Sengstaken-Blakemore tube insertion

Transcription

1 Procedure 27 Clinical PRIVILEGE WHITE PAPER Background Sengstaken-Blakemore tube insertion The purpose of insertion of a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube (SBT) is esophageal tamponade, or to stop bleeding in the esophagus. Insertion of an SBT is rare; often, patients with visceral esophageal bleeding are taken to emergency surgery (usually endoscopic), or bleeding might be treated medically. The tube is an orogastric tube that helps stop that bleeding. It s used as a temporary measure until preventive therapy can take place, whether that preventive therapy is medical, surgical, or endoscopic. The tube includes a gastric balloon, an esophageal balloon, and a gastric suction port. During SBT insertion, it is critical that the patient remain still. A topical anesthetic is applied to the back of the throat, and the tube is inserted orally. Suction ports help eliminate choking. When the gastric balloon reaches the stomach, it is inflated. Once in position, the tube should not move, and should be secured outside of the patient either to a face mask or other leveraging device. If indicated with continuous bleeding, the esophageal balloon is also inflated. It is critical that the balloons be inflated only in this order, and not be moved while inflated and in position. The balloons work to stop bleeding. The tube is left in for hours. Sometimes, if bleeding recurs, the balloons are reinflated. Side effects of the procedure can include mucosal ulceration. Involved specialties Internists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, intensive care physicians, and emergency department physicians Positions of specialty boards ABIM The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) certifies physicians in internal medicine, which requires 36 calendar months of full-time internal medicine residency education. Residents are required to achieve competency in several procedures that utilize skills similar to those required for SBT, such as nasogastric intubation. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

2 ABIM also offers certification in gastroenterology, which requires 36 months of training following internal medicine training. This should include 18 months of clinical training and should cover diagnostic and therapeutic upper and lower endoscopy procedures. The ABIM does not publish specific requirements for SBT insertion. ABEM The American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) offers certification to physicians who have successfully completed a minimum of 36 months of post medical school training in an emergency medicine residency program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC), according to the ABEM s Certification Procedures and Policies. ABEM does not mention requirements for SBT insertion. ABS The American Board of Surgery (ABS), in its Booklet of Information- Surgery, requires five years of progressive residency training in general surgery from an ACGME- or RCPSC-accredited program. Residency training in general surgery requires experience, including actual operative experience, in all of the following content areas: Alimentary tract (including bariatric surgery) Abdomen and its contents Breast, skin and soft tissue Endocrine system Solid organ transplantation Pediatric surgery Surgical critical care Surgical oncology (including head and neck surgery) Trauma/burns and emergency surgery Vascular surgery Operative requirements for residents in general surgery include: 750 operative procedures in five years, including at least 150 operative procedures in the chief resident year. Applicants may count up to 50 cases as teaching assistant toward the 750 operative case total; however, these cases may not count toward the 150 chief year cases A minimum of 25 cases in the area of surgical critical care patient management. ABS does not mention SBT insertion specifically. 2 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

3 AOBS The American Osteopathic Board of Surgery (AOBS) accepts certification for examination for osteopathic physicians who are specializing in general surgery. Candidates for certification by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) through AOBS must document proof of the following: Graduation from an AOA-accredited college of osteopathic medicine. The candidate must document evidence of an unrestricted license prior to taking an examination. Conformity to the standards set forth in the AOA Code of Ethics. Membership in good standing of the AOA or the Canadian Osteopathic Association throughout the certification process. Following the examination process, if a candidate is found to be delinquent in his or her maintenance of membership and/or payment of membership dues, certification may be delayed. Satisfactory completion of an AOA-approved OGME-1. For certification in general surgery, the candidate must complete four years of training in general surgery. Candidates who began their residency training with the required OGME-1R internship year effective in the academic year 2008 must have five years of training. AOBS does not publish requirements specific to SBT insertion. AOBIM The American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM) certifies physicians who have completed one of the following AOA-approved postdoctoral training programs: 12 months of a non-medicine track internship followed by 36 months of an internal medicine residency 12 months of a medicine track internship followed by months of an internal medicine residency 12 months of an AOA-approved internship followed by 48 months of a combined emergency medicine/internal medicine residency training program, which must contain 24 months of emergency medicine and 24 months of internal medicine 48 months of a combined internal medicine/pediatric residency training program, which must include a minimum of 24 months of internal medicine training and 18 months of pediatrics training AOBIM also offers certification in the subspecialty of gastroenterology. Candidates must be certified in internal medicine and must complete a 36-month AOA-approved program in gastroenterology to achieve certification. AOBIM does not publish specific requirements for SBT insertion. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 3

