52 nd Annual Northern Great Plains History Conference Grand Forks, North Dakota. Ramada Inn

Transcription

1 52 nd Annual Northern Great Plains History Conference Grand Forks, North Dakota Ramada Inn University Station; Courtesy UND Special Collections October 4-7, 2017 Ramada Inn Grand Forks, North Dakota Hosted by: University of North Dakota History Department

2 Northern Great Plains History Conference Council Chair: Lori Ann Lahlum, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Women s History Interest Group Members: Harl A. Dalstrom, University of Nebraska at Omaha Pamela K. Bereth Smokey, State Historical Society of North Dakota Selika Ducksworth-Lawton, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Carole Butcher, Society for Military History Mark Harvey, North Dakota State University Steven Bucklin, University of South Dakota Laura Weber, Minnesota Historical Society Nancy Tystad Koupal, South Dakota State Historical Society Perry Hornbacher, Bismarck State College William Lass, Minnesota State University, Mankato Dana Miller, Hibbing, Minnesota James Naylor, Brandon University Kimberly Porter, University of North Dakota Elaine Nelson, Early Career Scholar, University of Nebraska Omaha The Council will meet on Friday, October 6, at 7:00 a.m., in the Lounge of the Ramada Inn. Member institutional or organizational representatives wishing to discuss any matter with the Council, including hosting future conferences, should contact one of the members listed above for placement on the agenda. With gratitude for their assistance: Hugo s Family Marketplace Deneen Marynik Gordon Iseminger Ann Vossekuil UND College of Arts and Sciences Widman s Candy Shop North Dakota Museum of Art UND Bookstore UND History Grad Students

3 In Remembrance of Larry Larsen Larry Larsen (seated center) and friends, Northern Great Plains History Conference, Sioux Falls, 2014 Through its fifty-two annual programs, the Northern Great Plains History Conference has provided a platform for the advancement of all fields of historical scholarship and teaching. Over the years, hundreds of persons have contributed to the Conference, particularly those who through their consistent participation have helped to assure the continuity of the meeting. In memory of Dr. Lawrence H. Larsen, Professor Emeritus of History, University of Missouri - Kansas City, long-time member of this Council and recipient of the Remele Award, we express our condolences to his wife Barbara Cottrell and their family. In remembering Larry, we thank him for his inexhaustible zest for the research and writing of history, a feeling which he communicated to all who knew him. We also thank Barbara for her frequent work as Larry co-author and for her other contributions.

4 Schedule of Sessions Wednesday, October 4 4:00-8:00 Registration, Ramada Inn (foyer) 7:00 p.m. Death Teaches the Living Phoebe R. Stubblefield, Ph.D., University of North Dakota 8:00 p.m. Reception for Conference Attendees hosted by the Society for Military History Ramada Inn, Coronado Room Thursday, October 5 8:00-4:00 Registration Ramada Inn (foyer) Session 1 9:00-10:30 1. Electing the President 2. Education through Time and Purpose 3. Native America 4. In the Air Sponsored by the Society for Military History Session 2 11:00-12:30 5. Asia Sponsored by the Society for Military History 6. canceled 7. Preserving North Dakota 8. Politics of the Midwest 12:30-1:45 Society for Military History Luncheon

5 Session 3 2:00-4:00 9. Roundtable: Boom Goes the Bakken 10. Great Plains History in Fiction and Nonfiction 11. Roundtable: Celebrating Woman Suffrage Sponsored by WHIG 12. The World at War 5:00 Transportation to the North Dakota Museum of Art 5:30-7:00 Reception at the North Dakota Museum of Art Friday, October 6 8:00-4:00 Registration Ramada Inn (foyer) Session 4 9:00-10: Brothers in Arms and Scapegoats: Britain and Its Military Alliances Sponsored by the Society for Military History 14. South Dakota 15. Germans from Russia and Elsewhere 16. Canadian History Session 5 11:00-12: Monsters and Such 18. From Archives of OER: Connecting Archival Research and Undergraduate History 19. Roundtable: Creating a Spark: Getting College Students to Care about Primary Sources 20. Museums: County and Local 12:30-1:45 Women s History Interest Group Luncheon

6 Session 6 2:00-4: Women and Gender in the West Sponsored by WHIG and the Coalition for Western Women s History 22. World War I: Documents and Letters 23. Indian Wars-- Sponsored by the Society for Military History 24. Roundtable: What Shall We Teach about Nuclear War? 5:30: 6:30 Conference Reception (cash bar) Banquet and Awards Elizabeth Fenn, Keynote Speaker Saturday, October 7 All sessions held at the University of North Dakota Memorial Union, Second Floor 8:00-4:00 Registration Memorial Union, 2 nd floor Session 7 8:30-10: All Around the World 26. Lessons of War Sponsored by the Society for Military History 27. Problems in Teaching World History 28. World War I in Monument and Memory 29. The NPL and Other Organizations th Century Women Session 8 11:00-12: Unruly Puritans, Benezet s African Dreams and the Riflemen who Liberated Them All 32. Undergraduate Research Panel: Valley City State University 33. Roundtable: Teaching War 34. World War II Sponsored by the Society for Military History

7 35. Potpourri 36. African-Americans in Transition The Northern Great Plains History Conference gratefully acknowledges the efforts and support of the following institutions: Bismarck State College Brandon University Minnesota Historical Society Minnesota State University, Mankato Minnesota State University, Moorhead North Dakota Humanities Council North Dakota State University Society for Military History South Dakota State Historical Society State Historical Society of North Dakota St. Cloud State University University of Missouri, Kansas City University of Nebraska at Omaha University of North Dakota University of South Dakota University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Wisconsin Consortium of Colleges and Universities Women s History Interest Group Publications Exhibit The publications exhibit will be held in the Banquet Foyer of the Ramada Inn. Presses from the area will have volumes on display and for sale. Society for Military History Luncheon The society s luncheon will be held on Thursday, October 5, at 12:30 in the Ramada Inn Lounge. Women s History Interest Group Luncheon The group s luncheon will be held on Friday, October 6, at 12:30 in the Ramada Inn Lounge Conference Reception and Banquet The conference reception and banquet will be held on Friday, October 6, at 5:30 in the Coronado Room of the Ramada Inn. A cash bar will be available. The banquet will commence at 6:30 with awards announced near the end of the meal. Following the meal, the keynote speaker, Elizabeth Fenn will present her work.

8 Larry Rowen Remele Award Established by the Northern Great Plains History Conference to honor the memory of Larry Rowen Remele, this award is presented annually to an individual who has made significant contributions to the betterment of the conference. Remele, a long-time editor of North Dakota History, worked energetically to promote and enhance the conference and was serving as council chair at the time of his premature death in The recipient of the Larry Rowen Remele Award for 2017 is Perry Hornbacher of Bismarck State College. The twenty-seven previous winners of the Larry Rowen Remele Award are, in order of presentation, D. Jerome Tweton, Archer Jones, Lawrence H. Larsen, James M. Skinner, William E. Lass, William C. Pratt, R. Alton Lee, David B. Danbom, Hans Burmeister, Dana Miller, Malcolm Muir, Jr., Nancy Tyson Koupal, Harl A. Dalstrom, J. Michael McCormack, Charles M. Barber, Janet Daley, Edward Pluth, Gerald Anderson, Robert C. Hilderbrand, and Frank E. Vyzralek, Joseph C. Fitzharris, James Naylor, Kathleen K. Davison, Lori Ann Lahlum, Anne Kaplan, Kimberly K. Porter, Gordon L. Iseminger, and Mark Harvey. Thursday, October 5 Session 1 9:00-10:30 1: Electing the President Coronado Chair: Bret Weber, University of North Dakota The Electoral College in Historical Perspective Eric A. Burin, University of North Dakota Long Habits and Legitimacy Mark Jendrysik, University of North Dakota Free Trade, Fake News, and Populism: Republican Editorializing during the 1892 Election in Thomas County, Kansas Christopher Price, Colby Community College, Colby, Kansas Comment: Bret Weber

9 2: Education through Time and Purpose Diablo Chair: Donna Pearson, University of North Dakota Teaching for Relevancy: College Teaching Techniques for the Humanities in a STEM-centric Society Ryan Menath, University of North Dakota The Rise of the PhD. and its Entrenchment in America s Graduate Education System Andrew Larson, University of North Dakota The Emergence of Nurse Training at Clarkson Memorial Hospital for Children William Montgomery, Clarkson College Comment: Donna Pearson UND Classroom, c. 1890, Courtesy UND Special Collections

10 3: Native America Amigo Chair: Terrence Lindell, Wartburg College An Indian Agent at Fort Totten: James McLaughlin ( ) Birgit Hans, University of North Dakota The Winnebago, Henry M. Rice, and the (First) Winnebago Removal to Minnesota Linda Louise Bryan, Independent Scholar Comment: Jim Mochoruk, University of North Dakota James McLaughlin, Indian Agent

11 4: In the Air Sponsored by the Society for Military History Bravo Chair: Jeff Schultz, Luzerne County Community College L Armee de l Air: The French Air Force in World War II Jamie Slaughter, University of Wolverhampton "Use It or Lose It : The Demise of the Air Combat Force in New Zealand Robert Nash, Independent Scholar Comment: Deb Mulligan, Roger Williams University Session 2 11:00-12:30 5: Asia-- Sponsored by the Society for Military History Bravo Chair: Deb Mulligan, Roger Williams University Pragmatic Leadership: The Move Toward Integration in Korea Jeremy Maxwell, University of Southern Mississippi The Last China Marines, Katherine Reist, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Comment: Jonathan Epstein, City University of New York 1961 Spring Follies, Courtesy UND Special Collections

12 7: Preserving North Dakota Coronado Chair: Emily Sakariassen, Metcalf Archaeological Consultants, Ltd Preservation North Dakota: The Little Statewide Historic Preservation Organization That Could Marsha Gunderson, Former Chair of Preservation North Dakota/Grand Forks Historic Preservation Commission, with by Becky Heise, Former Treasurer of Preservation North Dakota and Researcher for the Barnes County Historical Society Upon This Rock/Against Long Odds : Stewardship of Dakota Territory s Stone Episcopal Churches as Fine Art and Cultural Heritage Steve C. Martens, North Dakota State University Saving North Dakota's Small Town Historical Gems Bobbi Hepper-Olson, Hepper Olson Architects, Ltd., Buxton, ND Comment: Emily Sakariassen Norway Lutheran Church, Aneta, ND; Courtesy Kim Porter

13 8: Politics of the Midwest Diablo Chair: Steven Bucklin, University of South Dakota Against the Grain: William Langer, the NPL and the Left Wing Anti-Communist Tradition in North Dakota, Charles M. Barber, Northeastern Illinois University, emeritus Vice President Hubert Humphrey s Speech to the Americans for Democratic Action Convention, April, 1966 Paul Stone, University of Minnesota Minneapolis Comment: Steven Bucklin Thursday 12:45-2:00 Society for Military History luncheon By reservation at registration Lounge Cadet Training, c. 1900; Courtesy UND Special Collections

14 Session 3 2:00-4:00 9: Roundtable: Boom Goes the Bakken Coronado Chair: William R. Caraher, University of North Dakota From Prohibition to Safe Harbor: Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of North Dakota s Commercial Sex Laws Nikki Berg Burin, University of North Dakota Tales of Murder and Mayhem: Historical Violence in the Bakken Richard Rothaus, North Dakota University System Aliens in the Bakken: Precarity and Workforce Housing. Bret Weber, University of North Dakota The Bakken Gaze: Tourism, Petroculture, and Modern Views of an Industrial Landscape William R. Caraher, University of North Dakota Comment: Audience Courtesy Kim Porter

15 10: Great Plains History in Fiction and Nonfiction Diablo Chair: Suzzanne Kelley, North Dakota State University Press Slider s Son: Challenging Rewards of Researching the Novel Rebecca Fjelland Davis, South Central College Crafting Narrative Biography Rachael Hanel, Minnesota State University, Mankato Laura Ingalls Wilder: History, Place, Time and Culture Amy Mattson Lauters, Minnesota State University, Mankato Comment: Suzzanne Kelley 11: Roundtable: Celebrating Woman Suffrage Sponsored by WHIG Amigo Moderators: Lori Ann Lahlum, Minnesota State University, Mankato Molly Patrick Rozum, University of South Dakota Panelists: Betty A. Bergland, University of Wisconsin River Falls, emerita Kristin Mapel Bloomberg, Hamline University Dee Garceau, Rhodes College, emerita Abigail Hoy, Minnesota State University, Mankato Comment: Audience

16 12: The World at War Bravo Chair: Robert Nash, Independent Scholar But There was No War: The Impossibility of a United States Invasion of Canada after the Civil War Scott MacKenzie, Independent Scholar Understood Evil: Insurgencies and the Abstract Concept of Warfare Jacob Bourbon, University of North Dakota The Unexpected Commander and Commandant: A Quick Look at A. A. Vandegrift Martha Sloan, Independent Scholar Wisconsin Losses in the Civil War: Analyzing Wartime Deaths through Database Analysis Brett Barker, University of Wisconsin, Marathon Comment: Robert Nash Thursday, October 5 4:45 5:00 Shuttle to North Dakota Museum of Art trips approximately every half hour, 4:45-7:00 Reception at the North Dakota Museum of Art

17 Friday, October 6 Session 4 9:00-10:30 13: Brothers in Arms and Scapegoats: Britain and Its Military Alliances Sponsored by the Society for Military History Bravo Chair: Carole Butcher, North Dakota State University British Fictions: The Uncovered History of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force and the Battle of the Lys, Jesse Pyles, Florida State University Building an Army: Hiring Britain s German Auxiliaries for the American War of Independence Christian Juergens, Florida State University Comment: Selika Ducksworth-Lawton, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire 14: South Dakota Coronado Chair: Harl Dalstrom, University of Nebraska at Omaha The Legacy of Assassination: Crazy Horse, Monuments and Historical Memory Larry Lord, University of Nebraska, Omaha Training the South Dakota National Guard Taylor Hamblin, University of South Dakota The South Dakota Constitutional Revision Commission, Thayme Watson, University of South Dakota, Vermillion Comment: Harl Dalstrom

18 15: Germans from Russia, and Elsewhere Amigo Chair: Kurt Leichtle, Consulting Historian Volga German Churches: The Bergseite LaVerne Rippley, St. Olaf College Funeral Customs of the Black Sea Germans William Lange, North Dakota State University From Ritual Murder to Blood Libel: On the Increased Centrality of Blood Motifs in Early Modern German-language Examples and the Solidification of an Archetype Evan J. Halbach, University of North Dakota Comment: Kurt Leichtle 16: Canadian History Diablo Chair: James Naylor, Brandon University James J. Hill and the Failure of the Canadian Strategy Jim Mochoruk, University of North Dakota The Gendered Discourse of Rural Intergenerational Family Business Succession Planning Diane McKenzie, University of Lethbridge Les Filles du Roi and the Building of Pioneer Life along the Saint Lawrence Jonathan Hedeen, Chippewa Valley Technical College Comment: James Naylor

19 Session 5 11:00-12:30 17: Monsters and Such Coronado Chair: Jameel Haque, Minnesota State University, Mankato Natural Born Monsters in Renaissance Natural History and Philosophy Hans Broedel, University of North Dakota Bigfoot and the 21 st -century American Psyche Amanda Boyd, University of North Dakota The Abbot of Aubigac on Satyrs: Are they Men, Monsters, Apes of Demons?: And Why Should Anyone Ask Danielle Skjelver, University of North Dakota Comment: Jameel Haque 18: From Archives of OER: Connecting Archival Research and Undergraduate History Amigo Chair: Richard Rothaus, North Dakota University System Electronic Resources for Undergraduate Exploration of the Atlantic Slave Trade Ty M. Reese, University of North Dakota Open Educational Resources and the Undergraduate Study of Japan Daniel Ringrose, Minot State University Letters of Manumission from Brazil and Portugal: Using Original Research Materials in Undergraduate Classes Ernst Pijning Minot State University Comment: Richard Rothaus

20 19: Roundtable: Creating a Spark: Getting College Students to Care about Primary Sources Diablo Panelists: Pamela J. Pierce, Dickinson State University Cynthia Culver Prescott, University of North Dakota Pamla G. Kukla, Theodore Roosevelt Center, Dickinson, ND Aimee Duchsherer Williamson, Dakota State College at Bottineau Comment: Audience 20: Museums: County and Local Bravo Chair: David Peterson, Minnesota State Historical Society Sargent County Austin Olson, University of North Dakota Myra Museum and UND Special Collections Nicole Kenney, University of North Dakota Comment: David Peterson Friday, 12:45-2:00 Women s History Interest Group Luncheon By reservation at registration Lounge

21 Session 6 2:00-4:00 21: Women and Gender in the West Sponsored by WHIG and the Coalition for Western Women s History Amigo Chair: Molly Patrick Rozum, University of South Dakota Reconstruction and Suffrage in Wyoming Territory Jennifer Helton, Berkeley City College / Ohlone College Over the River and Through the Woods... and Up and Down the Mountain.. and Across the Valley: Clara Bewick Colby s Rural Organizing Efforts during Oregon s 1906 Suffrage Campaign Kristin Mapel Bloomberg, Hamlin University South Dakota Woman Suffrage: 1918 Newspaper Analysis in Spink County Ashley Lynch, University of South Dakota Indian Territory or Cowboy State: Oklahoma Memory amid the Culture Wars Cynthia Culver Prescott, University of North Dakota Comment: Audience

22 22: World War I: Documents and Letters Coronado Chair: Erik Holland, North Dakota State Historical Society Readers Theatre University of Mary, Readers Theatre Hannah Diehl Collin Hilzendeger Callie Kauk Andrea Pike Sophia Rabaey Claire Schindler Katherine Stano Blake Wolters North Dakota and the Cultural History of the Great War Joseph Stuart, University of Mary The World War I U.S. Draft Classification Questionnaire: Origin, Structure and Problems Edward J. Pluth, St. Cloud State University Comment: Audience 23: Indian Wars-- Sponsored by the Society for Military History Bravo Chair: Christian Juergens, Florida State University Captain as Correspondent: Letters Home from the 27 th Iowa Infantry, Terrence Lindell, Wartburg College From the Dakota Wars to Dakota Access: The Environmental Roots of Conflict and Compromise on the Northern Great Plains Christopher M. Rein, U.S. Army, Combat Studies Institute James Akicitana King: U.S. Army Indian Scout and Presbyterian Missionary Dave Grettler, Northern State University Comment: William Taylor, Angelo State University

23 24: Roundtable: What Shall We Teach about Nuclear War? Bravo Chair: Joseph Fitzharris, University of St. Thomas Panelists: David Bath, University of Mississippi Albert I. Berger, University of North Dakota.\ Feroz Khan, United States Naval Postgraduate School; Brigadier General Pakistan (retired) Comment: Audience Friday, October 6 5:30 Conference Reception (Cash Bar) Coronado 6:30 Banquet Awards Presentation Elizabeth Fenn, University of Colorado, Boulder, Keynote Speaker Invitation to 53 rd Annual Northern Great Plains Conference Lori Lahlum Elizabeth A. Fenn

24 Saturday, October 7 All sessions held at the University of North Dakota Memorial Union, Second Floor If you have a UND parking pass, please use it to park in your assigned zone. Individuals without UND parking permits should park in the lot on the corner of Columbia Road and University Avenue in the designated section. The Memorial Union is directly across Columbia Road to the west just beyond the parking ramp. This is homecoming week. There will be a parade on University Avenue, commencing 10:00. Plan a bit of extra time to get to the Memorial Union Session 7 8:30-10:30 25: All Around the World Badlands Chair: Hans Broedel, University of North Dakota The Formation of a Future Ambassador: Eugenie Anderson s Education, Courtship, and Travel to Europe on the Eve of World War II John M. Pederson, Mayville State University Resurrecting Chinggis Khan: Ethnic Nationalism and Redefining Identity in Post-Socialist Mongolia Anthony Dutton, Valley City State University The True Nature of the Gulen Movement Yonca Çubik, University of North Dakota Comment: Hans Broedel

25 26: Lessons of War Sponsored by the Society for Military History Room: Memorial Chair: Dave Mulligan, Bristol College Carole Butcher, Looking for the Center of Gravity North Dakota State University Deb Mulligan, Displaced Persons After the Second World War Roger Williams University Comment: Dave Mulligan 27: Problems in Teaching World History River Valley Chair: Jameel Haque, Minnesota State University, Mankato The Meaning of Islam as Presented in World History Textbooks Jameel Haque, Minnesota State University, Mankato Latin America from the Third World to the Global South Chad McCutchen, Minnesota State University, Mankato African Exceptionalism: Re-examining Africa in World History Agnes Odinga-Olouch, Minnesota State University, Mankato Comment: Audience UND Campus, 1899

26 28: World War I in Monument and Memory Orth Chair: Albert I. Berger, University of North Dakota Marking Memory: World War I Monuments in North Dakota Lorna Meidinger, State Historical Society of North Dakota World War I Perspectives from Posters Mark Halvorson, State Historical Society of North Dakota A Promise the University of North Dakota Failed to Keep: Remembering the Student Army Training Corps during the Great War Janet Wolf Strand, University of North Dakota Quest for Loyalty: Immigrant Americanization during World War I and the Red Scare Robert Zeidel,University of Wisconsin Stout Comment: Albert I. Berger 29: The NPL and Other Organizations Medora Chair: Charles M. Barber, Northeastern Illinois University, emeritus North Dakota s 1921 Recall Election in the Newspapers James Walker, University of North Dakota Sambos and Brutes: Portrayals of African Americans in the Anti-NPL Publication the Red Flame Daniel Cooley, University of North Dakota We are tied together with invisible bonds in a hundred different ways : Farmers Movements in North Dakota and Prairie Canada, Jason McCollum, Missouri State University West Plains Comment: Charles M. Barber

27 Session 8 11:00-12:30 30: 20st Century Women River Valley Chair: Nikki Berg Burin, University of North Dakota After the War: Women s Lives in the Aftermath of World War II Jessica Klassen, Minot State University Extra, Extra! Read All About It: Women's Suffrage and the Media Michaela Brost, Minot State University The Fair Housing Act of 1968: Placing Anti-Discrimination Legislation in Context of Twentieth Century Woman Writers and Feminist Theory Gretchen Collier, Northern Arizona University Comment: Nikki Berg Burin 31: Unruly Puritans, Benezet s African Dreams and the Riflemen who Liberated Them All Medora Chair: Ty Reese, University of North Dakota Anthony Benezet and Early Abolitionist Conceptions of Africa Joseph Kalka, University of North Dakota Daniel Morgan s Riflemen: The American Way of Warfare Ryan Menath, University of North Dakota Restoration to Revocation: Conflict between the Massachusetts Commonwealth and the English Crown Mathew G. Marsh, University of North Dakota Comment: Ty Reese

28 Session 8 11:00-12:30 32: Undergraduate Research Panel: Valley City State University Orth Chair: Anthony Dutton, Valley City State University (Re)Drawing Borders of Peace and War: A Political Geography of State Partition Madeline Bennett, Valley City State University Government and Academia: A Comparative Analysis Niklas Ernst, Valley City State University Broken Treaties and Spilt Barrels: A Look at Resource Exploitation and Environmental Degradation of Native American Lands in the Dakotas, Miles Libak, Valley City State University The Heroes of Barnes County in World War II Stephanie McCann, Valley City State University Comment: Luis da Vinha, Valley City State University 33: Roundtable: Teaching War Memorial A Civilian in the Classroom Albert I. Berger University of North Dakota A Veteran in the Classroom Jacob Bourbon, University of North Dakota An Officer in the Classroom Ryan Menath, University of North Dakota Comment: Audience

29 34: World War II Sponsored by the Society for Military History Presidents Chair: Carole Butcher, North Dakota State University Between Uncle Sam and the Emperor: U.S.S. Stewart and the War in the Pacific, Jeff Schultz, Luzerne County Community College Colonel Paul D. Bunker David Mulligan, Bristol College The Selective Service Idea: Military Mobilization during World War II William Taylor, Angelo State University Comment: Jeremy Maxwell, University of Southern Mississippi 35: Potpourri Badlands Chair: Kimberly K. Porter, University of North Dakota Prohibition: Fighting the Menace of Immigration Suzanne Watts, University of North Dakota Performing the Past: Exploring the Purpose of Historical Pageants and Public Spectacles within Mid-Century Centennial Celebrations Dustin Malone Gann, Arizona State University The Hour of Manly Opposition : The Boston Protests as an Assertion of Masculinity, Mathew Goetz, Marquette University Comment: Kimberly K. Porter

30 36: African-Americans in Transition Orth Chair: Daniel D. Cooley, University of North Daktota White Man s Freeway : Highway Construction and Suburbanization in the Twin Cities, Whitney Oachs, University of St. Thomas How Cultural and Physical Landscapes Shaped the Decision for Armed Resistance along the Louisiana Borders with Mississippi, Texas, and Arkansas, Selika Ducksworth-Lawton, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Comment: Daniel D. Cooley Fort Ransom State Historic Site; Courtesy Kim Porter