THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Brief Sixth Edition

Transcription

1 THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Brief Sixth Edition Chapter 15 Battle Cries and Freedom Songs: The Civil War

2 Battle Cries and Freedom Songs: The Civil War Mobilization, North and South The Early War, Turning Points, The War Transforms the North The Confederacy Disintegrates The Union Prevails, Conclusion

3 Awaiting combat, 1861: Union soldiers from New York relax at camp

4 Learning Objectives What were the North s key advantages at the outset of the war? How did the two sides objectives dictate their strategies in the early years of the war? What convinced Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation? What impact did the war have on the North s economy?

5 Learning Objectives (cont'd) How did the war affect civilian life in the South? What was Grant s strategy for ending the war?

6 Mobilization North and South

7 War Fever After the fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln mobilized state militias for 90 days, but Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee seceded from the Union. The general belief was that the war would be brief and both northerners and southerners strongly supported their governments.

8 War Fever (cont'd) War fever led many to volunteer for military service. The initial enthusiasm for serving faded, leading to drafts by both the Union and Confederacy.

9 The North s Advantage in Resources The North had human and economic advantages over the South. Approximately half the men of military age fought in the North and their numbers were supplemented by African Americans and Irish immigrants. In the South, 90 percent of the eligible population served.

10 The North s Advantage in Resources (cont'd) At the beginning of the war, the North controlled 90 percent of the nation s industrial capacity.the northern railroad system was twice that of the South. The North has more abundant financial resources than the South.

11 FIGURE 15 1 A Comparison of the Union and Confederate Control of Key Resources at the Outset of the Civil War

12 Leaders, Governments, and Strategies Jefferson Davis had to build a government from scratch while Lincoln had an established structure and organization. Lincoln s personality was better fit for leadership than the aloof, uncompromising Davis.

13 Abraham Lincoln and the North Lincoln and other northern leaders secured support for the prolonged sacrifice of the Civil War by articulating the importance of preserving the Union. On a human level, Lincoln s folksy personal skills, simple eloquence, and humor enabled him to connect with people and handle disagreement better than Davis did.

14 Lincoln s Fight for the Border States Lincoln adopted a soft strategy to keep the border states in the Union. Maryland and Kentucky never seceded while a guerilla war broke out in Missouri. Although Virginia went with the Confederacy, some counties in the western part of the state established themselves as the pro-union state of West Virginia.

15 The Southern Landscape The southern landscape played a significant strategic role in the Civil War, and its idiosyncracies led to several tragic errors of judgment involving the realities of the southern natural environment. The South s dense forests, uneven terrain, heat, and humidity hampered traditional battle tactics and exhausted the troops.

16 The Southern Landscape (cont'd) However, eventually the Union s technological superiority would enable it to transcend environmental barriers.

17 The southern landscape played a major role in the Civil War.

18 The Early War

19 First Bull Run Union forces under McDowell confronted Confederate soldiers under Beauregard at Manassas, Virginia. At the First Battle of Bull Run, the Union seemed headed toward victory but wound up losing. Bull Run dispelled some illusions about the war but also boosted southern confidence in their superior military ability.

20 MAP 15 1 From First Bull Run to Antietam: The War in the East,

21 The War in the West Forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured the strategic forts Henry and Donelson. Grant moved south and won victories at Shiloh Church, Tennessee and Corinth, Mississippi. Admiral David Farragut led a naval force that captured New Orleans.

22 The War in the West (cont'd) The fall of Memphis meant the only major river town remaining in Confederate hands was Vicksburg.

23 MAP 15 2 The War in the West,

24 A surgeon prepares to amputate the leg of a wounded Union soldier after the Battle of Gettysburg.

25 A Federal field hospital, Savage Station, VA, June 1862

26 The War in the East General George McClellan assumed command of the Union army in the east while General Robert E. Lee was named head of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Lee attacked McClellan s forces twice and was repulsed both times but casualties numbered in the tens of thousands.

27 The War in the East (cont d) When McClellan withdrew, Lincoln replaced him with John Pope who lost the Second Battle of Bull Run to Lee.

28 Nurse Ann Bell tends a fallen Union Soldier.

29 Turning Points

30 The Naval War The Union naval strategy was to blockade the southern coast and capture its key seaports and river towns, destroying the South s ability to carry on the war. Neither the Union nor the Confederacy had much of a navy when war erupted. As the Union navy grew, the blockade became more effective.

