The performance model of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie

Transcription

1 Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie 2011, 27(99) z. 2 pp , 27(99) z. 2 s The performance model of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie Model funkcjonowania Piekarskiego Klastra Technologii Środowiskowych Iwona Żabińska, Tomasz Cisek The Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Organisation and Management Politechnka Śląska, Wydział Organizacji i Zarządzania Zabrze, ul. Roosevelta 26, Iwona.Zabinska@polsl.pl, Tomasz.Cisek@polsl.pl Key words: cluster, environment Abstract Piekary Śląskie belongs to a group of cities that have problems in improving the quality of the environment. The main challenges of the city authorities and entrepreneurs concern the hidden environmental degradation and land use in closed manufacturing companies. Solving environmental problems has become the main goal of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie. The cluster was launched in May The purpose of this study is to describe the operational model of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie. It will determine the stage of the cluster initiative development and indicate the steps to a better functioning of the cluster. Słowa kluczowe: klastra, środowisko Abstrakt Do grupy wielu miast o charakterze przemysłowym, które borykają się z problemami w zakresie poprawy jakości środowiska, należą Piekary Śląskie. Najważniejsze wyzwania, przed którymi stają władze miasta oraz przedsiębiorcy, dotyczą zjawiska ukrytej degradacji środowiska oraz zagospodarowania terenów po zlikwidowanych firmach produkcyjnych. Rozwiązywanie problemów związanych ze środowiskiem stało się zatem głównym celem Piekarskiego Klastra Technologii Środowiskowych (PKŚT), który zawiązał swoją działalność w maju 2010 roku. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest opisanie modelu funkcjonowania Piekarskiego Klastra Technologii Środowiskowych, co pozwoli określić, na jakim etapie rozwoju znajduje się inicjatywa oraz jakie działania należy podjąć, aby zapewnić jej sprawne funkcjonowanie. Cluster typology Studies show, that more and more companies decide to cooperate in the cluster. Unfortunately, many cluster initiatives fail. Moreover, it must be noted, that the co-operation within a cluster is not a simply phenomenon, even more so for the fact, that it takes place between companies which are partners and competitors at the same time and involved many partners from different backgrounds, including research. The literature on the cluster formation and development presents many different typologies of cluster. T. Brodzicki and S. Szultka cite typology of clusters taking into account the following division criteria relying on Enright and Jacobs [1]: geographical reach local cluster, regional cluster, national cluster, supranational cluster; width the number of horizontally interconnected sectors a narrow cluster, a wide cluster; depth the number of interconnections (stages) in the production chain a deep cluster, a shallow cluster; position among competition world leader, national leader, regional leader, strong competitive position, average competitive position, weak competitive position; Zeszyty Naukowe 27(99) z

2 Iwona Żabioska, Tomasz Cisek the role of technology cluster of high-technologies, cluster of medium-technologies, cluster of low-technologies. Another example is the classification adopted by the OECD. The organization distinguishes the following types of clusters taking into account the criterion of innovation [2]: clusters based on knowledge clusters grouped around research institutes and universities due to an immediate access to basic and public research done by these institutions; clusters based on economies of scale systems based on large scale of production, and the innovative efficiency of the companies is based on the knowledge gained elsewhere, especially with regard to innovations of production process; clusters relying on the supplier the companies tend to acquire technologies, mainly as capital good and intermediate products; their innovative character is defined by the ability to cooperate with the service providers; clusters of specialised suppliers the companies spend considerable amounts on research and product innovations and usually cooperate closely with clients and users. It must be also mentioned the division of clusters connected with the country of their origin. There are three models of clusters [3]: the Italian model based on informal connections between companies with strong family bonds; the Danish model there, a network broker coordinating the cluster activities plays and important part; the Dutch model characterized by a cooperation of enterprises with a research and science institution. Researchers working within the project called SIECI [4] carried in Silesia proposed the following models of clusters [5]: traditional cluster (regional, industrial) small and big companies produce goods that belong to traditional sectors; the companies compete with one another (horizontal model) or operate along the value chain; the cluster may have a fixed structure, however, it is not essential, there might be informal agreements based on high level of trust; the cluster may be represented by a leader or a coordinator who will be responsible for gaining funds for its development; innovation cluster innovation-oriented cluster seeking financial support and know-how, within the cluster there are competing entities as well as R&D units, which may act as coordinators; the development of innovation clusters is affected by regional and national policies which focus on the development of businesses; network cluster the companies within the cluster make up an organised network which has got a network broker gathering information on the sources of innovation, units completing the innovations and providing other business-related services. According to the authors of The Cluster Initiative Greennbook creation and development of clusters is based on four basic components, which include (Fig. 1): setting, objectives, process, performance. The above-mentioned components are part of Functioning Model Cluster Initiative (FMCI), which was used to analyze and assess the functioning of about 250 cluster initiatives around the world [6]. Setting Business environment Policy Cluster strength Objectives Research and networking Policy action Commercial co-operation Education and training Innovation and technology Cluster expansion Process Initiation and planning Govemance and financing Scope of membership Resources and facilitators Framework and consensus Momentum Performance Competitiveness Growth Goal fulfilment Fig. 1. The Cluster Initiative Performance Model [7] Rys. 1. Model funkcjonowania inicjatywy klastrowej [7] Analysis of Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie This chapter contains the analysis of Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie (ETCPŚ) based on Cluster Initiative Functioning Model. Due to the short term of cluster initiative functioning, the analysis excluded factors concerning the realization of actions. 126 Scientific Journals 27(99) z. 2

