Carotid endarterectomy

Transcription

1 Procedure 43 Clinical PRIVILEGE WHITE PAPER Background Carotid endarterectomy Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is performed to surgically remove plaque deposits (e.g., cholesterol, calcium, and fat) from the carotid arteries, which are located on each side of the neck and supply blood to the brain. Over time, plaque buildup can cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), which can severely restrict or block blood flow, a condition called stenosis. CEA is usually performed to prevent strokes and transient ischemic attacks, also known as TIAs or mini strokes, which cause disturbing, recurring symptoms (e.g., confusion, paralysis, and sudden speech or vision difficulties) that mimic an actual stroke. During the procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision in the neck to access the blocked artery and remove the plaque, with the patient under either general or local anesthesia. In some cases, a plastic tube (i.e., a shunt) is used to reroute blood flow to the brain during CEA to reduce the risk of stroke. The procedure takes one to two hours and the total hospital stay is usually one day. Although CEAs have been performed since the 1950s to prevent stroke, any vascular surgery presents a risk of complications. Therefore, patients are carefully screened to determine whether alternative treatments (e.g., drug therapy or less invasive endovascular placement of a carotid stent) are more appropriate. Read about carotid stents in the following Clinical Privilege White Papers: Carotid artery stenting Procedure 429 Coronary artery stenting Procedure 430 Peripheral vessel stenting Procedure 431 Involved specialties Vascular surgeons, neurosurgeons, general surgeons, and cardiothoracic surgeons Positions of specialty boards ABS The American Board of Surgery (ABS) grants certification in general surgery and vascular surgery. Regarding general surgery, the ABS does not publish specific requirements for CEA, but it states that residents must have been the operating surgeon for a minimum of 750 operative procedures in five years, including at least 150 operative procedures in the chief resident year. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

2 Regarding certification in vascular surgery, the ABS does not publish a specific number of CEAs that surgeons must complete, but it does require applicants to submit a report of operative experience as surgeon and assistant surgeon, including the performance of at least 250 major vascular reconstructions. Additionally, applicants to the 2014 Vascular Surgery Qualifying Examination and thereafter will be required to possess the Registered Physician Vascular Interpretation (RPVI ) credential offered by the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS). Surgeons obtain the RPVI credential by success fully completing ARDMS Physicians Vascular Interpretation Examination, which evaluates knowledge and skills commonly used in a vascular laboratory setting. AOBS The American Osteopathic Board of Surgery (AOBS) offers certification in general surgery, vascular surgery, neurological surgery, and cardiothoracic surgery. The AOBS does not publish a specific number of CEAs surgeons must complete in order to become board certified. ABNS The American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) offers certification in neurological surgery. The ABNS does not publish a specific number of CEAs candidates must complete in order to become certified. ABTS The American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS) certifies surgeons in thoracic surgery. Although the ABTS does not have specific requirements regarding CEAs, it requires candidates to average 125 major operations for each year of training. Of those 125 cases, 25 should be vascular-related. Positions of societies, academies, colleges, and associations SVS The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) publishes two papers regarding privileging for vascular surgeons performing CEA: Updated Society for Vascular Surgery Guidelines for Management of Extracranial Carotid Disease (2011) and Guidelines for Hospital Privileges in Vascular Surgery (2008). In the Updated Society for Vascular Surgery Guidelines for Management of Extracranial Carotid Disease, the SVS points to several studies that look at the link between operative volume and specialty training. The SVS references a large study of Medicare populations that found that surgeons who perform CEAs per year have better results than those who perform fewer than five procedures annually. However, the SVS states, There has been no consistent relationship between surgical specialty and outcome, and any effect seen is likely related to volume rather than specialty designation. 2 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

3 In its Guidelines for Hospital Privileges in Vascular Surgery, the SVS says that all surgeons applying for vascular surgery privileges should have completed an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited residency and attain ABS certification within three years of completing the residency program. The SVS states that hospitals should renew privileges based on the surgeon s outcomes as compared to local and regional standards. Also, general and cardiothoracic surgeons who are not board certified in vascular surgery but hold vascular privileges should maintain an ABS certification in general surgery and fulfill maintenance of certification requirements, including proof of CME specific to vascular surgery. Proof of CME consists of 30 hours of category 1 CME and a total of 50 category 1 and 2 CME credits in vascular surgery each year. AANS The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) does not publish information regarding the delineation of privileges or competency and training requirements for CEA. ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS In 2011, the American Stroke Association (ASA), American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/American Heart Association (AHA), American Association of Neuroscience Nurses (AANN), American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), American College of Radiology (ACR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention (SAIP), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR), Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS), Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM), and Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) published the ASA/ACCF/AHA/ AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. Regarding case selection and surgeon experience in CEAs, the statement cites research showing that hospitals in which fewer than 100 CEA operations are performed annually usually have poorer results than those in which larger numbers of CEAs are performed. Patient selection can affect outcomes. For example, the organizations found that perioperative results are best for asymptomatic patients, who are more numerous than symptomatic patients. The guidelines go on to state that, Surgeons with higher volumes are likely to operate on more asymptomatic cases and have better results. Surgeons who favor selection of symptomatic patients typically have higher 30-day rates of stroke and death. In ACAS, surgeons were selected for participation on the basis of individual experience, morbidity and mortality, and a minimum annual caseload of 12, with the expectation that the average would be closer to 20 operations per year. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 3

