MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: REVISION BOOKLET

Transcription

1 MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: REVISION BOOKLET Core Content 1350-to the present day Developments in medicine and medical treatment and their impact throughout society; the nature and significance of changes, the extent of change and continuity and factors affecting these issues: the role of individuals, war, government, attitudes and beliefs in society, chance, science and technology Ideas about the cause of disease: belief in the supernatural; the search for a natural explanation of illness. Approaches to the treatment and prevention of disease and illness. The influence of the Church and the Renaissance on medicine. Medical ideas and practices at the time of the Black Death; continuity with the Ancient World; the importance of Galen s ideas and the influence of religion. The medical Renaissance: new knowledge, ideas and technology; The development of printing and its significance; the influence of Vesalius; changes in the training of physicians and the reduction in Church influence; the Royal Society: a scientific approach. Medicine and health care in the home and in hospitals. The significance of key individuals and events: William Harvey and the theory of the circulation of the blood Ideas about the cause of disease: the development of the germ theory; the identification of microbes. Approaches to the treatment and prevention of diseases and illness; the development of vaccination. The influence of industrialisation and science on changes in medicine. New knowledge about the cause and prevention of disease: the significance of the work of Pasteur and Koch on microbes and vaccines; the importance of research teams. The fight against smallpox: Jenner UNDERSTANDING (1=POOR; 5=EXCELLENT)

2 and vaccination. Improvements in hospitals and training and the professionalisation of the roles of nurses, midwives, and doctors; the significance of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson in the training of women. Informal medical treatment: within the home; patent medicines. The contribution of improved communications and technology to medical research. The importance of science in the search for microbes and the magic bullet. The significance of key individuals and events: the Germ Theory; Florence Nightingale to the present day Ideas about the cause of disease: growing understanding of microbes and of genetic conditions. Approaches to the treatment and prevention of diseases and illness; high-tech medicine. The influence of science and technology on changes in medicine. Increased understanding of the causes of disease and illness: the significance of Watson and Crick s discovery of the DNA structure. Developments in the fight against disease: a new pharmaceutical industry and improvements in treatment; the development of antibiotics; increased use of vaccinations; work on genetic conditions. Improved access to treatments available through state funding of medical and hospital care. Changes in the roles of doctors, nurses and midwives and the increased regulation of training. Informal and alternative medicine: products Informal and alternative medicine: products available for use at home, for example medicines and monitoring devices from pharmacies, alternative medicine such as acupuncture. The contribution of science and technology to research, diagnosis and treatment, for example in enabling x-rays, radiotherapy, scans and monitors. The significance of key individuals and events: Alexander Fleming; the establishment of the National Health Service in Extension Study: Medicine and Public Health from Roman Britain to 1350 The key features of medicine from Roman Britain to c1350, including the influence of the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen, the importance of public health and hygiene, the role of government and the effects of war. The role of religion and the work of the Catholic Church in the care of the sick.

3 Supernatural and rational explanations for diseases and illness and the belief in the Theory of the Four Humours. Changes in the training and work of doctors. The significance of key individuals and events: Galen; the Roman withdrawal from Britain. KEYWORDS: For each of the keywords try and write a definition or meaning. KEYWORD ALMSHOUSE MEANING ANAESTHETIC ANATOMY ANTIBIOTICS ANTISEPTIC APOTHECARY ASEPTIC ASTROLOGY BLACK DEATH BLOODLETTING CAUTERY DISSECTION DNA EPIDEMIC FLAGELLANTS FOUR HUMOURS HYGIENE IMMUNISATION

4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INOCULATION LAISSEZ FAIRE LIGATURE MAGIC BULLET MEDIEVAL MIASMA MICROBES NHS PATENT MEDICINE PHARMACY PHYSIOLOGY PLASTIC SURGERY PUBLIC HEALTH PURGING RENAISSANCE ROYAL SOCIETY SEPSIS SEWER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION SUPERNATURAL SURGEON TRANSFUSION VACCINATION

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6 IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF DISEASE KEY TREATMENTS PUBLIC HEALTH ROMAN MEDCINE KEY INDVIDUALS MEDICAL TRAINING EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY/CHANGE

7 IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF DISEASE KEY TREATMENTS THE BLACK DEATH MEDIEVAL MEDCINE KEY INDIVIDUALS THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY/CHANGE

8 CHANGE AND CONTINUITY FROM THE ROMAN PERIOD TO THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Fill in the table below with example of change/continuity CHANGE/CONTINUITY CHANGE EXAMPLES CONTINUITY

