Discoverer II: Global Precision Surveillance
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1 DARPA Discoverer II: Global Precision Surveillance Industry Day Briefing June 24, 1998 By: Dr. David Whelan Director, Tactical Technology Office (703)
2 DARPA s Space Legacy NRO Corona Recce DARPA Air Force DARPA Navy WS117L Non-BM uses of space Vanguard TGFY Discoverer Vanguard Transit Saturn Recce Comms SIGDNT Manned Discoverer Recce Transit Nav Army NASA Explorer TGFY Explorer Vanguard Mercury ECHO Comms Civil Space 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 2
3 Paradigm Shifts Enabled by Emerging Information Technologies Space-based surveillance NRT targeting Global precision DTED Direct theater control A warfighter system designed from the ground-up 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 3
4 Dominant Awareness Problem Statement Warfighter Needs: Day/night, all-weather surveillance Radar [GMTI SAR] The right information, at the right Theater Control time, disseminated to the right user Deep, theater-wide, assured access Space-Based Birth-to-death tracking to counter Near-Continuous Dwell shoot-and-scoot Elevation accurate to ~1 meter for Digital Terrain visualization and precision guided munitions targeting Elevation Data (DTED) Level 4-5 Timeliness Revisit JSTARS Discoverer II NTM Access 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 4
5 Needs Best Addressed By a National Information Architecture (NIA) Responsiveness/Agility Radar emphasis System growth - Loop latency - Revisit rate TDA Targeting Situation Understanding Mapping Strong Synergy Technical Intelligence Indications & Warning BDA Overlapping needs Single architecture compromises both Mixed architecture offers needed performance plus growth flexibility EO emphasis System growth - Spatial resolution - Spectral resolution - Polarization Image Quality 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 5
6 Next-Generation Rapid Targeting Commander/user in charge Common battlespace picture Wideband/low latency Current: verbal - and message-based pull, many bottlenecks Goal: smart-profile-based push, where needed Dissemination Warfighter 1 15 min Surveillance, Targeting, TDA Loop Tasking Distributed dynamic multi-asset tasking Synchronization of operations and RSTA Rapid/low latency Current: hours Goal: minutes, dynamic, multiple echelons, automated Moving & stationary target exploitation Automated GMTI & SAR classification tools Recognize force structure Rapid report generation Exploitation Current: hours to a day Goal: minutes, dynamic database, semi-automated Collection Moving & stationary targets Simultaneous SAR/GMTI SAR targeting & TDA Precision geolocation 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 6
7 Design Philosophy Enable future force characteristics Rapid response Extended reach Precision global strike Sustained operations Lean forces and support Joint/coalition operations Operate in concert with other elements of national security Capitalize on Allied strengths Commercial capabilities and know-how High-tech edge 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 7
8 Discoverer II System Concept Large constellation of LEO satellites (24 48) Leverage ground/surface infrastructure (CIG/SS compliant CARS/ETRAC) Employ commercial practices (Iridium, Global Star, etc.) Minimal manning in theater and CONUS $100M/bird Allied participation Theater-wide access Day/night, all weather Near-continuous surveillance Global precision targeting High-resolution SAR & moving target exploitation (HR-GMTI) Direct theater tasking/downlink Worldwide precision DTED collection 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 8
9 Dense LEO Constellation Affords Highly Desired Performance Angle diversity Mitigate terrain masking Enhanced target recognition Counter CC&D Counter jam Number of Gaps per Day North Korea 24/8/4 1 Week Average Avg=1.2 = 1.2 Near continuous coverage GMTI track association Long-dwell imaging Counter activity scheduling Gap Time (Min) ( > 25) (S > 25) 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 9
10 GMTI/SAR Coverage 24 Satellite Coverage % Time Accessible Satellite Baseline 40 (GMTI) 30 (GMTI) 40 (SAR) 30 (SAR) No. Satellites 24 Satellite Response Time SAR ~ 2.5 min mean GMTI < 1 sec mean Field of Regard (6 ) (12 ) SAR HR-GMTI Flight Max range (10 dbsm) FOV Nadir Hole (70 ) SAR 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 10
11 HR-GMTI and SAR Collection Rates 24 Satellite Constellation HR-GMTI MDV = 4 kph, max V = 100 kph 2,000,000 km 2 /hr 600 km 2 /sec Iran 1,643,000 km 2 STRIP SAR/GMTI 3-m IPR 700,000 km 2 /hr Iraq 435,000 km 2 Libya 1,757,000 km 2 N. Korea 122,000 km 2 SCAN SAR 1-m IPR 100,000 km 2 /hr SPOT SAR 0.3-m IPR 150 X 16 km 2 -areas/hr 3,600 X 16 km 2 -areas/day 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 11
