Cardiovascular surgery

Transcription

1 Practice area 136 Clinical PRIVILEGE WHITE PAPER Background Cardiovascular surgery Cardiovascular surgery, also known as cardiac surgery, is often considered a subspecialty of thoracic surgery. It involves surgical interventions to treat and repair defects and diseases of the heart and its associated blood vessels. Some institutions and organizations also use the term cardiothoracic surgery to encompass the entire specialty of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. According to the American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS), the scope of thoracic surgery includes knowledge of normal and pathologic conditions for cardiovascular and general thoracic structures. This, according to the ABTS, includes congenital and acquired lesions (e.g., infections, trauma, tumors, and metabolic disorders) of the heart and blood vessels in the thorax. It also includes diseases involving the lungs, pleura, chest wall, mediastinum, esophagus, and diaphragm. The ability to establish an exact diagnosis must be based on a surgeon s familiarity with diagnostic procedures, including cardiac catheterization, angiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, imaging techniques, endoscopy, tissue biopsy, and biologic and biochemical tests appropriate to thoracic diseases. Thoracic and cardiothoracic surgeons also must be knowledgeable about and experienced in evolving surgical techniques, such as laser therapy, endovascular procedures, electrophysiologic procedures and placement of electrophysiologic devices, thoracoscopy, and thoracoscopic surgery. Physicians wishing to practice cardiovascular surgery typically train first as general surgeons and then elect specialized training in thoracic surgery. Comprehensive training as a thoracic surgeon includes subspecialty training in cardiovascular surgery. The ABTS offers certification in thoracic and cardiac surgery, with additional subspecialty certification in congenital cardiac surgery. The American Osteopathic Association (AOA) groups cardiovascular surgery with thoracic surgery, offering certification in thoracic cardiovascular surgery through the American Osteopathic Board of Surgery (AOBS). For more information, please see Clinical Privilege White Paper, Practice area 154 Thoracic surgery. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

2 Involved specialties Cardiothoracic surgeons and thoracic surgeons Positions of specialty boards ABTS The ABTS offers certification in thoracic and cardiac surgery, as well as a subspecialty certificate in congenital cardiac surgery. Subspecialty certification in congenital cardiac surgery can be achieved by completing one of two pathways. Pathway one is the successful completion of a full congenital cardiac surgery residency approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), starting in 2008 or thereafter. Subspecialty certification by the ABTS may be achieved for congenital heart surgery residents who began training on or after July 1, 2008, by fulfillment of these requirements: Successful completion of a full residency in congenital heart surgery in a program approved by the ACGME within 12 consecutive months and at a single institution. Operative case experience verified by the congenital heart surgery program director that meets or exceeds currently required minimum surgical volume and index case distribution described below. Primary certification by the ABTS. Possession of a currently registered, full, and unrestricted license to practice medicine granted by a state or other U.S. jurisdiction. The license must be valid at the time of application for admission to examination and maintained until the subspecialty certificate is granted by the ABTS. A temporary and/or limited license such as an educational, institutional, or house staff permit is not acceptable to the ABTS. Ethical standing in the profession and a moral status in the community that are acceptable to the ABTS. Candidates must have fulfilled and successfully completed all of the residency training requirements of an ACGME-approved congenital heart surgery program that are in force at the time their congenital heart surgery program begins. The operative experience requirement of the ABTS has two parts. One is concerned with the intensity or volume of cases, and the other deals with the distribution of cases (index cases). The operative experience requirements include performance of 75 major congenital heart operative procedures as primary surgeon during the 12 months 2 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