9 RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 1: ANDREAS VESALIUS What did he do? How many of Galen s errors did he correct? What did he do differently? What was the book called he wrote? _ Why did his ideas have a limited impact? What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why? _

10 RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 2: WILLIAM HARVEY What did he do? How did he correct Galen? What did he do differently? What was the book called he wrote? _ Why did his ideas have a limited impact? What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why? _

11 RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 3: AMBROSE PARE What did he do? How did he correct Galen? What did he do differently? What was the book called he wrote? _ Why did his ideas have a limited impact? What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why? _

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13 IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF DISEASE KEY TREATMENTS EXAMPLES OF CHANGE/CONTINUITY RENIASSANCE MEDCINE THE ROYAL SOCIETY IMPACT KEY INDIVIDUALS

14 CHANGE AND CONTINUITY FROM THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE RENAISSANCE Fill in the table below with example of change/continuity. CHANGE/CONTINUITY CHANGE EXAMPLES CONTINUITY

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16 KEY TREATMENTS IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF DISEASE KEY DEVELOPMENTS MEDICINE THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT KEY INDIVIDUALS EXAMPLES OF CHANGE/CONTINUITY EDWARD JENNER AND VACCINATIONS: try and write a sentence to accompany each picture to explain the story of the Smallpox vaccination.

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18 LOUIS PASTEUR WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE MY DISCOVERIES? WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I DO? WHAT EXPERIMENT DID I DO TO CREATE THE GERM THEORY? WHAT ABOUT THE CHICKEN CHOLERA VACCINE?

19 ROBERT KOCH WHY WAS THE STAINING OF BACTERIA IMPORTANT? WHY AM I IMPORTANT? WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE MY DISCOVERIES? WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I DO?

20 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE WHAT WAS NIGHTINGALE S BACKGROUND? HOW DID SHE GET INTO NURSING? WHAT WAS PEOPLE S ATTITUDE TO NURSES BEFORE HER? WHAT WAR WAS SHE INVOLVED IN? HOW WAS IT REPORTED? HOW DID SHE GET THERE? HOW DID NIGHTINGALE IMPROVE NURSING IN THE WAR ZONE?

21 WHAT ABOUT NIGHTINGALE HOSPITALS?

22 ELIZBETH GARRET ANDERSON WHAT WAS MY BACKGROUND? WHY AM I IMPORTANT?

23 EDWIN CHADWICK WHAT BOOK DID I WRITE? WHATY OPPOSITION DID I FACE? WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS DID MY BOOK MAKE? WHY AM I IMPORTANT?

24 HOW DID I PROVE CHOLERA WAS WATER BORNE? WHAT OPPOSITION DID I FACE? WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE MY DISCOVERIES? WHY AM I IMPORTANT?

25 JOSEPH BAZALGETTE WHAT WAS MY BACKGROUND? WHAT WAS MY ROLE IN BUILDING LONDON S SEWERS? HOW DID THE SEWERS WORK? WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE MY DISCOVERIES?

26 PATENT MEDICINES AND PHARMACIES Fill in the missing words in the paragraphs below on patent medicines and pharmacies. During the 19 th century there was less use of herbal remedies. However, apothecaries sold many p. These preparations tooks many forms such as coloured liquids; alchold; lard; wax; ginger and arsenic. The ingredients for pills were made into a p and then shaped by hand. The use of pills was revolutionised in 1844 when William B invented a machine to make standardised pills that were produced far more quickly than being made by hand. Thomas Beecham began selling his pills in 1847 and Jesse Boot transformed his family shop into a chain of pharmacies in the late 19 th century. By the end of the 19 th century British government r stopped many of the harmful ingredients being used. Meanwhile, the growth of the chemical industry meant that companies such as Wellcome, Boots and B could produce their brand of medicines on a national basis, and they all used advertising in newspapers and posters to increase their sales. This type of business is called the p industry. MISSING WORDS: Preparations/pharmaceutical/regulations/paste/Beecham/Brockedon

27 KEY TREATMENTS IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF DISEASE NEW TECHNOLOGIES MEDICINE 1900 TO THE PRESENT DAY KEY INDIVIDUALS THE NHS EXAMPLES OF CHANGE/CONTINUITY

28 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAGIC BULLETS: PAUL EHRLICH WHAT ARE MAGIC BULLETS? WHAT DID EMIL VON BEHRING DO? WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE MY DISCOVERIES? WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I CARRY OUT? HOW WAS SALVERSAN 606 DISCOVERED?