4 ACGME The ACGME publishes training requirements for general surgery, vascular surgery, neurological surgery, and thoracic surgery; however, the organization does not provide specific information regarding CEAs for any specialty. AOA The American Osteopathic Association (AOA) publishes training requirements for general surgery, neurological surgery, vascular surgery, and thoracic surgery; however, the organization does not provide requirements specific to CEA. Positions of subject matter experts Mark K. Eskandari, MD Chicago Many people, especially cardiovascular surgeons, neurosurgeons, and neurovascular surgeons, have had prior training that, in the current environment, is the equivalent of formal training in CEA, says Mark K. Eskandari, MD, chief of the Division of Vascular Surgery at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago. Although general surgeons used to perform this procedure, that is no longer the case for the most part, Eskandari says, and their background would require a formalized training program before they would be allowed to perform CEA. That training can be gained through a lot of the training programs in the areas above, he notes. According to Eskandari, the field currently looks for experience in at least CEAs. That is the discussion on the national level, he says. CEA has been incorporated into the ACGME curriculum for the identified specialty areas. In vascular surgery it is a requirement. It s part of your training, says Eskandari. For maintaining competence on an annual basis, Eskandari says the accepted requirements are procedures per year with outcomes that are in line with the guidelines published by the AHA for each category. Carotid disease is broken down into two categories, says Eskandari. There are perioperative outcomes for each of those. As long as the practicing physician falls within those guidelines they should remain privileged, but if they fall outside the guidelines, some review or adjudication needs to occur. CEA is a unique operation, and the skills required for it are unique to the procedure; therefore, there are no other procedures that credentialing agents should 4 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

5 look for when developing criteria for this privilege. The primary considerations are the past level of experience, outcomes, and current volumes, as well as making sure they fall within those recommendations, says Eskandari. There are some newer procedures where new faculty members are proctored, but I don t know that that s necessary for carotid endarterectomy. It s really the subjective criteria that s most important. Positions of accreditation bodies CMS CMS has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for CEA. However, the CMS Conditions of Participation (CoP) define a requirement for a criteria-based privileging process in (c)(6) stating, The bylaws must include criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to individuals requesting privileges (a)(6) states, The governing body must assure that the medical staff bylaws describe the privileging pro cess. The process articulated in the bylaws, rules or regula tions must include criteria for determining the privileges that may be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to individual practitioners that considers: Individual character Individual competence Individual training Individual experience Individual judgment The governing body must ensure that the hospital s bylaws governing medical staff membership or the granting of privileges apply equally to all practitioners in each professional category of practitioners. Specific privileges must reflect activi ties that the majority of prac titioners in that category can perform competently and that the hospital can support. Privileges are not granted for tasks, procedures, or activities that are not conducted within the hospital, regardless of the practitioner s ability to perform them. Each practitioner must be individually evaluated for requested privileges. It cannot be assumed that every practitioner can perform every task, activity, or privilege specific to a specialty, nor can it be assumed that the practitioner should be automatically granted the full range of privileges. The individual practitioner s ability to perform each task, activity, or privilege must be individually assessed. CMS also requires that the organization have a process to ensure that practitioners granted privileges are work ing within the scope of those privileges. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 5