3 of residency training, which conforms with the Program Requirements in Thoracic Surgery as published by the ACGME. The application of any candidate whose supervised operative experience fails to meet the requirement of 75 major congenital heart operations as primary surgeon will be referred to the ABTS s credentials committee for review. Additional training time may be necessary for the candidate to meet the surgical case intensity requirement. Index cases are full-credit, primary-surgeon cases only, performed during the 12 months of congenital heart surgery residency training. The number of index cases required to meet the minimal acceptable standards in the various areas should include the following minimum numbers of index cases: 5 ventricular septal defect repairs 4 atrioventricular septal defect repairs 4 tetralogy of Fallot repairs 4 arch reconstructions, including coarctation procedures 5 arterial switch, Norwood, Damus-Kaye-Stansel, and/or truncus arteriosis repair procedures (at least five procedures from this list, in any combination) 5 Glenn/Fontan procedures 5 systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt procedures In order to ensure an appropriately diverse distribution of cases, the applicant s case log cannot exceed a maximum of the specified number for the following cases for credit among the 75 major congenital cases: 5 secundum atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale closures 5 patent ductus arteriosus ligations or divisions 5 pulmonary artery bandings 10 right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit insertions/replacements,- pulmonary valve replacements 5 other valve repairs or replacements (patients 18 years of age or under only) Specifications and exceptions can be found on the ABTS website. Pathway two is for those candidates who trained prior to July 1, Admission into the subspecialty certification process will be based on training, current clinical experience, and professional accomplishments in the field. To obtain subspecialty certification via pathway two, the candidate must: Apply, become approved, and sit for written examination by no later than Have achieved primary certification by the ABTS and be in current good standing with a valid certificate and current with the annual certification maintenance fee. Hold a currently registered, full, and unrestricted license to practice medicine granted by a state or other U.S. jurisdiction. The license must be valid at the time of application for admission to examination and maintained until the subspecialty certificate is granted by the ABTS. A tem porary and/or limited A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 3

4 license such as an educa tional, institutional, or house staff permit is not acceptable to the ABTS. Hold full and unrestricted inpatient hospital admit ting, inpatient care, and consultative privileges in congenital heart surgery at an institution accredited by The Joint Commission or other organization judged acceptable by the ABTS. Meet the operative case criteria volume and distribution described here and in the Booklet of Information during each of the two years preceding application, not including cases performed during residency training. Provide evidence of CME, including the accumulation of at least 30 hours of ACGME-approved Category I CME during each of the two years as an attending physician immediately preceding the application. At least 15 of the 30 hours each year must be in the broad category of congenital heart surgery. Provide evidence of significant contribution to the profession of congenital heart surgery, which may include affirmation from the community that the applicant is recognized as a specialist and consultant in a congenital heart surgery related discipline, congenital heart surgical service in a medically underserved area, or service to the American Heart Association in an area of congenital heart surgery. Possess an ethical standing in the profession and a moral status in the community that are acceptable to the ABTS. Pass a closed-book, secure, written examination. Candidates with special circumstances should include a letter of full explanation with their applica tion for review by the ABTS Credentials Committee. After August 15, 2014, all candidates for subspecialty certification in congenital heart surgery by the ABTS must successfully complete an ACGME-approved residency training program in congenital heart surgery that began on or after July 1, The operative experience required for candidates pursuing pathway two are similar to those listed for pathway one. Upon completion of training, candidates must successfully complete the certification examination within four years. AOBS The AOBS grants board certification in cardiothoracic surgery. In order to become board certified by the AOBS, candidates must meet the following requirements: Graduate from an AOA-accredited college of osteopathic medicine Maintain and provide documentary evidence of an unrestricted license to practice in the state or military jurisdiction where practice is conducted Conform to the standards set forth in the Code of Ethics of the AOA Be a member in good standing of the AOA Satisfactory completion of an AOA-approved first postdoctoral year of training (OGME-1) Complete four years of training in general surgery followed by two years of training in cardiothoracic surgery 4 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

5 Pass the written and oral examinations in general surgery Renew certification every 10 years Positions of societies, academies, colleges, and associations ACS The American College of Surgeons (ACS) states its expectations that all surgeons who are certified by a surgical specialty board are qualified to practice in the areas defined by that board if they so desire and if they demonstrate the capability to do so. According to the ACS, certificates of special or added qualifications are designed to recognize specialists who have acquired further education and training in a narrower discipline within that specialty. The ACS notes that the existence of such certificates does not imply that a specialist who does not hold them should be excluded from areas of practice that are considered to be within the realm of the specialty as defined by the primary board. The granting of surgical privileges should be based upon the surgeon s record of training, experience, and demonstrated performance in the areas of practice that are associated with the specialty, rather than being focused exclusively upon the holding of a certificate of special or added qualifications. In its Guidelines for Standards in Cardiac Surgery, ACS states that surgeons practicing cardiovascular surgery should be certified or awaiting certification by the ABTS or its Canadian equivalent within five years after completion of an approved residency program in cardiovascular surgery. ACS recommends that hospital committees for staff accreditation exercise their judgment for privileges based on the nature of the applicant s cardiothoracic residency or postresidency experiences. The ACS also states that while there are no presently available data linking an individual surgeon s patient volume and hospital mortality rate, there are data to suggest that an annual volume of at least open heart procedures (including coronary artery bypass procedures, valve replacements, and other operations requiring the use of cardiopulmonary bypass) per hospital is necessary from a quality standpoint and that there is a greater variation in adjusted mortality rates for teams doing lower volumes of procedures as compared with those doing a high volume. While cases per year per hospital appears sufficient from a quality standpoint, it is likely that considerably more, and at least 200 procedures per year, are necessary in order for a program to function efficiently. STS The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) is a nonprofit organization representing cardiothoracic surgeons, researchers, and allied health professionals. The STS A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 5