3 The performance model of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie Setting Cluster s formation and development should be considered due to both external and internal conditions. The external conditions are connected with the environment where the cluster functions, the internal conditions are those directly connected with the cluster, in particular with the area of cooperation which includes the entities within the cluster, relationships between them, the object and the intensity of cooperation. Government policy on cluster development in Poland In Poland cluster policy is an element of innovation policy. The government organisations which support cluster initiatives are the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of regional Development, Polish Agency for Enterprise Development. Polish clusters and cluster initiatives may take advantage of many programmes that support their formation and development, such as, for example: operational Programme Innovative Economy , priority axis 5 diffusion of innovation, activity 5.1 supporting cooperational connections of cross-region importance; sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development, Priority 2 the development of a society based on knowledge, activity 2.3 the development of personnel for modern economy, scheme b promoting solutions in adapting potential and economy based on knowledge; PRO INNO EUROPE financed by 6 Framework Programme. The development of Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie stands as a part of assumptions included within the following national programmes: National Development Strategy with particular consideration of: Priority 1. Increase of economic competitiveness and innovativeness, Priority 6. Regional development and increasing competitiveness of regions; National Strategic Reference Framework ; Innovative Economy Operational Programme , Priority axis 5 Diffusion of innovation, action 5.1 Support for cooperative connections with supra-regional importance. Regional policy Within the regional level the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie shall find its reflection in: Silesian Province Developmental Strategy for the years , Increase concerning economic innovativeness and competitiveness; Local Revitalisation Programme for Piekary Śląskie for the years for urban and industrial areas; Silesia Developmental Strategy for Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia until Regional conditions Regional institutional infrastructure Data from the Main Statistical Office indicate that at the end of the year 2009 there were 46 university colleges within the Silesian region, and the number of their graduates reached , which gives the region a second place. Silesian region is also on the second place as far as expenditures on D+R activity are concerned. Communication infrastructure Piekary Śląskie have a developed and quick communication connections with large centres of the agglomeration, including Katowice. National road No. 11 connects the Upper-Silesian Agglomeration with Greater Poland Province and Western Pomeranian Province. Katowice Pyrzowice airport is located in the close vicinity of the city (about 20 km). Currently A-1 motorway junction is being constructed in Piekary, and as a result of the above the city will gain good access to the most important communication interchanges and industrial centres within the Upper-Silesian Industrial Region. Innovativeness characterising Silesian enterprises According to Local Data Bank, at the end of the year % of industrial enterprises and 13.91% of service ventures conducted their innovative activity within the Silesian region. Only Opolskie Province obtained a better result within this scope. Whilst all in all, the total amount of expenditures for innovative activity in Silesian region amounted to PLN thousand, which gave this region a second place among all Polish regions. Initiative According to information published by MSO, at the end of December 2009, there were thousand state economy entities registered. This constituted 11.4% of the overall number of entities in Poland. Areas of increased investment efficiency within the Silesian region, such as Economic Activity Zone (SAG), Upper Silesian Industrial Region or Katowice Special Economic Zone, play an important role in the economic development of Piekary Śląskie. According to the data from the end of the year 2009, there were 3808 economic entities registered Zeszyty Naukowe 27(99) z