29 WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF FLEMING? HOW WAS IT DISCOVERED? WHAT ABOUT FLOREY AND CHAIN? PENICILLIN WHY WAS WORLD WAR TWO IMPORTANT? WHAT ABOUT THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT? WHAT ABOUT THE DRUG COMPANIES AND COUNTRIES INVOLVED?

30 DNA KEY QUESTION: WHO WERE WATSON AND CRICK? ANSWER: WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF MAURICE WILKINS? WHAT ABOUT ROSALIND FRANKLIN? WHY WAS DNA SUCH AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY? WHAT FACTORS HELPED THE DISCOVERY OF DNA?

31 MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH FROM ROMAN BRITAIN TO 1350 KEY INDIVIDUAL 1: HIPPOCRATES KEY REASON WHY HE IS IMPORTANT 1. THEORY OF THE FOUR HUMOURS WHY DOES THIS MAKE HIM IMPORTANT? 2. HIPPOCRATIC OATH

32 3. CLINICAL OBSERVATION 4. CASE STUDIES KEY INDIVIDUAL 2: GALEN KEY QUESTION WHAT TIME PERIOD DID GALEN WORK DURING? DETAILS: WHY IS HE IMPORTANT?

33 WHAT WAS HE NOT ALLOWED TO DO? WHAT WERE HIS KEY DISCOVERIES? WHAT MISTAKES DID HE MAKE? WHY WERE HIS IDEAS ADOPTED BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

34 ROMAN PUBLIC HEALTH KEY QUESTION WHY WERE AQUEDUCTS IMPORTANT? DETAILS WHY WERE PUBLIC TOILETS IMPORTANT? WHY WERE BATHS IMPORTANT? WHY WERE SEWERS IMPORTANT? WHAT ROLE DID THE GOVERNMENT PLAY IN PUBLIC HEALTH? WHO DID THE ROMANS CREATE HOSPITALS FOR?

35 THE ROLE OF RELIGION AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CARE FOR THE SICK Who were monastery hospitals for? Give an example of a medieval hospital? What does the above medieval picture show us about the care and treatment received in medieval monastery hospitals? _ Who did most people rely on for treatment? _

36 _ CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of continuity or change in medical training between the Roman and Medieval periods KEY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY Doctors were not respected Galen s ideas were still taught. In the Roman period doctors were not highly respected The church became very powerful Dissection was frowned upon or banned. By the 12 th century there was a separate course for doctors based on texts called the Ars Medicinae (Art of Medicine) Doctors had to prove their qualifications to practice by the 13 th century There was little change as many doctors continued to read books or work with a successful doctor Education and training were controlled by the church in the Middle Ages The Theory of the Opposites was adopted from the Theory of the Four Humours Students in the Middle Ages were not encouraged to study anatomy or look for mistakes in Galen s teachings. Bloodletting was common CHANGES IN PUBLIC HEALTH Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of continuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods KEY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY Taxes were not collected for public health There were few aqueducts, public baths and toilets. When the Roman empire collapsed so did public health. Strong government meant public health was good.

37 Animals were slaughtered in the street. There were public toilets in London, Leicester and other places in the Middle Ages In 1281 the government attempted to stop pigs being allowed onto London s streets. There was no strong government so public health was worse Human excrement was common on the street. The people in the Middle Ages were not taxed to pay for public health. Wealthy medieval people still had good public health. Taxes were collected for public health. The standard of hygiene for monks and nuns was high in the Middle Ages. Towns were not built near swamps because the Romans feared malaria. In the 13 th century lead pipes were laid in London. In 1347 a Sanitary Act was passed to try and keep the streets cleaner. CHANGES IN IDEAS ABOUT CAUSES AND TREATMENTS Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of continuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods KEY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY Jews were blamed for the Black Death. Prevention of disease was important for the Romans. Strapping a live chicken to your head was thought a cure for the Black Death. Most people relied on herbal remedies and cannot afford a doctor People still followed Galen s ideas. Astrology or the movement of the planets was blamed for disease. Bloodletting was common The Romans didn t build near swamps as they feared malaria The Catholic church discouraged dissection. The Romans believed in the Gods. Flagellants whipped themselves during the Black Death of 1348 Most people relied on the wife or mother to provide simple healthcare. The Theory of the Opposites was developed from the Theory of the Four Humours. People preyed to god. Miasma or bad smells was a cause of disease. CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING PERIOD EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE ROMAN

38 MEDIEVAL RENAISSANCE TO THE PRESENT DAY THE FACTORS IN MEDICINE FACTOR WAR EXAMPLES INDIVIDUAL GENIUS

39 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CHANCE/LUCK RESEARCH TEAMS EXPERIMENTATION

40 MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: AN OVERVIEW PERIOD EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE THE ROMAN PERIOD THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD THE RENIASSANCE

