1560 and my book is now being used to train doctors in #England! Corrections are even being made in old medical books #anatomy

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1 Andreas Professor of Surgery in Italy 1 year after I die the 1 st #dissection is carried out in Cambridge #AskQuestions #ChallengeIdeas 1560 and my book is now being used to train doctors in #England! Corrections are even being made in old medical books #anatomy It is 1543 and my new book The Fabric of the Human Body has been published! Check out the #illustrations Just because you can t see it doesn t mean it is invisible! There are no holes in the septum #ProvedGalenWrong Another update! The breastbone has 3 parts, not 7 #ProvedGalenWrong Human jaw bone is made from 1 bone, not 2 only a small #ProvedGalenWrong but going to dissect human bodies this week

2 William Doctor - studied in England and Italy Check out my book An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood published in 1628 #ProvedGalenWrong #experimented #dissection #ScientificMethod The heart acts as a #pump, pumping blood around the body #ThinkOfAWaterPump #ProvedGalenWrong calculated the amount of blood going into the arteries each hour was 3 times the weight of a man same blood is being pumped round the body by the heart #ProvedGalenWrong #ProvedGalenWrong veins carry blood, NOT blood and air had said Carried out #experiments like pushing thin #rods down the #veins to prove the blood moved in a #one-way system #dissected live cold-blooded #animals to see their hearts beat slowly so I could see the movement of each muscle in the heart #experiment #dissected human bodies to build up my knowledge only dissected said 1) #blood was manufactured in the #liver to replace blood burned up 2) #veins carried blood and air around 3) blood passed from 1 side of the #heart to the other through invisible holes #challenge

3 Edward Country Doctor in Gloucestershire 1808 letter Medicine has never before produced any single improvement of such utility mankind can never forget that you have lived #breakthrough #significant #Experimented #23times I have called this technique #vaccination, from the Latin word vacca, meaning #cow now I have funding to open a vaccination #clinic in #London I have taken #cowpox has been given the pus into 2 cuts on his arm #experiment - 6 weeks is #inoculated with #smallpox NO IMPACT! #result who catch #cowpox NEVER get #smallpox I need to #experiment Suffolk have carried out thousands of #inoculations BUT it isn t perfect expensive, contagious and could kill a patient #NotPerfect #NeedANewPlan Giving healthy people a small dose of #smallpox often survived later epidemics #inoculation is helping in some instances thanks Montague who saved her own children in s #smallpox is as frightening as the #plague it is killing many. Those who survive are disfigured by scars from the scabs on their skin #NeedOfABreakthrough

4 Thomas English Doctor I have been named the #EnglishHippocrates due to #observation hopefully many will follow me #DiagnosisIsKey Stop #bleeding and #purging patients let the #body fight the disease itself! Roast chicken and wine will restore their strength #FoodandWine I have made the first detailed description of scarlet fever #WriteItDown #observation #ScarletFever Doctors, make sure you take a full history of the patient s illness with great care so that a correct diagnosis could be made #observation You must go to the #bedside. It is there alone that you can learn about disease - #bedsidemanner All #doctors should check the patients #pulse it is an important part of #diagnosis #SimpleThings Every #disease is #different we need to make sure we #identify the exact disease so we can use the correct #remedy

5 King Charles th February1685 King 6 th Feb I am fading. Every hour they give me 2.5 grams of #bezoar stone from the stomach of a #goat #FamousRemedy 4 th Feb Docs continue to #bleed, #purge and use the spirit of human skull with cordial julep #TryAnything Still no improvement Given more pills to #purge and they shave my head and put burning tongs on my scalp to #blister my skin 1 hours later Docs bleed me again. They also #purge me by giving me pills that empty my bowels #FourHumours 2 nd Feb 1685 Royal Doctors have opened a vein in my arm and have bleed 16 ounces of blood #FourHumours #BloodLetting #ill Since 1660 and now (1682) 92,000 people have visited me to be cured from King s Evil #God srepresentative #Scrofula #SkinDisease Attended meetings to hear talks and watch experiments on new scientific ideas it is now known as the Royal Society! #royalty #science