6 offers membership to board-certified surgeons, residents, and nonphysicians working in the field of thoracic surgery. The STS does not publish guidelines for the credentialing or privileging of cardiovascular surgeons, though it does provide guidelines for specific procedures. AOA According to the AOA s Basic Standards for Residency Training in Surgery and the Surgical Subspecialties, the primary training institution must serve as the primary clinical site and document the capability to provide the required educational experiences in the specialty, including at minimum: Institutional support for at least two cardiothoracic residents 130 major procedures per resident per year Training in cardiothoracic surgery encompasses the operative, perioperative, and critical care of patients with pathological conditions within the chest, including pulmonary, esophageal, mediastinal, chest wall, diaphragm, and cardiothoracic disorders of patients in all age groups as well as the critical care and trauma management of patients. A cardiothoracic surgery residency program must provide a meaningful educational experience that prepares the resident upon graduation to meet certification requirements of the AOA through the AOBS and to demonstrate the following competencies: Cognitive Correlate the pathologic and diagnostic aspects applicable to cardiothoracic surgery with clinical experiences in a progressive manner consistent with the cardiothoracic curriculum Develop critical thinking skills that result in making decisions for patient management Understand the relevance of, and interpret, research related to the practice of cardiothoracic surgery Read, interpret, and participate in clinical and or basic science research Psychomotor and technical skills Demonstrate osteopathic principles, diagnoses, and therapies in the care of cardiothoracic patients. Demonstrate proficiency with the necessary technical skills required for the practice of cardiothoracic surgery. Proficiency must be progressive as outlined in the cardiothoracic curriculum of the American College of Osteopathic Surgeons. Demonstrate the ability to provide progressive patient management responsibilities based upon knowledge of the basic and clinical sciences. Communication skills Demonstrate the ability to collaborate with colleagues and allied healthcare professionals 6 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

7 Educate patients and their families concerning healthcare needs Demonstrate the ability to teach medical students, interns, other residents, and allied healthcare staff within the context of residency education Practice management Demonstrate leadership and management skills Provide cost-effective care to patients Professional attitudes and abilities Demonstrate a broad understanding of the role of cardiothoracic surgery as it relates to other medical disciplines Appreciate the value of lifelong learning in medical education and as related to a professional career in the field Demonstrate the ability to provide sound ethical and legal judgments Participate in continuing education to promote personal and professional growth Participate in community and professional organizations Apply the principles of evidence-based medicine to their professional practice The length of the cardiothoracic residency program is two years following successful completion of an AOA-approved general surgery residency program, which includes an OGME-1R year. Although clinical experiences may be achieved by formal affiliation with other institutions, no more than a total of six months may be assigned outside the primary training institution. Short courses of two weeks or less do not apply to the six-month limit. The final twelve months of the two-year program must be spent as chief resident in approved institutions, under supervision, demonstrating advanced-level responsibilities for complete cardiothoracic surgical patient management. The cardiothoracic surgery curriculum must meet or exceed the ACOS model curriculum and must include the following structured learning experiences: Clinical learning experiences must be provided in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of patients with diseases of the heart and great vessels; lung, pleura, and trachea; esophagus, mediastinum, diaphragm, and chest wall Additional experiences include cardiopulmonary bypass physiology and mechanics; pulmonary function examination; noninvasive peripheral vascular examination; chest x-ray, MRI and CT scan, PET scan interpretation; cardiac catheterization interpretation; cardiothoracic critical care management to include ventilator management; fluid and electrolyte management; clinical hematology, coagulation, and blood component replacement therapy; pharmacological and mechanical assisted management of hemodynamic instability and support; and cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy Electives in organ transplantation and mechanical cardiac assist devices are highly desirable A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 7