4 AOBEM The American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine (AOBEM) offers certification to applicants who successfully complete two years of AOA-approved training in emergency medicine following one year of internship training. Candidates who began residency training on or after July 1, 1989, must complete three years of training in emergency medicine following the required one-year internship. The AOBEM does not publish specific requirements for SBT insertion. Positions of societies, academies, colleges, and associations ACP The American College of Physicians (ACP) is a national organization of internists. The ACP publishes information and guidelines for clinical practices, residents, and fellows. However, the ACP does not publish specific guidelines for SBT insertion. AGA The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) is a membership organization that publishes practice guidelines and educational resources for gastroenterologists. The AGA does not publish specific guidelines for SBT insertion. ACG The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) publishes several guidelines and resources for physicians, but does not publish specific guidelines for SBT insertion. AOA The AOA publishes Basic Standards for Residency Training in Internal Medicine, which states that the residency program should be 36 months in duration. At least 34 months of training must include supervised management of patients, and at least 30 months must be focused in internal medicine and its subspecialties. The document does not contain specific requirements for SBT insertion. The AOA also publishes Specific Basic Standards for Osteopathic Fellowship Training in Gastroenterology. Fellowship training programs must be a minimum of 36 months in duration, with a minimum of 33 months to include supervised management of patients. These standards do not mention specific requirements for SBT insertion. In Basic Standards for Residency Training in Emergency Medicine, the AOA lists several types of tube insertion as part of the core curriculum for emergency medicine; however, the document does not list SBT insertion specifically. 4 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

5 ACGME The ACGME publishes Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Internal Medicine, which notes that an accredited residency program in internal medicine must provide 36 months of supervised graduate medical education, at least one-third of which should occur in the ambulatory setting, and another one-third in the inpatient setting. The requirements do not mention SBT insertion. The ACGME s Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Gastroenterology (Internal Medicine) states that the education program must be 36 months in length. The document lists many skills and competencies that residents must acquire in a gastroenterology program, but it does not mention SBT insertion specifically. According to Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Emergency Medicine, programs should be 36 months in length that should include experiences in pediatric care, critically ill or critically injured patients, and critical care rotations. The requirements do not mention SBT insertion. Positions of subject matter experts Robert D. Fanelli, MD, FACS, FA Pittsfield, Mass. Ideally, SBT insertion would be on the list of what surgical residents would learn, says Robert D. Fanelli, MD, FACS, FA, of Northern Berkshire General Surgery in Pittsfield, Mass. However, SBT insertion isn t performed all that frequently, so acquiring hands-on training can be difficult. Maintaining competency should not take many procedures, as it requires basic technical skills, he says. Similar procedures might include inserting an evacuating tube to irrigate the stomach or suck out a blood clot, placing a large caliber oral-gastric tube for administrating charcoal for overdose, or placing an ordinary nasogastric tube, according to Fanelli. Those procedures are probably the requisite experience for putting [an SBT] in, says Fanelli. It s more about keeping the patient in place, more than the physical exercise of putting the tube in place. Brooks D. Cash, MD, FASGE Bethesda, Md. [SBT insertion] is used as a temporary measure until preventative therapy can take place, whether that s surgical or endoscopic, says Brooks D. Cash, MD, FASGE, of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Md. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 5

