,011 1, Long-term on-the-job training Industrial Machinery Mechanics Long-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1,256 1, Long-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers 1,652 1, $38.03 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 1,072 1, $12.40 Moderate-term on-the-job training Electricians 1,501 1, Long-term on-the-job training Dishwashers 946 1, $8.62 Short-term on-the-job training Construction Managers Bachelor's degree Secretaries & Administrative Assistants 1,432 1, $13.12 Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers $20.11 Work experience in a related occupation Cashiers $8.82 Short-term on-the-job training Cooks, Fast Food 1,250 1, $8.75 Short-term on-the-job training Petroleum Engineers Bachelor's degree Hosts & Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, & Coffee Shop $8.71 Short-term on-the-job training Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics & Installers $17.86 Postsecondary non-degree award Medical & Health Services Managers $38.40 Bachelor's degree Hotel, Motel, & Resort Desk Clerks $9.01 Short-term on-the-job training Machinists Long-term on-the-job training Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, & Coffee Shop $8.59 Short-term on-the-job training Bus Drivers, School or Special Client $11.82 Moderate-term on-the-job training Physical Therapists $41.64 First professional degree Billing & Posting Clerks $13.74 Short-term on-the-job training Dining Room & Cafeteria Attendants & Bartender Helpers $8.54 Short-term on-the-job training Customer Service Representatives $10.01 Short-term on-the-job training Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners $9.12 Short-term on-the-job training Radiologic Technologists $25.15 Associate's degree Accountants & Auditors $25.11 Bachelor's degree Healthcare Social Workers $23.24 Master's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.64

70 Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants $20.80 Work experience in a related occupation Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs $11.08 Short-term on-the-job training Geological & Petroleum Technicians Associate's degree Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria $8.94 Short-term on-the-job training Cost Estimators Bachelor's degree Sales Representatives, Services, All Other $21.87 Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers $25.99 Work experience in a related occupation Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists $17.12 Postsecondary non-degree award Medical Records & Health Information Technicians $12.18 Postsecondary non-degree award Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers Moderate-term on-the-job training Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers 879 1, Long-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers Work experience in a related occupation Driver/Sales Workers $9.57 Short-term on-the-job training Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers $12.66 Short-term on-the-job training Food Servers, Nonrestaurant $8.89 Short-term on-the-job training Physicians & Surgeons, All Other $ First professional degree Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance $15.05 Moderate-term on-the-job training Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines Long-term on-the-job training Dental Assistants $12.81 Postsecondary non-degree award Crane & Tower Operators Long-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Transportation & Material-Moving Machine & $24.35 Work experience in a related occupation Vehicle Diagnostic Operators Medical Sonographers $28.40 Associate's degree Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing, Except Technical & Moderate-term on-the-job training Scientific Business Products Operations Specialists, All Other $30.50 Long-term on-the-job training Security Guards $12.71 Short-term on-the-job training Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers Moderate-term on-the-job training Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers Moderate-term on-the-job training Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics $12.69 Postsecondary non-degree award Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers $10.13 Short-term on-the-job training Wellhead Pumpers Moderate-term on-the-job training Cooks, Short Order $9.14 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters Short-term on-the-job training Nurse Practitioners $42.83 Associate's degree Pipelayers Short-term on-the-job training Team Assemblers Moderate-term on-the-job training Respiratory Therapists $24.98 Associate's degree Helpers Production Workers Short-term on-the-job training Occupational Therapists $38.70 Master's degree Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks $24.02 Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Carpenters Short-term on-the-job training Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas Moderate-term on-the-job training Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks $15.90 Moderate-term on-the-job training Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators Short-term on-the-job training Phlebotomists $11.53 Short-term on-the-job training Recreation Workers $9.16 Bachelor's degree Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers $11.17 Moderate-term on-the-job training Civil Engineers Bachelor's degree Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists & Geographers Bachelor's degree Family & General Practitioners $74.23 First professional degree Dental Hygienists $28.47 Associate's degree Physical Therapist Assistants $31.41 Associate's degree Maintenance Workers, Machinery $20.13 Moderate-term on-the-job training Sailors & Marine Oilers Short-term on-the-job training Architectural & Engineering Managers Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Human Resources Specialists $18.85 Bachelor's degree Cardiovascular Technologists & Technicians $25.95 Associate's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.65