8 The program must provide each resident with a sufficient scope, volume, and variety of clinical experience in cardiothoracic surgery as noted below The standards required of individuals for successful completion of a program in cardiothoracic surgery and to qualify for entrance into the certification process by the AOBS must be through one of two primary pathways: a cardiothoracic surgery pathway or a general thoracic surgery pathway At the completion of the program, each resident must document participation in 255 major surgical procedures, performed by the resident as surgeon under supervision, in the following categories: 20 congenital heart disease procedures 10 as primary surgeon 10 as first assistant 150 adult cardiac procedures 50 acquired valvular heart procedures 80 myocardial revascularizations 15 reoperations 5 aorta procedures 15 other 50 lung/pleura/chest wall procedures 30 pneumonectomies, lobectomies, segmentectomies 20 other 5 mediastinum (resection) procedures 15 esophageal procedures 10 resections 5 other 15 Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) Additionally, residents must document the following: 40 endoscopies 20 bronchoscopies 10 esophagoscopies 10 mediastinoscopies 100 consultation experiences 50 new patients 50 follow-ups ACGME According to ACGME s Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Congenital Cardiac Surgery, the operative experience must include the following: Fellows must be provided with a sufficient volume, variety, complexity, and balance of operative experience, as determined by the Review Committee, for the achievement of adequate operative skill and surgical judgment Fellows must document a minimum of 75 major congenital cardiac surgery 8 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

9 procedures as primary surgeon in the spectrum of surgical care of congenital cardiac diseases Specific core requirements include ventricular septal defects (5); atrioventricular septal defects (4); arterial switches (4); arch reconstructions, including coarctation (4); tetralogy of Fallotrepairs (4); and Glenn/Fontan procedures (5) A fellow is considered to be the surgeon when he or she can document a significant role in all of the following aspects of management: determination or confirmation of the diagnosis; provision of preoperative care; selection and accomplishment of the appropriate operative procedure; direction of the postoperative care; and accomplishment of sufficient follow-up to be acquainted with both the course of the disease and the outcome of its treatment Participation in the operation only, without preoperative and postoperative care, is inadequate, and such cases will not be approved by the Review Committee as meeting educational requirements The clinical component must be as follows: Operative skill is essential, and can be acquired only through personal experience and education. The program must provide sufficient operative experience to educate qualified congenital cardiac surgeons, accounting for individual capability and rate of progress. This education includes progressive senior surgical responsibilities in the total care of congenital cardiac surgery patients, including preoperative evaluation, therapeutic decision-making, operative experience, and postoperative management. Continuity of patient care must be documented in a longitudinal way and include ambulatory care, inpatient care, referral and consultation, and utilization of community resources. Fellows must be provided with education in special diagnostic techniques for the management of congenital cardiac lesions; the methods and techniques of cardiac catheterization, and competence in the interpretation of such findings; and experience with the application, interpretation, and limitations of echocardiography and other imaging techniques. Fellows must be provided with specific experience in the management of adults with congenital cardiac disease. Positions of accreditation bodies CMS CMS has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for cardiovascular surgery. However, the CMS Conditions of Participation (CoP) define a requirement for a criteria-based privileging process in (c)(6) stating, The bylaws must include criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to individuals requesting privileges. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 9

10 482.12(a)(6) states, The governing body must assure that the medical staff bylaws describe the privileging pro cess. The process articulated in the bylaws, rules or regula tions must include criteria for determining the privileges that may be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to individual practitioners that considers: Individual character Individual competence Individual training Individual experience Individual judgment The governing body must ensure that the hospital s bylaws governing medical staff membership or the granting of privileges apply equally to all practitioners in each professional category of practitioners. Specific privileges must reflect activi ties that the majority of prac titioners in that category can perform competently and that the hospital can support. Privileges are not granted for tasks, procedures, or activities that are not conducted within the hospital, regardless of the practitioner s ability to perform them. Each practitioner must be individually evaluated for requested privileges. It can not be assumed that every practitioner can perform every task, activity, or privilege specific to a specialty, nor can it be assumed that the practitioner should be automatically granted the full range of privileges. The individual practitioner s ability to perform each task, activity, or privilege must be individually assessed. CMS also requires that the organization have a process to ensure that practitioners granted privileges are work ing within the scope of those privileges. CMS CoPs include the need for a periodic appraisal of practitioners appointed to the medical staff/granted medical staff privileges ( [a][1]). In the absence of a state law that establishes a time frame for the periodic appraisal, CMS recommends that an appraisal be conducted at least every 24 months. The purpose of the periodic appraisal is to determine whether clinical privileges or membership should be continued, discontinued, revised, or otherwise changed. The Joint Commission The Joint Commission has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for cardiovascular surgery. However, in its Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, The Joint Commission states, The hospital collects information regarding each practitioner s current license status, training, experience, competence, and ability to perform the requested privilege (MS ). 10 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