4 Iwona Żabioska, Tomasz Cisek in Piekary Śląskie, whereas entities from the private sector constituted 93.8% of the above. Within the same period of time, 37 commercial companies with foreign capital were operating in this region. More than 34% of entities registered in Piekary Śląskie were enumerated among G section of the Polish Classification of Activity, which signifies detail and retail commerce; repair of mechanical vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household appliances. About 9% entities conducted the activity related with construction industry, and about 8% with industrial processing. Human Capital Population of Piekary Śląskie amounts to about people ( men and women). The number of inhabitants within the whole Silesian region reaches people, which constitutes more than 12% of Polish population. The vast majority of population in Piekary Śląskie is of working age. According to statistical data, at the end of the year 2009 the percentage of people in working age equalled 65.8%, whereas the percentage of registered unemployed persons within the population between 18 and 65 years old equals 6.3%. According to statistical data, in 2002 significant majority of population in Piekary Śląskie had vocational education (26.2%), secondary education (24.3%) and basic education (24.2%). 5.1% of the overall population had higher education. Objectives of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie From the very beginning Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie was focused on solving problems related with environment and within this particular scope the cluster had three main aims: 1. Creating the cooperation network within the scope of innovative environmental technologies and IT technology, enabling efficient connection and use of potential of people, enterprises, university colleges, research and scientific entities, business institutions, as well as local and regional authorities in Silesian Province; 2. Supporting initiative and innovativeness within the area of innovative environmental technologies and IT technologies, as well as creating conditions for efficient commercialisation related with results of research studies conducted by university colleges and research-development entities; 3. Combining and developing resources and competences within the field of innovative environmental technologies and IT technologies in order to ensure efficient use of both the existing possibilities, as well as chances related with the development of innovative economy based on knowledge. Processes Cluster is a dynamic form characterized by relations and connections between subjects within the group. It is a process undergoing continuous development. Initiating and planning Industrial Technological Park EkoPark in Piekary Śląskie stands as the coordinator of Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie. The cluster was created on the basis of Agreement on cooperation within the scope of Environmental Technology Cluster in Piekary Śląskie concluded on 10 th May Managing and financing Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie has no legal status and is not a civil company, yet it plays a role of platform for common actions aiming to achieve common objectives. There is no formalized hierarchy between cluster members. Cooperation between cluster members takes part through the Council of the Cluster and the Board of the Cluster. Cluster coordinator conducts organizational and administrative activity. Costs related with this service are also covered by the coordinator. Scope of membership According to the cluster regulations, ETCPŚ is open for all interested, and the membership in the cluster is based on voluntariness and willingness to cooperate. Currently the initiative covers 17 members, whereas entities from the sector of small and medium enterprises constitute 70.6% of the overall number of members. The cluster also associates 3 research organizations, such as: Silesian University of Technology, Central Mining Institute and Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas. What is worth mentioning is the fact that these centres have a profound knowledge concerning reclamation of degraded areas. Resources and animator One of the most important activities performed by the cluster is creating the appropriate background facilities for its members in the form of a laboratory, as well as office and commercial spaces. 128 Scientific Journals 27(99) z. 2

