The Origins of, and Reasons for, Systems Engineering V. Arrichiello. Vincenzo Arrichiello
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1 The Origins of, and Reasons for, Systems Engineering V. Arrichiello 1
2 Systems Engineering WHEN? WHY? WHO? WHERE? WHAT? HOW? 2
3 When? Emergence of "Systems Engineering" 1950 G.W. Gilman (Director of Systems Engineering at Bell Labs) Systems Engineering course at MIT 1957 H. Goode, and R. Machol System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Large scale Systems Google books Ngram Viever 3
4 When? Concurrence of large, complex programs Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) development program ( ) Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Air Defense System development program ( ) APOLLO Advanced Manned Space Flight Program ( ) 4
5 When? Systems Engineering was mainly developed "out of necessity" by these programs ICBM SAGE APOLLO 5
6 When? Historical Context "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 6
7 When? Historical Context "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 7
8 When? Historical Context "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 8
9 When? Historical Context "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 9
10 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Program (ICBM) The Air Force ballistic missile program is the largest single military program ever undertaken by the United States. It is managed by the Air Force, with the support of more than 30 major contractors, 200 major subcontractors, and 200,000 suppliers in industries across the Nation, whose joint resources include skills of thousands of scientists, engineers, and technicians. Findings Resulting From Initial Review of The Ballistic Missile Programs of the Department of the Air Force The Comptroller General of the United States,
11 Why? A Dangerous Mix 11
12 Why? A Dangerous Mix Novel, heterogeneous technologies 12
13 Why? A Dangerous Mix Novel, heterogeneous technologies Complexity 13
14 Why? A Dangerous Mix Novel, heterogeneous technologies Cold War technological race Complexity 14
15 Why? A Dangerous Mix Novel, heterogeneous technologies Cold War technological race Complexity Compressed Time scale 15
16 Why? A Dangerous Mix Novel, heterogeneous technologies Cold War technological race Complexity Failure rate Compressed Time scale 16
17 Why? A Dangerous Mix Novel, heterogeneous technologies Cold War technological race Complexity Failure rate Compressed Time scale 17
18 Why? "Failure rates of early missiles ranged from 40 to 60 percent" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson 4.htm 18
19 Why? "Failure rates of early missiles ranged from 40 to 60 percent" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson 4.htm 19
20 Why? "Failure rates of early missiles ranged from 40 to 60 percent" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson 4.htm 20
21 Why? "Failure rates of early missiles ranged from 40 to 60 percent" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson 4.htm 21
22 Why? "Failure rates of early missiles ranged from 40 to 60 percent" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson Thor reached an apogee of 6 inches whereupon...slid backwards...and exploded... Thor 102 flight lasted 35 seconds... Thor explodedl d don the pad... Thor broke up after 92 seconds _Thor 4.htm 22
23 Why? Multiple Technologies Rocket Propulsion RF Communic. Aerodynamics ICBM Inertial Navigation Structural Eng. Automatic Control 23
24 Why? Multiple Technologies ADVERSE INTERACTIONS Rocket Propulsion RF Communic. Aerodynamics ICBM Inertial Navigation Structural Eng. Automatic Control 24
25 Why? Multiple Technologies ADVERSE INTERACTIONS Rocket Propulsion RF Communic. Aerodynamics Vibrations ICBM Inertial Navigation Structural Eng. Automatic Control 25
26 Why? Multiple Technologies ADVERSE INTERACTIONS Aerodynamics Rocket Propulsion Vibrations ICBM RF Communic. Electrom. interference Inertial Navigation Structural Eng. Automatic Control 26
27 Why? Multiple Technologies ADVERSE INTERACTIONS Rocket Propulsion Vibrations Aerodynamics Structural Eng. ICBM RF Communic. Electrom. interference Environm. stress Automatic Control Inertial Navigation 27
28 Why? Multiple Technologies ADVERSE INTERACTIONS Aerodynamics Rocket Propulsion Vibrations Reliability Structural Eng. ICBM RF Communic. Electrom. interference Environm. stress Automatic Control Inertial Navigation 28
29 Why? Multiple Technologies Rocket Propulsion RF Communic. Aerodynamics ICBM Inertial Navigation Structural Eng. Automatic Control 29
30 Why? Multiple Technologies POOR COMMUNICATIONS Rocket Propulsion RF Communic. Aerodynamics ICBM Inertial Navigation Structural Eng. Automatic Control 30
31 Why? Multiple Technologies POOR COMMUNICATIONS Rocket Propulsion RF Communic. Aerodynamics ICBM Inertial Navigation Pieter Bruegel de Oude, De toren van Babel Structural Eng. Automatic Control 31
32 Why? Diverse worlds 32
33 Why? Diverse engineering worlds Joseph Griffith Reed Radio Pioneer Robert H. Goddard Rocketry Pioneer 33
34 Why? The chairman of North American Aviation used to say: "electronics is where you buy boxes that you connect together so that some things that don't work are connected to other things that also don't work. That's the definition of electronics." SIMON RAMO: An Interview Conducted by Frederik Nebeker, Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, 1995 IEEE Global History Network, Oral Histories 34