11 In the introduction for MS , The Joint Commission states that there must be a reliable and consistent system in place to process applications and verify credentials. The organized medical staff must then review and evaluate the data collected. The resultant privilege recommendations to the governing body are based on the assessment of the data. The Joint Commission introduces MS by stating, The organized medical staff is respon sible for planning and implementing a privileging process. It goes on to state that this process typically includes: Developing and approving a pro cedures list Processing the application Evaluating applicant-specific information Submitting recommendations to the governing body for applicant-specific delineated privileges Notifying the applicant, relevant personnel, and, as required by law, external entities of the privi leging decision Monitoring the use of privileges and quality-of-care issues MS further states, The decision to grant or deny a privilege(s) and/or to renew an existing privilege(s) is an objective, evidence-based process. The EPs for standard MS include several requirements as follows: The need for all licensed independent practitioners who provide care, treatment, and services to have a current license, certification, or registration, as required by law and regulation Established criteria as recommended by the organized medical staff and approved by the governing body with specific evaluation of current licensure and/or certification, specific relevant training, evidence of physical ability, professional practice review data from the applicant s current organization, peer and/or faculty recommendation, and a review of the practitioner s performance within the hospital (for renewal of privileges) Consistent application of criteria A clearly defined (documented) procedure for processing clinical privilege requests that is approved by the organized medical staff Documentation and confirmation of the applicant s statement that no health problems exist that would affect his or her ability to perform privileges requested A query of the NPDB for initial privileges, renewal of privileges, and when a new privilege is requested Written peer recommendations that address the practitioner s current medical/clinical knowledge, technical and clinical skills, clinical judgment, interpersonal skills, communication skills, and professionalism A list of specific challenges or concerns that the organized medical staff must evaluate prior to recommending privileges (MS , EP 9) A process to determine whether there is sufficient clinical performance infor- A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 11

12 mation to make a decision related to privileges A decision (action) on the completed application for privileges that occurs within the time period specified in the organization s medical staff bylaws Information regarding any changes to practitioners clinical privileges, updated as they occur The Joint Commission further states, The organized medical staff reviews and analyzes information regarding each requesting practitioner s current licensure status, training, experience, current competence, and ability to perform the requested privilege (MS ). In the EPs for standard MS , The Joint Commission states that the information review and analysis process is clearly defined and that the decision process must be timely. The organization, based on recommendations by the organized medical staff and approval by the governing body, develops criteria that will be considered in the decision to grant, limit, or deny a request for privileges. The criteria must be consistently applied and directly relate to the quality of care, treatment, and services. Ultimately, the governing body or delegated governing body has the final authority for granting, renewing, or denying clinical privileges. Privileges may not be granted for a period beyond two years. Criteria that determine a practitioner s ability to provide patient care, treatment, and services within the scope of the privilege(s) requested are consistently evaluated. The Joint Commission further states, Ongoing professional practice evaluation information is factored into the decision to maintain existing privilege(s), to revise existing privileges, or to revoke an existing privilege prior to or at the time of renewal (MS ). In the EPs for MS , The Joint Commission says there is a clearly defined process facilitating the evaluation of each practitioner s professional practice, in which the type of information collected is determined by individual departments and approved by the organized medical staff. Information resulting from the ongoing professional practice evaluation is used to determine whether to continue, limit, or revoke any existing privilege. HFAP The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP) has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for cardiovascular surgery. The bylaws must include the criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to the individual practitioners and the procedure for applying the criteria to individuals requesting privileges ( ). Privileges are granted based on the medical staff s review of an individual practitioner s qualifications and its recommendation regarding that individual practitioner to the governing body. 12 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