6 James Scottish Professor Surgery is in a Black Period as it is believed that pain-free operations are unnatural! The new #anaesthetic is allowing more complex operations, thus carrying infections deeper into the body #deathrate #chloroform is allowing doctors to work slower and carefully. Patients are no longer awake and feeling the pain of #surgery - Why so much has now invented an inhaler to regulate the dose of #chloroform and reduce the danger of using so much the patient used the new anaesthetic herself during the birth of her eighth child. She praised that blessed chloroform. #RoyalApproval Since the dinner party I have tired #chloroform as an #anaesthetic to help women in #childbirth and other #operations Interesting dinner party! Poured some #chloroform into glasses for me and my colleagues and we inhaled the fluid ending up under the table! #NewAnaesthetic I have been using #ether but need a better #anaesthetic it irritates the eyes and lungs, caused coughing and could make patients vomit. It is also dangerous to use as it is flammable too many problems! Any ideas?

7 John English Doctor I have proved that #CleanWater is essential for preventing the spread of #cholera #JohnSnowknowsSomeThings I have just discovered that a #cesspit, a metre from the #pump, was #leaking into the drinking water - #NoCleanWater Since the #handle was #removed there have been no more #deaths #NoHandleWorks People use water for their drinking, cooking and washing I have just removed the handle no more #water #NoHandle #RemoveTheProblem I have plotted the deaths on a #map most of the people who died lived close to the water #pump in Broad Street #waternotair people have died in 10 days near my surgery #BroadStreet #London # Cholera 1849 I published my book saying that people caught #cholera from water not from #BadAir I am being mocked by many doctors

8 Louis French Scientist Using the work I have created a #vaccination for #anthrax and #rabies is the year that I cured a young boy of #rabies meaning other scientist are determined to find other #vaccines 1880 having heard s work on anthrax I have now discovered a vaccination for #chicken #cholera this will help French farmers 1865 the French silk industry have asked to investigate a disease killing their #silkworms. Micro-organisms were also causing the silkworms disease. Now I have proved that germs caused disease in animals #NotProvedinHumans I have now published my work in Some scientists now believe that germs caused decay, but my work had almost no impact in Britain. I am not a doctor and my work focused on decaying food and not disease. #NeedProof I have used a #swan_neck flask which allowed air to flow through but not dust or germs. The liquid was clear of germs so no decay happened. #ProvedSpontaneousGenerationWrong #experiment I am convinced that germs in the air cause liquids to go sour, material to rot and are the cause of decay. Many scientists believe in #spontaneous_generation and do not believe me #NeedProof 1850s I have been asked to help a French brewery investigate why their #beer was going bad. Using a #microscope I realised that a particular #micro-organism was growing quickly in the beer. I #heated the beer which killed the #germs!

9 Joseph British Surgeon I have changed surgery! Operating theatres and hospitals #cleaned, it is 1887 and all instruments are #steam-sterilised and surgeons now wear surgical gowns, face masks and rubber gloves #antiseptic #carbolicacid 1890s My #antiseptic method has now developed into #aseptic surgery (removing germs completely from the operating theatre) #sterile Do you know over the years that the death rate between was 46% and after the introduction of antiseptic surgery (between ) the death rate was 15% #TurningPoint #SpectacularResults 1867 I have published my results. 1) All docs and nurses #wash their hands in #carbolic acid 2) use a #carbolic #spray to kill germs in the air 3) use an antiseptic #ligature to tie up blood vessel I #experimented by applying #carbolic acid to wounds and soaked bandages in #carbolic the wounds healed and did not develop #gangrene It is 1864 and I am struck by the use of carbolic acid used on sewage. Perhaps it could be used on treatments of open fractures #CarbolicAcid The re-use of bandages, surgeons not washing their hands or equipment, surgeons working in blood stained clothes and operating in a current of wind due to miasma time for a change after s #GermTheory

10 Florence British Nurse In 1859 I published Notes on Nursing. My 2 nd book is titled Notes on Hospitals has now been published in #ImprovingHygiene #ImprovingCleanliness #PracticalSkills I have returned to England and have raised 44, 000 to set up a #nursing #school at St. Thomas hospital, #London Nursing is a #respectable #profession We are now providing nutritious #meals, supplying bedding, and I oversee the #cleaning of laundry. My nurses are bandaging the men s wounds. #DeathRateFalling #ConditionsImproving nearly two thousand wounded and sick lay in #rat-infested wards. I have immediately ordered three hundred #scrubbing brushes to clean the wards. I have taken #38 nurses to the #Crimea (a place between Russia and Turkey). We are at a army hospital at #Scutari it is VERY dirty #conditions are awful I am a Superintendent of Nurses in a #London Hospital but the #Crimean #War is breaking out between Britain, France and Russia My #wealthy family are #horrified that I have trained as a #nurse in #Germany

11 Alexander Scottish Scientist I can do no more other than publish my findings: British Journal of Experimental Pathology For it to be a success it needs to be turned into something other than a mould juice but #nomoney or #specialist help is being provided Just used #penicillin as a local #antiseptic on a scientist's eye that had #conjunctivitis and it cleared the #infection but used it on deeper wounds and it didn t work #GoodForSome I have started to #experiment on this magic mould juice and tested it on #rabbits with no harmful side effects The #mould has fought the bacteria! I am happy to tweet that I have #isolated the part of the #fungus that killed the bacteria, in the form of a juice I have named it #penicillin 1928 I have made a breakthrough, by #accident! I have been trying to kill a germ that infects wounds. I went on holiday and left 1 of my #experiments. 1 of my samples has become #contaminated with #mould! It is the #war and I am working in a field hospital in France. Wounded soldiers are badly infected. #Carbolic acid is often not helping but harming the body s natural defences. #germs #HarshAntiseptics #infection

12 Florey and Howard Florey: Australian Scientist Ernst Chain: Jewish Scientist Both working together in has suggested turning the drug back into a liquid, to help it multiply and produce the amounts needed #mass-produced #SavedLives 1941 Peal Harbor has been attacked and US have given us #financial support! #Penicillin will be useful to save #soldiers in #war $80 million has become available in interest free loans for #drug #companies to invent in the #equipment tested on first #human, a #policeman had blood poisoning. He began to #recover but the #penicillin ran out and he died #NeedMore #PenicillinProduction Production is now the focus! Using anything we can find to try to grow the mould; using milk bottles, milk churns and even an old bath tub to try to boost production #StillNotEnough #GrowMould #Production to test the drug, 8 mice were infected with bacteria; 4 were given penicillin, and the other 4 weren t. 4 that were injected survived #proof #useful #SaveLives applied for a #grant from the British government but received only 25 The #government are more interested in financing the war effort #NoHelp s 1929 medical papers and started to work on #penicillin. We have #succeeded in turning the mould juice into a powdered #drug

13 Crick and Francis Crick James Watson Both scientists in Cambridge Human Genome Project began with the aim of identifying the purpose of each gene in the body. The project was completed in 2001.#TeamWork 1976 knowledge of #DNA was applied for the first time to a human illness #NewResearch #Significant #BreakThrough DNA has been identified, purpose of each #gene could be discovered, including genes which caused illness. #improvements #research We have just discovered the #double-helix structure of DNA that can unzip to make copies of itself. is an expert in X-ray developed a technique which could photograph a single strand of DNA. She was the 1 st person to take X-ray photographs of DNA - #TeamWork We have the latest and best #equipment to investigate DNA. #microscopes #X-ray Watson here: just seen an #X-ray photograph of a #DNA #molecule and wondering if this DNA was the potential key to the secret of life