6 CMS CoPs include the need for a periodic appraisal of practitioners appointed to the medical staff/granted medical staff privileges ( [a][1]). In the absence of a state law that establishes a time frame for the periodic appraisal, CMS recommends that an appraisal be conducted at least every 24 months. The purpose of the periodic appraisal is to determine whether clinical privileges or membership should be continued, discontinued, revised, or otherwise changed. The Joint Commission The Joint Commission has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for CEA. However, in its Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, The Joint Commission states, The hospital collects information regarding each practitioner s current license status, training, experience, competence, and ability to perform the requested privilege (MS ). In the introduction for MS , The Joint Commission states that there must be a reliable and consistent system in place to process applications and verify credentials. The organized medical staff must then review and evaluate the data collected. The resultant privilege recommendations to the governing body are based on the assessment of the data. The Joint Commission introduces MS by stating, The organized medical staff is respon sible for planning and implementing a privileging process. It goes on to state that this process typically includes: Developing and approving a pro cedures list Processing the application Evaluating applicant-specific information Submitting recommendations to the governing body for applicant-specific delineated privileges Notifying the applicant, relevant personnel, and, as required by law, external entities of the privi leging decision Monitoring the use of privileges and quality-of-care issues MS further states, The decision to grant or deny a privilege(s) and/or to renew an existing privilege(s) is an objective, evidence-based process. The EPs for standard MS include several requirements as follows: The need for all licensed independent practitioners who provide care, treatment, and services to have a current license, certification, or registration, as required by law and regulation Established criteria as recommended by the organized medical staff and approved by the governing body with specific evaluation of current licensure and/or certification, specific relevant training, evidence of physical ability, professional practice review data from the applicant s current organization, 6 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

7 peer and/or faculty recommendation, and a review of the practitioner s performance within the hospital (for renewal of privileges) Consistent application of criteria A clearly defined (documented) procedure for processing clinical privilege requests that is approved by the organized medical staff Documentation and confirmation of the applicant s statement that no health problems exist that would affect his or her ability to perform privileges requested A query of the NPDB for initial privileges, renewal of privileges, and when a new privilege is requested Written peer recommendations that address the practitioner s current medical/clinical knowledge, technical and clinical skills, clinical judgment, interpersonal skills, communication skills, and professionalism A list of specific challenges or concerns that the organized medical staff must evaluate prior to recommending privileges (MS , EP 9) A process to determine whether there is sufficient clinical performance information to make a decision related to privileges A decision (action) on the completed application for privileges that occurs within the time period specified in the organization s medical staff bylaws Information regarding any changes to practitioners clinical privileges, updated as they occur The Joint Commission further states, The organized medical staff reviews and analyzes information regarding each requesting practitioner s current licensure status, training, experience, current competence, and ability to perform the requested privilege (MS ). In the EPs for standard MS , The Joint Commission states that the information review and analysis process is clearly defined and that the decision process must be timely. The organization, based on recommendations by the organized medical staff and approval by the governing body, develops criteria that will be considered in the decision to grant, limit, or deny a request for privileges. The criteria must be consistently applied and directly relate to the quality of care, treatment, and services. Ultimately, the governing body or delegated governing body has the final authority for granting, renewing, or denying clinical privileges. Privileges may not be granted for a period beyond two years. Criteria that determine a practitioner s ability to provide patient care, treatment, and services within the scope of the privilege(s) requested are consistently evaluated. The Joint Commission further states, Ongoing professional practice evaluation information is factored into the decision to maintain existing privilege(s), to revise existing privileges, or to revoke an existing privilege prior to or at the time of renewal (MS ). A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 7

8 In the EPs for MS , The Joint Commission says there is a clearly defined process facilitating the evaluation of each practitioner s professional practice, in which the type of information collected is determined by individual departments and approved by the organized medical staff. Information resulting from the ongoing professional practice evaluation is used to determine whether to continue, limit, or revoke any existing privilege. HFAP The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP) has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for CEA. The bylaws must include the criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to the individual practitioners and the procedure for applying the criteria to individuals requesting privileges ( ). Privileges are granted based on the medical staff s review of an individual practitioner s qualifications and its recommendation regarding that individual practitioner to the governing body. It is also required that the organization have a process to ensure that practitioners granted privileges are working within the scope of those privileges. Privileges must be granted within the capabilities of the facility. For example, if an organization is not capable of performing open-heart surgery, no physician should be granted that privilege. In the explanation for standard related to membership selection criteria, HFAP states, Basic criteria listed in the bylaws, or the credentials manual, include the items listed in this standard. (Emphasis is placed on training and competence in the requested privileges.) The bylaws also define the mechanisms by which the clinical departments, if applicable, or the medical staff as a whole establish criteria for specific privilege delineation. Periodic appraisals of the suitability for membership and clinical privileges is required to determine whether the individual practitioner s clinical privileges should be approved, continued, discontinued, revised, or otherwise changed ( ). The appraisals are to be conducted at least every 24 months. The medical staff is accountable to the governing body for the quality of medical care provided, and quality assessment and performance improvement ( ) information must be used in the process of evaluating and acting on re-privileging and reappointment requests from members and other credentialed staff. DNV DNV has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for CEA. MS.12 Standard Requirement (SR) #1 states, The medical staff bylaws shall include criteria 8 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