31 The Naval War (cont'd) Southerners believed recognition by foreign governments would legitimize their cause and that cotton would be an important diplomatic bargaining point. Neither Great Britain nor France recognized the Confederacy and France invaded Mexico.

32 Antietam Recognizing that the South could not sustain a prolonged conflict, Lee moved into Maryland in September 1862, hoping to cut railroad links in Pennsylvania. He was convinced McClellan would not attack. Copies of Lee s orders fell into Union hands and McClellan pursued Lee.

33 Antietam (cont'd) The Battle of Antietam caused thousands of casualties, was a tactical draw, and forced Lee back into Virginia.

34 Antietam (cont'd) Antietam was a turning point because it kept Lee from threatening Northern industry and financial institutions. It also prompted Britain and France to abandon plans to recognize the Confederacy and allowed Lincoln to announce the abolition of slavery.

35 Emancipation Pressure had mounted in the North during 1862 for some form of emancipation but it was not favored by a majority of northerners, including Irish immigrants. But freeing the slaves would appeal to the British. The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in the states still in rebellion against the Union.

36 Emancipation (cont'd) The proclamation raced through the slave grapevine and continued the process of running away to Union camps that had begun earlier. Of the approximately 180,000 black soldiers and 20,000 black sailors who fought for the Union, over 80 percent were from the South. Many faced discrimination but fought valiantly.

37 Emancipation (cont'd) Emancipation Proclamation - Decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion. Confiscation Act of Second confiscation law passed by Congress, ordering the seizure of land from disloyal Southerners and the emancipation of their slaves.

38 Theodore Kaufman ( ), On to Liberty, 1867, Oil on canvas

39 Black Union troops former slaves repelling Confederates at New Bern, NC, February 1864

40 From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan and moved against Lee s army, but was repelled at the Battle of Fredericksburg. General Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside but was defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville, leading Lee to plan a bold move north.

41 From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg (cont'd) General George Meade replaced Hooker. At the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, the Union army defeated Lee s forces. It was the bloodiest battle of the war, boosting Union morale but draining Lee of men and material.

42 MAP 15 3 From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg: The War in the East, December 1862 July 1863

43 MAP 15 4 The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1 3, 1863

44 The goddess Columbia (a popular depiction of America in contemporary cartoons)

45 Timothy H. O Sullivan s photograph of dead Union soldiers at the southern end of the Gettysburg battlefield, July 2, 1863.

46 Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and the West Grant captured Vicksburg after a siege. Confederate forces confined a Union army at Chattanooga, but Union reinforcements divided the Confederate army and broke the siege forcing the Confederate army to retreat into Georgia. In the Trans-Mississippi West, several Native American tribes battled Union forces for land and resources.

47 Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and the West (cont'd) Confederate hopes for securing Texas fell short as the naval blockade tightened and Comanches raided western settlements.

48 MAP 15 5 Vicksburg and Chattanooga: The War in the West, 1863

49 The War Transforms the North

50 Wartime Legislation and Politics Lincoln used executive authority to silence opposition through several controversial actions, including suspending the writ of habeas corpus. Executive sanctions fell hard on dissenting Democrats called Copperheads.

51 Wartime Legislation and Politics (cont'd) To boost the economy, Congress passed the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Land Grant College Act. A protective tariff helped manufacturers and the National Banking Act of 1863 established a uniform national currency. The draft aroused conflicts including the New York Draft Riot that began with an Irish mob protesting conscription.

52 Wartime Legislation and Politics (cont'd) Copperheads - A term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War. Radical Republicans - A shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South.

53 War Transforms the North (cont'd) Homestead Act - Law passed by Congress in 1862 providing 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on the plot and farm it for five years. Land Grant College Act - Law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical (later engineering) colleges. Also known as the Morrill Act, after its sponsor, Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont.

54 War Transforms the North (cont'd) New York Draft Riot - A mostly Irish-immigrant protest against conscription in New York City in July 1863 that escalated into class and racial warfare that had to be quelled by federal troops.

55 The lynching of a black New Yorker during the Draft Riot in July 1863.

56 The Northern Economy After an initial downturn before the war, the northern economy picked up quickly. New industries boomed and new inventions increased manufacturing efficiency. The productivity of northern agriculture grew as well, fueled by the emergence of farm machinery.