71 Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity $18.96 Moderate-term on-the-job training Transportation Workers, All Other $16.16 Short-term on-the-job training Administrative Services Managers $34.55 Work experience in a related occupation Network & Computer Systems Administrators $25.01 Bachelor's degree Riggers Short-term on-the-job training Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technicians $17.05 Associate's degree Surgical Technologists $19.48 Postsecondary non-degree award Extraction Workers, All Other Moderate-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers Long-term on-the-job training Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal & Plastic Moderate-term on-the-job training Financial Managers $36.20 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Industrial Production Managers Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technologists $25.46 Bachelor's degree Amusement & Recreation Attendants $8.69 Short-term on-the-job training Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers Long-term on-the-job training Extruding & Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders Moderate-term on-the-job training Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels Bachelor's degree Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, & Farm Products $23.88 Long-term on-the-job training Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Structural Iron & Steel Workers Long-term on-the-job training Training & Development Specialists $22.71 Bachelor's degree Physician Assistants $47.52 Master's degree Orderlies $10.91 Postsecondary non-degree award Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders Moderate-term on-the-job training Laundry & Dry-Cleaning Workers $10.32 Short-term on-the-job training Production Workers, All Other Moderate-term on-the-job training Psychiatric Aides $8.41 Short-term on-the-job training Baggage Porters & Bellhops $8.55 Short-term on-the-job training Interviewers, Except Eligibility & Loan $13.89 Short-term on-the-job training Glaziers Long-term on-the-job training Insulation Workers, Mechanical Moderate-term on-the-job training Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers Long-term on-the-job training Cleaners of Vehicles & Equipment $9.25 Short-term on-the-job training Computer Systems Analysts $31.79 Bachelor's degree Mechanical Engineers Bachelor's degree Pharmacists $61.67 First professional degree Surgeons $82.99 First professional degree Speech-Language Pathologists $24.61 Master's degree Pharmacy Technicians $15.19 Moderate-term on-the-job training Occupational Health & Safety Specialists Bachelor's degree Bill & Account Collectors $12.67 Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers Work experience in a related occupation Chief Executives $55.65 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Health Technologists & Technicians, All Other $18.19 Postsecondary non-degree award Reservation & Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks $14.10 Short-term on-the-job training Stock Clerks & Order Fillers $9.99 Short-term on-the-job training Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers Moderate-term on-the-job training Sales Managers $40.95 Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Logisticians Bachelor's degree Computer User Support Specialists $19.74 Associate's degree Mental Health Counselors $16.68 Master's degree Social & Human Service Assistants $14.47 Short-term on-the-job training Physical Therapist Aides $9.24 Moderate-term on-the-job training Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks $12.45 Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Electricians Short-term on-the-job training Industrial Engineers Bachelor's degree Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technicians Associate's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.66

72 Clergy $18.55 Master's degree Internists, General $85.78 First professional degree Healthcare Support Workers, All Other $11.81 Short-term on-the-job training Chefs & Head Cooks $18.96 Work experience in a related occupation Fence Erectors Moderate-term on-the-job training Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics $17.03 Postsecondary non-degree award Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders Moderate-term on-the-job training Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.67

73 APPENDIX C Employment Composition by Industry Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.68

74 Aransas County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Bee County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.69

75 Brooks County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Duval County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.70

76 Jim Wells County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Kenedy County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.71

77 Kleberg County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Live Oak County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.72

78 McMullen County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Nueces County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.73

79 Refugio County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, San Patricio County Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.74

80 Coastal Bend WDA Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Corpus Christi MSA Employment Composition by Industry, Employment Growth by Industry, Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.75

81 APPENDIX D Industrial Construction Impacts and Job Openings Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.76

82 Industrial Construction Impact on Job Openings SOC Occupation Construction Industry Coastal Bend WDA Employed in 2013 Change Jobs in 2013 Jobs in 2017 Completions 2017 Openings Openings due Education Level to Construction Construction Laborers 3, ,761 4, Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades 1, ,390 2, Work experience in a related occupation Electricians 1, ,700 1, Long-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters 1, ,430 1, Long-term on-the-job training Operating Engineers & Construction Equipment Operators ,437 1, Moderate-term on-the-job training Carpenters ,064 1, Long-term on-the-job training Construction Managers Bachelor's degree Structural Iron & Steel Workers Long-term on-the-job training Office Clerks, General ,743 6, Short-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers ,798 4, Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Secretaries & Administrative Assistants ,500 4, Short-term on-the-job training Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ,494 5, Short-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers ,504 1, Postsecondary non-degree award Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics Postsecondary non-degree award Sheet Metal Workers Long-term on-the-job training Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers Moderate-term on-the-job training Painters, Construction & Maintenance Moderate-term on-the-job training Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks ,691 2, Moderate-term on-the-job training Cost Estimators Bachelor's degree Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Electricians Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Carpenters Short-term on-the-job training Maintenance & Repair Workers, General ,777 2, Moderate-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers Long-term on-the-job training Pipelayers Short-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing ,311 2, Moderate-term on-the-job training Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines Long-term on-the-job training Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers Long-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers ,182 1, Work experience in a related occupation Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers Moderate-term on-the-job training Insulation Workers, Mechanical Moderate-term on-the-job training Civil Engineers Bachelor's degree Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants ,356 1, Work experience in a related occupation Crane & Tower Operators Long-term on-the-job training Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.77

83 Accountants & Auditors ,283 1, Bachelor's degree Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other Short-term on-the-job training Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand ,664 2, Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers ,074 2, Work experience in a related occupation Millwrights Long-term on-the-job training Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers Short-term on-the-job training Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks Moderate-term on-the-job training Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Glaziers Long-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Services, All Other Short-term on-the-job training Roofers Moderate-term on-the-job training Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers Long-term on-the-job training Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks Moderate-term on-the-job training Fence Erectors Moderate-term on-the-job training Boilermakers Long-term on-the-job training Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists Postsecondary non-degree award Receptionists & Information Clerks ,467 1, Short-term on-the-job training Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers ,312 1, Short-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Equipment Installers & Repairers Postsecondary non-degree award Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers ,565 1, Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Roofers Short-term on-the-job training Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners ,101 3, Short-term on-the-job training Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance Moderate-term on-the-job training Riggers Short-term on-the-job training Brickmasons & Blockmasons Long-term on-the-job training Helpers Extraction Workers ,065 1, Short-term on-the-job training Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators Short-term on-the-job training Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas Moderate-term on-the-job training Security & Fire Alarm Systems Installers Moderate-term on-the-job training Business Operations Specialists, All Other ,369 1, Long-term on-the-job training Chief Executives Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Electrical & Electronics Repairers Postsecondary non-degree award Purchasing Agents Long-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers ,144 1, Work experience in a related occupation Construction & Related Workers, All Other Moderate-term on-the-job training Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, & Wall Short-term on-the-job training Roustabouts, Oil & Gas ,277 2, Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.78

84 Billing & Posting Clerks Short-term on-the-job training Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters Moderate-term on-the-job training Financial Managers Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Health & Safety Engineers Bachelor's degree Administrative Services Managers Work experience in a related occupation Architectural & Civil Drafters Associate's degree Occupational Health & Safety Specialists Bachelor's degree First-Line Supervisors of Transportation & Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators Work experience in a related occupation Helpers Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons Short-term on-the-job training Construction & Building Inspectors Work experience in a related occupation Customer Service Representatives ,786 2, Short-term on-the-job training Control & Valve Installers & Repairers Moderate-term on-the-job training Dredge Operators Short-term on-the-job training Elevator Installers & Repairers Long-term on-the-job training Mechanical Door Repairers Moderate-term on-the-job training Architectural & Engineering Managers Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Civil Engineering Technicians Associate's degree Tile & Marble Setters Long-term on-the-job training Stock Clerks & Order Fillers ,368 2, Short-term on-the-job training Surveyors Bachelor's degree Industrial Machinery Mechanics ,069 1, Long-term on-the-job training Human Resources Specialists Bachelor's degree Helpers Production Workers Short-term on-the-job training Commercial Divers Postsecondary non-degree award Plasterers & Stucco Masons Long-term on-the-job training Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers, All Other Moderate-term on-the-job training Stonemasons Long-term on-the-job training Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers Moderate-term on-the-job training Hazardous Materials Removal Workers Moderate-term on-the-job training Market Research Analysts & Marketing Specialists Bachelor's degree Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics ,031 1, Postsecondary non-degree award Real Estate Sales Agents Postsecondary non-degree award Electronic Home Entertainment Equip. Installers & Repairers Postsecondary non-degree award Retail Salespersons ,849 7, Short-term on-the-job training Sales Managers Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Security Guards ,746 1, Short-term on-the-job training Architects, Except Landscape & Naval Bachelor's degree Surveying & Mapping Technicians Moderate-term on-the-job training Network & Computer Systems Administrators Bachelor's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.79

85 Maintenance Workers, Machinery Moderate-term on-the-job training Marketing Managers Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Electric Motor, Power Tool, & Related Repairers Postsecondary non-degree award Pile-Driver Operators Moderate-term on-the-job training Logisticians Bachelor's degree File Clerks Short-term on-the-job training Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.80

86 Job Openings by Occupation, 2018 SOC Occupation Clusters Total Coastal Bend WDA Jobs in 2013 Jobs in 2018 Jobs in 2013 Jobs in 2018 Completions Openings in 2018 Openings as % of 2018 Jobs Education Level Personal Care Aides ,574 12, % Short-term on-the-job training Combined Food Preparation & Serving Workers ,566 9, % Short-term on-the-job training Cashiers ,693 7, % Short-term on-the-job training Waiters & Waitresses ,817 4, % Short-term on-the-job training Retail Salespersons ,849 7, % Short-term on-the-job training Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ,494 5, % Short-term on-the-job training Registered Nurses ,541 5, % Associate's degree Office Clerks, General ,743 6, % Short-term on-the-job training Home Health Aides ,498 2, % Short-term on-the-job training Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand ,664 2, % Short-term on-the-job training Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers ,504 1, % Postsecondary non-degree award Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, & Mining ,104 2, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Roustabouts, Oil & Gas ,277 2, % Moderate-term on-the-job training General & Operations Managers ,798 4, % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators , % Long-term on-the-job training Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education 0 0 2,563 2, % Bachelor's degree Licensed Practical & Licensed Vocational Nurses ,226 2, % Postsecondary non-degree award Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing ,311 2, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Construction Laborers ,761 4, % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades ,390 2, % Work experience in a related occupation Maintenance & Repair Workers, General ,777 3, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Customer Service Representatives ,786 2, % Short-term on-the-job training Nursing Assistants ,384 2, % Postsecondary non-degree award Secretaries & Administrative Assistants ,500 4, % Short-term on-the-job training Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers ,565 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Industrial Machinery Mechanics ,069 1, % Long-term on-the-job training Food Preparation Workers ,690 1, % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers ,074 2, % Work experience in a related occupation First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers ,144 1, % Work experience in a related occupation Machinists % Long-term on-the-job training Teacher Assistants ,066 2, % Short-term on-the-job training Janitors & Cleaners ,101 3, % Short-term on-the-job training Secondary School Teachers 5 5 2,064 2, % Bachelor's degree Cooks, Restaurant ,699 1, % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.81

87 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks ,691 2, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equip.Operators ,437 1, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Electricians ,700 1, % Long-term on-the-job training Postsecondary Teachers ,642 2, % Doctoral degree First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation ,074 2, % Work experience in a related occupation First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers ,304 2, % Work experience in a related occupation Stock Clerks & Order Fillers ,368 2, % Short-term on-the-job training Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters ,430 1, % Long-term on-the-job training Receptionists & Information Clerks ,467 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Bartenders ,457 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Hosts & Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, & Coffee Shop % Short-term on-the-job training Middle School Teachers 0 0 1,507 1, % Bachelor's degree Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, & Coffee Shop % Short-term on-the-job training Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians ,260 1, % Postsecondary non-degree award Dishwashers , % Short-term on-the-job training Medical Secretaries ,522 1, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Police & Sheriff's Patrol Officers 5 5 1,287 1, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Business Operations Specialists, All Other ,369 1, % Long-term on-the-job training Childcare Workers ,172 1, % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers ,182 1, % Work experience in a related occupation Accountants & Auditors ,283 1, % Bachelor's degree Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners ,089 2, % Short-term on-the-job training Tellers 5 5 1,129 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Rotary Drill Operators, Oil & Gas , % Moderate-term on-the-job training Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Hotel, Motel, & Resort Desk Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers ,312 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Security Guards ,746 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Derrick Operators, Oil & Gas % Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Extraction Workers ,065 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Carpenters ,064 1, % Long-term on-the-job training Medical Assistants ,166 1, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Correctional Officers & Jailers 5 5 1,329 1, % Moderate-term on-the-job training Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines % Long-term on-the-job training Cooks, Fast Food ,291 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Sales Representatives, Services, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants ,356 1, % Work experience in a related occupation Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks % Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Production Workers % Short-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.82

88 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Team Assemblers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Billing & Posting Clerks , % Short-term on-the-job training Substitute Teachers 0 0 1,032 1, % Bachelor's degree Counter & Rental Clerks ,000 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Farmworkers & Laborers, Crop, Nursery, & Greenhouse % Short-term on-the-job training Driver/Sales Workers ,171 1, % Short-term on-the-job training Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics ,031 1, % Postsecondary non-degree award Bus & Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists % Postsecondary non-degree award Sheet Metal Workers % Long-term on-the-job training Chemical Equipment Operators & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Firefighters % Postsecondary non-degree award Cleaners of Vehicles & Equipment % Short-term on-the-job training Mixing & Blending Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Pharmacy Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Dining Room & Cafeteria Attendants & Bartender Helpers % Short-term on-the-job training Petroleum Engineers % Bachelor's degree Tenders, Metal & Plastic % Moderate-term on-the-job training Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics % Postsecondary non-degree award Bus Drivers, School or Special Client % Moderate-term on-the-job training Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education % Associate's degree Parts Salespersons % Moderate-term on-the-job training Administrative Services Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Geological & Petroleum Technicians % Associate's degree Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria % Short-term on-the-job training Industrial Production Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Insurance Sales Agents % Moderate-term on-the-job training Pharmacists % First professional degree Purchasing Agents % Long-term on-the-job training Maintenance Workers, Machinery % Moderate-term on-the-job training Medical & Health Services Managers % Bachelor's degree Bill & Account Collectors % Moderate-term on-the-job training Construction Managers % Bachelor's degree Chemical Plant & System Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Detectives & Criminal Investigators % Work experience in a related occupation First-Line Supervisors of Transportation % Work experience in a related occupation Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance % Moderate-term on-the-job training Network & Computer Systems Administrators % Bachelor's degree Amusement & Recreation Attendants % Short-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.83

89 Crane & Tower Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Painters, Construction & Maintenance % Moderate-term on-the-job training Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Logisticians % Bachelor's degree Education Administrators, Elementary & Secondary School % Master's degree Packers & Packagers, Hand % Short-term on-the-job training Structural Iron & Steel Workers % Long-term on-the-job training Market Research Analysts & Marketing Specialists % Bachelor's degree Human Resources Specialists % Bachelor's degree Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics % Postsecondary non-degree award Civil Engineers % Bachelor's degree Mechanical Engineers % Bachelor's degree Medical Records & Health Information Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Dental Assistants % Postsecondary non-degree award Management Analysts % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Cost Estimators % Bachelor's degree Computer User Support Specialists % Associate's degree Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks % Moderate-term on-the-job training Radiologic Technologists % Associate's degree Recreation Workers % Bachelor's degree Occupational Health & Safety Specialists % Bachelor's degree Sales Representatives, Technical & Scientific Products % Bachelor's degree Sales Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Healthcare Social Workers % Master's degree Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education % Bachelor's degree Food Servers, Nonrestaurant % Short-term on-the-job training Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers % Work experience in a related occupation Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Chemical Engineers % Bachelor's degree Financial Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Electrical & Electronics Repairers % Postsecondary non-degree award Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Computer Systems Analysts % Bachelor's degree Layout Workers, Metal & Plastic % Moderate-term on-the-job training Educational, Guidance, School, & Vocational Counselors % Master's degree Child, Family, & School Social Workers % Bachelor's degree Special Ed Teachers, Kindergarten & Elementary School % Bachelor's degree Postal Service Mail Carriers % Short-term on-the-job training Pest Control Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.84

90 Refuse & Recyclable Material Collectors % Short-term on-the-job training Architectural & Engineering Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Water & Wastewater Treatment Plant & System Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Cement Masons & Concrete Finishers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Managers, All Other % Work experience in a related occupation Training & Development Specialists % Bachelor's degree Social & Human Service Assistants % Short-term on-the-job training Physical Therapists % First professional degree Cooks, Short Order % Short-term on-the-job training Information & Record Clerks, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Industrial Engineers % Bachelor's degree Compliance Officers % Bachelor's degree Health & Safety Engineers % Bachelor's degree Helpers Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, & Steamfitters % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers % Work experience in a related occupation Loan Officers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Coaches & Scouts % Long-term on-the-job training Interpreters & Translators % Bachelor's degree Physicians & Surgeons, All Other % First professional degree Veterinary Technologists & Technicians % Associate's degree Automotive Body & Related Repairers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers % Long-term on-the-job training Human Resources Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Excavating & Loading Machine & Dragline Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Sailors & Marine Oilers % Short-term on-the-job training Lawyers % First professional degree Chief Executives % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine Setters, Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service % Work experience in a related occupation Telemarketers % Short-term on-the-job training Laundry & Dry-Cleaning Workers % Short-term on-the-job training Credit Analysts % Bachelor's degree Computer Occupations, All Other % Bachelor's degree Electro-Mechanical Technicians % Associate's degree Human Resources Assistants % Short-term on-the-job training Data Entry Keyers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Office & Administrative Support Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Hazardous Materials Removal Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Instructional Coordinators % Master's degree Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technologists % Bachelor's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.85