35 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue "novelty, depth of knowledge, and heterogeneity [of the new disciplines], made it impossible for any one person to master in depth all of the skills needed... jack of all trades technical generalist assumed critical importance." The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson 35
36 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue "novelty, depth of knowledge, and heterogeneity [of the new disciplines], made it impossible for any one person to master in depth all of the skills needed... jack of all trades technical generalist assumed critical importance." The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson Interdisciplinar Knowledge 36
37 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue "novelty, depth of knowledge, and heterogeneity [of the new disciplines], made it impossible for any one person to master in depth all of the skills needed... jack of all trades technical generalist assumed critical importance." The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson Holistic/System Thinking Interdisciplinar Knowledge 37
38 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue "novelty, depth of knowledge, and heterogeneity [of the new disciplines], made it impossible for any one person to master in depth all of the skills needed... jack of all trades technical generalist assumed critical importance." The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson Teamworking Ability Holistic/System Thinking Interdisciplinar Knowledge 38
39 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue "novelty, depth of knowledge, and heterogeneity [of the new disciplines], made it impossible for any one person to master in depth all of the skills needed... jack of all trades technical generalist assumed critical importance." The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson Life Cycle Visioni Teamworking Ability Holistic/System Thinking Interdisciplinar Knowledge 39
40 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue Neither the Air Force nor Convair had the necessary expertise in the critical areas of electronics, propulsion, and guidance to manage the development effort. To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program John C. Lonnquest, and David F. Winkler United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories,
41 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue Neither the Air Force nor Convair had the necessary expertise in the critical areas of electronics, propulsion, and guidance to manage the development effort. To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program John C. Lonnquest, and David F. Winkler United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1996 The Strategic Missiles Evaluation Committee ("Teapot Committee") proposed creating a new "development management" group composed of an "an unusually competent group of scientists and engineers capable of making systems analyses, supervising the research phases and completely controlling the experimental and hardware phases of the program" "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Fall
42 Who, Where? Systems Engineering to the rescue General Bernard A. Schriever Western Development Division (WDD) Simon Ramo Dean Wooldridge Ramo Wooldridge Corporation 42
43 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Communications Documentation Bell Telephone Laboratories performed research and development for AT&T. The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs, Stephen B. Johnson, Johns Hopkins University Press,
44 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Communications Documentation Bell Telephone Laboratories performed research and development for AT&T. BllLb Bell Labs researchers typically assigned dhardware prototype manufacturing to Western Electric, AT&T's manufacturing arm. The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs, Stephen B. Johnson, Johns Hopkins University Press,
45 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Communications Documentation Bell Telephone Laboratories performed research and development for AT&T. BllLb Bell Labs researchers typically assigned dhardware prototype manufacturing to Western Electric, AT&T's manufacturing arm. Because of the large size of the corporation and the multiplicity of projects, Bell Lab and Western Electric developed formal specifications and paperwork pp to handle the relationship between Bell Labs researchers and Western Electric engineers and manufacturing workers. The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs, Stephen B. Johnson, Johns Hopkins University Press,
46 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Systems Analysis Trade Offs Nose cone systems study R W personnel examined trade offs between warhead weightand yield, guidance accuracy, re entry speed and thermodynamics, nose cone materials, and other variables. "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Fall
47 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Systems Analysis Trade Offs Nose cone systems study R W personnel examined trade offs between warhead weightand yield, guidance accuracy, re entry speed and thermodynamics, nose cone materials, and other variables. This analysis permitted scaling down of the gross weight of the Atlas from 460,000 pounds to 240,000 pounds and reduction of the propulsion p system from five rocket motors to three. "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Fall