6 It is something that was taught and still taught, in primary care and surgical residencies, in the early stages in training. As far as the type of physician who might perform SBT insertion, Cash says it s a broad list including internists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and emergency department physicians. They should all have received the training at some point, he says. Completed residency in these areas should be enough for competency, he adds. Positions of accreditation bodies CMS CMS has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for SBT insertion. However, the CMS Conditions of Participation (CoP) define a requirement for a criteria-based privileging process in (c)(6) stating, The bylaws must include criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to individuals requesting privileges (a)(6) states, The governing body must assure that the medical staff bylaws describe the privileging pro cess. The process articulated in the bylaws, rules or regula tions must include criteria for determining the privileges that may be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to individual practitioners that considers: Individual character Individual competence Individual training Individual experience Individual judgment The governing body must ensure that the hospital s bylaws governing medical staff membership or the granting of privileges apply equally to all practitioners in each professional category of practitioners. Specific privileges must reflect activi ties that the majority of prac titioners in that category can perform competently and that the hospital can support. Privileges are not granted for tasks, procedures, or activities that are not conducted within the hospital, regardless of the practitioner s ability to perform them. Each practitioner must be individually evaluated for requested privileges. It can not be assumed that every practitioner can perform every task, activity, or privilege specific to a specialty, nor can it be assumed that the practitioner should be automatically granted the full range of privileges. The individual practitioner s ability to perform each task, activity, or privilege must be individually assessed. 6 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

7 CMS also requires that the organization have a process to ensure that practitioners granted privileges are work ing within the scope of those privileges. CMS CoPs include the need for a periodic appraisal of practitioners appointed to the medical staff/granted medical staff privileges ( [a][1]). In the absence of a state law that establishes a time frame for the periodic appraisal, CMS recommends that an appraisal be conducted at least every 24 months. The purpose of the periodic appraisal is to determine whether clinical privileges or membership should be continued, discontinued, revised, or otherwise changed. The Joint Commission The Joint Commission has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for SBT insertion. However, in its Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, The Joint Commission states, The hospital collects information regarding each practitioner s current license status, training, experience, competence, and ability to perform the requested privilege (MS ). In the introduction for MS , The Joint Commission states that there must be a reliable and consistent system in place to process applications and verify credentials. The organized medical staff must then review and evaluate the data collected. The resultant privilege recommendations to the governing body are based on the assessment of the data. The Joint Commission introduces MS by stating, The organized medical staff is respon sible for planning and implementing a privileging process. It goes on to state that this process typically includes: Developing and approving a pro cedures list Processing the application Evaluating applicant-specific information Submitting recommendations to the governing body for applicant-specific delineated privileges Notifying the applicant, relevant personnel, and, as required by law, external entities of the privi leging decision Monitoring the use of privileges and quality-of-care issues MS further states, The decision to grant or deny a privilege(s) and/or to renew an existing privilege(s) is an objective, evidence-based process. The EPs for standard MS include several requirements as follows: The need for all licensed independent practitioners who provide care, treatment, and services to have a current license, certification, or registration, as required by law and regulation Established criteria as recommended by the organized medical staff and approved by the governing body with specific evaluation of current licensure A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 7

8 and/or certification, specific relevant training, evidence of physical ability, professional practice review data from the applicant s current organization, peer and/or faculty recommendation, and a review of the practitioner s performance within the hospital (for renewal of privileges) Consistent application of criteria A clearly defined (documented) procedure for processing clinical privilege requests that is approved by the organized medical staff Documentation and confirmation of the applicant s statement that no health problems exist that would affect his or her ability to perform privileges requested A query of the NPDB for initial privileges, renewal of privileges, and when a new privilege is requested Written peer recommendations that address the practitioner s current medical/ clinical knowledge, technical and clinical skills, clinical judgment, interpersonal skills, communication skills, and professionalism A list of specific challenges or concerns that the organized medical staff must evaluate prior to recommending privileges (MS , EP 9) A process to determine whether there is sufficient clinical performance information to make a decision related to privileges A decision (action) on the completed application for privileges that occurs within the time period specified in the organization s medical staff bylaws Information regarding any changes to practitioners clinical privileges, updated as they occur The Joint Commission further states, The organized medical staff reviews and analyzes information regarding each requesting practitioner s current licensure status, training, experience, current competence, and ability to perform the requested privilege (MS ). In the EPs for standard MS , The Joint Commission states that the information review and analysis process is clearly defined and that the decision process must be timely. The organization, based on recommendations by the organized medical staff and approval by the governing body, develops criteria that will be considered in the decision to grant, limit, or deny a request for privileges. The criteria must be consistently applied and directly relate to the quality of care, treatment, and services. Ultimately, the governing body or delegated governing body has the final authority for granting, renewing, or denying clinical privileges. Privileges may not be granted for a period beyond two years. Criteria that determine a practitioner s ability to provide patient care, treatment, and services within the scope of the privilege(s) requested are consistently evaluated. The Joint Commission further states, Ongoing professional practice evaluation information is factored into the decision to maintain existing privilege(s), to 8 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