91 Psychiatric Aides % Short-term on-the-job training Ushers, Lobby Attendants, & Ticket Takers % Short-term on-the-job training Pipelayers % Short-term on-the-job training Construction & Building Inspectors % Work experience in a related occupation Butchers & Meat Cutters % Long-term on-the-job training Airfield Operations Specialists % Long-term on-the-job training Automotive & Watercraft Service Attendants % Short-term on-the-job training Packaging & Filling Machine Operators & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technicians % Associate's degree Coating, Painting, & Spraying Machine Setters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Public Relations Specialists % Bachelor's degree Sales & Related Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels % Bachelor's degree File Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Production Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Assemblers & Fabricators, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Financial Analysts % Bachelor's degree Food Service Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Special Education Teachers, Middle School % Bachelor's degree Respiratory Therapists % Associate's degree Diagnostic Medical Sonographers % Associate's degree First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting % Postsecondary non-degree award Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs % Moderate-term on-the-job training Highway Maintenance Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity % Moderate-term on-the-job training Wellhead Pumpers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Software Developers, Applications % Bachelor's degree Chemical Technicians % Associate's degree Librarians % Master's degree Nurse Practitioners % Associate's degree Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, & Other Recreational Workers % Short-term on-the-job training Fitness Trainers & Aerobics Instructors % Postsecondary non-degree award Real Estate Sales Agents % Postsecondary non-degree award Library Assistants, Clerical % Short-term on-the-job training Insurance Claims & Policy Processing Clerks % Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Carpenters % Short-term on-the-job training Tire Repairers & Changers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Line Installers & Repairers % Long-term on-the-job training Commercial Pilots % Postsecondary non-degree award (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.86

92 Insulation Workers, Mechanical % Moderate-term on-the-job training Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists & Geographers % Bachelor's degree Procurement Clerks % Moderate-term on-the-job training Transportation Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Mechanical Drafters % Associate's degree Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other % Associate's degree Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Riggers % Short-term on-the-job training Education Administrators, Postsecondary % Master's degree Civil Engineering Technicians % Associate's degree Mental Health Counselors % Master's degree Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Special Education Teachers, Secondary School % Bachelor's degree Self-Enrichment Education Teachers % Work experience in a related occupation Library Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Occupational Therapists % Master's degree Speech-Language Pathologists % Master's degree Phlebotomists % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers % Work experience in a related occupation First-Line Supervisors of Police & Detectives % Work experience in a related occupation First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers % Work experience in a related occupation Securities, Commodities, & Financial Services Sales Agents % Bachelor's degree Interviewers, Except Eligibility & Loan % Short-term on-the-job training Police, Fire, & Ambulance Dispatchers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Earth Drillers, Except Oil & Gas % Moderate-term on-the-job training Telecommunications Equipment Installers & Repairers % Postsecondary non-degree award Motorboat Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Separating, Filtering, Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Helpers Electricians % Short-term on-the-job training Protective Service Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Power Plant Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Environmental Engineers % Bachelor's degree Environmental Scientists & Specialists, Including Health % Bachelor's degree Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, & Blasters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Electric Motor, Power Tool, & Related Repairers % Postsecondary non-degree award Electrical Engineers % Bachelor's degree Painters, Transportation Equipment % Moderate-term on-the-job training Drilling & Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.87

93 Control & Valve Installers & Repairers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Paralegals & Legal Assistants % Associate's degree Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technicians % Associate's degree Dental Hygienists % Associate's degree Surgical Technologists % Postsecondary non-degree award Nonfarm Animal Caretakers % Short-term on-the-job training Hairdressers, Hairstylists, & Cosmetologists % Postsecondary non-degree award Court, Municipal, & License Clerks % Moderate-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing Workers % Work experience in a related occupation Extraction Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants % Short-term on-the-job training Engine & Other Machine Assemblers % Short-term on-the-job training Computer Network Support Specialists % Associate's degree Order Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Glaziers % Long-term on-the-job training Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Probation Officers & Correctional Treatment Specialists % Bachelor's degree Teachers & Instructors, All Other % Bachelor's degree Dietitians & Nutritionists % Bachelor's degree Family & General Practitioners % First professional degree Cardiovascular Technologists & Technicians % Associate's degree Cooks, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Mail Clerks & Mail Machine Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, & Aquacultural Animals % Short-term on-the-job training Security & Fire Alarm Systems Installers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Air Traffic Controllers % Associate's degree Molding, Coremaking, & Casting Machine Setters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Reinforcing Iron & Rebar Workers % Long-term on-the-job training Agricultural Equipment Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Marketing Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Financial Specialists, All Other % Bachelor's degree Computer Programmers % Bachelor's degree Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, & Samplers % Short-term on-the-job training Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Cabinetmakers & Bench Carpenters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Material Moving Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Welding, Soldering, & Brazing Machine Setters % Postsecondary non-degree award Fiberglass Laminators & Fabricators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Boilermakers % Long-term on-the-job training Milling & Planing Machine Setters, Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.88