5 The performance model of the Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie Conclusions resulting from the analysis of cluster initiative developmental factors Preliminary analysis of selected factors characteristic for Cluster initiative Functioning Model enabled to draw the following conclusions: 1. Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie has a structure of local cluster associating mainly SME. Owners of the majority of the associated entities are of Polish origin. The cluster has an average position as far as competition of local character is concerned; 2. Engagement of local authorities and taking into consideration the functioning of the cluster in the scope of Silesian Province Developmental Strategy and Silesia Developmental Strategy for Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia until the year 2025 ensure good developmental conditions for the cluster; 3. Well-developed communication and institutional infrastructure of Silesian region constitutes a huge potential for the development of ETCPŚ. The network of institutions and entities existing in Silesia enables conducting activity that will be generating and distributing knowledge; 4. Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie has a great cooperative potential. Cluster members include enterprises, scientific centres, as well as D&R units; 5. ETCPŚ is of innovative character. Cluster entities focus on generating new (innovative) products and services; 6. Establishing an organ to manage the cluster initiative prognoses a proper coordination and exchange of information, and hence efficient cooperation within the scope of the agglomeration; 7. The cluster covers several stages within the production value chain. Actions are of general character (promotion, marketing, trainings, etc.) and they concern cooperation within the developmental and research area; 8. Actions undertaken to the benefit of cluster development mostly concern creating cooperative relations between ventures within the cluster. Recommendations concerning the development of Environmental Technology Bakery Cluster Within the stage of presented studies it is impossible to determine the status of development concerning Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie. In order to ensure proper evaluation of the cluster it would be necessary to analyse the level of cooperation within the cluster and the character of cluster relations in detail. Nonetheless, conducted study allows to determine preliminary interventional actions ensuring further development of the cluster. These include: increasing the potential of the region to develop the cluster by: conducting actions promoting the region and the cluster, exchanging experience with other regions, also regions from abroad, adjusting education and training to new technologies, products, etc., which can stand as the basis of cluster development; increasing the cooperation intensity and enlarging the area of activity, and especially increasing the intensity of cooperation with scientific, as well as research and development entities; elaborating the system of gaining knowledge on resources and competence of its members; promoting technology transfer within the cluster. Conclusions resulting from the analysis of cluster initiative developmental factors Environmental Technologies Cluster in Piekary Śląskie analysis conducted on the basis of FMCI allows stating the following: 1. The cluster is in the initial phase of its development and has a great potential; 2. Expectations of cluster entities towards common aims and actions are convergent, which stands as a good prognosis for proper level of cooperation and collaboration; 3. There is a visible growth tendency as far as the number of cluster members is concerned and attempts to realize common projects are being constantly undertaken; 4. Cluster activity stands as a response to real problems within the context of regional and local development. Currently, works are focusing on elaborating a motion for EU funds anticipated for the realisation of the project entitled ETCPŚ development. As a result of the project s realization we assumed an elaboration of innovative product complex system of evaluation, pricing and classification of degraded areas and indicating directions of further actions, as well as innovative service complex formula for efficient waste processing into highly useful products. References 1. BRODZICKI, T., SZULTKA S.: Koncepcja klastrów a konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw. Opracowanie IBnGR, Warszawa Zeszyty Naukowe 27(99) z

6 Iwona Żabioska, Tomasz Cisek 2. OECD, National Innovation Systems, Paris Organizacja grup kooperacyjnych przedsiębiorstw. PARP, Warszawa Project: Competition based on the partnership-creation of sectoral networks as an opportunity for the development of small and medium enterprises. Consortium: Upper Silesian Agency for Enterprises, School of Economics and Administration in Bytom, Katowice Special Economic Zone, the Regional Chamber of Commerce in Katowice. Work carried out in KNOP L.: Modele zarządzania klastrami. Doskonalenie procesu zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem w obliczu globalizacji. Z teorii i praktyki red. R. Borowiecki, A. Jaki, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, Kraków 2008, SÖLVELL Ö., LINDQVIST G., KETELS CH.: The Cluster Initiative Greenbook. Stockholm The Cluster Initiative Greenbook, se/eng/ivoryframe.html Others: 8. Bank Danych Lokalnych, strona.html?p_name=indeks 9. GUS, Lokalny Program Rewitalizacji Piekar Śląskich na lata dla obszarów miejskich i poprzemysłowych, październik Plan Rozwoju Lokalnego M. Piekary Śląskie na lata Katowice, sierpień Strategia Rozwoju Województwa Śląskiego Śląskie 2020, Katowice, luty Strategia Rozwoju Miasta Piekary Śląskie do roku 2015, Piekary Slaskie, February Umowa o współpracy w ramach Piekarskiego Klastra Technologii Środowiskowych, Piekary Śląskie, May Recenzent: dr hab. inż. Zbigniew Matuszak, prof. AM Akademia Morska w Szczecinie 130 Scientific Journals 27(99) z. 2