9 revise existing privileges, or to revoke an existing privilege prior to or at the time of renewal (MS ). In the EPs for MS , The Joint Commission says there is a clearly defined process facilitating the evaluation of each practitioner s professional practice, in which the type of information collected is determined by individual departments and approved by the organized medical staff. Information resulting from the ongoing professional practice evaluation is used to determine whether to continue, limit, or revoke any existing privilege. HFAP The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP) has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for SBT insertion. The bylaws must include the criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to the individual practitioners and the procedure for applying the criteria to individuals requesting privileges ( ). Privileges are granted based on the medical staff s review of an individual practitioner s qualifications and its recommendation regarding that individual practitioner to the governing body. It is also required that the organization have a process to ensure that practitioners granted privileges are working within the scope of those privileges. Privileges must be granted within the capabilities of the facility. For example, if an organization is not capable of performing open-heart surgery, no physician should be granted that privilege. In the explanation for standard related to membership selection criteria, HFAP states, Basic criteria listed in the bylaws, or the credentials manual, include the items listed in this standard. (Emphasis is placed on training and competence in the requested privileges.) The bylaws also define the mechanisms by which the clinical departments, if applicable, or the medical staff as a whole establish criteria for specific privilege delineation. Periodic appraisals of the suitability for membership and clinical privileges is required to determine whether the individual practitioner s clinical privileges should be approved, continued, discontinued, revised, or otherwise changed ( ). The appraisals are to be conducted at least every 24 months. The medical staff is accountable to the governing body for the quality of medical care provided, and quality assessment and performance improvement ( ) information must be used in the process of evaluating and acting on re-privileging and reappointment requests from members and other credentialed staff. A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 9

10 DNV DNV has no formal position concerning the delineation of privileges for SBT insertion. MS.12 Standard Requirement (SR) #1 states, The medical staff bylaws shall include criteria for determining the privileges to be granted to individual practitioners and a procedure for applying the criteria to those individuals that request privileges. The governing body shall ensure that under no circumstances is medical staff membership or professional privileges in the organization dependent solely upon certification, fellowship, or membership in a specialty body or society. Regarding the Medical Staff Standards related to Clinical Privileges (MS.12), DNV requires specific provisions within the medical staff bylaws for: The consideration of automatic suspension of clinical privileges in the following circumstances: revocation/restriction of licensure; revocation, suspension, or probation of a DEA license; failure to maintain professional liability insurance as specified; and noncompliance with written medical record delinquency/ deficiency requirements Immediate and automatic suspension of clinical privileges due to the termination or revocation of the practitioner s Medicare/Medicaid status Fair hearing and appeal The Interpretive Guidelines also state that core privileges for general surgery and surgical subspecialties are acceptable as long as the core is properly defined. DNV also requires a mechanism (outlined in the bylaws) to ensure that all individuals provide services only within the scope of privileges granted (MS.12, SR.4). Clinical privileges (and appointments or reappointments) are for a period as defined by state law or, if permitted by state law, not to exceed three years (MS.12, SR.2). Individual practitioner performance data must be measured, utilized, and evaluated as a part of the decision-making for appointment and reappointment. Although not specifically stated, this would apply to the individual practitioner s respective delineation of privilege requests. CRC draft criteria The following draft criteria are intended to serve solely as a starting point for the development of an institution s policy regarding SBT insertion. 10 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