9 for determining the privileges to be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to those individuals that request privileges. The governing body shall ensure that under no circumstances is medical staff membership or professional privileges in the organization dependent solely upon certification, fellowship, or membership in a specialty body or society. Regarding the Medical Staff Standards related to Clinical Privileges (MS.12), DNV requires specific provisions within the medical staff bylaws for: The consideration of automatic suspension of clinical privileges in the following circumstances: revocation/restriction of licensure; revocation, suspension, or probation of a DEA license; failure to maintain professional liability insurance as specified; and noncompliance with written medical record delinquency/deficiency requirements Immediate and automatic suspension of clinical privileges due to the termination or revocation of the practitioner s Medicare/Medicaid status Fair hearing and appeal The Interpretive Guidelines also state that core privileges for general surgery and surgical subspecialties are acceptable as long as the core is properly defined. DNV also requires a mechanism (outlined in the bylaws) to ensure that all individuals provide services only within the scope of privileges granted (MS.12, SR.4). Clinical privileges (and appointments or reappointments) are for a period as defined by state law or, if permitted by state law, not to exceed three years (MS.12, SR.2). Individual practitioner performance data must be measured, utilized, and evaluated as a part of the decision-making for appointment and reappointment. Although not specifically stated, this would apply to the individual practitioner s respective delineation of privilege requests. CRC draft criteria The following draft criteria are intended to serve solely as a starting point for the development of an institution s policy regarding this procedure. Minimum threshold criteria for requesting privileges in CEA Basic education: MD or DO Minimal formal training: Applicants must have completed an ACGME-/AOAaccredited residency training program in vascular surgery, neurosurgery, general surgery, or cardiothoracic surgery. If not taught in residency/ fellowship, applicants must have completed an approved hands-on training program in performing CEA procedures under the supervision of a qualified surgeon instructor. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 9

10 Required current experience: Applicants must demonstrate successfully performance of at least 10 CEA procedures during the past 12 months. References A letter of reference should come from the director of the applicant s training program. Alternatively, a letter of reference regarding competence should come from the chief of vascular, neurological, general, or cardiothoracic surgery, or equivalent at the institution at which the applicant most recently practiced. Reappointment Reappointment should be based on unbiased, objective results of care according to the organization s existing quality assurance mechanisms. Applicants must demonstrate current competence and evidence of the performance of at least 20 CEA procedures in the past 24 months based on ongoing professional practice evaluation and outcomes. In addition, continuing education related to CEA procedures should be required. For more information Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 515 North State Street, Suite 2000 Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: American Association of Neurological Surgeons 5550 Meadowbrook Drive Rolling Meadows, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: American Board of Surgery 1617 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Suite 860 Philadelphia, PA Telephone: Fax: Website: 10 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

11 American Heart Association 155 North Wacker Drive Chicago, IL Telephone: 800-AHA-USA-1 Website: American Osteopathic Association 142 East Ontario Street Chicago, IL Telephone: (toll-free); (general) Fax: Website: Journal of the American College of Surgeons 633 North St. Clair Street Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: Journal of Vascular Surgery 633 North St. Clair Street, 22nd Floor Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: Northwestern Memorial Hospital Department of Neurovascular Surgery 675 North St. Clair Street, Suite Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: Society for Vascular Surgery 633 North St. Clair Street, 24th Floor Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 11

12 Editorial Advisory Board Clinical Privilege White Papers Associate Editorial Director: Erin Callahan, Associate Editor: Julie McCoy, William J. Carbone Chief Executive Officer American Board of Physician Specialties Atlanta, Ga. Darrell L. Cass, MD, FACS, FAAP Codirector, Center for Fetal Surgery Texas Children s Hospital Houston, Texas Jack Cox, MD Senior Vice President/Chief Quality Officer Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Newport Beach, Calif. Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD Cofounder and Chair Texas Back Institute Phoenix, Ariz. Bruce Lindsay, MD Professor of Medicine Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Mo. Sally J. Pelletier, CPCS, CPMSM Director of Credentialing Services The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. Beverly Pybus Senior Consultant The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. Richard A. Sheff, MD Chair and Executive Director The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. The information contained in this document is general. It has been designed and is intended for use by hospitals and their credentials committees in developing their own local approaches and policies for various credentialing issues. This information, including the materials, opinions, and draft criteria set forth herein, should not be adopted for use without careful consideration, discussion, additional research by physicians and counsel in local settings, and adaptation to local needs. The Credentialing Resource Center does not provide legal or clinical advice; for such advice, the counsel of competent individuals in these fields must be obtained. Reproduction in any form outside the recipient s institution is forbidden without prior written permission. Copyright 2012 HCPro, Inc., Danvers, MA A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12