94 Tank Car, Truck, & Ship Loaders % Short-term on-the-job training Property, Real Estate, & Community Association Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Claims Adjusters, Examiners, & Investigators % Long-term on-the-job training Architects, Except Landscape & Naval % Bachelor's degree Surveyors % Bachelor's degree Surveying & Mapping Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Clinical, Counseling, & School Psychologists % Doctoral degree Counselors, All Other % Master's degree Audio-Visual & Multimedia Collections Specialists % Bachelor's degree Merchandise Displayers & Window Trimmers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Exercise Physiologists % Master's degree Orderlies % Postsecondary non-degree award Physical Therapist Assistants % Associate's degree Physical Therapist Aides % Moderate-term on-the-job training Pharmacy Aides % Short-term on-the-job training First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping & Janitorial Workers % Work experience in a related occupation New Accounts Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Computer Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Pile-Driver Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Computer, Automated Teller, & Office Machine Repairers % Postsecondary non-degree award Locksmiths & Safe Repairers % Long-term on-the-job training Slaughterers & Meat Packers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, & Buffing Machine Tool Setters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Life, Physical, & Social Science Technicians, All Other % Associate's degree Farm Equipment Mechanics & Service Technicians % Long-term on-the-job training Computer & Information Systems Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Compensation & Benefits Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Graphic Designers % Bachelor's degree Occupational Health & Safety Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Gas Plant Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Transportation Inspectors % Short-term on-the-job training Chemists % Bachelor's degree Lathe & Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Farmers, Ranchers, & Other Agricultural Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Social & Community Service Managers % Bachelor's degree Social Scientists & Related Workers, All Other % Master's degree Health Educators % Bachelor's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.89

95 Surgeons % First professional degree Physician Assistants % Master's degree Veterinarians % First professional degree Health Technologists & Technicians, All Other % Postsecondary non-degree award Healthcare Support Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Tree Trimmers & Pruners % Short-term on-the-job training Residential Advisors % Short-term on-the-job training Loan Interviewers & Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Meter Readers, Utilities % Short-term on-the-job training Bakers % Long-term on-the-job training Food Batchmakers % Short-term on-the-job training Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Biological Technicians % Bachelor's degree Sales Engineers % Bachelor's degree Printing Press Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Wholesale & Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products % Long-term on-the-job training Software Developers, Systems Software % Bachelor's degree Database Administrators % Bachelor's degree Engineers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Architectural & Civil Drafters % Associate's degree Helpers Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers % Short-term on-the-job training Fence Erectors % Moderate-term on-the-job training Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers % Short-term on-the-job training Plant & System Operators, All Other % Long-term on-the-job training Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, & Kettle Operators & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Extruding, Forming, Pressing, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Industrial Engineering Technicians % Associate's degree Education Administrators, Preschool & Childcare % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Meeting, Convention, & Event Planners % Bachelor's degree Personal Financial Advisors % Bachelor's degree Conservation Scientists % Bachelor's degree Rehabilitation Counselors % Master's degree Audio & Video Equipment Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Dentists, General % First professional degree Ophthalmic Medical Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Medical Transcriptionists % Postsecondary non-degree award Crossing Guards % Short-term on-the-job training Chefs & Head Cooks % Work experience in a related occupation Advertising Sales Agents % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.90

96 Demonstrators & Product Promoters % Short-term on-the-job training Reservation & Transport Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Legal Secretaries % Postsecondary non-degree award Office Machine Operators, Except Computer % Short-term on-the-job training Septic Tank Servicers & Sewer Pipe Cleaners % Moderate-term on-the-job training Electrical & Electronics Repairers, & Relay % Postsecondary non-degree award Pourers & Casters, Metal % Moderate-term on-the-job training Purchasing Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Natural Sciences Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Electronics Engineers, Except Computer % Bachelor's degree Technical Writers % Bachelor's degree First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers % Work experience in a related occupation Construction & Related Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Millwrights % Long-term on-the-job training Computer Tool Programmers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Metal Workers & Plastic Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Grinding & Polishing Workers, Hand % Moderate-term on-the-job training Plating & Coating Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Tool & Die Makers % Long-term on-the-job training Lodging Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Fundraisers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Appraisers & Assessors of Real Estate % Associate's degree Tax Examiners & Collectors, & Revenue Agents % Bachelor's degree Aerospace Engineers % Bachelor's degree Biological Scientists, All Other % Doctoral degree Physical Scientists, All Other % Bachelor's degree Psychologists, All Other % Master's degree Agricultural & Food Science Technicians % Associate's degree Forest & Conservation Technicians % Associate's degree Substance Abuse & Behavioral Disorder Counselors % Bachelor's degree Clergy % Master's degree Adult Basic & Secondary Education & Literacy Teachers % Bachelor's degree Internists, General % First professional degree Pediatricians, General % First professional degree Nurse Anesthetists % Associate's degree Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists % Associate's degree Opticians, Dispensing % Long-term on-the-job training Healthcare Practitioners & Technical Workers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Massage Therapists % Postsecondary non-degree award Medical Equipment Preparers % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.91

97 Veterinary Assistants & Laboratory Animal Caretakers % Short-term on-the-job training Tour Guides & Escorts % Moderate-term on-the-job training Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service % Short-term on-the-job training Credit Authorizers, Checkers, & Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Cargo & Freight Agents % Short-term on-the-job training Couriers & Messengers % Short-term on-the-job training Graders & Sorters, Agricultural Products % Short-term on-the-job training Motorcycle Mechanics % Long-term on-the-job training Outdoor Power Equipment & Other Small Engine Mechanics % Moderate-term on-the-job training Coin, Vending Machine Servicers & Repairers % Short-term on-the-job training Meat, Poultry, & Fish Cutters & Trimmers % Short-term on-the-job training Food Processing Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Ship Engineers % Bachelor's degree Machine Feeders & Offbearers % Short-term on-the-job training Environmental Engineering Technicians % Associate's degree Motorboat Mechanics & Service Technicians % Long-term on-the-job training Electrical & Electronic Equipment Assemblers % Short-term on-the-job training Sewing Machine Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Upholsterers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Conveyor Operators & Tenders % Short-term on-the-job training Public Relations & Fundraising Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Compensation, Benefits, & Job Analysis Specialists % Bachelor's degree Computer Network Architects % Bachelor's degree Operations Research Analysts % Bachelor's degree Electrical & Electronics Repairers, Transport Equipment % Postsecondary non-degree award Stationary Engineers & Boiler Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Molders, Shapers, & Casters, Except Metal & Plastic % Long-term on-the-job training Legislators % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Budget Analysts % Bachelor's degree Credit Counselors % Bachelor's degree Tax Preparers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Soil & Plant Scientists % Bachelor's degree Urban & Regional Planners % Master's degree Social Science Research Assistants % Associate's degree Forensic Science Technicians % Bachelor's degree Mental Health & Substance Abuse Social Workers % Master's degree Social Workers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Community Health Workers % Bachelor's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.92

98 Judges, Magistrate Judges, & Magistrates % First professional degree Court Reporters % Postsecondary non-degree award Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Curators % Master's degree Education, Training, & Library Workers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Floral Designers % Short-term on-the-job training Producers & Directors % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Music Directors & Composers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Editors % Bachelor's degree Broadcast Technicians % Associate's degree Photographers % Long-term on-the-job training Optometrists % First professional degree Anesthesiologists % First professional degree Obstetricians & Gynecologists % First professional degree Psychiatric Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Occupational Therapy Assistants % Associate's degree Animal Control Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Transportation Security Screeners % Moderate-term on-the-job training Food Preparation & Serving Related Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Motion Picture Projectionists % Short-term on-the-job training Funeral Attendants % Short-term on-the-job training Morticians, Undertakers, & Funeral Directors % Associate's degree Baggage Porters & Bellhops % Short-term on-the-job training Personal Care & Service Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Financial Clerks, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Postal Service Clerks % Short-term on-the-job training Agricultural Inspectors % Bachelor's degree Agricultural Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Brickmasons & Blockmasons % Long-term on-the-job training Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, & Wall % Short-term on-the-job training Roofers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Avionics Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Home Appliance Repairers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Medical Equipment Repairers % Associate's degree Commercial Divers % Postsecondary non-degree award Food Cooking Machine Operators & Tenders % Short-term on-the-job training Pressers, Textile, Garment, & Related Materials % Short-term on-the-job training Dental Laboratory Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Photographic Process & Processing Machine Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.93

99 Ambulance Drivers & Attendants % Moderate-term on-the-job training Parking Lot Attendants % Short-term on-the-job training Dredge Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Training & Development Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Materials Engineers % Bachelor's degree Electrical & Electronics Drafters % Associate's degree Drafters, All Other % Associate's degree Microbiologists % Bachelor's degree Materials Scientists % Bachelor's degree Commercial & Industrial Designers % Bachelor's degree Fire Inspectors & Investigators % Work experience in a related occupation Precision Instrument & Equipment Repairers, All Other % Long-term on-the-job training Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders, Wood % Short-term on-the-job training Crushing, Grinding, & Polishing Machine Setters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Cutting & Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Short-term on-the-job training Painting, Coating, & Decorating Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Web Developers % Bachelor's degree Mechanical Engineering Technicians % Associate's degree Stonemasons % Long-term on-the-job training Tile & Marble Setters % Long-term on-the-job training Elevator Installers & Repairers % Long-term on-the-job training Gas Compressor & Gas Pumping Station Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Advertising & Promotions Managers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Education Administrators, All Other % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Funeral Service Managers % Associate's degree Postmasters & Mail Superintendents % Work experience in a related occupation Emergency Management Directors % Bachelor's degree Labor Relations Specialists % Bachelor's degree Insurance Underwriters % Bachelor's degree Financial Examiners % Bachelor's degree Information Security Analysts % Bachelor's degree Statisticians % Master's degree Computer Hardware Engineers % Bachelor's degree Food Scientists & Technologists % Bachelor's degree Zoologists & Wildlife Biologists % Bachelor's degree Physicists % Doctoral degree Atmospheric & Space Scientists % Bachelor's degree Hydrologists % Master's degree Economists % Master's degree Survey Researchers % Bachelor's degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.94

100 Anthropologists & Archeologists % Master's degree Political Scientists % Master's degree Marriage & Family Therapists % Master's degree Judicial Law Clerks % First professional degree Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, & Hearing Officers % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Title Examiners, Abstractors, & Searchers % Short-term on-the-job training Legal Support Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Special Education Teachers, Preschool % Bachelor's degree Special Education Teachers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Museum Technicians & Conservators % Bachelor's degree Farm & Home Management Advisors % Master's degree Interior Designers % Bachelor's degree Actors % Long-term on-the-job training Dancers % Long-term on-the-job training Musicians & Singers % Long-term on-the-job training Radio & Television Announcers % Bachelor's degree Reporters & Correspondents % Bachelor's degree Writers & Authors % Bachelor's degree Chiropractors % First professional degree Psychiatrists % First professional degree Radiation Therapists % Associate's degree Recreational Therapists % Bachelor's degree Therapists, All Other % Master's degree Audiologists % First professional degree Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners, All Other % Master's degree Nuclear Medicine Technologists % Associate's degree Dietetic Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Respiratory Therapy Technicians % Associate's degree Athletic Trainers % Bachelor's degree Bailiffs % Moderate-term on-the-job training Fish & Game Wardens % Associate's degree Private Detectives & Investigators % Work experience in a related occupation Building Cleaning Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, & Applicators, Vegetation % Moderate-term on-the-job training Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Animal Trainers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Gaming Dealers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Gaming Service Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Entertainment Attendants & Related Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Skincare Specialists % Postsecondary non-degree award (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.95

101 Concierges % Moderate-term on-the-job training Gaming Change Persons & Booth Cashiers % Short-term on-the-job training Travel Agents % Moderate-term on-the-job training Models % Short-term on-the-job training Real Estate Brokers % Work experience in a related occupation Brokerage Clerks % Moderate-term on-the-job training Postal Service Mail Sorters, & Machine Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Word Processors & Typists % Short-term on-the-job training Fishers & Related Fishing Workers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Plasterers & Stucco Masons % Long-term on-the-job training Helpers Brickmasons, Stonemasons, Tile & Marble Setters % Short-term on-the-job training Helpers Roofers % Short-term on-the-job training Mine Cutting & Channeling Machine Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Radio, Cellular, & Tower Equipment Installers & Repairs % Associate's degree Electronic Equipment Installers & Repairers, Motor Vehicles % Postsecondary non-degree award Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Repairers % Postsecondary non-degree award Automotive Glass Installers & Repairers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Rail Car Repairers % Long-term on-the-job training Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians % Long-term on-the-job training Mechanical Door Repairers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Musical Instrument Repairers & Tuners % Postsecondary non-degree award Wind Turbine Service Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging & Systems Assemblers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Food & Tobacco Roasting, Baking Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Prepress Technicians & Workers % Postsecondary non-degree award Print Binding & Finishing Workers % Short-term on-the-job training Tailors, Dressmakers, & Custom Sewers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Nuclear Power Reactor Operators % Long-term on-the-job training Power Distributors & Dispatchers % Long-term on-the-job training Jewelers & Precious Stone & Metal Workers % Postsecondary non-degree award Medical Appliance Technicians % Long-term on-the-job training Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians % Moderate-term on-the-job training Semiconductor Processors % Associate's degree Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors % Work experience in a related occupation Airline Pilots, Copilots, & Flight Engineers % Bachelor's degree Flight Attendants % Moderate-term on-the-job training Railroad Conductors & Yardmasters % Moderate-term on-the-job training Subway & Streetcar Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Traffic Technicians % Short-term on-the-job training (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.96

102 Agricultural Engineers % Bachelor's degree Marine Engineers & Naval Architects % Bachelor's degree Mining & Geological Engineers % Bachelor's degree Biochemists & Biophysicists % Doctoral degree Coil Winders, Tapers, & Finishers % Short-term on-the-job training Forging Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Model Makers, Metal & Plastic % Long-term on-the-job training Patternmakers, Metal & Plastic % Long-term on-the-job training Foundry Mold & Coremakers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Tool Grinders, Filers, & Sharpeners % Moderate-term on-the-job training Textile Winding Drawing Out Machine Setters &Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Extruding & Forming Machine Setters, Operators, & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Furniture Finishers % Short-term on-the-job training Model Makers, Wood % Moderate-term on-the-job training Woodworking Operators, & Tenders, Except Sawing % Short-term on-the-job training Cutters & Trimmers, Hand % Short-term on-the-job training Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators & Tenders % Moderate-term on-the-job training Cleaning, Washing, & Metal Pickling Equip. Operators % Moderate-term on-the-job training Etchers & Engravers % Moderate-term on-the-job training Gaming Managers % Work experience in a related occupation Agents & Business Managers of Artists % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Buyers & Purchasing Agents, Farm Products % Long-term on-the-job training Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage % Postsecondary non-degree award Farm Labor Contractors % Short-term on-the-job training Computer & Information Research Scientists % Doctoral degree Actuaries % Bachelor's degree Mathematicians % Doctoral degree Mathematical Technicians % Bachelor's degree Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other % Bachelor's degree Landscape Architects % Bachelor's degree Cartographers & Photogrammetrists % Bachelor's degree Nuclear Engineers % Bachelor's degree Aerospace Engineering & Operations Technicians % Associate's degree Animal Scientists % Doctoral degree Foresters % Bachelor's degree Epidemiologists % Master's degree Life Scientists, All Other % Bachelor's degree Astronomers % Doctoral degree (Continued on next page) Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.97

103 Industrial-Organizational Psychologists % Master's degree Sociologists % Master's degree Geographers % Master's degree Historians % Master's degree Nuclear Technicians % Associate's degree Environmental Science & Protection Technicians % Associate's degree Directors, Religious Activities & Education % Bachelor's degree Religious Workers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Arbitrators, Mediators, & Conciliators % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Archivists % Master's degree Art Directors % Bachelor's or higher degree, & work experience Craft Artists % Long-term on-the-job training Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, & Illustrators % Long-term on-the-job training Multimedia Artists & Animators % Bachelor's degree Artists & Related Workers, All Other % Long-term on-the-job training Fashion Designers % Associate's degree Set & Exhibit Designers % Bachelor's degree Designers, All Other % Bachelor's degree Athletes & Sports Competitors % Long-term on-the-job training Umpires, Referees, & Other Sports Officials % Long-term on-the-job training Choreographers % Work experience in a related occupation Entertainers & Performers, Sports & Related Workers % Long-term on-the-job training Public Address System & Other Announcers % Short-term on-the-job training Broadcast News Analysts % Bachelor's degree Media & Communication Workers, All Other % Short-term on-the-job training Radio Operators % Short-term on-the-job training Sound Engineering Technicians % Postsecondary non-degree award Camera Operators, Television, Video, & Motion Picture % Bachelor's degree Film & Video Editors % Bachelor's degree Media & Communication Equipment Workers, All Other % Moderate-term on-the-job training Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons % First professional degree Orthodontists % First professional degree Prosthodontists % First professional degree Dentists, All Other Specialists % First professional degree Podiatrists % First professional degree Nurse Midwives % Associate's degree Orthotists & Prosthetists % Master's degree Hearing Aid Specialists % Postsecondary non-degree award Genetic Counselors % Bachelor's degree Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.98

104 Coastal Bend Industry Cluster Study A.99

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106 Industry Cluster Analysis for the Coastal Bend Workforce Development Area 2014 Update Report Study commissioned by Workforce Solutions of the Coastal Bend Report prepared by Jim Lee EDA University Center College of Business