57 Trade Unions and Strikebreakers Though wages increased during the war, prices rose higher, reviving the trade union movement. By 1865, 200,000 northern workers belonged to unions. The prospect of large profits bred greed and corruption. Profiteers traded with the enemy, swindled the government, and sold shoddy goods to the army.

58 Trade Unions and Strikebreakers (cont'd) The northern economy, however, fed, clothed, and armed the Union soldiers as well keeping most civilians employed and well fed.

59 Northern Women and the War More than 100,000 northern women worked in various industries during the war. Women also worked in the expanding government bureaucracy and as nurses. But the war also left thousands of women widowed and devastated.

60 Northern Women and the War (cont d) The new economic opportunities created by the war opened up women s options, including admission to higher education.

61 The Confederacy Disintegrates

62 Southern Politics Southern politics was hindered by dissent that grew stronger as the Confederacy s fortunes declined. States rights was a major obstacle to the development of central authority. Because their were no political parties, Davis could not appeal to party loyalty to control dissent. Calls for peace arose as early as 1863.

63 Southern Politics (cont'd) Attempts by Davis and other Confederate leaders to build a strong sense of Confederate nationalism failed.

64 Southern Faith In a devout society convinced it was waging a holy war, white southerners interpreted their mounting losses from different spiritual perspectives. Black southerners also found hope and biblical confirmation that the war was fulfillment of prophecy.

65 The Southern Economy By 1863, the South experienced difficulty feeding its population. Bread riots broke out in Mobile, Atlanta, and Richmond. As the war progressed, Southern soldiers had threadbare uniforms with many garments and arms taken from the Union. Their families suffered under similar conditions.

66 The Southern Economy (cont d) The Union and Confederate armies threatened civilians with robbery, rape, and murder. Many slaves stopped working and abandoned the plantations.

67 the 1863 food riot

68 Southern Women and the War Southern women managed plantations, working in fields alongside slaves. Southern women also worked in factories making uniforms and munitions, government offices and they taught school.

69 Southern Women and the War (cont d) As the war continued, many women helped their deserting husbands and relatives elude Confederate authorities. By 1864, many southern women had tired of the war.

70 The Union Prevails

71 Grant s Plan to End the War Grant was appointed commander of the Union forces. He coordinated the Union war effort and changed the tempo of the war. Grant s strategy was to hammer the enemy continuously. Sherman was advancing through Georgia and Grant s major focus was on Lee.

72 Grant s Plan to End the War (cont'd) At the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant surprised Lee by not withdrawing after both sides endured heavy casualties. Grant pursued Lee fighting at Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor but heavy casualties led to criticism. Sherman moved through Georgia and captured Atlanta.

73 MAP 15 6 Grant and Lee in Virginia,

74 White family refugeeing.

75 General Ulysses S. Grant had the pews from a local church moved to a grove of trees where he and his officers planned the following day s assault

76 The Election of 1864 and Sherman s March George McClellan opposed Lincoln in the 1864 election. The fall of Atlanta and later victories boosted support for Lincoln who won the election. The Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery was passed in Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea leaving ruin and devastation in his wake.

77 The Election of 1864 and Sherman s March (cont'd) Some Confederate leaders proposed arming slaves but the slaves responded with little enthusiasm. Thirteenth Amendment - Constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughout the United States.

78 MAP 15 7 The Atlanta Campaign and Sherman s March,

79 Miscegenation Ball 1864.

80 The Road to Appomattox and the Death of Lincoln Lee s army remained the obstacle to Union victory. He abandoned the defense of Richmond which fell to Union forces. Grant s army caught up with Lee s forces at Appomattox Court House in Virginia where Lee surrendered, ending the war. In Washington, celebration greeted the Confederate surrender but it was muted by the assassination of Lincoln.

81 Major Battles of the Civil War,

82 Major Battles of the Civil War,

83 General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox after his surrender to Union General U. S.Grant on April 9, 1865.

84 Conclusion

85 Conclusion The Civil War caused over one million casualties, dead and wounded. It left the South devastated. One in four men between 20 and 40 died. Forty percent of the livestock were lost and so was half the farm machinery. The Union victory solved the constitutional problem of secession and ended slavery.

86 Conclusion (cont'd) For black Southerners, emancipation was the conflict s most important result. The Civil War also stimulated a host of diverse changes that unfolded over time.