48 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Systems Analysis Trade Offs Nose cone systems study R W personnel examined trade offs between warhead weightand yield, guidance accuracy, re entry speed and thermodynamics, nose cone materials, and other variables. This analysis permitted scaling down of the gross weight of the Atlas from 460,000 pounds to 240,000 pounds and reduction of the propulsion p system from five rocket motors to three. It is estimated that this analysis... saved more than one year of development time and reduced the total cost of the missile by a quarter. "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Fall
49 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Extensive Testing All components underwent tests that checked environmental tolerances (temperature, humidity, and so forth), vibration tolerance, component functions, and interactions among assembled components. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 49
50 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Extensive Testing All components underwent tests that checked environmental tolerances (temperature, humidity, and so forth), vibration tolerance, component functions, and interactions among assembled components. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 50
51 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Extensive Testing All components underwent tests that checked environmental tolerances (temperature, humidity, and so forth), vibration tolerance, component functions, and interactions among assembled components. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 51
52 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Extensive Testing All components underwent tests that checked environmental tolerances (temperature, humidity, and so forth), vibration tolerance, component functions, and interactions among assembled components. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 52
53 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Extensive Testing All components underwent tests that checked environmental tolerances (temperature, humidity, and so forth), vibration tolerance, component functions, and interactions among assembled components. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "On Guard! The Story of SAGE", IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, (ca. 1956), The Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives 53
54 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Change Control Configuration Management "a number of test failures resulted from mismatches between the design of the missile and the actual hardware configuration of the missile on the launch pad" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson 54
55 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Change Control Configuration Management "a number of test failures resulted from mismatches between the design of the missile and the actual hardware configuration of the missile on the launch pad" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "Configuration Control Board, which had responsibility for assuring that any necessary changes in component design would be immediately reflected throughout the total missile configuration." "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Fall
56 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Change Control Configuration Management "a number of test failures resulted from mismatches between the design of the missile and the actual hardware configuration of the missile on the launch pad" The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson "Configuration Control Board, which had responsibility for assuring that any necessary changes in component design would be immediately reflected throughout the total missile configuration." "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Fall 1993 "configuration i control drew from the Boeing Company s aircraft programs" Samuel Phillips and the Taming of Apollo Stephen B. Johnson, Technology and Culture, October
57 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue System Management 57
58 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue System Management A meeting in the program control and status room in the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division offices. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson, Air Force History and Museums Program, Washington, D. C.,
59 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue System Management A meeting in the program control and status room in the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division offices. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, Stephen B. Johnson, Air Force History and Museums Program, Washington, D. C., 2002 Project Control Room: "to serve as a nerve center for all project information, including hardware dli delivery schedules, hdl test tschedules, hdl and operational planning schedules" "Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, ", Davis Dyer, Business and Economic History, Fall
60 Systems Engineering to the rescue some signs of improvement Apollo launch vehicle man rating: Some considerations and an alternative contingency plan RAND Corporation,
61 Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) "first major real time, computer based command and control system. Designed dto protect tthe United States t from long range bombers b " milestone SAGE.html 61
62 Why? Multiple Technologies Radar Computers Software SAGE Communications Air Df Defence Human Factor 62
63 Why? Multiple Technologies UNPRECEDENTED CHALLENGES Radar Computers Software SAGE Communications Air Df Defence Human Factor 63
64 Why? Multiple Technologies UNPRECEDENTED CHALLENGES Radar Computers Reliability Software SAGE Communications Air Df Defence Human Factor 64
65 Why? Multiple Technologies UNPRECEDENTED CHALLENGES Radar Computers Reliability Software Air Df Defence SAGE Human machine Interaction Human Factor Communications 65