41 1900 TO THE PRESENT DAY PRACTICE QUESTIONS: Below are some practice questions. Have a good at the different question types and make sure you are happy with the success criteria for each question type. I am more than happy to give you feedback on any of these questions. Success Criteria: THE 8 MARK QUESTION: Explain what can be learned from the sources Use the information from the sources-quote or explain what the picture shows Make a clear inference Use your own knowledge EXAMPLE QUESTION 1: What do sources A and B show about changes in attitudes towards nurses between the start and end of the nineteenth century? Source A An extract from Martin Chusslewitt, a novel by Charles Dickens, published in In his introduce Dickens wrote that Mrs Betsy Prig is an accurate description of a hospital nurse. How are we? asked Mrs Gamp. Mrs Prig said, He s as cross as two sticks. He wouldn t have washed if he d had his own way. She put soap in my mouth, said the unfortunate patient, feebly. Couldn t you keep it shut them? said Mrs Prig. Source B: A picture of Florence Nightingale

42 EXAMPLE QUESTION 2: What do sources A and B show about changes in the role of government between the Middle Ages and the twentieth century? Source A: Sanitation in the Middle Ages, from an old woodcut Source B: Government legislation means that every cigarette packet carries an obvious health warning EXAMPLE QUESTION 3: What do sources A and B show us about changes in medical training between the middle ages and the twenty first century?

43 Source A: A 14 th century picture showing a physician treating a patient; the people behind the physician may be his apprentices. Source B: Description of medical courses to become a doctor from the NHS website, 2014 Courses in medicine are offered by a number of medical schools. Please use our coursefinder to locate these. "Standard" five-year degree course Courses including the pre-medical year, for candidates with non-science subjects to offer at A level (or equivalent). The pre-medical year is a preliminary course in chemistry, physics and biology and lasts normally 30 weeks Accelerated courses for graduates (four years) THE 6 MARK QUESTION: Success Criteria: Spend 8-10 minutes on this type of question Aim for one PEA paragraph Explain the key features and give specific examples The late middle ages The late nineteenth century, after the work of Florence Nightingale QUESTION 2: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and describe the key features of medical training in that period. Training of doctors in the middle ages Training of doctors in the Twentieth Century

44 QUESTION 3: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explain the key features of public health in that period The middle ages The beginning of the nineteenth century QUESTION 4: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explain the key features of the role of government in that period. The Roman period The Twentieth Century THE 8 MARK USEFULNESS QUESTION Success Criteria Explain why the source might be useful to a historian Explain why the source might not be useful to a historian Reach a judgement on the reliability of the source using usefulness QUESTION 1: How useful is this cartoon to a historian investigating public health in the 19 th century? Source A: A cartoon about the Broad Street Pump, called Death s Dispensary. EXAMPLE QUESTION 2:

45 How useful is this source to a historian investigating the role of government and public health in the 20 th century? Source A: a poster issued by the Ministry of Health advertising immunisation Success Criteria: THE 12 MARK QUESTION Spend 15 minutes on this type of question Three paragraphs A conclusion-especially if it is a how far question QUESTION 1: Why have science and technology been so important in improving medical understanding since 1850? (12) Louis Pasteur published his germ theory in X-Rays were discovered in Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA in QUESTION 2: How important for the prevention of disease was Edward Jenner s discovery of a smallpox vaccination in 1796? (12)

46 Lady Mary Wortley Montague had her children inoculated against smallpox in The British government made vaccination against smallpox compulsory in Louis Pasteur tested a vaccine against rabies in QUESTION 3: In what ways did the training of doctors change during the period c1350 c1900? Vesalius carried out dissections during the Renaissance period. 1815: The Society of Apothecaries and the Royal College of Surgeons introduced examinations. 1884: Edinburgh University opened a new medical school, containing research laboratories. QUESTION 4: Why did the standard of medical treatment improve so rapidly during the twentieth century? 1909: Salvarsan 606 was discovered : In its first year, 373 million was spent on the NHS. 1956: A dialysis machine was first used for people with kidney problems. QUESTION 5: How far did the church have a positive role in medicine during the period c1350 c1750? You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own. A picture of the Hotel Dieu* in Paris during the fifteenth century. Similar buildings existed in Britain. QUESTION 6:

47 THE 16 MARK QUESTION Success Criteria: Like a traditional essay Introduction PEA paragraphs Balanced argument Clear conclusion and most important reason

48 QUESTION 2: