EDM Report # Earthquake at Java, Indonesia - May 27, 2006

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2 Contents: 1. Summary 2. Epicenter 3. Impacted Region 3.1 Indonesia 3.2 Island of Java 3.3 Yogyakarta Province Bantul District 3.4 Central Java Province 3.5 Other Impacts 4. Casualty Reports 5. Response and Relief 5.1 Medical 5.2 Priority Needs 5.3 National Response 5.4 International Aid 6. Economic Consequences 7. Recovery 8. Outlook 9. Earthquakes 9.1 Origin Ring of Fire 9.2 Volcano Mount Merapi 9.3 History & Previous Earthquakes in the Region 10. Internet Resources 11. Appendix I: Maps 12. Appendix II: Images 11.1 Destruction 11.2 People 11.3 Rescues 13. Appendix III: Earthquake Preparedness 14. Appendix IV: Rapid Village Assessment Form 15. Appendix V: Disaster Management Program 16. Appendix VI: Participating Organizations 17. Author, Disclaimer and Copyright Information 2

3 Summary and Epicenter A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck on Saturday, May 27 at 5:54 a.m. local time near the city of Yogyakarta, 250 miles east of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. The epicenter was located at S, E at a depth of 10.6 miles. 3

4 The trembler was felt for 57 seconds. Within two days, the earthquake was followed by as many as 450 aftershocks, the strongest one with a magnitude 5.2. As of May 30, the quake the death toll stood at nearly 5,428 and more than 10,699 people were reported injured. However, some reports indicate that more than 22,000 people have already been treated by hospitals and health care facilities. At least 17,485 houses have been destroyed and additional 29,277 have been damaged. An estimated 200,000 people have also been displaced. 4

5 Indonesia The Republic of Indonesia has a population of 235 million and consists of 18,000 islands with a total area of 735,000 sq miles (=1.9 million sq kilometer). The gross domestic product (GDP) is $3,500 per capita. The capital city Jakarta, with nearly 9 million residents, the largest city in Indonesia, is located 250 miles northwest of the earthquake s epicenter. Indonesia currently has 33 provinces, of which three have special status (Aceh, Papua, and Yogyakarta) and one is a special capital region. The provinces are subdivided into regencies and cities, which are further subdivided into subdistricts. Island of Java The Island of Java with 124 million people on a landmass of 49,000 sq miles ( sq kilometers) is one of the most densely-populated areas in the world. 5

6 Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is a city and province located in south-central Java. With 1,250 sq miles (3.200 sq kilometers) Yogyakarta is one of the smallest Indonesian provinces, however it is densely populated with more than 3 million people. The province of Yogyakarta is subdivided into four regencies (kabupaten) and one city (kota): o Kota Yogyakarta 12.5 sq miles (32.5 sq kilometers) o Kabupaten Sleman 222 sq miles (575 sq kilometers) o Kabupaten Bantul 195 sq miles (507 sq kilometers) o Kabupaten Gunung Kidul 573 sq miles (1.485 sq kilometers) o Kabupaten Kulon Progo 226 sq miles (586 sq kilometers) 6

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9 Yogyakarta's centuries-old royal palaces and Borobudur, the largest Buddhist monument on Earth are prime tourist attractions in Indonesia. The 1,200-year-old temple about 30 miles from the city was not damaged. Borobudur The Prambanan temple complex, the largest Hindu compound in Indonesia, built in the 9th century, was badly damaged, with scores of stone blocks and intricate carvings broken. Debris from broken walls and carvings at the temple was scattered over the ground. before Prambanan after 9

10 Numerous structures and buildings, including hotels, government buildings, bridges and hospitals were damaged or destroyed. Electricity, communication lines and cell phone service are down in large parts of the region. As of Tuesday, May 30, 95% of electricity in Yogyakarta has been restored Air Transport Adisucipto International Airport or Bandar Udara Internasional Adisucipto (IATA- Code: JOG; ICAO-Code: WIIJ) serves the Yogyakarta region. It has one asphalt runway with a length of 7,200 feet (2.200 meter). The earthquake has damaged and cracked the runway at several locations. Emergency repairs have begun over the weekend following the quake. The airport re-opened again on Sunday, May 28, but traffic was restricted to Hercules aircraft with emergency supplies. It is expected that the airfield will most probably be reopened for commercial flights as early as Tuesday, May 30. Yogyakarta is located at a major railway lines across Java between Jakarta/Bandung and Surabaya. The city has two passenger railway stations, Tugu, which serves as the major intercity station and Lempuyangan station. Train stations and tracks in the region were also damaged. 10

11 Bantul District The Bantul district is located south of Yogyakarta with a population of about 790,000. It is reported to be the worst hit area with 60 to 80% of houses destroyed or inhabitable and more than 2,400 people killed. The town of Bantul is located at the Indian Ocean about 17 miles south of Yogyakarta city. More than 2,000 people died in the village. Medical & Health Care At least one of the six hospitals in the District was destroyed and other hospitals in the surroundings are overcrowded. Three hospitals in the Bantul District (Muhammadiyah, Elizabeth and the District Public Hospital Panembahan Suropati) were treating patients at four times their capacity. As of May 30, many of the patients are still outside, putting them at risk of infection and creating hygiene and sanitation problems. Among six deliveries conducted in Bantul hospitals since the earthquake, there was one maternal death related to the chaotic situation. Bantul Health Centers The number of health centers known to be fully destroyed in Bantul were 11 (Jetis I, Jetis II, Plered, Imogiri I, Imogiri II, Bambanglipuro, Sewon II, Bantul I, Dlingo II, Banguntapan II, Piyungan,) out of a total of 26. Four health centers were moderately damaged, which were Kasian I, Sewon I and two others. One health center was reported mildly damaged and the other 10 have not reported as of May 30, Bantul Sub-Health Center (Pustu) Twenty sub-health centers out of 75 are reportedly fully destroyed, three were moderately destroyed and the others subhealth centers have not reported as of May 30, As of May 30, health teams from various agencies and non-government organizations provide medical treatment in 29 locations in Bantul District. Water As of Tuesday morning, May 30, nine out of 12 water treatment plants were not yet working in Bantul. 11

12 Central Java Province (Jawa Tengah) In addition to the entire Yogyakarta Province the following areas in the surrounding Central Java Province have also sustained damages and losses: This includes the districts of o Kebumen (as of May 28 at least 2 buildings destroyed), o Purworejo (as of May 28 at least 187 buildings destroyed), o Magelang (as of May 28 at least 355 buildings destroyed), o Klaten (as of May 28 at least 1224 building destroyed), and o Boyolali 12

13 Other Impacts Most of the 60 schools assessed as of May 30 have sustained significant damages. Access to food and cooking facilities is still affected. As of May 30, markets are slowly opening, but food prices have already risen 10 to 15 percent in urban areas. As of Tuesday, May 30, five out of 55 power suppliers in the area are still down. 13

14 Casualty Reports as of May 28, 2006: Causalities Information of Yogyakarta-Central Java Earthquake as of May 28, 2006 Province Sub-district Death Injured Houses Damaged Yogyakarta Bantul Yogyakarta City Sleman Kulonprogo Gunung Kidul Magelang Purworejo Boyolali Klaten Total Health Sector Information as of May 28, 2006 No. Hospital Death Number of Patient Bantul Sub-district 1. PKU Muhammadyah Bantul RSUD Bantul Yogyakarta District 1. PKU Muhammadyah Yogya Dr. Sardjito Hospital Panti Rapih Hospital Bethesda Hospital YAP Hospital - - Total as of May 30, 2006: Casualities of Yogyakarta-Central Java Earthquake No Location Death In Patient Number of Patient Out Patient Yogyakarta Province Central Java Province Total Source: WHO 14

15 Province District/ Municipality May 30, :30 Dead Heavily injured Slightly injured Yogyakarta Bantul 3,310 1,907 1,769 Yogyakarta Sleman ,192 Kulonprogo Gunung Kidul 65 1,025 Central Java Magelang 1 Purworejo 5 Boyolali 3 Klaten 1,668 TOTAL 5,428 7,519 3,180 Source: OCHA 15