13 It is also required that the organization have a process to ensure that practitioners granted privileges are working within the scope of those privileges. Privileges must be granted within the capabilities of the facility. For example, if an organization is not capable of performing open-heart surgery, no physician should be granted that privilege. In the explanation for standard related to membership selection criteria, HFAP states, Basic criteria listed in the bylaws, or the credentials manual, include the items listed in this standard. (Emphasis is placed on training and competence in the requested privileges.) The bylaws also define the mechanisms by which the clinical departments, if applicable, or the medical staff as a whole establish criteria for specific privilege delineation. Periodic appraisals of the suitability for membership and clinical privileges is required to determine whether the individual practitioner s clinical privileges should be approved, continued, discontinued, revised, or otherwise changed ( ). The appraisals are to be conducted at least every 24 months. The medical staff is accountable to the governing body for the quality of medical care provided, and quality assessment and performance improvement ( ) information must be used in the process of evaluating and acting on re- privileging and reappointment requests from members and other credentialed staff. DNV DNV has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for cardiovascular surgery. MS.12 Standard Requirement (SR) #1 states, The medical staff bylaws shall include criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to those individuals that request privileges. The governing body shall ensure that under no circumstances is medical staff membership or professional privileges in the organization dependent solely upon certification, fellowship, or membership in a specialty body or society. Regarding the Medical Staff Standards related to Clinical Privileges (MS.12), DNV requires specific provisions within the medical staff bylaws for: The consideration of automatic suspension of clinical privileges in the following circumstances: revocation/restriction of licensure; revocation, suspension, or probation of a DEA license; failure to maintain professional liability insurance as specified; and noncompliance with written medical record delinquency/deficiency requirements Immediate and automatic suspension of clinical privileges due to the termination or revocation of the practitioner s Medicare/Medicaid status A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 13

14 Fair hearing and appeal The Interpretive Guidelines also state that core privileges for general surgery and surgical subspecialties are acceptable as long as the core is properly defined. DNV also requires a mechanism (outlined in the bylaws) to ensure that all individuals provide services only within the scope of privileges granted (MS.12, SR.4). Clinical privileges (and appointments or reappointments) are for a period as defined by state law or, if permitted by state law, not to exceed three years (MS.12, SR.2). Individual practitioner performance data must be measured, utilized, and evaluated as a part of the decision-making for appointment and reappointment. Although not specifically stated, this would apply to the individual practitioner s respective delineation of privilege requests. CRC draft criteria The following draft criteria are intended to serve solely as a starting point for the development of an institution s policy regarding this cardiovascular surgery. The core privileges and accompanying procedure list are not meant to be all-encompassing. They define the types of activities, procedures, and privileges that the majority of practitioners in this specialty perform. Additionally, it cannot be expected or required that practitioners perform every procedure listed. Instruct practitioners that they may strikethrough or delete any procedures they do not wish to request. Minimum threshold criteria for requesting privileges in cardiovascular surgery Basic education: MD or DO Minimal formal training: To be eligible to apply for privileges in cardiac surgery, the applicant must meet the following criteria: Successful completion of an ACGME- or AOA- accredited residency in general thoracic and cardiothoracic surgery or congenital cardiac surgery and/or current certification or active participation in the examination process (with achievement of certification within [n] years) leading to certification in thoracic surgery by the ABTS or the AOBS for thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, and/or subspecialty certification in congenital cardiac surgery by the ABTS Required current experience: At least 50 cardiac surgical procedures, reflective of the scope of privileges requested, during the past 12 months or successful completion of an ACGME- or AOA-accredited residency or clinical fellowship within the past 12 months 14 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

15 References If the applicant is recently trained, a letter of reference should come from the director of the applicant s training program. Alternatively, a letter of reference may come from the applicable department chair and/or clinical service chief at the facility where the applicant most recently practiced. Core privileges in cardiovascular surgery Core privileges for cardiovascular surgery include the ability to admit, evaluate, diagnose, consult, and provide preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative surgical care to patients of all ages with structural abnormalities involving the heart and major blood vessels, as well as correction or treatment of various conditions of the heart and related blood vessels within the chest, including surgical care of coronary artery disease, abnormalities of the great vessels and heart valves (such as infections, trauma, tumors, and metabolic disorders), and congenital anomalies of the heart. Candidates may provide care to patients in the intensive care setting in conformance with unit policies. Candidates must assess, stabilize, and determine the disposition of patients with emergent conditions consistent with medical staff policy regarding emergency and consultative call services. The core privileges in this specialty include the procedures on the following procedures list and such other procedures that are extensions of the same techniques and skills: Ablative surgery (radiofrequency energy, microwave, cryoablation, laser and high-intensity focused ultrasound, and maze) All procedures on the heart for the management of acquired/congenital cardiac disease, including surgery on the pericardium, coronary arteries, valves, and other internal structures of the heart, and for acquired septal defects and ventricular aneurysms Correction or repair of all anomalies or injuries of great vessels and branches thereof, including aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and vena cava Endarterectomy of pulmonary artery Endomyocardial biopsy Management of congenital septal and valvular defects Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass Off-pump coronary artery bypass Operations for myocardial revascularization Pacemaker and/or automatic implantable cardiac device implantation and management, transvenous and transthoracic Palliative vascular procedures (not requiring cardiopulmonary bypass) for congenital cardiac disease Pulmonary embolectomy Surgery for implantation of artificial heart and mechanical devices to support or replace the heart partially or totally Surgery of patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta Surgery of the aortic arch and branches and the descending thoracic aorta for A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 15

16 aneurysm/trauma Surgery of the thoracoabdominal aorta for aneurysm Surgery of tumors of the heart and pericardium Vascular access procedures for use of life support systems, such as extracorporeal oxygenation and cardiac support Vascular operations exclusive of the thorax (e.g., caval interruption, embolectomy, endarterectomy, repair of excision of aneurysm, vascular graft, or prosthesis) Special noncore privileges in cardiovascular surgery If desired, noncore privileges are requested individually in addition to requesting the core. Each individual requesting noncore privileges must meet the specific threshold criteria governing the exercise of the privilege requested, including training, required previous experience, and maintenance of clinical competence. Noncore privileges include: Use of laser Use of robotic-assisted system for cardiothoracic procedures Carotid endarterectomy Heart transplantation (excluding infants and young children) Maze procedure Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms and abdominal aortic aneurysms Administration of sedation and analgesia Reappointment Reappointment should be based on unbiased, objective results of care according to a hospital s quality assurance mechanism. To be eligible to renew privileges in cardiac surgery, the applicant must meet the following criteria: Current demonstrated competence and an adequate volume of experience ([n] cardiac surgical procedures) with acceptable results, reflective of the scope of privileges requested, for the past 24 months based on results of ongoing professional practice evaluation and outcomes. Evidence of current physical and mental ability to perform privileges requested is required of all applicants for renewal of privileges. In addition, continuing education related to cardiovascular surgery should be required. 16 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

17 For more information Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 515 North State Street, Suite 2000 Chicago, IL Telephone: Website: American Board of Thoracic Surgery 633 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2320 Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: American College of Surgeons 633 N. Saint Clair Street Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: American Osteopathic Association 142 E. Ontario Street Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: American Osteopathic Board of Surgery 4764 Fishburg Road, Suite F Huber Heights, OH Telephone: Fax: Website: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard Baltimore, MD Telephone: Website: A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 17

18 DNV Healthcare, Inc Ravello Drive Katy, TX Telephone: Website: Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program 142 East Ontario Street Chicago, IL Telephone: Website: The Joint Commission One Renaissance Boulevard Oakbrook Terrace, IL Telephone: Website: Society of Thoracic Surgeons 633 N. Saint Clair Street, Floor 23 Chicago, IL Phone: Fax: Website: Editorial Advisory Board Clinical Privilege White Papers Associate Editorial Director: Erin Callahan, Managing Editor: Julie McCoy, William J. Carbone Chief Executive Officer American Board of Physician Specialties Atlanta, Ga. Darrell L. Cass, MD, FACS, FAAP Codirector, Center for Fetal Surgery Texas Children s Hospital Houston, Texas Jack Cox, MD Senior Vice President/Chief Quality Officer Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Newport Beach, Calif. Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD Cofounder and Chair Texas Back Institute Phoenix, Ariz. Bruce Lindsay, MD Professor of Medicine Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Mo. Sally J. Pelletier, CPCS, CPMSM Director of Credentialing Services The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. Beverly Pybus Senior Consultant The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. Richard A. Sheff, MD Chair and Executive Director The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. The information contained in this document is general. It has been designed and is intended for use by hospitals and their credentials committees in developing their own local approaches and policies for various credentialing issues. This information, including the materials, opinions, and draft criteria set forth herein, should not be adopted for use without careful consideration, discussion, additional research by physicians and counsel in local settings, and adaptation to local needs. The Credentialing Resource Center does not provide legal or clinical advice; for such advice, the counsel of competent individuals in these fields must be obtained. Reproduction in any form outside the recipient s institution is forbidden without prior written permission. Copyright 2012 HCPro, Inc., Danvers, MA A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12