11 Minimum threshold criteria for requesting privileges in SBT insertion Basic education: MD or DO Minimal formal training: Successful completion of an approved residency training program in general surgery, internal medicine, or emergency medicine followed by a fellowship in gastroenterology or internal medicine with at least a six-month rotation through the gastroenterology laboratory during which the individual received substantial training and experience in endoscopy. Required current experience: The applicant must be able to demonstrate that he or she has performed at least 50 endoscopic procedures during the past 12 months or performed at least five portal vascular or esophageal surgical procedures during the past 12 months. Note: The Credentialing Resource Center recognizes that this procedure may be necessary in extreme emergencies to prevent significant patient harm. Therefore, medical staffs should recognize that the emergency privilege clause in their credentials policies would be applicable in the event a nonprivileged physician uses this procedure when a fully qualified surgeon was unavailable. References If the applicant is recently trained, a letter of reference should come from the director of the applicant s training program. Alternatively, a letter of reference may come from the applicable department chair and/or clinical service chief at the facility where the applicant most recently practiced. Reappointment Reappointment should be based on unbiased, objective results of care according to a hospital s quality assurance mechanism. To be eligible to renew privileges in SBT insertion, the applicant must demonstrate current competence and evidence of the performance of at least 100 endoscopic procedures or at least 10 portal vascular or esophageal surgical procedures in the past 24 months, based on the results of ongoing professional practice evaluation or performance monitoring. In addition, continuing education related to SBT insertion should be required. For more information Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 515 North State Street, Suite 2000 Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 11

12 American Board of Emergency Medicine 3000 Coolidge Road East Lansing, MI Telephone: Fax: Website: American Board of Internal Medicine 510 Walnut Street, Suite 1700 Philadelphia, PA Telephone: Fax: Website: American Board of Surgery 1617 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Suite 860 Philadelphia, PA Telephone: Website: American College of Gastroenterology 6400 Goldsboro Road, Suite 200 Bethesda, MD Telephone: Website: American College of Physicians 190 Independence Mall West Philadelphia, PA Telephone: Website: American Gastroenterological Association 4930 Del Ray Avenue Bethesda, MD Telephone: Fax: Website: American Osteopathic Association 142 E. Ontario Street Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: 12 A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12

13 American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine 8765 West Higgins Road, Suite 200 Chicago, IL Telephone: Fax: Website: American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine 1111 W. 17th Street Tulsa, OK Website: American Osteopathic Board of Surgery 4764 Fishburg Road Huber Heights, OH Telephone: Website: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard Baltimore, MD Telephone: Website: DNV Healthcare, Inc Ravello Drive Katy, TX Telephone: Website: Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program 142 East Ontario Street Chicago, IL Telephone: Website: The Joint Commission One Renaissance Boulevard Oakbrook Terrace, IL Telephone: Website: A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12 13

14 Editorial Advisory Board Clinical Privilege White Papers Associate Editorial Director: Erin Callahan, Managing Editor: Julie McCoy, William J. Carbone Chief Executive Officer American Board of Physician Specialties Atlanta, Ga. Darrell L. Cass, MD, FACS, FAAP Codirector, Center for Fetal Surgery Texas Children s Hospital Houston, Texas Jack Cox, MD Senior Vice President/Chief Quality Officer Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Newport Beach, Calif. Stephen H. Hochschuler, MD Cofounder and Chair Texas Back Institute Phoenix, Ariz. Bruce Lindsay, MD Professor of Medicine Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Mo. Sally J. Pelletier, CPCS, CPMSM Director of Credentialing Services The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. Beverly Pybus Senior Consultant The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. Richard A. Sheff, MD Chair and Executive Director The Greeley Company, a division of HCPro, Inc. Danvers, Mass. The information contained in this document is general. It has been designed and is intended for use by hospitals and their credentials committees in developing their own local approaches and policies for various credentialing issues. This information, including the materials, opinions, and draft criteria set forth herein, should not be adopted for use without careful consideration, discussion, additional research by physicians and counsel in local settings, and adaptation to local needs. The Credentialing Resource Center does not provide legal or clinical advice; for such advice, the counsel of competent individuals in these fields must be obtained. Reproduction in any form outside the recipient s institution is forbidden without prior written permission. Copyright 2012 HCPro, Inc., Danvers, MA A supplement to Credentialing Resource Center Journal /12