66 Why? Multiple Technologies UNPRECEDENTED CHALLENGES Radar Computers Reliability Software Software Development Air Df Defence SAGE Human machine Interaction Human Factor Communications 66
67 Who, Where? MIT Lincoln Laboratory Whirlwind control room Jay Forrester and Bob Everett (standing) 67
68 Who, Where? MIT Lincoln Laboratory Whirlwind control room Jay Forrester and Bob Everett (standing) The pioneers of SAGE, Dr. Jay Forrester (left) and Robert Everett (right) at the IEEE Milestone Award ceremony (27 June 2012) 68
69 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Reliability (systemic approach) 69
70 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Reliability (systemic approach) Vacuum Tube Life Marginal Checking 70
71 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Reliability (systemic approach) Vacuum Tube Life Marginal Checking Easy Maintenance Duplexing 71
72 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Reliability (systemic approach) Vacuum Tube Life Marginal Checking Easy Maintenance Duplexing between June and November 1955, the computer operated on a 24 hour, 7 day schedule with 97.8% reliability MIT Lincoln Laboratory: History:Early Digital Computing 72
73 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Human System Integration 73
74 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Human System Integration interactive graphic displays, 74
75 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Human System Integration interactive graphic displays, light pen input 75
76 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Human System Integration interactive graphic displays, light pen input training (virtual simulations) 76
77 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Software Development (method and documentation) 77
78 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Software Development (method and documentation) process and documentation ti Production of Large Computer Programs H. D. Bennington [1956], IEEE Annals of The History of Computing,
79 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Software Development (method and documentation) process and documentation ti thorough testing Production of Large Computer Programs H. D. Bennington [1956], IEEE Annals of The History of Computing,
80 What, How? Systems Engineering to the rescue Software Development (method and documentation) process and documentation ti thorough testing problem reporting reporting procedure Production of Large Computer Programs H. D. Bennington [1956], IEEE Annals of The History of Computing,
81 Systems Engineering reaching maturity APOLLO Program May 25, 1961 First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving i the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, President John F. Kennedy 81
82 Systems Engineering reaching maturity APOLLO Program May 25, 1961 July 20 th, 1969 First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving i the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, President John F. Kennedy "Houston, Tranquility base here. The eagle has landed. 82
83 APOLLO Program A huge partnership to achieve a common goal "All you see [are] the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others." Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins 83
84 APOLLO Program A huge partnership to achieve a common goal "All you see [are] the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others." Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins 84
85 APOLLO Program A huge partnership to achieve a common goal "All you see [are] the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others." Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins At its peak, the Apollo program employed 400,000 Americans and required the support of over 20,000 industrial firms and universities. 85
86 Did the application of system engineering contribute to the success of Apollo on schedule, within budget, and with mission i success?? 86
87 Did the application of system engineering contribute to the success of Apollo on schedule, within budget, and with mission i success?? The evidence supports an unqualified "yes." Systems Engineering A Retrospective View. James H. Brill, Systems Engineering,Vol. 1, No. 4,
88 The winning trait of Systems Engineering In an historical perspective, the capability, shown by Systems Engineering, to bring to success large complex projects (in, or before, time, and within budget), can be reasonably attributed to the combination of awesome scientific and technical excellence with sensible and effective processes. 88
89 Who? Simon Ramo 89
90 Who? Simon Ramo "globally recognized as a leader in microwave research and headed the development of GE s Electron microscope. He also published textbooks on Fields and Waves in Modern Radio (1944) and Introduction to Microwaves (1945)" 90
91 Who? Jay Forrester 91
92 Who? Jay Forrester A pioneer in early digital computer development..., Forrester invented random access magnetic core memory. He also pioneered the growing field of system dynamics. Forrester is the Professor Emeritus of Management in System Dynamics at the MIT Sloan School of Management. 92
93 Who? Wernher von Braun 93
94 Who? Wernher von Braun "one of the most important rocket developers and champions of space exploration"; "leader of... the rocket team which developed the V 2 ballistic missile". " chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle ce... that would pope propel Americans to the Moon " 94
95 Thank you for yor attention. Questions? 95
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