16 Response and Relief Medical The Muhammadiyah Hospital in Bantul is the closest hospital to the quake's epicenter. There are several hospitals in Yogyakarta. The biggest ones are Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta, and Panti Rapih Hospital. All victims of the earthquake were brought to Sardjito Hospital, Bethesda Hospital, Panti Rapih Hospital, PKU Muhammadyah Hospital Yogyakarta, PKU Muhammadyah Bantul, RSUD Bantul and YAP Hospital Yogyakarta. Initial reports indicate that the regional hospitals and medial facilities in the area are overwhelmed with the influx of patients. Field hospitals have been set up, and people have been treated by health care providers in makeshift hospitals as well as on the streets. The Indonesian Red Cross Society or Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) together with the Indonesian Military were the first responders to the disasters. Within hours, the PMI mobilized 400 volunteers including two medical action teams from PMI hospitals in Bogor. By Saturday afternoon one health post was operational and treating victims in Bantul. As of May 30, three field hospitals have been established in cooperation with the Indonesian Ministry of Health using WHO equipment, two in Bantul and one in Yogyakarta. Patients have been moved from the parking lots of the two existing hospitals in Bantul to the field hospitals. 16

17 As of Tuesday, May 30, the State-owned Electricity Company (PT. PLN) has distributed 6x kva generators to a number of hospitals in Yogyakarta, Bantul and Sleman. Surveillance As of May 30, WHO has placed two epidemiologists in Yogyakarta to establish a communicable disease surveillance network in cooperation with the Indonesian Ministry of Health and local health authorities. 17

18 Priority Needs According to WHO statements from May 29, the priority needs include urgent medical care, disease control and water quality control. Needs identified include: o Implementation of medical mobile clinics that will each include one doctor, two nurses and one driver. o Two additional field hospitals that are trauma-oriented and to be stationed in the field for at least two months with full medical equipment and staff. o Operational cars, ambulances and radio equipment o Environmental health needs attention, including water and sanitation especially for displaced people o Blankets and Intravenous drips (IVs) since some hospitals have reported a shortage of those supplies o Equipped emergency trolleys for resuscitation and treatment o Tents, public kitchens, hygiene kits, trash bags, and medical kits (stethoscope, etc) o Field deployment of at least 200 nurses since health care providers are overwhelmed and need substitutes 18

19 National Response The Indonesian Government has declared a state of national emergency. As a matter of Government policy: Indonesia does not need human resources from other countries. Medicines, supplies and international partners are welcome. The National health Authorities have started mobilizing medical and health teams and plans to deploy more than 200 doctors and nurses to the affected areas. Food, water, tents, tarpaulins and baby kits are being distributed to the affected communities with support from the Red Cross/Red Crescent. Mass measles immunizations are supposed to start on May 31, A Ministry of Health coordination hub has been established in Sardjito regional hospital in Yogyakarta with a team consisting of senior staff from each Health Directorate and focal points/coordinators from each affected district. As of May 28, the Indonesian Ministry of Health has mobilized 542 health care professionals (50 specialists, 100 general practitioners, 376 nurses and paramedics, 16 foreign medical staff) as well as 18 ambulances, 2 mobile clinics, 2 water purifier, medicines and other equipment and vehicles are being provided. 19

20 International Aid As of Saturday, the United States responded with an emergency allocation of $2.5 million for assistance to victims. Australia has pledged $2.3 million in emergency aid. The Chinese government offered an urgent aid payment of $2 million. The European Commission pledged up to $3.8 million in emergency aid. The Italian government also sent a plane with 27 tons of tents, blankets, water purifiers, electric generators and other aid. Malaysia will send a 56-member search team, doctors and medical supplies. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Red Crescent sent a plane with 3 Emergency Medical Kits, fifty 50 First Aid Kits, Mineral Water, 2,000 blankets, and300 tents. UNICEF is sending 9,000 tarpaulins, 2,000 tents, health kits and hygiene kits. The World Food Program (WFP) sent a plane with 2 tons of medicine and eight truckloads of fortified noodles and biscuits. 20

21 Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a 25,000 miles ( kilometer) long zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that encircles the basin of the Pacific Ocean. It is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, island arcs, and volcanic mountain ranges and/or plate movements. 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The tectonics of Java are dominated by the subduction of the Australia plate north-northeastward beneath the Sunda plate with a relative velocity of about 2 inches (5 centimeter) /year. The Australia plate dips north-northeastward from 21

22 the Java trench, attaining depths of km beneath the island of Java, and depths of 600 km north of the island. The earthquake of May 27 occurred at shallow depth in the overriding Sunda plate well above the dipping Australia plate. Indonesia, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, has at least 129 active volcanoes including Mount Merapi. 22

23 Mount Merapi The quake s epicenter was close to Mount Merapi and triggered heightened activity of the volcano. The 9,600 feet high mountain is one of the world s most active volcanoes. Eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago. A very large eruption in the year 1006 covered all of central Java with ash. The volcanic devastation is believed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram, and the ensuing power vacuum allowed Muslims to become the rulers of Java. The volcano has erupted 68 times since Notable eruptions took place in the years 1786, 1822, and 1872 (the most violent eruption in recent history). In 1930 a major eruption destroyed thirteen villages and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows. Several other eruptions have also caused fatalities. The mountain was erupting from 1992 to In late 1994 the entire dome almost collapsed, generating very large pyroclastic flows, which traveled several miles from the summit and killed 43 people. The volcano began erupting again in 2006 and has been spewing out clouds of hot ash, gas and lava for the last several weeks. Thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano mountain with villages as high as 1700 m above sea level. 23

24 In April 2006 increased seismic activity at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated imminent eruptions. On April 19 smoke from the crater reached a height of 1,200 feet, compared to 230 feet the previous day. On April 23, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signaled movements of magma, some residents of the slopes were evacuated. By early May, active lava flows had begun. Eruptions at the volcano were increasing in intensity, and some reports indicated that large explosions had begun. On May 16 volcanic activity had calmed down. 24

25 Previous Earthquakes in Indonesia: 1992 December 12 Flores Region: magnitude February 17 Irian Jaya Region: magnitude May 4 Sulawesi province: magnitude 7.5; at least 35 people died and around 150 were injured June 4 Bengkulu province: magnitude 7.9; around 117 people died and about 1,900 were injured June 7 Bengkulu: magnitude November 2 Sumatra: magnitude May 26 Halmahera: magnitude November 26 West Papua, near Nabire: magnitude-6.4; dozens of buildings collapsed and about 30 people died December 26 Sumatra-Andaman Islands: magnitude March 28 - Northern Sumatra, Nias and Simeulue islands: magnitude 8.7; thousands of houses and bridges were destroyed; approximately 900 people died. 25

26 Internet Resources: o i.e., the Disaster Management Program for the country of Indonesia can be found at [hazards&disasters], [events by regions], [Indonesia] o o Masyarakat Penanggulangen Bencana Indonesia (Indonesian Society for Disaster Management) 26

27 People of Interest o Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President, Indonesia 27

28 Quotes UNICEF is mobilizing resources to assist those who have been injured, those in need of shelter, and children who have lost family members Ann M. Veneman, Executive Director UNICEF, May 27 Many government officials have no sensitivity to this. They work slowly under complicated bureaucracy, while survivors are racing against death and disease Idam Samawi, District Chief, Bantul, May 28 28

29 EDM Report #4 Appendix I Maps 5959 West Century Boulevard 5th Floor, Los Angeles, CA

30 Appendix II Images Destruction 30

31 People 31

32 Rescue 32

33 Appendix IV Rapid Village Assessment Form This Rapid Inter-Agency Assessment Form was used in the Kashmir Earthquake It is intended to provide all humanitarian actors with an immediate, multi-sectoral overview of conditions and needs in the earthquake-affected areas. Assessors were asked to complete this form for each village visited and to return it as soon as possible to the Humanitarian Information Centre in the UN Emergency Response Center in Islamabad. 1. Surveying agency information Organization doing the assessment Date of assessment (dd/mm/yyyy) Name of the surveyor Contact 2. Geographic information Province District Teshil Village Latitude (Y) Longitude (X) 3. Population data Affected population (count) Families Female Male Children under 5 Total population Are IDPs* present? Yes No (IDPs = individuals outside their village of residence) If yes, what is their origin? Province District Teshil Village 3.1 Vulnerable groups Count of persons Unaccompanied elders Unaccompanied minors Severe disability Chronically ill Female headed households 33

34 4. Main needs of the affected population Please prioritize needs for each cluster. Shelter Nutrition Health WATSAN High Med Low High Med Low High Med Low High Med Low Protection Education Non food items High Med Low High Med Low High Med Low 5. Access Accessible by road? No By: Car 4WD 5 MT Truck 25 MT Truck Travel time to Teshil administrative center: Accessibility: Until November 1 Until December 1 Year-round 6. Electricity Fully functional Intermittent Not functional How many hours per day? 0-6 hr 6-12 hr hr hr 7. Shelter, accommodation Housing damage (percentage of total village) No damage 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Moderately damaged 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Severely damaged 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Completely destroyed 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Total number of families In the open In tents Camps/Communal buildings With host families 8. Food Degree of household food stocks destroyed: 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Expected duration of household food stocks 0 1 week 1 month Sources of food available in village Humanitarian distribution Household garden/farm Household stocks Shops or market 9. Water supply Availability to population: 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 34

35 Primary village water source: Well Stream/river Storage container Piped water system Humanitarian Supplies Other Working Damaged Contaminated Destroyed Condition: 10. Sanitary facilities Pop. with access to functioning sanitary facilities: 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Functioning sanitary facilities: Access to facilities: Inside toilets Latrines Adequate Inadequate None 11. Health Main health concerns: Availability of medicines/medical supplies: Diarrhea Infections Adequate Vomiting Dehydration Basic Respiratory Trauma Inadequate Functioning health facilities: Primary Health Care without Doctor Hospital Primary Health Care with Doctor None 12. Education Fully usable/alternative available Repairable/partly useable Destroyed School building: 35

36 Appendix V Disaster Management Program The following is a recommendation for developing, implementing, updating, and maintaining a program to mitigate, prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters and emergencies. A standardized, comprehensive and all-hazard program must address and include the following elements: 1. Laws & Authorities including the implementation of a strategy that addresses the needs for revisions of legislation, regulations, directives, policies, and industry codes of practice. 2. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Impact Analysis The entity shall identify and monitor those hazards, the likelihood of occurrence, impact, the vulnerability of people, property, the environment, and the entity itself to those hazards, and the priority for addressing the hazards. 3. Incident Prevention The prevention strategy shall include the following o Deterrence operations o Provision of protective systems or equipment for physical or cyber risks o Surveillance and security operations o Investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat o Public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes o Immunizations, isolation, or quarantine o Threat assessment and documentation The entity shall have a system to monitor the threat level for identified hazards and adjust the level of preventive activities 4. Hazard Mitigation The mitigation strategy shall be based on the results of hazard identification, and risk assessment, impact analysis, program constraints, operational experience, and costbenefit analysis. 5. Resource Management Resource Management shall address the following tasks o Establishing systems for describing, inventorying, requesting, and tracking resources o Activating these systems prior to and during an incident o Dispatching resources prior to and during an incident o Deactivating or recalling resources during or after an incident A current inventory of internal resources and a list of external sources shall be maintained. Donations of goods, services, personnel, and facilities, solicited and unsolicited, and the management thereof, shall be addressed. 36

37 6. Mutual Aid 7. Planning The program shall include a strategic plan, an emergency operations/response plan, a prevention plan, a mitigation plan, a recovery plan, and a continuity plan. The plans developed shall be individual, integrated into a single document, or a combination. o The prevention plan shall establish interim and long-term actions to eliminate hazards that impact the entity. o The mitigation plan shall establish interim and long-term actions to reduce the impact of those hazards than cannot be eliminated. o The recovery plan shall provide for short and long-term priorities for restorations of functions, services, resources, facilities, programs, and infrastructure. o A continuity plan shall identify stakeholders that need to be notified, the critical and time-sensitive applications, alternate work sites, vital records, processes, and functions that shall be maintained, as well as the personnel, procedures, and resources necessary to do so, while the damaged entity is being recovered. 8. Direction, Control, and Coordination The entity shall develop an incident management system to direct, control, and coordinate response and recovery operations. The incident management system shall describe specific organizational roles, titles, and responsibilities for each incident management function. The entity shall establish applicable procedures and policies for coordinating response, continuity, and recovery activities with stakeholders directly involved in response, continuity, and recovery operations. The entity shall establish applicable procedures and policies for coordinating response, continuity, and recovery activities with appropriate authorities and resources, including activation and deactivation of plans, while ensuring compliance with applicable statutes or regulations. 9. Communications & Warning The entity shall develop and maintain the capability to notify officials and alert emergency response personnel. The entity shall determine communication needs, provide capabilities to execute plans, and review and address the interoperability of multiple organizations. 10. Operations and Procedures The entity shall develop, coordinate, and implement operational procedures to support the program and execute its plans. Procedures shall be established and implemented for response to and recovery from the consequences of those hazards identified previously and shall address health and safety, incident stabilization, operational/business continuity, and property conservation, and protection of the environment under the jurisdiction of the entity. Procedures shall be in place to conduct a situation analysis that includes a needs assessment, damage assessment, and the identification of resources needed to support response and recovery operations. 11. Logistics & Facilities 37

38 The entity shall establish procedures to locate, acquire, store, distribute, maintain, test, and account for services, personnel, resources, materials, and facilities procured or donated to support the program. The entity shall establish an emergency operations center and an alternate center capable of supporting continuity, response, and recovery operations, which shall be equipped, periodically tested and maintained. 12. Training The entity shall assess training needs and implement a training/educational curriculum to support the program. The training and education curriculum shall comply with all applicable regulatory requirements. 13. Exercises, Evaluations, & Corrective Actions Procedures shall be established to take corrective action on any deficiency identified. 14. Crisis Communication & Public Information The entity shall develop procedures to advise the public, through authorized agencies, of threats to people, property and environment. 15. Finance & Administration Procedures shall be created and maintained for expediting fiscal decisions in accordance with established authority, authorization levels, and fiscal policy procedures. 38

39 Appendix VI Participating Organizations United Nations (UN) United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF): is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential. United Nations World Food Program (WFP): Is the food aid arm of the UN and uses its food to: o meet emergency needs o support economic & social development The agency also provides the logistical support necessary to get food aid to the right people at the right time and in the right place. WFP works to put hunger at the center of the international agenda, promoting policies, strategies and operations that directly benefit the poor and hungry. WFP relies entirely on voluntary contributions by governments, corporations, and individuals to finance its humanitarian and development projects. World Health Organization (WHO): Is the United Nations specialized agency for health. It was established on April 7, WHO's ultimate objective is the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all people. Health is defined in WHO's Constitution as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 39

40 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is the world's largest humanitarian organization. It provides assistance without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. Founded in 1919, the International Federation comprises 181 member Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, a Secretariat in Geneva and more than 60 delegations strategically located to support activities around the world. The Red Crescent is used in place of the Red Cross in many Islamic countries. The International Federation's programs are grouped into four main core areas: promoting humanitarian principles and values; disaster response; disaster preparedness; and health and care in the community. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): Is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with assistance. The ICRC is a private association formed under the Swiss Civil Code and its existence is not in itself mandated by governments. The work of the ICRC is based on the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional Protocols of 1977, the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and the resolutions of the International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The ICRC enjoys privileges and immunities comparable to those of the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations, including exemption from taxes and customs duties, inviolability of premises and documents, and immunity from judicial process. Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia PMI) Ministry of Health, Indonesia 40

41 About the Author: Gunnar J Kuepper is Chief of Operations with Emergency & Disaster Management in Los Angeles, California. This independent firm advises private, non-profit, and governmental institutions throughout the world in emergency management programs and conducts comprehensive vulnerability studies. He has analyzed, lectured, and published his findings of the response operations in many catastrophic incidents, ranging from passenger transportation accidents, to fires and explosions, to acts of terrorism and ultraviolence. Disclaimer and Legal Information: The contents of this report represent the information given to, analyzed, and compiled by Gunnar J Kuepper. The author does not guarantee the accuracy, credibility, completeness, or efficacy of the described facts, views, suggestions, or advice made. The report is for informational usage only. The purpose of the report is to share information to benefit the safety and lives of emergency service personnel, the emergency management, response and relief community at large, and the public, as well as to ensure the continuity of business operations and governmental services in future incidents. The author assumes no responsibility for consequences resulting from the use of the information included in this report, including but not limited to errors or omissions, the accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, ownership of copyright or other intellectual property rights, and the violation of property, privacy, or personal rights of others. The report is not intended to support the views or claims of any party. The views and facts represented in this report are in no way intended to assert probable cause or liability. The report may not be used for any legal action, or the threat thereof, against any party directly or indirectly involved in the described event. Mention of any public or private entity, company, agency, product, or service provider does not constitute any affiliation with or endorsement of by the author or Emergency & Disaster Management, Inc by Gunnar J Kuepper. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior written permission from the author. 41