12 Mobile Ground Target Tracking Features Wide area search Near continuous coverage Target-feature extraction NRT information Capabilities Birth to death tracking Situation understanding Counter CC&D Agile targeting Cross-cuing with other collectors 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 12
13 Why Digital Terrain Elevation Data? DTED Accuracy Requirements DTED Level Post ( Spacing approx) (m) CE (absolute)* (m) LE (absolute)* (m) CE (relative)* (m) LE (relative)* (m) Current Global Coverage /25 30/10 / 15 /10 60% /15 30/10 / 10 /7 5% Bosnia Area (km 2 ) Timeliness (DTED 3, 4, 5) Hours 20 x x (3 days) 300 x (12 days) * x/y : Current requirement/evolving Requirement Target Mobile/Fixed Battlefield Visualization Culverts (30-50m) Culverts (30-50m) Mission Image Synthetic-SAR Image DTED Database 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 13
14 Why Direct To Theater? Understand enemy deployment and dynamics in detail responsive to tactics and mobility Target precisely and rapidly decisive action whenever required Track from birth to death continuous operation from peacetime through wartime Enable increased ops tempo 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 14
15 Space-Time Dynamic Targeting Discoverer II Airborne Comprehensive dynamic database Joint Mil Space National SAR MTI ELINT SIGINT DTED DSP/SBIRS Geology Weather. UGS Other Search agents/data mining Anomaly detection Correlation detection Dynamic Tasking Exploitation Step toward situational understanding Theater Intelligence 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 15
16 A New Exploitation Concept: 3-Stage Pipeline with Feedback Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Location Theater Forward Theater Rear CONUS Emphasis Quick Look Track Exploit Time Frame Seconds Minutes Hours Seconds Minutes Hours Task Collect Quick Look Track Exploit Act minutes hours Information Value Mobile Targets Theater Forward Force Analysis Theater Rear Strategic Planning CONUS CONUS Analysis/Exploitation Time 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 16
17 CINCs Maintain Operational Priority Peacetime shared use with emphasis on stage 2 and 3 exploitation populate DDB Pre-hostilities greater emphasis given to relevant CINC s Buildup precision DTED Wartime controlling emphasis given to relevant Theater Commander(s) continuous surveillance and near real-time targeting 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 17
18 Enabling New Sources and Methods Dwell Discoverer II Theater-wide near-continuous dwell Breadth of available mode selection: High rate HR-GMTI 3M SAR/GMTI 0.3M SAR Rapid revisit of widely separated regions Typical theater assets ASARS-2 Modality (SAR, MTI, E/O...) Typical strategic assets NTM Access High coverage rates, rapid angle diversity First warfighter control of a theater wide, near instant observation asset for battlefield awareness and precision targeting Rapid high quality DTED generation NRT exploitation and dynamic retasking Unique attributes lead to new and enhanced warfighter capability 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 18
19 New Capabilities Indications & Warning Intelligent Preparation of Battlefield UGS RF Tag FEBA WMD storage facility WMD storage facility Trigger on movement anomalous compared to baseline Track convoys moving WMD to the border DTED V ID choke point Continuous Situational Awareness Ocean Reconnaissance Precision Engagement Task Force Long-Range Reconnaissance Sea Lane Reconnaissance Go-stop-go tracking with multi-mode GMTI/SAR TLE ~ 3m with DTED 450 W Power 45 W Data Link 500 Mbps 50 Mbps 20,000 km 2 /sec (6,000 nm 2 /sec) 2,500 km 2 /sec (700 nm 2 /sec) 200 nm ~ 1 min 200 nm 6,000 km 2 /sec (1,800 nm 2 /sec) 2,000 km 2 /sec (600 nm 2 /sec) Littoral Reconnaissance 100 nm 300 nm /min Survey steep valleys with angle diversity Track through gaps with HR- GMTI Target: Speed 0 kts / Cross-Section: 20 dbsm 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 19
20 Discoverer II Presents Opportunities, e.g., Combining ESM With SAR/GMTI GBS Discoverer II Sensor B-2 Shooter Low Band Performs High Gain ESM Through Radar Antenna Collects SAR Image of Commanded Target Area Ground Station Commands Discoverer II to image target area Performs ground processing on down linked collected data SAR image generation Alignment of SAR image to geographic reference Correlation of emitters to SAR image Uplinks SAR image with embedded ESM data to shooter Low Band Rotating Antenna Emitter Hardened Command and Control Bunker SA-10 SA-12 98B0101.ppt 9/22/98, whelan/discoverer II 20
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